A Influência Da Cultura Anime Nas Escolhas Para a Escuta Musical

7/25/2019 A Influncia Da Cultura Anime Nas Escolhas Para a Escuta Musical

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_O^DQ_EMZO^QMFLFO OQVLF_LH FB ^MB D^LEFO FB Q_H

_EMFLFO _EMZO^QMV^ML OG GBEVOEOD^B

A_^QB FO D^LF_LB OG GQMAL9 HMAOEAMLV_^L

^BF^MDB FL ^BA@L HOMVO

L MEJH_EAML FL A_HV_^L LEMGOELQ OQABH@LQ SL^L L OQA_VL G_QMALH

Gbetoeodrb - ^Q


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Altlhbdlb fo punhmalb el jbeto (AMS)

Altlhbdlb ohlnbrlfl pohb Nmnhmbtoarmb _ords - Glraohb Nrosbhme A^N?m Homto, ^bfrmdb fl ^ba`l

Mejhueaml fl auhturl lemgo els osabh`ls plrl l osautlgusmalh, L / ^bfrmdb fl ^ba`l Homto.Gbetoeodrb, >3


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1

^BF^MDB FL ^BA@L HOMVO

L MEJH_EAML FL A_HV_^L LEMGOELQ OQABH@LQ SL^L L OQA_VL G_QMALH

Gbebdrljml lprosoetlfl abgb oxmdeaml plrl

abeahusb fb aursb fo Drlfulb og Gsmal9Hmaoeamlturl, fl _emvorsmflfo Ostlfulh fb ^mbDrlefo fb Quh.

Brmoetlfbrl9 Srbj Fr A^MQVMEL ^BHMGTBHJJOENVVOH

Lprbvlfl og9 //>3


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Slrl gou plms, Noemao o @ohmb quo, qulefb

ou fmsso quo sodumrml eb algme`b fl gsmal, go

lpbmlrlg fo gleomrl prosoeto o smdemjmaltmvl.

Slrl gme`l mrg, ^ljlohl, quo sogpro

ostovo lb gou hlfb, fosfo quo memamlgbs el trmh`l

fl gsmal.


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LD^LFOAMGOEVBQ

L glmbrml fls possbls abgol sogpro ldrlfoaoefb l Fous, o ahlrb quo ebvbu jlzor fmjoroeto, gls eb ldrlfob s pbr tor go flfb ugl bpbrtuemflfo fo

lporjomblgoetb eossl rol tb hmefl o smeduhlr, quo l Gsmal. Qbu drltb, tlgng,

pohl prosoel fbs abhodls fo ahlsso quo Oho abhbabu lb gou hlfb, plrl pbforgbs rmr

iuetbs, poeslr iuetbs o foamfmr abmsls mgpbrtletos o eb tb mgpbrtletos, tlgng

iuetbs. Qbu drltb lbs prbjossbros quo Oho tlgng joz abg quo aruzlssog b gou

algme`b, quo abg gumtb prbjmssmbelhmsgb o fofmalb, abhbalrlg glms abeòamgoetb

o oesmelrlg l tor glms lgbr pbr ossl Lrto hmefl o prbjuefl.Lbs gous lgmdbs fb drupb Vuttm Jhlutl Fbhao, Jorelefl Lefors, Eowtbe

Glaofb o Qlnrmel Glrtmes, quo els `brls og quo b aleslb vme`l abg glms jbrl,

te`lgbs l Gsmal plrl rolemglr b Osprmtb o flr ebvl vbetlfo l Lhgl.

Lb Humz @oermquo Nltmstl, pbr tor fosproefmfb fo togpb o pbr tor rospbefmfb

abg nbl vbetlfo oetrovmstl. Abesodum ugls rojoreamls eorfsfl `brl abetmdb.

L Zoremal Vbrros Humzo, quo tlgng rospbefou abg nbg ugbr o fo gleomrl

oedrllfl o bniotmvl oetrovmstl, tlgng abesodum ugls rojoreamls fo fomxlr sog

vmfl sbamlh pbr ug togpb.

Lb Dum, b Vuhm, b ^lgbe o l ^ljme`l, pohl plrtmamplb fb Drupb Jbalh. Lposlr

fo lquohl ebmto tor go austlfb ugl alhl glea`lfl fo gbh`b s`buyu o quo fopbms

fo hlvlfl fosnbtbu, l plrtmamplb fo vbas jbm lwosbgo. Vlgng abesodum ugls

rojoreamls nog hodlms.

L Srbj Ilaquohmeo Vlssmelrm, pbr tor go liuflfb abg b lnstrlatfb trlnlh`b.

nbg slnor quo pbfogbs abetlr abg ebssbs gostros fo letos plrl b ldbrl.

O pbr htmgb, lquohl auil abhlnbrlb o fofmalb jbrlg jueflgoetlms, l

gme`l prbjossbrl brmoetlfbrl, Armstmel ^bhmg Tbhjjoenttoh. Ldrlfob pohbs vlhmbsbs

abeòamgoetbs quo jbrlg abestrufbs eossos gosos fo brmoetlb, alj o rmsbs.

Fosabnrm ugl eorfpbr fonlmxb fo tbfb b abeòamgoetb fo posqumslfbrl o mssb, gou

a`lpl, jbmlhdugl abmsl.


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Bs gognrbs fl Brquostrl Zeus, fo

rbstb vorgoh`b o sulfb, fomxlrlg b plhab,

alfl ug trlzoefb b sou mestrugoetb. Abg

drlefo suaossb, `lvmlg torgmelfb fo

oxoautlr l Qoxtl Qmejbeml.

B Zmbhbeaohmstlsfo Gmylzlwl Koeim


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^OQ_GB

Osto trlnlh`b abestmtum-so b Vrlnlh`b fo Abeahusb fo Aursb fo Drlfulb ogGsmal9 Hmaoeamlturl fl _emvorsmflfo Ostlfulh fb ^mb Drlefo fb Quh. Vovo abgbbniotmvb dorlh mevostmdlr bs jltbros gusmalms o gmfmtmabs foetrb fl auhturl pbpilpbeoslquo abetrmnuog plrl l osabh`l fossl osautl gusmalh o abgb ohl pbfo sorporaonmfl pohbs ostufletos og slhl fo luhl, nog abgb els foglms rols fb gnmtbosabhlr, jbm fosoevbhvmfb abg fbms ibvoes ostufletos vmeauhlfbs rofo fo oesmebpnhmal fo ugl osabhl fo Qb Qonlstmb fb Al,ug ostufleto fo aursb Vaemab flrofo prmvlfl fo Qb Hobpbhfb o trs ostufletos fo oesmeb fo evoh supormbr. Ostlposqumsl, ltrlvs fo gotbfbhbdmls qulhmtltmvls, prbaurbu rospbefor l mequmotlosquo surdmrlg laoral fls auhturls iuvoems mesormfls og slhl fo luhlospoamjmalgoeto

l auhturl pbp ilpbeosl. Lssmg abgb qulhquor butrl auhturl iuvoemh, l auhturl pbpilpbeosl ost prosoeto el osabhl o ou, abgb plrtmamplfbr ltmvb eog sogpro poraonmll lprbprmlb fbs prbjossbros sbnro osso vms auhturlh; l abestrub fossl posqumsltlgng tog abgb jmelhmflfo, trlzor mejbrglos sbnro l auhturl pbp ilpbeosl plrlofualfbros o ofualfbros gusmalms plrl quo so metodrog l oho. Ossls abesmforlosdorlrlg fbms drlefos quostmbelgoetbs, quo sb9 Abgb bs fmspbsmtmvbs gusmalmsgmfmtmabs abetrmnuog plrl l osabh`l fl osautl gusmalh lemgo2 O9 Abgb bsostufletos poraonog l prosoel fl auhturl gusmalh lemgo ebs abetoxtbs osabhlros2O lb rospbefor ossos quostmbelgoetbs lb jmg fosto trlnlh`b, ebtbu-so quo, fovmfblb abetltb abg ossos tmpbs gfmlseb alsb, l lufmbvmsulh o l lufmtmvl, ossl plraohlfo ibvoes sogpro tog ug drlefo abetltb abg l gsmalfovmfb l trmh`l sbebrl quo

abgpos osso tmpb fo gfml.

Slhlvrls-A`lvo9 Ofualb Gusmalh, Auhturl pbp ilpbeosl, osautl gusmalh, auhturlsiuvoems.


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LNQV^LAV

V`ms wbrk abestmtutos tò abeahusmbe bj Gusma Drlfultmbe Aburso9 Fodroo jrbg tò_emvorty bj tò Qtlto bj ^mb Drlefo fb Quh. Glme bnioatmvo wls tb mevostmdlto tògusmalh lef gofml jlatbrs - wmt`me Ilpleoso pbp auhturo`ls nooe abetrmnuto tb tòa`bmao bj t`ms hmstoemed tb t`ms kmef bj gusma lef `bw mt ale no poraomvof ny stufoets metò ahlssrbbg, ls wohh ls btòr lrols bj tò sa`bbh oevmrbegoet. Mt ls nooe fovohbpofwmt` twb ybued stufoets hmekof tb tò punhma sa`bbh systog bj l sa`bbh jrbg QbQonlstmb fb Al, l stufoet bj Voaèmalh aburso bj tò prmvlto eotwbrk jrbg QbHobpbhfb lef t`roo stufoets bj `mdòr holremed. V`ms rosolra`, t`rbud` qulhmtltmvogot`bfbhbdmos, trmof tb leswor tò abeaores t`lt lrbso lnbut tò ybut` auhturomesortof me tò ahlssrbbg - plrtmauhlrhy Ilpleoso pbp auhturo. Hmko t`ms ley btòr ybut`

auhturo, pbp Ilpleoso auhturo ms prosoet me tò sa`bbh, lef M ls le latmvo plrtmampletebt lhwlys rolhmzof tò lpprbprmltmbe bj tolaòrs lnbut t`ms auhturlh nmls; tòabestruatmbe bj t`ms rosolra` lhsb mt lmgs tb nrmed mejbrgltmbe lnbut Ilpleoso pbpauhturo lef gusma ofualtbrs jbr ofualtbrs tb metodrlto mt. Vòso abesmforltmbesdoeorltof twb nmd quostmbes, tòy lro9 @bw tò gofml gusmalh fovmaos abetrmnuto tbtò a`bmao bj gusma lemgo hmstoemed2 Lef9 @bw fb stufoets poraomvo tò prosoeao bjgusma lemgo auhturo me tò sa`bbh abetoxt2 Lef tb leswor tòso quostmbes lt tò oefbj t`ms wbrk - mt wls ebtof t`lt fuo tb tò abetlat wmt` t`ms kmef bj gofml - me t`ms also,vmsulh lef òlrmed - t`lt pbrtmbe bj ybued pobpho lhwlys `lvo l drolt abetlat wmt`gusma - noaluso tò sbueftrlak abgpbsos t`ms typo bj gofml.

Koywbrfs9 Gusma ofualtmbe Ilpleoso pbp auhturo, gusma hmstoemed, ybut` auhturos.


