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Apresentação do Prof. Peter Kajuter no ANPCONT 2012
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© Le
hrstu
hl für
Inter
natio
nale
Unter
nehm
ensre
chnu
ng, W
WU
Müns
ter
Prof. Peter Kajüter
ANPCONT Annual Conference, Florianópolis, 4th June 2012
Contabilidade Gerencial: Comparação entre Paises
© Le
hrstu
hl für
Inter
natio
nale
Unter
nehm
ensre
chnu
ng, W
WU
Müns
ter
Prof. Peter Kajüter
ANPCONT Annual Conference, Florianópolis, 4th June 2012
Comparative Management Accounting – Achievements and Perspectives
3
Agenda
© Peter Kajüter
1. Motivation
2.
4.
3.
Comparative Management Accounting Research
Example: Cost Accounting Systems in Germany and Japan
Conclusions and Outlook
4
Motivation
“It‘s a small world of management accounting practices” Granlund/Lukka 1998
“Japanese costing has been considered quite different from that found in the West.” Yoshikawa 2001
“Lessons from German Cost Accounting” Management accounting and controllership practices are more highly developed in German-speaking countries … than in the rest of the world. Sharman, Strategic Finance 2004
“Apparently straightforward terms tend to be defined differently in different countries.” Amat et al. 1999
© Peter Kajüter
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Motivation
Example: USA vs. Germany
consumption of resources in a period to achieve an objective
Aufwand
neutraler Aufwand (betriebsfremd, periodenfremd,
au ß ergew ö hnlich)
kostengleicher Aufwand (Zweckaufwand)
aufwandsgleiche Kosten (Grundkosten)
kalkulatorische Kosten (Zusatz - , Anderskosten)
Kosten
expenses
neutral expenses (non-operating, extraordinary,
different period) expenses = costs
costs = expenses imputed costs
costs
German definition of “costs”
US definition of “costs”
“cost is the monetary value of goods and services expended to obtain current or future benefits. … costs reflect an outflow of resources, such as cash, …” (Atkinson et al. 2007, p. 28)
costs
expenses
© Peter Kajüter
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Motivation
Example: Grenzplankostenrechnung (“GPK”) in German and US firms
“While many U.S. businesses have implemented ERP systems like SAP R/3, most don‘t use their full functionality for costing purposes. In fact, German companies I talked with have had great difficulty getting their U.S. affiliates to use GPK methods. DaimlerChrysler in Germany, for example, has a detailed GPK system that‘s part of a long tradition of sophisticated costing methods in the Daimler side of the company. But Chrysler doesn‘t use GPK. It has a different culture, which is common in the U.S., that doesn‘t see the need for so much detail.” (Krumwiede 2005, p. 31)
© Peter Kajüter
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Motivation
Comparative Management Accounting
© Peter Kajüter
Theoretical relevance 1. Enlarge our knowledge base
(e.g. impact of culture, education etc. on management accounting practices)
2. Substitute for experimental conditions
Practical relevance 1. Enhance national management
accounting practices (stimulate innovation)
2. Balance standardization and
differentiation in management accounting of MNC
8
Agenda
1. Motivation
2.
4.
3.
Comparative Management Accounting Research
Example: Cost Accounting Systems in Germany and Japan
Conclusions and Outlook
© Peter Kajüter
9
Comparative Management Accounting Research
There are four approaches to comparative management accounting research.
Parochial research
Impressionistic research
Replicative research
Comparative research
Originally designed and conducted in one country Comparisons by meta-analysis
Conclusions based on impressions rather than on facts
Studies initially designed and conducted in one country are replicated in another
Studies designed to be conducted in parallel in at least two countries
© Peter Kajüter
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National specifics of management accounting practices can prevail on different levels.
Level Perspective Focus of analysis Example 1 Macro-perspective Adoption rate and
general assessment Adoption of ABC
Perceived usefulness of ABC
2 Mezzo-perspective Targets and conceptual design
Decision facilitating, decision influencing ...
