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Extending the current databases for the LCA of building materials: an EU-USA comparison.

Journal: SETAC Europe Annual Meeting 2008

Manuscript ID: LC04A-3

Day, Time Slot, and Room: WED PM, Kisielewski Hall

Date Submitted by theAuthor:

26-May-2008

Complete List of Authors: Traverso, Marzia

SETAC Europe 2008


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SETAC Europe 18th Annual Meeting,

25-29 May 2008, Warsaw, Poland

Extending the current databasesExtending the current databasesfor the LCA of building materials:for the LCA of building materials:

an EUan EU--US comparisonUS comparison

Traverso M., Rizzo G.Traverso M., Rizzo G.

Dipartimento di Ricerche Energetiche ed Ambientali (DREAM),Dipartimento di Ricerche Energetiche ed Ambientali (DREAM),University of PalermoUniversity of Palermo

vialevialedelledelle ScienzeScienze,,edificioedificio9, 90128 Palermo, Italy9, 90128 Palermo, Italy

Email contact:Email contact: [email protected]@dream.unipa.it;; [email protected]@gmail.com

Page 1 of 20 SETAC Europe 2008


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22SETAC Europe 18th Annual MeetingSETAC Europe 18th Annual Meeting-- LC04ALC04A--33

The building sectorThe building sector

The construction and operation of buildings consumes overThe construction and operation of buildings consumes overa third of the worlda third of the worlds energy consumption, and 40% of alls energy consumption, and 40% of allthe mined resources.the mined resources.

Buildings;

48%

Transportation;

27%

Industry;

25% EnergyConsumption

of United States

Industry;

29%

Transportation;

30%

Buildings;

41%

EnergyConsumption ofEuropean Union

So striving to make buildings more sustainable, while savingSo striving to make buildings more sustainable, while savingenergy, improving technological equipments, saving constructionenergy, improving technological equipments, saving constructionand operating costs and reducing the waste and environmentaland operating costs and reducing the waste and environmentalimpacts is not only possible and practical, it should be the goaimpacts is not only possible and practical, it should be the goal ofl ofthe building industry and of all national and local administratithe building industry and of all national and local administrations.ons.

Page 2 of 20SETAC Europe 2008


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LCA and ISOLCA and ISO

The ISO 14040 series have beenThe ISO 14040 series have beenreleased to standardize the LCAreleased to standardize the LCA

procedure, but there are stillprocedure, but there are still

several differences in the obtainedseveral differences in the obtained

resultsresults, depending of the, depending of the

production cycle of products and onproduction cycle of products and on

the local conditions.the local conditions.

TheStandardization

of the procedure

But different localconditions mean

different results ofLCA

ISO 14041

ISO 14042

ISO 14043



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LCA and databasesLCA and databases During the last years several databases have beenDuring the last years several databases have beencarried out for collecting local data and for inferringcarried out for collecting local data and for inferringdataset for new application in the same geographicaldataset for new application in the same geographical

and technological conditions.and technological conditions.

Then every database supplier is trying to extend theThen every database supplier is trying to extend theown database to other geographical and technologicalown database to other geographical and technologicalconditionsconditions

Main databases and their supplier locations

Simapro



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Some databases in United StatesSome databases in United States

AthenaInstitute

AlluminiumAssociation

EIO-LCA.net

Building DesignAdvisor 1.0

GBtoolLCI database

LCA project



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CMLCA 4.2

DEAM Impact,DEAM

DIM 1.0

ecoinventData v1.2

EIME V2.4

Euroferdata sets

esu-servicesdatabase v1

Eurofer data sets

GaBi 4.2

SimaPro 7

Eco-Quantum

KCL-ECO 4.0

LCA Databasefor the Forest

Wood Sector

ProBas

SALCA 061

IVAM LCAData 4.04

sirAdos 1.2.

Societal Life CycleInventory, Version 0.1

The Boustead Model 5.0.12

WasteTechnologiesData Centre

Some databasesSome databases

in Europeanin EuropeanUnionUnion



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A comparison of some US databasesA comparison of some US databases

CORRIM/Athena Aluminium Steel North

America BRE

Canadian RawMaterials

Database

Data quality

Data specified as primary

or secondary, six DQ

parameters, compare to

published data

DQI values given with data in

appendices; group met an evaluated

each data point

DQI's described

DQ descriptors

described; preferred

sources of data

brief discussion;peer

Estimated/M

issing data

data estimates must be

practical and

approppriate;use process

analysis

average of reported data secondary or

surrogate commercial databases

calculated, based on

average of reported

Uncertainty/

sensivity no discussion ND

mean, max and

stand. Deviation

calculated;

selected

sensitivit anal.

gross calorific value of

economic fuels

extracted

ND

Energy of

Material

resources

energy values as if fuel

burned

higher heating value of extracted

resources ND

combustion values, but

for non-economic

energy sources such as

timber

for material considered

as energy sources

Boundaries excludes construction of

plants, vehicles

exclude capital assets, transportinfrastructure and human activities

associated with production; man.