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HMQVL FO LN^OZMLOQ

A. O.Alforeb fo OetrovmstlsA. J.Alforeb fo JbtbdrljmlsA. D. J.Alforeb fb Drupb JbalhA. B.Alforeb fo Bnsorvlb


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......................................................................................... ?3JMD_^L 6ABQSHL] FO LQV^MF@bw tb Vrlme ]bur Frldbe........................... ??JMD_^L ?ABQSHL] FO O^YL QAL^HOVJlmryVlmh......................................... ?:JMD_^L :ABQSHL] FO L@^MHolduo bj Hodoefs........................................... ?4


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LSEFMAOQ

LSEFMAO < ^BVOM^B FL OEV^OZMQVL QOGMOQV^_V_^LFL O D^_SBJBALH ......................................................................................................................4>LSEFMAO >VO^GB FO L_VB^MYLB FO _QB FO MFOEVMFLFO EBGMELH OFOSBMGOEVBQ ........................................................................................................41


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>, Sbwor ^ledors9 B ôsdlto>1, Sbwor ^ledors9 Jbrl fb Vogpb>6,

Sbwor ^ledors9 Jbrl Lemglh>?, Sbwor ^ledors9 Vogpostlfo Emeil>:, Sbwor

^ledors9 Q.S.F.>4o Sbwor ^ledors9 Jbrl Gstmal>0.

Bs ttuhbs amtlfbs lamgl sb fo abeòamgoetb dorlh flquohos quo tme`lg oetro

ameab o bmtb lebs eb jmelh fo 33?, vomauhlfbs tlgng pohb

drupb ^bnortb Glrme`b, toefb fmrotb l oxmnmos ropotmfls abejbrgo l pbpuhlrmflfo

fo alfl srmo. Butrbs ttuhbs tlgng oxmnmfbs eb Nrlsmh ossos, pohl i oxtmetl VZGleaòto, lbs qulms tlgng tmvo laossb pbstormbrgoeto meahurlg l funhldog o

trlesgmssb fo lhdues fbs Qupor Qoetlm brmdmelms, abgb Jhls`gle, Nmbgle,

A`ledogle, Iotgle, Glskgle o QueZuhale.

Abetufb, plrl ls armlels fls dorlos pbstormbrosglms proamslgoeto pbr

vbhtl fbs lebs >334 o >330jmalrlg rostrmtbs bs ttuhbs oxmnmfbs sbn l iurmsfmb fo

alelms fo tohovmsmbelgoetb joa`lfb. Lhdues fbs ttuhbs jlgbsbs, fosfo oetb, jbrlg9

Sbwor ^ledors9 Bporlb _htrl Zohbz>=, Sbwor ^ledors9 Jrml fl Qohvl13, Sbwor^ledors9 ^SG1, Sbwor ^ledors9 Godljbrao11o

Sbwor ^ledors9 Qupor Godljbrao16, soefb tbfls ossls oxmnmfls pbr ogmssbrls fb

smstogl pldb, bu pbr gombs lhtoreltmvbs fo laossb.

3Dokmsbu Qoetlm Alrrledor (sog trlfub bjmamlh).>>Qomiuu Qoetlm Dmedlgle (lhdb abgb Osqulfrb fls Jorls Qldrlfls Dmedlgle). >1Kybukybu Qoetlm DbDbZ (Osqulfrb fo Ogordeaml DbDbZ).>6Gmrlm Qoetlm Vmgorledor (Osqulfrb fb Juturb Vmgorledor).>?@ylkuiub Qoetlm Dlbrledor (Osqulfrb fls Nostls Dlbrledor).>:Emepuu Qoetlm @urrmaledor (Osqulfrb Q`mebnm @urrmaledor).>4Vbkusbu Qoetlm Foklrledor (Osqulfrb fo Mevostmdlb Ospoamlh Foklrledor). >0Gl`bu Qoetlm Gldmrledor (Osqulfrb Gdmab Gldmrledor).>=DbDb Qoetlm Nbukoedor (lhdb abgb Osqulfrb ôtugnleto Nbukoedor).13Iuukoe Qoetlm Dokmrledor (lhdb abgb Osqulfrb Nlmbeotl Dokmrledor). 1

Qlgurlm Qoetlm Q`mekoedor (Osqulfrb Qlgurlm Q`mekoedor).11Voesbu Qoetlm Dbsomdor (Osqulfrb fo Vrlesjoreaml Dbsomdor).16Klmzbku Qoetlm Dbklmdor (Osqulfrb Smrltl Dbklmdor), ostl, ugl ofmb ospoamlh og abgogbrlblbs 1? lebs fl jrlequml Qupor Qoetlm Q`mrmzu.


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>3

abe`oaofbros fossl auhturl tbrelefb, lssmg, gou abetltb abgb b ibvog ostufleto,

lmefl og slhl fo luhl, og qulso tbfl l sul babrreaml, ug ltb fmjmauhtbsb.

Ossl mequmotlb dorbu fbms drlefos quostmbelgoetbs, quo sorvmrlg-go abgb

ebrtolfbros plrl l posqumsl, qulms soilg9 Abgb bs fmspbsmtmvbs gusmalms gmfmtmabs

abetrmnuog plrl l osabh`l fl osautl gusmalh lemgo2 Abgb bs ostufletos poraonog

l prosoel fl auhturl gusmalh lemgo ebs abetoxtbs osabhlros2 Ossos

quostmbelgoetbs dorlrlg b bniotmvb dorlh fl posqumsl, quo jbm mevostmdlr bs jltbros

gusmalms o gmfmtmabs quo abetrmnuog plrl l osabh`l fossl osautl gusmalh o abgb

ohl pbfo sor poraonmfl pohbs ostufletos og slhl fo luhl, nog abgb els foglms rols

fb gnmtb osabhlr.

Voefb abgb hme`l memamlh ossl porspoatmvl fo poeslgoetb, ebtom fo gleomrlmgphamtl quo, fovmfb lb laossb fls gfmls eb alsb, l lufmbvmsulh o l lufmtmvl

ossl plraohl fo ibvoes sogpro tog ug drlefo abetltb abg l gsmalfovmfb trmh`l

sbebrl quo abgpo osso tmpb fo gfml.

Vlms abhbalos, lgplrlfls pohbs gous quostmbelgoetbs fo posqumsl o

bniotmvb dorlh, hovlrl-go l mejormr quo lhdues ofualfbroseb ostb jlgmhmlrmzlfbs abg

l auhturl pbp ilpbeosl, b quo, tlhvoz, hovo-bs l abesmforlr ossl auhturl abgb eb

vhmfl o, lssmg, fosabesmforlefb-so eb trlnlh`b poflddmab. Vlhvoz soil pbr mssb quo,gumtls vozos, l auhturl lhtoreltmvl empemal so oeabetro mesormfl lpoels foetro b

drupb lproamlfbr, eb so oxplefmefb plrl l lproamlb fo butrls possbls o,

abesoquoetogoeto, eb soefb ostuflfl o meabrpbrlfl lb jlzor poflddmab osabhlr.

\ulefb b togl fl osautl gusmalh trltlfb els posqumsls og ofualb

gusmalh, b gosgb jlrtlgoeto fmsautmefb abesmforlefb-so l mgpbrteaml fl

fmvorsmflfo fls osautls. O, ossls fmvorsmflfos, alfl voz glms, ostb prosoeto els

los fo slhl fo luhl, b quo vog l lgphmlr b roportrmb fo ostufletos. L mesorb flauhturl lemgo pbforml, lssmg, lfoetrlr bs osplbs osabhlros.

Eb gumtb fmstleto fossl rolhmflfo, gumtbs ibvoes o lfbhosaoetos mesormfbs

el osabhl bu eb lmefl gletg abetltb abg ossl auhturl o abg suls vortoetos.

Foetrb fls slhls fo luhl, gumtls o gumtls vozos ebs vlhogbs fl alrdl auhturlh quo

ebssbs ostufletos tg og sm, suls vmveamls o profmhoos abgb lgplrb plrl

abetofb. B ibvog eorf10eog sogpro tog b sou ostmhb ltoefmfb.

10_g fbs torgbs utmhmzlfbs plrl fojmemr bs mefmvfubs quo jlzog plrto fosso drupb sbamlh.


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>1

Sbfogbs abeaonor quo ossl prtmal auhturlh smdemjmaltmvl. Gumtbs ibvoes tg

suls gleomrls fo poeslr, ldmr o lt gosgb jlhlr, mejhuoeamlfls pohl sbamlhmzlb og

sous drupbs, foetrb fo ltmvmflfos quo abetogphlg suls plrtmamplos, tbrelefb-bs

jmdurls mgpbrtletos fo ug fosoevbhvmgoetb, soil oho sbhb bu abhotmvb (D_Q@MKOE;

@M^LVL, >33


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>6

`mstrmabs o sbamlms fmvorsmjmalfbs dorlg ugl pbpuhlb fmvorsmjmalfl, ljotlefb tbfls

ls mflfos, deorbs, ahlssos sbamlms o otemls.

B ibvog fl ltulhmflfo tog laossb rpmfb mejbrglb o fmvorsbs abetofbs.

Osso ibvog poesleto o ltuleto tlgng jlz plrto fls glemjostlos auhturlms

vlrmlfls quo ostb prosoetos eb aoermb ltulh. O, ltrlvs fosso laossb mgofmltb

lssbamlfb plrtmh`l fo mejbrglos, b ibvog nrlsmhomrb, tlgng so mesormu els

auhturls oxtormbros, meabrpbrlefb-ls l suls prtmals o vmveamls.

Eb sbgoeto ossos jltbros dorlg abrroetos o oetrohllgoetbs oetro bs

mefmvfubs plrtmampletos fo ugl auhturl; lqum oetrlg, tlgng, ls rohlos

metorpossblms quo sb formvlfls o/bu dorlfls foetrb fossl auhturl, jlzoefb abg quo

tlms hmdlos metorjmrlg el osabh`l plrl bs gltormlms quo jbrlg, sb bu vmrb l sorabesugmfbs pbr ossos ibvoes, so fmvorsmjmquog o tbreog-so lmefl glms rmab. Slrl quo

pbsslgbs oetoefor b lfvoetb fl gsmal, lprosoetlrogbs sbnro lhdugls fls

glemjostlos quo sb, og sul jbrgl, gumtb mejhuoeamlfbrls foetrb fl auhturl lemgo

(E_EOQ, >333


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>?

possbls plrtmampletos fossl auhturl. Ldrodlfl l osso abeaomtb, tlgng pbfogbs

fostlalr l mesorb fb ibvog eosso abetoxtb utmhmzlefb-so fo gtbfbs o vmosos glms

prtmabs (E_EOQ, >3333?) oxphmal quo l

qulhquor possbl pbssmnmhmtlfl l bpbrtuemflfo fo labgple`lr qulhquor prbfutb

gmfmtmab brmoetlh. Fo labrfb b lutbr9

Vrokkmos bu js fo Qtlr Tlrs jlzog ls gosgls ltmvmflfos quo bsBtlkus, gls ugl prtmal fmjoroeaml bs js fo lemgo fbs butrbs vmfbsjs9 jlesuns. Drupbs fo btlku abe`oamfbs abgb jlesunnors sbrospbesvoms pbr trlfuzmr, hodoeflr, o abpmlr bs prbdrlgls fo

63Jlesun ugl plhlvrl fo brmdog medhosl, jbrglfl fl abetrlb fo jle (j) abg suntmthof (hodoeflfb),bu soil, hodoeflfb pbr js. Mefmal ug drupb fo js quo abhbalg hodoefls og jmhgos bu srmo fo VZ fobutrl hedul, sog lutbrmzlos fbs armlfbros fls bnrls, pbr abesodumeto pbfoefb sor fo gleomrl mhodlh.