Complexity of cost accounting systems
3 Micro-perspective Practice per se, Type of use, Meaning
Way of using ABC information
Perception of ABC by organisational actors
Comparative Management Accounting Research
© Peter Kajüter
11
National specifics vs. international convergence of management accounting practices
Comparative Management Accounting Research
History and Culture
Education
National Financial Reporting
Economic and legal environment
Standardised ERP Systems (eg SAP)
Global Consultancy Industry
IFRS
Influence of MNC on their Subsidiaries
Contingency Theory
Cultural Contingency Approach
Societal Effects Approach
New Institutionalism
© Peter Kajüter
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National specifics vs. international convergence of management accounting practices
Comparative Management Accounting Research
Contingency Theory
Cultural Contingency Approach
Societal Effects Approach
New Institutionalism
?
© Peter Kajüter
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Comparative Management Accounting Research
Comprehensive review of prior empirical research (1978-2010)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35Number of publications (total)
Number of Hofstede-inspiredpublicationsStudies on cost accounting
1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 - - - - - - - - - - - 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1999 2001 2004 2007 2010
148 papers published Most often the US is compared with other countries, emerging economies are underrepresented. 70% survey research Majority with a broad focus
© Peter Kajüter
Source: Moeschler (2012), p. 59.
14
Methodological issue Prior comparative research Suggested improvements
Conceptual and response equivalence
Findings potentially distorted Shortcomings hardly reported
Objective characteristics 7-point-Likert scale
Control variables Hardly used (even company size) Use of control variables
Methodological perspective Lack of theory Use of several theoretical
perspectives
Statistical methods for data analysis Simplistic Multiple regression analysis
Comparative Management Accounting Research
Little theoretical and practical contribution due to shortcomings in methodological issues.
© Peter Kajüter
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Comparative Management Accounting Research
Examples
Australia Japan % %
Job order costing 30 40 Process costing 52 46 Hybrid costing 9 27 Batch costing 15 4 Product life cycle costing 5 13 Activity based costing (ABC) 23 2
Responses: 221 in Australia, 215 in Japan Source: Wijewardena/de Zoysa 1999, p. 63
Bhimani et al. (2007): adoption and success of ABC in seven countries
Wijewardena/de Zoysa (1999): adoption of cost accounting practices in Australia and Japan
© Peter Kajüter
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Agenda
1. Motivation
2.
4.
3.
Comparative Management Accounting Research
Example: Cost Accounting Systems in Germany and Japan
Conclusions and Outlook
3.1 Research Questions and Hypotheses
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Empirical Results
© Peter Kajüter
Funded by IMA and Melco Foundation
17
Cost Accounting Systems in Germany and Japan
Main research objective Research questions 1. Descriptive research question:
- To what extent do cost accounting systems differ between Germany and Japan?
2. Explicative research question:
- Why do German and Japanese cost accounting systems differ?
Contribution 1. Sensitize management accountants in MNC for cross-national differences in
cost accounting systems
2. Evidence for the relative importance of country vs. industry differences in
cost accounting systems
© Peter Kajüter
18
Review of Prior Research
Characteristics of the Studies ● 17 comparative studies on cost accounting. ● Predominantly application rates of instruments (e.g., ABC) were addressed. ● Most studies are with Anglophone participation.
© Peter Kajüter
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Theoretical Perspectives and Hypotheses Development
Theoretical perspective
Cost accounting systems
Institutional environment of cost accounting
National culture
Cultural contingency approach (Hofstede 2001, Bhimani 1999)
Societal effects approach (Maurice 1979, Sorge and Warner 1986)
© Peter Kajüter
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Theoretical Perspectives and Hypotheses Development
Implications of national culture and institutional envionment on cost accounting
● Germany
● Japan
Long-term orientation
Less cost information required for performance evaluation, more emphasis on feedforward control
Seniority system
Collectivism Permanent employment
General and practical qualification of cost accountants
Culture Cost accounting environment Purpose of cost accounting
Individualism
Uncertainty avoidance
Responsibility accounting Motivate responsible persons to operate efficiently
Enhance decision facilitating
Preference for comprehensive cost information
Strict rules that govern workplace behavior
Culture Cost accounting environment Purposes of cost accounting
Specialization and theoretical education of cost accountants
© Peter Kajüter
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Theoretical Perspectives and Hypotheses Development
● Cross-national differences in the institutional environment of cost accounting
H1a: The degree of specialisation of cost accountants differs between Germany and Japan. H1b: The extent of theoretical knowledge of cost accountants differs between Germany and Japan. H1c: The relationship of cost accounting towards financial and management accounting differs between Germany and Japan.