Scrap and post consumer ready for

tranport at shipping location; fuel

emissions from North American

factors

capital infra.,

personnel imputs

and outputs

cradle-to-gate or cradle-to-grave, suggest 60

year life, energy to heat

and cool included,

burning waste materials

included, exclude capital

equipment

cradle-to-grave ot

gate; Canadian or

Canadian/U.S.

systems, average

production technology

used

Electricity

grids

regional or smaller

U.S. census regions, Canada

national grid, Weston hydropower,

smelter-based industry supplied

grid, North American used for off-shore

2 NERC regions

for U.S., and also

used for Canadina

operations

UK national grid, or

specific information if

available

Canadian national grid

Co-Product

Allocation use mass or volume energy or mass

mass or economic

value

physical properties

preferred, economic

allowed; two products

from a single stream

allocate burdens on

revenue

mass, or other

physical basis

Recycling

post consumer is free,

other are fully burdened,some latitude given for

gray areas

100% virgin and 100% recycledhandled separately, allocations

unknown

ready fortransport at

shippig location

closed loop: consumer

scrpa unburdened; opne

loop residual value offwaste used; preferred

no burdens to recycles

materials.

pre-consumer and

postconsumer modeledwith no burdens from

virgin systems

Data quality

Estimated/Missing

data

Uncertainty/sensivity

Energy of Material

resources

Boundaries

Electricity grids

Co-Product Allocation

Recycling



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The approach of European PlatformThe approach of European Platform The European Platform on Life Cycle Assessment that the

main purpose is to improve credibility, acceptance and practiceof Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in business and publicauthorities, by providing reference data and recommended

methods for LCA studies.

CMLCA 4.2

ecoinvent Data v1.2

EIME V2.4

Euroferdata sets

GaBi 4.2

SimaPro 7

ProBas

IVAM LCAData 4.04

sirAdos 1.2.

The BousteadModel 5.0.12

WasteTechnologiesData Centre

European Reference Life Cycle Data System(ELCD) with Inventory data and Impact

Assessment factorsLCA information hub to ease the access todata and methods and to facilitate knowledge

exchange.

DIM 1.0


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A weak pointA weak point

AnywayAnyway when youwhen youhave to apply thehave to apply theLCA procedure toLCA procedure toa country withouta country without

any database,any database,you still have toyou still have tocollect local data orcollect local data orto adjust one of theto adjust one of the

existed database toexisted database tothe local condition.the local condition.

It means spending money,time and human resource toresearch on it.

Moreover frequently the

administration (national orlocal) needs to have anidea of the energyconsumption andenvironmental impact of the

considered building processand material in a short time




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A newA newpointpointof viewof view

Severalexisteddatabase

UNTIL NOW

Startingfrom onebuildingproduct of

commoninterest

Every

existeddatabase

Has beenadjusted to

Thedifferent

localconditions

inferring a justifiablerange of values forthe meaningful LCAindexes (EmbodiedEnergy, GWP and soon) From the currentdatabases

Newapproach




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Selection of common building products

of US and EU interest

An accurate survey ofexisted databases

An accurate analysis ofAn accurate analysis of

existing databases, It isexisting databases, It is

important to single outimportant to single outthe dataset relative tothe dataset relative to

the favourite buildingthe favourite building

materials used inmaterials used in

western part of thewestern part of theworld.world.

Singling out aSingling out a

building product orbuilding product or

element of commonelement of common

interest in Unitedinterest in United

States andStates and

European UnionEuropean Union

Market needs

Meaningful productivityCharacteristics of materialMeaningful environmentalimpacts




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The different procedure of selectionThe different procedure of selection

Singling out aBuilding MaterialMarket

needs

Energyintensity

Airemissions

Solidwastes

Wateremissions

LCAre

sultsMaterialproperties

Significance ofproduction

Economicstatistic

s

A chosenbuilding material

Eco-

select

or




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A List of main building materials

This is the first listof buildingmaterials that weare going to take in

account forevaluating thebuilding sector andstarting the newresearch approach.

Building materialsAcrylic Linoleum

Aggregates Lumber product

Aluminium Marble

Carpet tiles Metal building products

Cellulosa insulation Natural stone

Cement Plasterboard

Ceramic Plywood

Clay Poplar

Concrete block Porcelain tilesConstruction aggregates Precast concrete

Face brick PVC pipes

Fiberglass Specialty wood products

Foam insulation Steel siding

Glass Vinyl windowGranite tile Wood veneer

Gypsum wallboard Wood Windows

Hardwood flooring products




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A comparison of the LCI and LCIAA comparison of the LCI and LCIA

valuesvalues After we have selected a common building product, it isAfter we have selected a common building product, it is

important to make a comparison among the different LCI andimportant to make a comparison among the different LCI andLCIA values of this chosen product from different currentLCIA values of this chosen product from different current

databases (databases (SimaproSimapro, Athena, GAbi4 and so on)., Athena, GAbi4 and so on).