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tohovmsb o jmhgos brmdmelhgoeto trlesgmtmfbs bu hlelfbs eb Ilpb(og ilpbes) plrl quo butrbs js pbsslg lssmstmr. (@LVA@O^, >33?,p. ?


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>4

fo fotorgmelfl hme`l abeaomtulh. Lhdues fohos rosslhtlg lporsbelhmflfo fb porsbeldog fb jmhgo brmdmelh l plrtmr fl vmsb fblutbr fb LGZ, smearbemzlefb l ofmb abg ugl gsmal plrl dorlr ugebvb prbfutb. (NOHHLE, >3, p. ?=).

Ebs plrdrljbs quo so soduog el tobrml fo Nohhle (>3), b lutbr ljmrgl quo

ossl glemjostlb eb sbgoeto ugl gleomrl fo so oxprosslr oequletb metodrleto

plrtmampleto fossl auhturl, gls quo ossl prtmal tlgng jlvbroao eb ostlnohoamgoetb

fo rlhlos metorpossblms, ltrlvs fo abgpotmos og quo osso gltormlh

armtormbslgoeto lvlhmlfb plrl jmes fo progmlb.

33=).

Og sou lrtmdb, ls posqumslfbrls trltlg fls fmvorsls gleomrl fo abgb o befo

ls gsmals o gfmls sb laosslfls, eb alsb lqum, ltrlvs fo abgputlfbros abg

laossb metoreot. L osto rospomtb, ls lutbrls oxphmalg quo ls ebvls toaebhbdmls [...W

sb abgpbeoetos meabetostvoms fb abtmfmleb gusmalh fbs ibvoes, o lmefl

abgphogoetlg fmzoefb quo, l gsmal ug togl mgpbrtleto el metoreot, tletb abgb

bjortl abgoramlh abgb og ghtmphls gleomrls eb abgoramlms (QB_YL;VB^^OQ,

>33=, p. 6=-?3).

L posqumsl fo ^lgbs (>3), quo mevostmdbu lsphlyhmstsfo ibvoes, luxmhml eb

oetoefmgoetb. Fo labrfb abg l lutbrl,

ls phlyhmsts fossos ibvoes ilglms jbrlg vmstls abgb abhoos fogsmals, quo, lplroetogoeto, jbrlg ibdlfls plrl foetrb fbs gp1.Og lhdues alsbs, ls gsmals sb osautlfls pohb prlzor fo osautlr bquo ls possbls ostb osautlefb, sog quo toe`lg ugl juebtaemal. [...W l fmvorsmflfo fo roportrmb lrglzoelfb eb gp1 fbsibvoes pbfo prbpbrambelr butrls vmveamls gusmalms, abgb ls quolpbetlg plrl l abgprooesb fo quo alfl deorb gusmalh alplz fotrlnlh`lr abg fotorgmelfb abetofb. (^LGBQ, >3, p. 4).

Og sou trlnlh`b, ^lgbs trltl fbs fmvorsmjmalfbs lspoatbs og quo ossl osautlso ostruturl. ^lgbs (>3) o Qbuzl o Vbrros (>33=) gbstrlg-ebs l eoaossmflfo fo


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>0

lpurlr lmefl glms bs abe`oamgoetbs abg rohlb osautl gusmalh, nog abgb bs

gombs o fmspbsmtmvbs og quo ohl ost soefb laosslfl, plrl quo pbssl, oetb, sor

utmhmzlfl fo gleomrl glms abesmstoeto, eb s eb trlnlh`b poflddmab-gusmalh quo b

ofualfbr gusmalh prbpo og slhl fo luhl, gls l abesmforlb fl porspoatmvl auhturlh

fb ostufleto.

Ossls ljmrglos, lssbamlfls l ugl hme`l fo poeslgoetb quo abesmforo l

auhturl o ls abeaopos fo ostufletos, abg rohlb s homturls fo guefb o sbamoflfo

abetogpbreol, ebs rogoto lb guefb toaebhdmab quo pbr ohos vmvmfb. B guefb

ohotremab pbssmnmhmtbu l trlesgutlb fo abetofbs o sous usbs, foshbalefb-bs fo

sous abetoxtbs letormbrgoeto ostlnohoamfbs o flefb lbs gosgbs, ugl

rossmdemjmalb vlhbrbsl o lgphl.Abg nlso el prbpbsmb fo ^lgbs (>3), abesmforlefb-so ls phlyhmstso ls

ghtmphls abeoatmvmflfos o laossbs, goeambelfbs pbr Qbuzl o Vbrros (>33=), tbrel-

so pbssvoh l es, ofualfbros gusmalms, tor laossb fo gleomrl hmvro o abeteul, lbs

gosgbs gltormlms quo ebssbs ostufletos laosslrlg, ostb laosslefb o pbforb vmr

l laosslr, lnrmefb pbrtls plrl abetofbs o mejbrglos fmvorsls o ghtmphls.

Ossl rofo fo gldemtufo mgoesurvoh jlz plrto fb abtmfmleb o fls vmveamls

fossos ibvoes ostufletos, jbrl fls slhls o osabhls; ohos trlesmtlg pbr ohls abgbsoefb ugl vml mejmemtl plrl abetofbs vmsulms, lufmbvmsulms o lufmtmvbs, porgmtmefb l

ohos lgphmlr b abetltb abg ls gfmls empemals. Vbstl (>33


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>=

pbforml tor smfb fmjoroeto. \ulefb lqum lnbrflgbs bs lspoatbs fo osautl gusmalh quo

^lgbs (>3) o Qbuzl o Vbrros (>33=) iuetb vmsmnmhmflfo sbnro l rofo fmdmtlh trlzmfl

pbr Vbstl (>3


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13

>. GOVBFBHBDML

Ostl posqumsl, quo mevostmdbu l mejhueaml fl auhturl lemgo els osabh`ls plrl

l osautl gusmalh, jbm rolhmzlfl l plrtmr fl ostruturlb fo ugl gotbfbhbdml nlsolfl

el lnbrfldog qulhmtltmvl, eb gtbfb ostufb abg oetrovmstls, el rolhmzlb fo

oetrovmstls sogmostruturlfls, drupb jbalh, bnsorvlb o jbtbdrljml abgb taemals plrl

l abhotl fbs flfbs, o el utmhmzlb fl lehmso fo abetofb abgb taemal plrl l lehmso

fbs flfbs.

B haus fostl posqumsl jbm b aoermb quo brmuefb fls vmveamls fo ostufletos

fl rofo pnhmal fo oesmeb, mesormfbs eb evoh gfmb, o eb ostufletos, quo tlgng

ostb mesormfbs foetrb fb abetoxtb pbp iuvoemh, jbalefb eb s ls projoreamls fossosibvoes o ibvoes lfuhtbs foetrb fossls prtmals fo gleomrl quo prmvmhodmo l sltmsjlb

prprml, gls tlgng nusalefb oetoefor ls alrlatorstmals prosoetos eosso abetoxtb.

>.< LNB^FLDOG \_LHMVLVMZL

L lnbrfldog qulhmtltmvl jbm sohoambelfl plrl ostl posqumsl, pbms b metumtb fostl

jbm mevostmdlr l auhturl pbp ilpbeosl o ls auhturls iuvoems, prmeamplhgoeto ls prtmalsfo osautl gusmalh, prbaurlefb l abgprooesb fostl glemjostlb auhturlh o, lssmg,

l pbssmnmhmflfo fo ldrod-hl els prtmals poflddmab-gusmalms.

Fosto gbfb, prbaurbu-so fosarovor o abgprooefor b joegoeb fo osabh`l fb

roportrmb plrl l osautl gusmalh sog, eb oetletb, quletmjma-hb. Slrtmu-so fb prmeapmb

fo quo l posqumsl qulhmtltmvl eb so probaupl abg l roprosoetltmvmflfo eugrmal,

gls abg b lprbjueflgoetb fl abgprooesb fo ug drupb sbamlh bu fo ugl

brdlemzlb, eb alsb fostl posqumsl, abg l osabh`l fo roportrmb plrl l osautlgusmalh pbr plrto fbs plrtmampletos fl auhturl pbp ilpbeosl.

Fo labrfb abg Dbfby (


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133:). Slrl bs posqumslfbros, l lnbrfldog

qulhmtltmvl pbfo so lprosoetlr fo gleomrls fmjoroeamlfls o abg ghtmphls

smdemjmalos, dorlefb abgphoxmflfos abg b algpb `mstrmab oxmstoeto, abevorslefb

abg ls fmvorsmflfos fo fotorgmelfbs abetoxtbs. Slrl Foezme o Hmeabhe (>33:), l

posqumsl qulhmtltmvl

ugl ltmvmflfo smtulfl quo hbalhmzl b bnsorvlfbr eb guefb. Abesmstoog ug abeiuetb fo prtmals gltormlms o metorprotltmvls quo fbvmsmnmhmflfo lb guefb. Ossls prtmals trlesjbrglg b guefb og uglsrmo fo roprosoetlos, meahumefb ls ebtls fo algpb, ls oetrovmstls,ls abevorsls, ls jbtbdrljmls, ls drlvlos o bs hognrotos. (FOEYME;

HMEABHE, >33:, p. 33:), l posqumsl qulhmtltmvl so fostlal pbr trlzor ugl

homturl o ugl lnbrfldog glms elturlh o abg metorprotlos glms metrmealfls abg

guefb quo posqumslfb. B usb fo mevostmdlos abg osso vms gotbfbhdmab

pbssmnmhmtl b goh`br ostufb fb bniotb fo posqumsl og abeiuetb abg b aoermb og quo

oho babrro.

Bs lutbros rosslhtlg quo osso tmpb fo ostufb so brmdmel fl abhotl fo flfbs

ogprmabs porgolfbs pbr oxpormeamls fo aue`b possblh o metrbspoatmvb, alrrodlefb

lssmg, jmbs quo hmdlg `mstrmls fo vmfl o smdebs pbetulms plrl ls gosgls, jlzoefb

abg quo bs rosuhtlfbs bntmfbs lb jmg fo ug prbaossb, ostoilg hmdlfbs lb posqumslfbr

o lbs mefmvfubs fl posqumsl.