Hypotheses
© Peter Kajüter
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Theoretical Perspectives and Hypotheses Development
Hypotheses
● Cross-national differences in the conceptual design of cost accounting systems
H2a: German companies run more complex cost accounting systems than their Japanese counterparts. H2b: German companies run timelier cost accounting systems than their Japanese counterparts.
Cost-benefit considerations when implementing cost accounting systems are likely to be influenced by national culture and the institutional environment.
© Peter Kajüter
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Agenda
1. Motivation
2.
4.
3.
Comparative Management Accounting Research
Example: Cost Accounting Systems in Germany and Japan
Conclusions and Outlook
3.1 Research Questions and Hypotheses
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Empirical Results
© Peter Kajüter
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Research design
Survey
Population
- Industries: food and beverage, mechanical engineering, hospital - Firm size: between 250 and 2,000 employees - Period of data collection: October – December 2010
Sample - Returned questionnaires: 480 in Germany and 146 in Japan - Response rate: 36.1% and 12.3% respectively - Nearly representative sample - No non-response bias
Data collection process
- Germany: First contact by telephone; online questionnaire was sent to participants thereafter - Japan: Written questionnaire was sent to accounting department.
© Peter Kajüter
25
Sample
Japanese sample (n=146) Adjusted German sample (n=292) German sample (n=480)
Mechanical engineering 45%
Hospitals 21%
Food and beverage 21%
Mechanical engineering 34%
Hospitals 45%
● Similar procedure for company size:
Elimination of industry and company size biases
Food and beverage 34%
Mechanical engineering 45%
Hospitals 21%
Food and beverage 34%
© Peter Kajüter
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Dependent variables: systems’ complexity and timeliness
Objective and multifarious measurement of cost accounting systems to ensure conceptual equivalence
© Peter Kajüter
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Independent variables
● Specialization:
● Theoretical knowledge:
Functional specialisation of cost accountants
Distribution of cost accountants‘ workload
Sources of knowledge
Independent variables to explain cross-national differences:
● Relation MA / FA
● Context factors
● Cost accounting objectives
Industry
12 indicators, measured on a 7-point Likert scale
Company size
Control variables:
IT systems quality
Top management support
Responsible bodies for cost accounting
© Peter Kajüter
28
Agenda
1. Motivation
2.
4.
3.
Comparative Management Accounting Research
Example: Cost Accounting Systems in Germany and Japan
Conclusions and Outlook
3.1 Research Questions and Hypotheses
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Empirical Results
© Peter Kajüter
29
Empirical results: Country Specifics
*** (**; *) statistically different at 99% (95%; 90%) confidence level (two-tailed).
H1a
Functional specialication of cost accountants
To what extent do the following characteristics apply to your company’s cost accountants? (1=not at all; 7=completely) Germany Japan
Highly specialized exclusively in cost accounting 3.62 *** 3.17 Qualified to enhance and run cost accounting systems 5.03 *** 4.08 Rather qualified for requirements in financial than in managerial accounting. (R) 5.06 *** 3.81
H1a: The degree of specialisation of cost accountants differs between Germany and Japan.