A matrixapproach

GABi 4 SIMAPRO SIB LCA

tool Boustead BRE DIM 1.0 Athena

And so

onYears of dataGeographical

referenceBoundaries

Technologicalequipment

consideredEnergy mix

consideredData qualityValue of Embodied

Energy

Value of Global

Warming Potential

Value of

AcidificationValue of

Eutro hicationRecycling

And so on..

Age of dataGeographical

referenceBoundariesTechnological

equipment

Energy mixData qualityValue of Embodied

Ener

Value of Global

Warming Potential

Value ofAcidificationValue of

Eutro hicationRecyclingAnd so on..

gp



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A comparison of the LCI and LCIAA comparison of the LCI and LCIA

valuesvalues Where it is possible connecting and justifying theWhere it is possible connecting and justifying the

differences with reasonable motivations such as: differentdifferences with reasonable motivations such as: differenttechnological equipments, different phases of life cycle,technological equipments, different phases of life cycle,

different kinds of fuels and so on.different kinds of fuels and so on. Moreover trying to understand the most meaningfulMoreover trying to understand the most meaningful

environmental steps of production of the consideredenvironmental steps of production of the consideredmaterial, according to the European Ecolabel criteria, whenmaterial, according to the European Ecolabel criteria, whenthey are available.they are available.

At last you can have a range of values of the main indexesAt last you can have a range of values of the main indexesof LCA procedure for the chosen building product.of LCA procedure for the chosen building product.

Lowvalue

HighvalueBest

BAT Best Energy mix Others



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Then it is important to calibrate data and inferring one or

more parameters for applying existing dataset of resultsin different places.In particular these parameters should allow you to passfrom the American data to European and vice versa.So, when the local data is not available it would be

possible to estimate the embodied energy and theenvironmental impact of the considered product with areasonable approximation.

Moreover it is particularly meaningful for country and

region as Sicily, where there is not a local database, andcollecting these data means spending and using a bigamount of money and human resources.

The main affecting parameters in aThe main affecting parameters in aproduct built in two different sitesproduct built in two different sites



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ConclusionsConclusions

This work has tried to introduce a newThis work has tried to introduce a new

challenge and a procedure for facing up itchallenge and a procedure for facing up itand a tentativeand a tentative guidelinesguidelines for approachingfor approachingthe merging of different dataset, applying it tothe merging of different dataset, applying it todifferent productive and geographical situations.different productive and geographical situations.

It is possible to summarize the main stepsIt is possible to summarize the main stepsfor dealing with this purposefor dealing with this purpose



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Conclusions:Conclusions:

the main steps of new approachthe main steps of new approachAnalysis and selection of the existing databases inAnalysis and selection of the existing databases in EU and USEU and USwith building productswith building products

Selection of common building product of US and EU interestSelection of common building product of US and EU interest

also by using different procedures (Economic statistics, LCA andalso by using different procedures (Economic statistics, LCA andEcoEco--selector tool).selector tool).

Comparison of the current LCA database results of the chosenComparison of the current LCA database results of the chosenbuilding product by a matrix approachbuilding product by a matrix approach

Inferring a range of resultsInferring a range of resultsof embodied energy and otherof embodied energy and otherindexes of LCA of the chosen element by current databases.indexes of LCA of the chosen element by current databases.

Inferring the main affecting parameters for allowing to adjustInferring the main affecting parameters for allowing to adjustthe range of the results with reasonable approximation, in twothe range of the results with reasonable approximation, in two

different sites of US and EU.different sites of US and EU.

Finding suitable parameters for assessing theFinding suitable parameters for assessing the ecoprofileecoprofileofofproducts for countries where data are not available.products for countries where data are not available.



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ConclusionsConclusions

Of course this is a long research that could involve a largenumber of researchers for years in order of analyzing the most

utilized building products. Anyway it could lead to a dramatic

improvement of the life cycle thinking in the aim of improving

the LCA procedures starting from the reliability of the adopted

data set.

By the way this new approach want to be a useful tool for the

first approach of LCA in a new conditions and particularly forspreading the procedure to all local administrations and driving

them to build their datasets.

This new challenge can not be facedThis new challenge can not be faced

without the cooperation amongwithout the cooperation among

suppliers and scientific experts in LCAsuppliers and scientific experts in LCA



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Thank you for your kindThank you for your kind

attention!attention!

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