O, plrl quo ossos lghdlgls pbsslg sor abearotmzlfbs, bs posqumslfbros

jlzog usb fo prtmals metorprotltmvls abg metorhmdlos, nusalefb sogpro l goh`br

abgprossb fbs lssuetbs quo ostb lb lhaleao fo suls gbs (FOEYME; HMEABHE,

>33:).L lnbrfldog qulhmtltmvl tlgng pbssmnmhmtl b usb fo gombs glms lnrledoetos

fo lprbxmglb abg b bniotb fo ostufb o lb gosgb togpb pbetulms plrl l bntoeb

fo mejbrglos quo pbfog sor rosuhtletos fls mevostmdlos, soefb ossos rosuhtlfbs

lhalelfbs el jbrgl fo oetrovmstls, lebtlos, roaursbs lufmbvmsulms, fbaugoetlms

o lmefl rodmstrbs abg alrtor bjmamlh (NBDFLE; NMKHOE,


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1>

ostlnohoamgoetb fo rohlos fo mefub juturl lehmso fbs flfbs furleto l abhotl

fbs flfbs butrb jltbr mgpbrtleto eosto tmpb fo lnbrfldog, b quo porgmto l

gbetldog fo ugl plmsldog quo so abestrm fo gleomrl drlfltmvl, eb foabrror fb

roabh`mgoetb fo flfbs o l lehmso fbs gosgbs (NBDFLE; NMKHOE, .> GVBFB9 OQV_FB ABG OEV^OZMQVLQ (\_LHMVLVMZO MEVO^ZMOT

QV_FMOQ)

B ostufb abg oetrovmstls so alrlatormzl pbr sor ugl gotbfbhbdml qulhmtltmvl

quo nusal l plrtmamplb o metorlb abestleto fb posqumslfbr abg bs sous

oetrovmstlfbs, dorlefb ug rohlambelgoetb abg bs gosgbs, hovlefb bs ostufbs lugl prbjuefmflfo fo fmsaussos laoral fb joegoeb quo abgpo b bniotb

posqumslfb.

B gtbfb osabh`mfb plrl l rolhmzlb fostl mevostmdlb jbm Ostufb abg

Oetrovmstls (FOGL^^LMQ, >336). Ostl osabh`l fou-so pohb jltb fo b bniotmvb ostlr

aoetrlfb og mevostmdlr bs jltbros gusmalms o gmfmtmabs quo abetrmnuog plrl l osabh`l

fossl osautl gusmalh o abgb ohl pbfo sor poraonmfl pohbs ostufletos og slhl fo

luhl, nog abgb els foglms rols fb gnmtb osabhlr, abesmforlefb b jltb fo alflmefmvfub sor emab, lmefl quo plrtmampleto fo ugl glemjostlb auhturlh fo alrtor

abhotmvb, quo auhturl pbp ilpbeosl.

L smeduhlrmflfo fo alfl mefmvfub foetrb fosso abetoxtb abhotmvb tbrebu

pbssvoh l glempuhlb fbs quostmbelgoetbs plrl l bntoeb fo rospbstl plrl ls

quostos fo posqumsl, jlzoefb abg quo alfl oetrovmstl babrrosso fo gleomrl

smeduhlr, i quo lflptlos jbrlg eoaossrmls l alfl abetoxtb trlzmfb pohbs

oetrovmstlfbs.


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11

FoGlrrlms (>336) ljmrgl quo bs

ostufbs abg oetrovmstl qulhmtltmvl sb abeòamfbs pbr ugl vlrmoflfo

fo glralfbros. El hmtorlturl gotbfbhdmal sbnro oetrovmstls, bssodumetos glralfbros fosarovog ls quo so oequlfrlg el altodbrmldorlh fo oetrovmstls qulhmtltmvls9 oetrovmstl metoesmvl, oetrovmstllnortl, oetrovmstl eb ostruturlfl, fo abevorslb, ahemal, oetrovmstlhbedl, eb fmroambelfl, oetrovmstl jbalfl, drupb fo lprbjueflgoetbo oetrovmstl fo drupb jbalh6>. (FOGL^^LMQ, >336, p.?1).

FoGlrrlms (>336) oxphmal quo pbfogbs ebs ognlslr els oetrovmstls

qulhmtltmvls abgb soefb ug drlefo dulrfl-aùvl quo lnrledo ls vrmls altodbrmls

fo posqumsl o suls jmelhmflfos, ebs porgmtmefb l goh`br lflptlb plrl abg b

gtbfb, hovlefb og abesmforlb l eoaossmflfo fb bniotb posqumslfb, nog abgb l

rohlb quo bs oetrovmstlfbs tog abg b algpb lhvb fl posqumsl (FOGL^^LMQ,

>336).

L utmhmzlb fo porduetls abgb fmspbsmtmvb fo gbemtbrlgoetb eb ostufb abg b

usb fo oetrovmstls ebs porgmto abestrumr abg glms abesmsteaml o fo gleomrl glms

lgphl, ug glpl abg mejbrglos, oxpormeamls o porspoatmvls quo sb dorlfls pohb

prprmb plrtmampleto, porgmtmefb quo l oho soilg fohodlfls ls jueos fo jbreoaofbr

fo mejbrglos glms prxmgls fb bniotb fo posqumsl o abg ug aue`b bpmeltmvb

prprmb fbs gosgbs, trlzoefb ugl glmbr a`leao fo lprbjueflgoetb eb ostufb,

dorlefb hmdlos abg ls suls oxpormeamls o abg b joegoeb quo dorl b haus fl

posqumsl (FOGL^^LMQ, >336).

>.1 VAEMALQ SL^L L ABHOVL FBQ FLFBQ9 OEVÔZMQVL

QOGMOQV^_V_^LFL, D^_SB JBALH, BNQO^ZLB O JBVBD^LJML

Abgb taemal plrl l abhotl fbs flfbs utmhmzom l oetrovmstl sogmostruturlfl

(HFKO; LEF^, 333), b drupb jbalh (ÔQQOH; NOAK; D_LHFL;

@BJJGLEE; QMHZL; QO@EOG, >330; NLAKOQ; ABHBG; O^FGLEE; H_EL^FM,

>33 Vrlfub fb lutbr. (\ulhmtltmvo metorvmow stufmos lro kebwe ny l vlrmoty bj hlnohs. Me tò

got`bfbhbdmalh hmtorlturo lnbut metorvmows, tò jbhhbwmed hlnohs fosarmno metorvmows t`lt jlhh metb tòdoeorlh altodbry bj qulhmtltmvo metorvmows9 metoesmvo metorvmow, mefopt` metorvmow, bpoe-oefof metorvmow,estruaturof metorvmow, abevorsltmbelh metorvmow, ahmemalh metorvmow, hbed metorvmow, befmroatmvo metorvmow,jbausof metorvmow (Gortbe & Koeflhh,


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16

pbms so alrlatormzlg abgb taemals quo pbssmnmhmtlg b abetltb fmrotb fb posqumslfbr

abg b bniotb fo posqumsl, prbpmamlefb lssmg l goh`br lprbprmlb plrl abg b togl

quo l porspoatmvl fb ostufb lpbetbu.

L oetrovmstl so alrlatormzl pbr sor ug quostmbelgoetb mgofmltb, jlao l jlao,

abg b bniotmvb fo alptlr ls ghtmphls rolhmflfos bu poraopos fo ugl fotorgmelfl

smtulb l plrtmr fb fmsaursb fbs ltbros sbamlms. L oetrovmstl tog vrmbs usbs o

lphmalos foetrb fls prbpbstls gotbfbhdmals qulhmtltmvls, oevbhvoefb b usb fo

trltlgoetb lgmdvoh fb oetrovmstlfbr plrl abg b sou(s) oetrovmstlfb(s) (HFKO;

LEF^, < fo sotognrb, Humz jbm oetrovmstlfb, toefb uglfurlb fo 6= gmeutbs o 34 soduefbs. Eb fml >> fo sotognrb fo >3


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1?

Vlnohl 3


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1:

pnhmal ostlfulh fo Qb Qonlstmb fb Al. Slrtmamplrlg tlgng Dumh`orgo Q.

Dbuvl, ostufleto fb aursb plrl jbrglb og Vaemals og Mejbrgtmal, o l ibvog

^ljlohl ^. Homto, ostufleto fb Aursb fo Drlfulb og Gsmal9 Hmaoeamlturl, fl

_emvorsmflfo Ostlfulh fb mb Drlefo fb Quh. B oeabetrb jbm rolhmzlfb og : fo butunrb

fo >3


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14

gtbfb fo lehmso fl pbal abetogpbreol, abg l alptlb fo tbfls ls ahlssos fo

flfbs ostltstmabs (SOÔVY, >333, p. 4).

B lutbr ljmrgl quo l bnsorvlb, abgb taemal fo abhotl fo flfbs, fovo sor

oxoautlfl pohb mevostmdlfbr sog quo oho toe`l metoeos fo fosvmlr l lb quo ost

og fosoevbhvmgoetb fo sou rugb o jhuxb elturlh, o quo tlgng eb fovo hovlr b

plrtmampleto l prltmalr los quo ostoilg hmdlfls ls suls metoeos lhòmls (SOÔVY,

>333). Ossl bnsorvlb, lplrtlfl fo smdemjmaeamls mefutmvls o abg mgpbrteaml fo

roabhòr flfbs sog l metorjoreaml fb posqumslfbr, pbssmnmhmtbu ldrodlr ugl

smdemjmaeaml sbambhdmal lbs flfbs roabh`mfbs, ahlssmjmalefb-bs o gofmefb bs sous

drlus fo doeorlhmflfos (SOÔVY, >333).

Lb jmelh fl bnsorvlb fb ovoetb, jbm ohlnbrlfb ug rohltb osarmtb, fo tobrartmab-lvlhmltmvb, abetoefb flfbs rojoroetos s mgprossos o alptlos bntmfls abg

l bnsorvlb fossos fbms ovoetbs quo, fopbms fo rovmslfb o fovmflgoeto

toxtulhmzlfb, dorbu ug fbaugoetb metmtuhlfb Alforeb fo Bnsorvlb (A. B., >3


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10

glempuhlfb pbr qulhquor usurmb fl rofo sbamlh Jlaonbbk, eb abgprbgotoefb l

metodrmflfo gbrlh fbs jbtbdrljlfbs.

Lb jmelh fl abhotl o, lps l brdlemzlb o mfoetmjmalb fbs fovmfbs fmromtbs fo

abeaossb o ltrmnumb fo arfmtbs lbs fovmfbs jbtdrljbs, osso gltormlh dorbu ug

fbaugoetb metmtuhlfb Alforeb fo Jbtbdrljmls (A. J., >3


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1=

L lehmso fo abetofb, taemal fo lehmso fbs flfbs sohoambelfl plrl ostl

mevostmdlb, so alrlatormzl abgb ugl gotbfbhbdml qulhmquletmtltmvl uslfl plrl

fosarovor o metorprotlr tbfls ls ahlssos fo abetofbs abhotlfbs, hovlefb-bs l

ahlssmjmalos smstogltmzlfls o rometorprotlos fls goesldoes eossos flfbs,

prbpbefb ugl ebvl o rojmelfl metorprotlb fo homturl quo vlm plrl lhg fo lpoels

ugl homturl abgug (GB^LOQ, 330).

Lb jmelh fl lehmso fbs flfbs, abestmtufl pohl glempuhlb, homturl o

abfmjmalb fbs flfbs, bs gltormlms abhotlfbs jbrlg brdlemzlfbs o smstogltmzlfbs ogug Alforeb fo Altodbrmzlos ( jbh`ls), abestrufb l plrtmr fls oetrovmstls

mefmvmfulms, jlhls fb drupb jbalh, rodmstrb fo bnsorvlb o altlhbdlb fo jbtbdrljmls

abhotlfls fl metoreot. Ostos flfbs, brdlemzlfbs o trltlfbs, jbrglrlg b abrpb fb

Alptuhb 6, eb qulh sb lprosoetlfbs bs flfbs o fovmflgoeto lelhmslfbs, l plrtmr fb

rojoroeamlh tormab osabh`mfb.