© Peter Kajüter
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Empirical Results: Country Specifics
*** (**; *) statistically different at 99% (95%; 90%) confidence level (two-tailed).
0%20%40%60%80%
100%
University Professionalbodies
In-house training At work 'learningby doing'
Other
GermanyJapan
Sources of knowledge
H1b
H1b: The extent of theoretical knowledge of cost accountants differs between Germany and Japan.
© Peter Kajüter
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5. Empirical Results: Country Specifics
*** (**; *) statistically different at 99% (95%; 90%) confidence level (two-tailed).
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Specificdepartment for cost
accounting
Managementaccountingdepartment
Accounting/Finance
department
Operationaldepartments
Other
GermanyJapan
34%
53%
38%
23%
29%
24%
Japan
Germany
Distribution of cost accountants' workload
Management accounting Financial accounting Other
Responsible bodies for cost accounting
H1c
H1c: The relationship of cost accounting towards financial and management accounting differs between Germany and Japan.
© Peter Kajüter
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Empirical Results: Country Specifics
The institutional environment differs internationally: German cost accountants are more specialized and have more theoretical knowledge.
German cost accountants have a higher potential to run complex and timely cost accounting systems.
© Peter Kajüter
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Empirical Results: Complexity of cost accounting systems
German firms run more complex systems.
H2a:
*** (**; *) statistically different at 99% (95%; 90%) confidence level (two-tailed).
0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
Number ofcost types***
Distinctionfixed and
variable costs
Imputedcosts***
Timereference of
costs*
Number ofcost
centers*** Costvariance
analysis*** First stageallocation***
Secondstage
allocation
Productcosting
Operatingincome
statement***
Contributionmargin
accounting***
Germany (mean = 0.576***) Japan (mean = 0.427)
© Peter Kajüter
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Empirical Results: Timeliness of cost accounting systems
German firms run more timely systems.
*** (**; *) statistically different at 99% (95%; 90%) confidence level (two-tailed).
H2b: 0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
Distinctionfixed and
variable costs
Standardcosts**
Costvariances***
Cost rates forsupport cost
centers*
Cost rates foroverheadallocation
bases
Product costs
Operatingincome
statement ***
Germany (mean = 0.501***) Japan (mean = 0.411)
© Peter Kajüter
35
Empirical Results: Regression analysis
Dependent variable Cost accounting complexity Cost accounting timeliness R 0.629 0.401 R² 0.396 0.161 adjusted R² 0.379 0.137 F 24.089 6.737 Significance 0.000 0.000 VIFmax 2.174 2.099 Durbin-Watson statistic 2.028 1.999 Independent variables Standardized coefficients (Beta) Standardized coefficients (Beta) Country (0 = Germany; 1 = Japan) -0.509 *** -0.238 *** Company size 0.176 *** 0.045 Industry food and beverage 0.146 *** 0.297 *** Industry mechanical engineering 0.198 *** 0.227 *** Factor IT systems quality 0.006 0.134 ** Factor top management support 0.111 ** 0.001 Factor decision facilitating objectives 0.050 -0.038 Factor decision influencing objectives 0.044 0.117 * Factor cost planning objectives 0.089 -0.026 Factor cost control objectives 0.087 0.087
© Peter Kajüter
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Agenda
1. Motivation
2.
4.
3.
Comparative Management Accounting Research
Example: Cost Accounting Systems in Germany and Japan
Conclusions and Outlook
© Peter Kajüter
37
Conclusions and Outlook
CMA research is complex, but offers many opportunities.
CMA research can enhance our knowledge base and provide practically relevant insights.
Research Opportunities
Traditional and emerging economies
Adaptation of “Western” management accounting practices in emerging economies? Novel ideas from management accounting practices in emerging economies?
Management control systems as a package
Technical control vs. behavioural control
Behavioural aspects (level 3)
Use of management accounting information
© Peter Kajüter
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Contact
Prof. Dr. Peter Kajüter
University of Münster Chair of International Accounting
Universitätsstr. 14-16 48149 Münster
Germany Tel.: +49-251-83-22840
Email: peter.kajueter@wiwi.uni-muenster.de
© Peter Kajüter
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