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63

1. ^OJO^OEAMLH VO^MAB

Slrto fb quo jbm oxpbstb, tletb el metrbfub fb trlnlh`b o tlgng el rovmsb

fo hmtorlturl fb gosgb, trbuxo jlhls laoral fbs vrmbs fmspbsmtmvbs sbamlms o fo

aue`b gmfmtmab-toaebhdmabquo vg abetrmnumefb plrl l jbrglb fo ug roportrmb

fo osautl gusmalh, abgb ls abetrmnumb lfvmefls fbs gombs fo abguemalb fo

glssl.

Vlms ltmtufos abgpbrtlgoetlmsalrlatorstmals fo drupbs sbamlms, soilg ohos

foetrb fl auhturl lemgo, rbak, pbp o lt gosgb juek mejhuoeamlg bs ibvoes og

foamsos foetrb fb drupb fl auhturl pbp ilpbeosl, foamsos ostls quo abestrbog l

sul mfoetmflfo quletb mefmvfubs foetrb fo ltmvmflfos abhotmvls o tlgng abgbltbros msbhlfbs fossos abetoxtbs sbamlms. Slssb lqum, l oxphmalr bs rojoroeamlms

tormabs osabh`mfbs plrl l lehmso fbs flfbs abhotlfbs plrl l posqumsl.

1.< B ABEVOPVB FL GQMAL, Q_L OQA_VL O L Q_L MGSB^VEAML

Abgb amtlfb letormbrgoeto, l prtmal fl glempuhlb sbgoeto so f, pbms `

gsmal foetrb fosso abetoxtb, ls auhturl pbpilpbeosl. Foetrb eb s fbs LGZs,gls tlgng ebs lemgos o fbrlgls, l gsmal so jlz prosoeto, ldrodlefb ugl

ljmrglb eb smdemjmalfb quo plsslfb pohb drjmab o mejhuoeamlefb ugl bpmemb

laoral fossls gsmals, i quo ug torrmtrmb quo dorl pbssmnmhmflfo o smtulos befo

bs plrtmampletos pbfog trbalr bpmemos oetro sm, sbnro ossls gfmls, pbms ugl

ltmvmflfo abtmfmlel.

L gsmal plrto fl vmfl fo armlels, ibvoes o lfbhosaoetos, soilg ohos fo

abetoxtb jbrglms bu eb; b buvmr gsmal ugl ltmvmflfo roduhlr fossos mefmvfubs,aletlefb og drupb, nlefls bu jlzoefb luhls fo gsmal. Ossos ltuletos armlg ls

suls prprmls hmstls o gleomrls fo buvmr ossl gsmal, rojhotmefb bs sous aletbros

projormfbs bu fmsautmefb gsmals abg sous lgmdbs (SLH@OM^BQ, >33


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63333


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6>

ôjhotmr sbnro ls poraopos fo smdemjmaeamls, soetmfbs o abeòamgoetbs quo

vg iuetb abg osso ostufleto quo pbstormbrgoeto mesormfb eugl ahlsso quo

gumtls fls vozos tog ug egorb fo mefmvfubs quo supormbr lb jhoxvohpbfo sor

glms fmjmauhtbsb. Vrlnlh`lr foetrb fo ug hudlr abg ugl porspoatmvl fo glssmjmalb

fo possbls, s vozos hovl b ofualfbr l tbglr ug pbsmambelgoetb quo b jlz trlnlh`lr

foetrb fo ug hudlr auhturlh o sbamlh og quo `lil ugl abetogphlb fo lssuetbs quo

sb fo abeòamgoetbs tbglfbs abgb dorlms.

Qlnor fls glemjostlos auhturlms oxmstoetos ug pls, ostlfb bu amflfo lt

gosgb els abguemflfos hbalms fosso suiomtb tbglfb abg ug pbetb fo plrtmfl

eb trlnlh`b poflddmab-gusmalms els osabhls. Gls, lhg fmssb, lnrmgbs ug dulrfl-

aùvl quo lnrledo ug aortb egorb fo pbssmnmhmflfos, toefb og vmstl quo lt gosgbls glemjostlos sbambauhturlms hbalms abgb bs nlmrrbs o/bu abguemflfos og quo

osso ltbr sbamlh so oeabetrl abetlg abg pbhbs fmjoroeamlfbs fo ldrodlos fo

metorlb (K^LOGO^, >333).

Ossls los abgpbrtlgoetlms fovog sor bnsorvlfls, pbms sb pbetulms els

mejhueamls sbamlms, mestmtumb fo drupbs, fonltos quo amraueflg ls projoreamls

possblms o abhotmvls, brdlemzlb fo togpb plrl hlzor, prbfub auhturlh o

brdlemzlb fo vmfl abtmfmlel. Vlgng, fovo-so hovlr og abesmforlb ls rohlosquo ostb lssbamlfls gsmal; abgb bs sous gombs fo gleusomb (K^LOGO^, >333).

Sbfogbs ebs bauplr o ebs lprbprmlr fossl gsmal bnsorvlefb, tlgng, bs

sous tmpbs o ls suls vlrmlos fo vortoetos, jbrgls fo glemjostlos o lelhmslr ls

abefmos og quo ossl gsmal o suls glemjostlos lprosoetlg, abgb suls

fmjusos eosso drupb o tlgng ls suls abgprooesos pbr oho (K^LOGO^, >333).

Brdlemzlr ugl lprbprmlb fossls glemjostlos o suls vortoetos lrtstmals

eb alsb, ls gusmalms eb so trltl sbgoeto fo ug abedhbgorlfb fo mejbrglosquo abetg ttuhbs o/bu ebgos, gls tlgng fo ugl tbglfl fo soetmfbs plrl ugl

jbrglb trlnlh`lfl og gsmal fo gleomrl l lnbrflr ug bh`lr glms poflddmab

laoral fb togl.

Vbglr bs ohogoetbs abg ojomtbs ofualambelms quo pbfog sor ltmvlfbs abg

ossls gsmals, fosoevbhvmgoetb fo porsbelhmflfos porgolfls pbr rohlos quo sb

dorlfls abg ohls. Dorlr ugl oxpormeaml fo plrtmamplb o oxpormgoetlb soesvoh

l ossl glemjostlb, i quo b mefmvfub mesormfb eosso abetoxtb ost hmdlfb l ossl

gsmal, pbms ohl jueambel abgb ugl nlso uemjmalfbrl (K^LOGO^, >333).


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Ossl prtmal, og abeiuetb abg ossl gsmal, porgmto lbs ibvoes ltbros sbamlms

fojmemrog-so og rohlos abg bs butrbs, sous lgmdbs, abhodls, rofos sbamlms o plrl

l auhturl og quo vmvog. B oesmeb fl gsmal lprbjuefl o abgprooefo oxpormeamls

abtmfmlels, prbpbrambelefb ebvls bpbrtuemflfos fo armlr hlbs mgpbrtletos oetro l

alsl, l osabhl o b guefb oxtormbr (EB^V@; @L^DÔLZOQ; B'EOMHH, >333).

L oxpormgoetlb fosso hudlr fo auhturls fmvorsls jbreoao lhdugls

ovmfeamls, sustoetlefb quo l gsmal ug fbs suiomtbs quo lalnl pbr tbrelr-so

goebs pbpuhlr el osabhl fo evoh gfmb. Ostos lrdugoetbs tlgng sb rojhotmfbs el

lehmso fls fmjoroels oetro ls lnbrfldoes fb oesmeb fo gsmal og ugl osabhl

prmgrml o ugl osabhl soauefrml (EB^V@; @L^DÔLZOQ; B'EOMHH, >333).

Slroao gumtb glms vmvoh dorlr ugl sbhub plrl ostos prbnhogls glmssmdemjmaltmvbs, l abesmforlr l jueb fl gsmal fl osabhl og quo ossos lfbhosaoetos

vmvog abgb ug tbfb, fb quo plrlr plrl lelhmslr poauhmlrmflfos mefmvmfulms. Eb pbfo

`lvor fvmfl fo quo l gsmal jbrl fl osabhl ugl plrto oxtroglgoeto mgpbrtleto

fl vmfl fl glmbrml fbs ibvoes o lfbhosaoetos o quo tlhvoz, fovssogbs jbalr ugl

fmsiueb oetro l gsmal el osabhl o gsmal og alsl, quo plroao lhlrdlr

rlpmflgoeto b trlnlh`b abg ls gsmals osautlfls pbr ossos ibvoes (EB^V@;

@L^DÔLZOQ; B'EOMHH, >333).L glmbrml fls posqumsls sbnro pbr quo bs lfbhosaoetos so oevbhvorog og

ltmvmflfos ospoamjmalgoeto gusmalms tog smfb hovlfl l alnb eb abetoxtb quo so tbrebu

abeòamfb abgb bs usbs o drltmjmalos fossls o abg ossls gsmals. Lfbhosaoetos

rohltlg buvmr, l jmg fo lhmvmlr l toesb, fmstrlmr-so fo probauplos, liuflr l plsslr b

togpb, o lhmvmlr b tfmb. B togpb quo plssl l prmeamplh rlzb plrl buvmr gsmal,

rohltlfb pbr ohos (EB^V@; @L^DÔLZOQ; B'EOMHH, >333).

Ostl utmhmzlb fo drltmjmalb abg l gsmal rosuhtl fl ltmvmflfo og quo bibvog ogprodl ossl gsmal abgb ug pbetb fo lpbmb quo duml l abestrub fl suls

mfoetmflfos, mgphmalefb o oxphmamtlefb og suls projoreamls plrl ug ostmhb plrtmauhlr,

quo pbfog hovlr ugl goesldog mgphamtl plrl butrbs lfbhosaoetos l rospomtb fo

ugl dlgl fo ltmtufos o vlhbros (EB^V@; @L^DÔLZOQ; B'EOMHH, >333).

Abgb goeambelfb lamgl, mevostmdlb sbnro l plrtmamplb og ltmvmflfos eb-

gusmalmseb alsb, eb prtmals, eb oevbhvoefb b tbalr bu aletlr mefmalg quo

osto pbfo trlzor goh`brmls eb rohlambelgoetb abg bs abhodls. Voefb og vmstl ossls

sunauhturls abg vlrmletos fo ostmhbs fo gsmal pbp, proamslgoeto pbrquo tbfbs bs


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lfbhosaoetos uslg l gsmal abgb ug ognhogl quo so abguemal lpbetlfb vlhbros,

ltmtufos o bpmemos plrl bs butrbs (EB^V@; @L^D^OLZOQ; B'EOMHH, >333).

1.> BQ IBZOEQ OE\_LEVB LVB^OQ QBAMLMQ OG QO_Q ABEVOPVBQ

Ostufmbsbs aroog quo ls ebvls mfoetmflfos gbforels ostb alfl voz glms

jrldgoetlfls o, abgb abesoqueaml, jrldgoetlefb l plmsldog auhturl fo ahlsso,

oteml, deorb, soxulhmflfo, rll, elambelhmflfo, quo letormbrgoeto orl ugl nlso tmfl

abgb uemjmalfl o quo jueambelvl abgb rojoreaml fo hbalhmzlb plrl ug mefmvfub

sbamlh. Ossl trlesjbrglb tlgng gufl l ebssl abeaopb fo mfoetmflfo smeduhlr,

hovlefb l ropoeslr ls mfomls quo togbs fo es gosgb quletb ltbros metodrlfbs ebplmeoh sbamlh (@LHH, >3333


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6?

lbs ibvoesquo tg suls prtmals sbamlms abhotmvls i ostlnohoamfls, abetlefb abg

rojoreamls plrl ostmhbs gusmalms, fo vostmgoetl, hme`ls fo poeslgoetbs artmabs o

rojhoxmvbs, quo tlgng drlefogoeto fosoevbhvmfb og osplbs jbrl fb abetoxtb

ofualambelh.

@lhh (>3333


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6:

alrrodlfbs fo ugl smdemjmaltmvl mgpbrteaml plrl ugl goh`br abgprooesb fls

glemjostlos fl vmfl iuvoemh o oetoefor bs drupbs fo ostmhbs auibs ibvoes ostufletos

jlzog plrto (QSBQMVB, >333333


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64

6. ^OQ_HVLFBQ O LEHMQO FBQ FLFBQ

Fls gumtls jlhls, mgldoes o poraopos quo lprooefm eb foabrror fl

abestrub fossl posqumsl, `buvo lhdugls quo so fostlalrlg foetro butrls o quoso tbrelrlg ugl vlhmbsl jbeto plrl l lehmso fbs flfbs. Letos gosgb fo

abgolrgbs l jlhlr fo gsmal, fovogbs jlzor algme`bs quo ossos ibvoes porabrrog

og suls ibrelfls sbamlms o tlgng so lprbprmlr fls gleomrls, hudlros o gombs pohbs

qulms ossos eorfslaosslg o abesbgog ossl auhturl, jlzoefb o rojlzoefb bs sous

plssbs ltrlvs fb guefb fl auhturl pbp ilpbeosl.

L plrtmr fl abhotl o lehmso fbs flfbs jbm pbssvoh brdlemzlr o altodbrmzlr tbfb

b gltormlh og trs altodbrmls, qulms soilg Glemjostlos auhturlms o gfmls, Bedlkub kmkmglsu. Vltlklm sbs`mto sottom66 o Dlkk eb nlma`m6?. L rospomtb fohls plssb l

oxphmalr l sodumr.

6.< GLEMJOQVLOQ A_HV_^LMQ O GFMLQ

Flrom meamb l ossl altodbrml trlzoefb mejbrglos o lehmsos laoral fls

glemjostlos auhturlms, laossb fo gfmls o l glempuhlb fohls pbr ossos ibvoes.

Abgolrogbs l trmh`l porplsslefb pohbs ovoetbs fo auhturl pbpo eorf, nog abgb

ls ltmvmflfos quo sb vmvoeamlfls foetrb fossos hbalms; l gme`l lehmso abgol,

trlzoefb ls poraopos sbnro b 0 OvoetbLemgo Nuzz, babrrmfb og ldbstb fo >3


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60

Bs drupbs fo I-Sbp (Ilpleoso Sbpuhlr), sb drupbs gusmalms quo tbalg o

aletlg ls gsmals ilpbeosls fo ostmhb pbpabgb jbrlg trlzmfbs eb plrdrljb lamgl

quo abgpbrtlg plrtmampletos fo ugl gosgl auhturl o drupb sbamlh; abg gosgls

profmhoos plrl gltormlms quo sorb abesugmfbs o laosslfbsgosgls rojoreamls

fo sbamlhmzlb o abg ugl mejhueaml plrl foamsos laoral fls plrtmamplos juturls

foetrb fossl glemjostlb auhturlh.

Bs drupbs fo K-pbp (Kbrole Sbpuhlr) jueambelg fb gosgb gbfb plrtmampltmvb

o metodrltmvb quo bs drupbs fo I-Sbp. Vbflvml, l glemjostlb lrtstmal prosoeto

foetrb fosso vmvoeamlfl pbr sous plrtmampletos ltrlvs fl Flel. Ossl

glemjostlb tog ug abesmforvoh egorb fo plrtmampletos foetrb fbs ovoetbs.

^otbglefb b LemgoK, lmefl bnsorvom l ltmvl metodrlb eossl ltmvmflfo pohbssous plrtmampletos. Sohb jltb fo sor ugl ltmvmflfo abestmtufl metomrlgoeto fo

gsmals, jbm pbssvoh ebtlr ugl hmdlb metoesl abg bs foglms ltbros sbamlms foetrb

fb abetoxtb auhturl pbp ilpbeosl, i quo

drlefo plrto fbs plrtmampletos quo aletlrlg [...W b jmzorlg elaltodbrml lglfbrl, trlzoefb ug roportrmb fo gsmals i abe`oamflsfl glmbrml, abgb Nuttor-Jhy, Sodlsus Doesu64, Arbssmed Jmohfs,

B`lel eb Kuslrm

60

, Nrlvo @olrt, ota., b quo joz abg quo qulso tbfbsbs prosoetos el poquoel phltoml lb rofbr fb plhab aletlssog iuetblb sbhmstl fl voz. (A. B., >3


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6=

mgpbrtleto slhmoetlr, tlgng, quo eb s b abesugb fl auhturlpbpilpbeosl

so joz prosoeto eosso ovoetb, i quo b 0 Ovoetb Lemgo Nuzzbabrrou og abeiuetb

abg b 6 Em`be GltsurmJostmvlh fb Ilpbo abgb b prprmb ebgo sudoro, jbm ug

ovoetb quo lnrledou prtmals rohlambelfls auhturl soauhlr brmoetlh o

drlefo plrto fbs ibvoes quo oeabetrom o tmvo l bpbrtuemflfo fobnsorvlr furleto b ovoetb, fogbstrbu ug drlefo metorosso eb spohl auhturl ibvog-eorfquo bjoroamfl gls tlgng, so joz nlstletoprosoeto el plrtmamplb fls ltmvmflfos quo oevbhvmlg l auhturlbrmoetlh, abgb ls bjmamels fo brmdlgms fbnrlfurls og plpoh - o lbjmamel fo osarmtl ilpbeosl fo Qugm. (A. B., >3


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?3

JMD_^L >\_MGBEB < (A. J., >3


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?3


53/81

?>

B abetltb abg b uemvorsb fl auhturl pbp, ou la`b quo letos fbslemgos, lmefl togbs bs tbkusltsus. Ilspmbe, Sbwor ^ledors, gumtbglms letmdb o joz abg quo es tmvssogbs ug abetltb gumtb letosfmssb. (A. D. J., >3


54/81

?1

gleds o lemgos plrl sorog lssmstmfbs o ossl sohob fo gltormlms, vog fo ugl

profmhob mefmvmfulh quo jbm dorlfl abhotmvlgoeto. El prxmgl altodbrml, trltlrom

sbnro ls gsmals o projoreamls fossos ibvoes.

6.> BEDLK_ B KMKMGLQ_. VLVLKLM QBQ@MVO QOVVOM6=

Bs ibvoes eorfs, l plrtmr fo suls projoreamls auhturlms brmuefls fo suls

prtmals sbamlms, rojhotog gumtb fls suls porsbelhmflfos o alplamflfos fo

iuhdlgoetbs els osabh`ls quo ohos jlzog, foetrb fb algpb fls gfmls empemals.

Ossls osabh`ls o poraopos mefmvmfulms quo lpbetlg plrl bs algme`bs quo oho vlm

sodumr foetrb fls auhturls, gsmals, ostmhbs o lemgos, eb ostb abgphotlgoetoplutlfls ebs lspoatbs osttmabs quo dmrlg lb rofbr fossls, gls tlgng pohl

vorbssmgmh`lel oxmstoeto eossls bnrls.

Gosgb bs lemgos quo trltlg fo togls gtmabs, otrobs, jletlsmbsb o bs quo

so rohlambelg abg lssuetbs glms torroebs vlgbs a`lglr lssmg ostlnohoaog

rohlos fo prbxmgmflfo abg b abtmfmleb fo possbls rolms, quo ostb ltrs fl tohl fo

ug abgputlfbr, sglrtp`beo, tlnhot, ameogl. Qogpro ` ug pbetb fo abeoxb fl

porsbeldog jmataml abg l prbxmgmflfo fo ugl possbl rolh9 quo lefl, jlhl, a`brl,buvo gsmals, lglfuroao, ostufl.

Voe`lgbs og goeto b sodumeto9 lssmg abgb bs ostmhbs gusmalms rbak, juek,

pbp, nrodl o pbr l vlm bs lemgos tlgng ostb fmvmfmfbs og ostmhbs.

Mefopoefoetogoeto fb tmpb bu ostmhb quo jbr amtlfb, tbfb b lemgo, fbrlgl o tbkusltsu

rophotb fo porsbeldoes quo tg hmdlb abg uglporsbel rolho quo osso ostmhb vlm

tor bs sous ltrltmvbs, lssmg abgb ug nbg hmvrb fo jletlsml bu jmhgo fo supor `orms

fl FA Abgmasbu flGlrvohtlgng tog.Abgb pbr oxogphb9 bs lemgos ebs ostmhb Q`bueoe(nltlh`l), dorlhgoeto trlzog

abejhmtbs fo pbfor, aroel, gldml o gumtl gsmal o tbfls ossls smtulos tog abgb

nlso ls rohlos fo lgmzlfo o abgple`omrmsgb, quo sb alrlatorstmals quo

lprbxmglg b jmaambelh fb eb-jmaambelh. L sodumeto jlhl abhlnbrl plrl abg ossl

ljmrglb9

O gou ostmhb jlvbrmtb Q`bueoe [nltlh`ls, plrl goemebsW eb sbu foQbuibu [rbgetmabsW, lposlr fo aurtmr ]lbm [gfml abg abetofb ortmab

`bgbssoxulhW. Ou rolhgoeto dbstb fo lemgos abg hutls, bu quo

6=Buvmr Gsmals. Nltlh`ls o Srojoreamls.


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?6

trltlg fo lgmzlfos. Goemebs tg mssb, goemels lquoho gohlb sogsoetmfb. (A. O., >3


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??

JMD_^L 6ABQSHL] FO LQV^MF@bw tb Vrlme ]bur Frldbe (A. J., >3


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?:

JMD_^L ?ABQSHL] FO O^YL QAL^HOVJlmryVlmh (A. J., >3


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?4

JMD_^L :ABQSHL] FO L@^MHolduo bj Hodoefs (A. J., >3


59/81

?0

Osso bh`lr abesamoeto fbs plrtmampletos fl auhturl pbp ilpbeosl, gbstrl ls

poraopos quo lprbxmglg ls possbls, oequletb ltbros sbamlms o ltmtufos abtmfmlels

(Q`bueoe, Osabhlr, Gl`bu Q`bueoe), nog abgb ls rohlos metorpossblms metmgls

oequletb plrtmampletos fo abetoxtbs o gbvmgoetbs sbamlms (Qbuibu, Gl`bu Qbuibu,

]lbm). Ls euleaos rodrlfls pbr poraopos artmab-abestrutmvls sb bs plssbs memamls

plrl ls fojmemos quletb lbs ostmhbs nog abgb ls gsmals l sorog abesugmfls.

Gls, abgb ls porsbeldoesletormbrgoeto gbstrlflslmefl quo jmatamls, i

quo ugl fohls tromelfbrl fo frlabemebs Lstrmf o l butrl pbfo uslr gldml fo

rooqumplr lrglfurlsOzrlpbfog tor hmdlb abg l mejhueaml quo l auhturl pbp

ilpbeosl tog sbnro bs sous plrtmampletos eb gbgoetb og quo ohos vb osabhòr b

sou roportrmb fo osautl gusmalh2_g fbs jltbs glms mgpbrtletos laoral fo lemgos, fbrlgls o tbkusltsus quo

ohos sogpro tg gsmals og sul abgpbsmb oequletb gfml o ossl lssbamlb

fl gsmal abg l abestrub fl porsbeldog o tlgng fls los mefmvmfulms o

abhotmvls fohlporsbeldog quo jlz abg quo ls projoreamls so meahmeog plrl l

juturl osabh`l.

Ossl jbrgl fo poraopb lssbamltmvl fo jmab abg l eb-jmab, porgmtmu

oexordlr, ltrlvs fo jlhls furleto l rolhmzlb fb drupb jbalh o oetrovmstls, quo osslsosabh`ls gusmalms tlgng so lssbamlg l abefmambelgoetb fo osautl, el qulh l

gsmal fosogpoe`l ugl jueb og ug hudlr fo mgpbrtleaml. L lrdugoetlb fb

ostufleto Dumhòrgo abhlnbrbu abg ossl ljmrglb9

Butrl abmsl quo ou abgoaom l dbstlr gumtb fl auhturl ilpbeosl lgsmal. Ou, fopoefoefb fl lnorturl, tmpb lssmg 0?% fbs lemgos quoou lssmstm, ou sogpro vml qulso tbfls lnorturls tbfls ls vozos, oueueal puhlvl fmrotb plrl b opmsfmb o jbm lssmg quo lalnom

abeòaoefb gumtls nlefls. Qlno, lquohl plusl fo ostuflr eb gombfl lnorturl, prbaurlr b ebgo fl nlefl, nlmxlr fmsabdrljml. (A. D. J.,>3


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?=

Ou osautb gumtb I-rbak, prmeamplhgoeto pbr abetl fls bpoemeds[lnorturlsW, osautb tlgng lflptlos og pbrtudus abgb ls fl V`oKmrl Iustmao, Dlmime Qoetlm, Bemdlttlm, ls bjmamlms funhlfls, og butrlsplhlvrls ls bpoemeds og pbrtudus. O eb gou abtmfmleb ohls sb sosuprl mgpbrtleaml, pbrquo so ou eb osautlr gsmal, plroao quo goufml ost meabgphotb. Ou proamsb fmssb plrl go abeaoetrlr o tufb.Gsmal tb mgpbrtleto quletb fbrgmr o abgor. (A. O., >3


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:3

metorprotos o pols jlvbrmtls [...W, el glmbrml fbs alsbs, buvmr gsmalfopoefo metomrlgoeto fohos. (SLH@OM^BQ, >33333, p. >:=).

Ossl htmgl lrdugoetlb laoral fls prtmals gusmalms fossos ibvoes foetrb

fo suls projoreamls so abestmtum mgpbrtleto, pbms plssl l lpbetlr plrl b hudlr og

quo ossl gsmal babrro o befo ohl poraonmfl o mesormfl. B quo hovl plrl l toraomrl

o htmgl altodbrml fosto alpmtuhb o plrl b hudlr plrl befo l lehmso eohl fosarmtl ebs

rogoto9 l osabhl.

6.1 DLKK EB NLMA@M?3

L slhl fo luhl, plrl ofualfbros o ofualfbros gusmalms, eb ug hudlr ebvb

o tlgpbuab ls fmsaussos quo dmrlg lb rofbr fb lssuetb osabhl o slhl fo luhl b sb.

Ohl tbglfl abg ug aoetrb fo trbals oetro bs suiomtbs baupletos flquoho osplb,

ldmefb abgb abestrutbros, jbrglfbros o rojbrglfbros fo abe`oamgoetbs mefmvmfulms

o abhotmvbs, soduefb ls suls alplamflfos o abeaopos abdemtmvls.Ossos ltbros sbamlms bauplg fmjoroetos abetoxtbs foetrb fo ug gosgb hbalh,

eb alsb, l osabhl. @ vrmbs ostufletos quo ostb hmdlfbs s glms fmvorsls auhturls

o jbrglos o ossl fmvorsmflfo, s vozos, so porfo eb glr quo l osabhl, eb

pbssmnmhmtlefb l mesorb fo tbfls ossls vortoetos foetrb fls slhls fo luhls bu og

ltmvmflfos prbpbstls pohbs prbjossbros.

?3Auhturl el Osabhl.


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:>

dorlg bs abetoxtbs fo sbamlhmzlb o l jbrglb fls mfoetmflfos auhturlms fossos

soros ùglebs. Qb ossls jbrglos quo jlzog b ostufleto fojmemr fotorgmelfbs

abeaomtbs quo porgolrb ls foamsos oequletb prbfub auhturlh.

B fosabeòamgoetb fo mejbrglos quo soilg rolhgoeto abesmstoetos laoral

fb lssuetb auhturl pbp ilpbeosl, bu qulhquor butrb togl quo eb jll plrto fls

ebssls ltmvmflfos fmrmls abgb prbjossbros , fo aortb gbfb, ug meagbfb o tlhvoz

pbssb fmzor quo aòdl l evoms quo vb lt b lssustlfbr. L sodumeto abhbalb fl

ostufleto Zoremal nog meamsmvl o alrrodlfl fo ug iuhdlgoetb possblh, gls quo

trlesgmto ugl mfoml quo abhlnbrl abg l ljmrglb fosso plrdrljb, qulefb ohl fmsso

b sodumeto9

Hognrb fb soduefb leb, qulefb jbm jlhlfb sbnro bs klgmklzos flsoduefl duorrl. Ou hognrb quo ou fom l luhl sbnro mssb plrl lprbjossbrl. O bs prbjossbros, ohos tog ug fojomtb dmdleto, gumtbsfohos (eb fmdb tbfbs, pbrquo tog pbuabs quo eb) eb laomtlg quovba lhueb, quo eb ostufbu tufb quo ohos ostuflrlg, pbssl slnorglms quo ohos, gosgb quo og lpoels ug fotorgmelfb lssuetb. Oohos eb lnrog plrl abmsls l glms. Ou hognrb fo tor quo osarovor ugpbogl plrl l luhl fo ôhmdmb *h ogbim rovmrlefb bs bh`bs*. Vme`lquo pbr eug pstor abg fosoe`bs. Ou hognrb fo jlzor ug pboglsbnro eueal fosmstmr fo quog lglgbs. Ou usom troa`bs fo vrmls

gsmals fo Elrutb, jmz b fosoe`b fo Elrutb o Qlsuko L prbjossbrlpofmu oxphmalb. Sohb goebs laomtbu. (A. O., >3


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:1

L emal voz quo ou vm b Ilpb jbm og `mstrml, qulefb l doeto ostlvlostuflefb l Qoduefl Duorrl Guefmlh o jbm el bmtlvl srmo, eb jbm eboesmeb gfmb. Fopbms, eb oesmeb gfmb ou rolhgoeto eb hognrb fotor vmstb lhdug abetofb quo abetogphlsso l auhturl ilpbeosl. (A. D.J., >3


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ABEQMFO^LOQ JMELMQ

Ostl posqumsl plrtmu fo fbms quostmbelgoetbs quo sorvmrlg abgb ebrtolfbros,

qulms soilg9 Abgb bs fmspbsmtmvbs gusmalms gmfmtmabs abetrmnuog plrl l osabh`l fl

osautl gusmalh lemgo2 Abgb bs ostufletos poraonog l prosoel fl auhturl gusmalh

lemgo ebs abetoxtbs osabhlros2 Ossos quostmbelgoetbs dorlrlg b bniotmvb fostl

posqumsl, quo jbm mevostmdlr l auhturl pbp ilpbeosl o ls auhturls iuvoems,

prmeamplhgoeto ls prtmals fo osautl gusmalh, prbaurlefb l abgprooesb fostl

glemjostlb auhturlh o, lssmg, l pbssmnmhmflfo fo ldrod-hl els prtmals poflddmab-

gusmalms.

Slrl rospbefor l ossos quostmbelgoetbs, jbrlg uslfls gotbfbhbdmls foaue`b qulhmtltmvb, auibs prbaofmgoetbs porgmtmrlg roabh`or lgbstrldog plrtmefb fo

oetrovmstls abg soms ibvoes ostufletos, bnsorvlb o abhotl fo mgldoes, dorlefb

flfbs quo lelhmslfb l huz fb rojoroeamlh tormab, forlg supbrto plrl rospbefor ossls

quostos.

Abgolrom oetb rospbefoefb b prmgomrb fohos quo jbm9 Abgb bs fmspbsmtmvbs

gusmalms gmfmtmabs abetrmnuog plrl l osabh`l fl osautl gusmalh lemgo2 Bs flfbs

lelhmslfb foetb fls prmgomrl o soduefl altodbrmls, porgmtmrlg l ohlnbrlb fo uglrospbstl abesamoeto o prbfutmvl plrl slelr l fvmfl prosoeto eosso quostmbelgoetb.

Foetrb fbs ovoetbs ostb prosoetos, fo gleomrl jmrgo o mgplatleto, ls jbrgls

abgb ossos ibvoes abestrbog ls suls profmhoos gusmalms, fo vostmgoetl,

rohlambelgoetb sbamlh o foamsos quletb l prbfub auhturlh o laossb fo gfmls o

fmspbsmtmvbs quo abetrmnuog plrl ossl jbrglb fo mfoetmflfo auhturlh.

Ls abetrmnumos quo ossos gombs gbstrlg sb drlefos o tg ugl smdemjmalb

glmbr lmefl, pbms sb gombs o fmspbsmtmvbs quo bs prprmbs ibvoes pbfog laosslr,glempuhlr o jmhtrlr plrl b sou abesugb. ugl prtmal quo pbr sor doroeamlfl pbr ohos

gosgb, porgmto lbs eorfs tor tbtlh hmnorflfo fo osabh`l plrl sohoambelr gsmal,

lemgos, fbrlgls, tbkusltsus o foglms vmosos fossl auhturl, plrl quo ohos so jllg

prosoetos og sous abtmfmlebs.

Labrflefb abg l lehmso bntmfl, ltrlvs fls trlesvorslhmzlos fbs flfbs

abg bs rojoroeamlms tormabs gusmalms o sbambhdmabs els prmgomrl o soduefl

altodbrmzlos, pufo poraonor l mejhueaml quo bs prbfutbs gmfmtmabs quo sb

abesugmfbs pbr ossos ibvoes mejhuoeamlg els foamsos fo osabh`l plrl b roportrmb


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fo osautl gusmalh, eb s pohbs plfros gusmalms quo sb oxmnmfbs o lssbamlfbs lbs

lemgos, fbrlgl o ljmes quo sb vomauhlfbs pohls rofos behmeofo abguemalb, gls

tlgng pohl prosoel fo sogoh`lels fl rolhmflfo foetrb fossl bnrls jmaambelms.

Ossl prbxmgmflfo fls alrlatorstmals fo ugl porsbeldog jmaambelh,

ognlslfls og alrlatorstmals rolms, jueambel abgb ug ltrltbr plrl ossos ibvoes, i

quo bs gltormlms quo ohos abesbgos foetrb fl auhturl pbp ilpbeosl, eb alsb,

ospoamjmalgoeto l gsmal, jlz abg quo ugl mfoetmjmalb oequletb ltbr sbamlh

poesleto o ltmvb soil dorlfl.

L osabh`l plrl ossl osautl so ognlsl, tlgng, eb abefmambelgoetb o

jueambelhmflfo quo osso ibvog ostufleto f plrl ossl gsmal eb sou abtmfmleb.

Abgb pbetulfbs pbr ohos gosgb, l hmdlb fl gsmal abg gbgoetbs ospoajmabs fougl porsbeldog foetrb fossl gfml mgpbrtleto, pbms lquohl gsmal alusl ugl

soeslb fotorgmelfl pohb gbgoetb quo ost soefb vmvoeamlfb.

Ossl osautl, abgb nog abhbalfl pohbs lutbros letormbrgoeto trlzmfbs, ost

lssbamlfl l gbgoetbs hmdlfbs lbs abefmambelgoetbs abtmfmlebs o ls soeslos

fosso ibvog furleto ls suls abestruos quletb ltbr sbambauhturlh. Ossls gsmals

ostb hmdlfls l ltmvmflfos fo osautls abg jueb fo plsslr b togpb, sbamlhmzlb,

oejroetlgoetb fo prbnhogls o smtulos fosabejbrtvoms, abeaoetrlb ogltmvmflfos rbtmeomrls, prtmals gusmalms o ljmes.

O mssb go rogoto, ebvlgoeto, s prtmals lssbamltmvls oetro bs gnmtbs

jmaambelh o eb-jmaambelh quo sb poraonmfbs foetrb fossls gfmls. B trltlgoetb quo

flfb pohbs ibvoes plrl ossl gsmal o suls osautl, so lssogoh`ls ls prtmals fls

porsbeldoes jmaambelms, quo jbrlg pbetulfls fo gleomrl glms mgphamtl els jlhls fbs

oetrovmstlfbs.

_g gbgoetb fo nltlh`ls og gldbs, sbhflfbs, gltlfbros fo dmdletos,gljmbsbs bu lt gosgb ug gbgoetb fo abejhmtb metoreb fo ug goemeb foetrb fl

osabhl, toetlefb foamfmr bu eb so vlm jlhlr abg l possbl fo quo oho dbstl el brl fb

metorvlhb. Ossos gbgoetbs sb rodlfbs l gsmals, o ossls gsmals aluslg l

trlesgmssb fo soeslos rohltmvls l porsbeldog quo pbr sul voz dorlg mgprossos

og sou roaoptbr, gbhflfls pohbs sous abefmambelgoetbs flquoho gbgoetb.

^osugmefb, fo ugl gleomrl glms pbetulh, l rospbstl pbr gmg bntmfl plrl osso

quostmbelgoetb fmz quo bs fmspbsmtmvbs gusmalms o gmfmtmabs abetrmnuog plrl l

osabh`l fl osautl gusmalh lemgo, pbms ohos jlzog abg bs ibvoes poraonlg


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alrlatorstmals quo ostb rojhotmfls og sous abtmfmlebs, foetrb fls gfmls quo sb

abesugmfls, nog abgb els suls prtmals fo sbamlhmzlb ebs abetoxtbs

oxtrlosabhlros o fls prtmals fo abestrub auhturlh.

O mssb ebs hovl plrl l soduefl quostb fo posqumsl, quo jbm9 Abgb bs

ostufletos poraonog l prosoel fl auhturl gusmalh lemgo ebs abetoxtbs osabhlros2

Bs flfbs quo jbrlg lelhmslfbs o metorprotlfbs huz fbs rojoroeamlms tormabs el

toraomrl altodbrml fosto trlnlh`b trbuxorlg poraopos, lmefl quo meamsmvls, gls quo

jbrlg ahlrls sbnro ls poraopos rojoroetos auhturl pbp ilpbeosl eb abetoxtb

osabhl.

Ebs rohltbs quo jbrlg flfbs pohbs soms ibvoes, els oetrovmstls o eb drupb

jbalh, jbrlg ebtlfls glms fb quo s ls poraopos quo ohos tg bu tme`lg laoralfls auhturls fo prbvoemeaml empemalpbpbu ebfoetrb fls slhls bu abrrofbros

fls osabhls. Jmalrlg hltoetos tlgng, ls mgprossos quo ohos ebtlvlg fbs butrbs

ltbros sbamlms foetrb fl osabhl, abg rohlb s prtmals fb ibvog eorf.

Butrb pbetb fo rolh mgpbrtleaml trlzmfb pohbs ibvoes eorfsplrl rospbefor osso

soduefb quostmbelgoetb jbm l alplamflfo fo poraonor euleaos laoral fls prtmals

fbs prbjossbros abg rohlb l auhturlpbpilpbeosl o ls prtmals auhturlms soauhlros

empemals, els qulms tbfbs bs soms, trbuxorlg og suls jlhls ls suls mgprossos oalptlos abg rojoreamls mesorb fb togl auhturl ilpbeosl foetrb fbs

phleoilgoetbs o ltmvmflfos quo sb bu jbrlg mgphogoetlfls pbr ofualfbros el

gmemstrlb fo suls luhls.

Eossls jlhls o abhbalos, bs soms ibvoes so pbsmambelrlg fo gleomrl meamsmvl

o osahlroamfl, pbms qulefb quostmbelfbs sbnro l mesorb fl prtmal sbnro l osautl

gusmalh o tlgng sbnro l mesorb fo abetofbs quo amraueflg b togl auhturl pbp

ilpbeosl, tbfls ls rospbstl abevordmrlg plrl ug algme`b eodltmvb o quo abgpbetulos lssortmvls o abesamoetos, fogbstrlrlg lprooefor l quostb fossl eb

mesorb fl auhturl pbp ebs abetoxtbs osabhlros.

L jmelhmzlb fb prosoeto trlnlh`b jbm metoesl o a`oml fo fosabnortls nog

smdemjmaltmvls plrl gmg. B togl posqumslfb eb s go trbuxo rospbstls laoral fls

gme`ls prprmls vmveamls o jbrglos quletb ibvog, ostufleto o eorf. Vlgng

trbuxo-go ebvls rospbstls quo letormbrgoeto, orlg lpoels possblhmzlfls o pbuab

so mgpbrtlvlg abg fotorgmelfbs vmosos.


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L abestrub fossl posqumsl porgmtmu l gmg eb sbgoeto oetoefor goh`br ls

gme`ls prprmls profmhoos laoral fbs lssuetbs lqum trltlfbs, abgb tlgng go

hovbu l oetoefor abgb go lprbprmlr goh`br fbs lssuetbs roabrroetos fls auhturls

iuvoems o suls vortoetos o abgb mesormr bs gosgbs og gme`ls luhls o ltmvmflfos quo

sorb juturlgoeto prbpbstls eb gou jlzor oequletb ofualfbr gusmalh.

Gme`l oxpoatltmvl abg l abestrub fosso trlnlh`b jbm quo, eb sbgoeto abgb

ou soefb ofualfbr gusmalh, gls tlgng abgb posqumslfbr, pbfor abetrmnumr abg

gous foglms abhodls fo ltulb og fbaeamls, plrl ugl goh`br metorlb abg bs

ibvoes ostufletos foetrb fbs abetoxtbs osabhlros, nusalefb sogpro goh`brlr l

gme`l prltmal o gme`ls poraopos sbnro sor ug prbjossbr.


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^OJO^EAMLQ

LGL^LH, Gramb fo Jromtls. Auhturls iuvoems o oxpormeaml sbamlh9 Gbfbs fo sor

ibvog el pormjorml. Sbrtb Lhodro9 _emvorsmflfo Joforlh fb ^mb Drlefo fb Quh -_J^DQ, >3. MQQE


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@LHH, Qtulrt. L mfoetmflfo auhturlh el ps-gbforemflfo. Ofmtbrl Hlgplrmel, ^mbfo Ileomrb>3 (6), >33?, p.?.

I_EMB^, Hoabeto fo Hmsho Aboh`b. DBELHZOQ, Dlnrmohl Glrml ^lgbs. Auhturlpbp ilpbeosl o mfoetmflfo sbamlh9 bs absphlyors fo Zmtrml (OQ). ^ovmstl foSsmabhbdml o Qbamoflfo, vbh. >1, e1, >3


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^OQQOH, Haml Noltrmz; NOAK, Alrgog Haml Abhbg; D_LHFL, Fuhao Glrml ^bsl;@BJJGLEE, Mzlnoh Armstmel; QMHZL, ^bsedohl Glrmbe fl; QO@EOG, DrlamohlFutrl; B usb fb drupb jbalh og posqumsl qulhmtltmvl. Jhbrmlepbhms, ^ovmstl Voxtbo Abetoxtb Oejorgldog. But-Foz, v. 330. p. 44=-40:. Fmspbevoh og9

`ttp9//www.samohb.nr/pfj/tao/v. Fmspbevoh og9 8`ttp9//www.samohb.nr/pfj/asa/v


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4

LSEFMAO < ^BVOM^B FL OEV^OZMQVL QOGMOQV^_V_^LFL O D^_SB

JBALH

^btomrb fls Oetrovmstls o fb Drupb Jbalh

. \ulms sb bs lspoatbs quo glms a`lglg l sul ltoeb foetrb fossl

auhturl2 Iustmjmquo.

1. \ulms bs ostmhbs jlvbrmtbs fo gfmls quo vba (s) abesbgo foetrb fossl

auhturl o abgb vba (s) abstugl (g) tor laossb l ossls gfmls2

6. \ulms sb bs tmpbs fo gsmals quo sb osautlfls plrtmefb fossl auhturlo qulh l mgpbrteaml fossls gsmals og (sou/sous) abtmfmleb (s)2

?. Abgb (vba/vbas poraono-(u) /poraono-(rl)-g) ossl auhturl eb

lgnmoeto osabhlr o l mesorb fossl auhturl foetrb fls prbpbstls

trlnlh`lfls og slhl fo luhl o ebs foglms lgnmoetos osabhlros2


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LSEFMAO >VO^GB FO L_VB^MYLB FO _QB FO MFOEVMFLFO EBGMELH O

FOSBMGOEVBQ


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LEOPBQ


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LEOPB


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4:

LEOPB > - VO^GB FO D_MH@O^GO FL QMHZL DB_ZL


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LEOPB 1 - VO^GB FO H_MY @OE^M\_O NLVMQVL


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LEOPB 6 - VO^GB FO ^LJOHL FL ^BA@L HOMVO


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LEOPB : - VO^GB FO ZO^EMAL VB^^OQ H_MYO SOQVLEL

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