adiyozukkukal 2 - WordPress.com...`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ASn-sbm-gp- p-Iƒ 171 A_n-\mkv N{µ-Zmkv F∂ as‰mcp ]WvUn-Xs‚ A`n-{]mbw CXs{X: ""k]vX-kn-‘p-hn¬ Dd-sIm≠ kwkvImcw

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`mKw c≠v

170 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ

A[ymbw ]Xn-\mev

Bcy∑m¿

C≥tUm˛Bcy≥am-cpsS aqe Xd-hm-Sn-s\-∏‰n Kpcp-X-c-amb `n∂m-`n-]m-b-ß-fmWv Ncn-X-]-fin-X-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ ImWp-∂Xv. `mc-X-Øn¬IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Ø hntZ-in-I-fmWv Bcy≥ P\X F∂p Nne¿ ]d-bp-tºmƒ, A√, Chn-sS-Øs∂ P\n-®p-h-f¿∂ Hcp ]cn-jvIrX P\-hn-`m-K-amWv Ah¿ F∂v a‰p Nne¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. \mw tZio-b-Xz-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂n√. AXp-sIm≠v ]kvXpX hnhm-Z-Øn¬ \ap-s°mcp khn-ti-j-Xm¬]-cy-hp-an√. F∂n-cp-∂mepw, Hcp NcnXhnZym¿Ynsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Ign-™p-t]mb P\-hn-`m-K-ß-sf-°p-dn-®-dn-b¬ hfsc Bh-iy-amWv. Ahsc ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm\pw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw F¶n¬ amXta km[y-amhq.

taep-≤-cn® ]iv\-Øn\v ]m›m-Xycpw ]uc-kvXy-cp-amb \nc-h[n ]fin-X-∑m¿ DØcw ImWm≥ ian-®n-´p≠v. _lp-`q-cn-]£w]WvUn-X-∑mcpw A`n-]m-b-s∏-ń-´p-≈Xv C≥tUm˛Bcy≥am-cpsS aqe-Ip-Spw_w C¥y°v ]pd-sØ-hn-sStbm BsW-∂sX. C°q-´-Øn¬`mc-Xob ]fin-X-≥am-cmb io. _me-Kw-Km-[c Xne-I≥, tUm. Fkv.cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, k¿. B¿.Pn. `WvUm¿°¿, io. At£mbv Ipam¿aPpw-Zm¿, io. B¿.kn. ZØ apX-em-b-hcpw Dƒs∏Spw. F∂m¬,sslµh ]WvUn-X≥am-cn¬ sNdn-sbmcp \yq\-]-£-Øns‚ A`n-]mbw Bcy≥am¿ adp-Zn-°n¬\n∂v h∂-h-c-s√∂pw, Chn-sS-Ø-s∂-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h-cn¬\n-∂p-≈ kwkvIm-c-k-º∂ hn`m-K-am-sW∂p-amWv. Cu A`n-]m-b-°m-cpsS apº-¥n-bn¬ \n¬°p-∂Xv "Bcy-kamP'Øns‚ ÿm]I t\Xm-hmb io. Zbm\µ kc-kz-XnbpwA\p-bmbn-I-fp-am-Ip∂p. Zbm-\-µPn EtKzZ kwln-Xbv°v _rl-Ømb Hcp `mjyw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≠v. Xs‚ ]kvXpX A`n-]mbwka¿Yn-°p-hm≥ At±lw AXn¬ ian-®n-cn-°p∂p. C]-Imcw Xs∂

171`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ

A_n-\mkv Nµ-Zmkv F∂ as‰mcp ]WvUn-Xs‚ A`n-]mbwCXsX: ""k]vX-kn-‘p-hn¬ Dd-sIm≠ kwkvImcw Hcp Cd-°p-a-Xn-b√; kwkvImcw Chn-tS°v hcn-I-b√, ChnsS \n∂v adp Zn°n-te°v Hgp-Ip-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv.''1 F∂m¬ `mc-X-Øn¬ t]mepw ]Nm-c-s∏-´Xpw s]mXpsh AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´Xpw Bb BZysØ A`n-]m-bsØ am\n®v apt∂m´v \oßm-\mWv \man-hnsS Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv.

aqe IpSpw_wC≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m¿ adp-Zn-°n¬ \n∂p≈ IpSn-tb-‰-°m-cm-sW∂v

]d-bp-∂-h¿ Xs∂ Ah-cpsS aqe-Ip-Spw-_-sØ-∏‰n hn`n∂ ]£-°m-cm-Ip∂p. Hmtcm ]£hpw Xm¥m-ß-fpsS \nK-a-\-Øn-\-\p-Iq-e-ambsXfn-hp-Iƒ \ncØn sh°p-∂p≠v. ]t£, Ah A]q¿W-ß-fsX.Ah samØ-Øn¬ \ap-s°m∂v ]cn-tim-[n°mw:

Bcy-∑m-cpsS G‰hpw ]pcm-X-\-amb kmlnXyw EtKzZ kwln-X-bm-sW∂p ]mtbW F√m \ncq-]-I-∑mcpw kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p≠v. EtKz-Z-Øn-se- `m-j-sb-∏‰n Kth-jWw \S-Ønb ]m›m-Xy≥ ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ AXn\v t]¿jy≥, Ko°v, eØo≥, Syqt´m-Wn°v, t…mh-Wn°vapX-emb `mj-I-fp-ambn _‘-ap-s≠∂p Is≠Øn. Ah-bvs°√mwIqSn s]mXp-hmb Hcp `mj-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-W-sa-∂mWv Ah-cpsSA\p-am\w. sshZnI kwkvIr-X-Øn\v amXrXzw Iev]n-°m≥ Ah¿Xøm-dn√. ImcWw, AXn-t\-°mƒ ]ga tXm∂n-°p∂ H∂mWv, Gjy-m-ssa-\-dnse t_mLm-kvt°mbv (Boghazkoy) F∂n-S-Øp-\n∂p Is≠-SpØ inem tcJ-I-fnse `mj.2

A—≥, AΩ, ]pX≥, ]pXn, ssZhw, lrZbw apX-em-b-h-sb-°p-dn-°p∂ ]Z-ßƒ ]kvXpX `mj-Iƒ s]mXp-hmbn kzoI-cn-®n-´p≠v. AXn-\m¬, B `mj-I-sf√mw Htc IpSpw-_-Øn¬\n∂v `mKw]ncn-™p-t]m-Ip∂ Xmh-gn-I-fm-sW∂p `mjm-K-th-j-I¿ A\p-am-\n-°p∂p. Cu A\p-am\w kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw as‰mcp \nK-a-\-Øn\v P∑w\¬In˛]kvXpX `mj-Iƒ kwkm-cn-®n-cp∂ P\-X-Xn-Iƒ BZn-bn¬Htc h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn\v. Aßs\C≥tUm˛bqtdm-]y≥ `mj-Iƒ F∂ Hcp ]pØ≥ `mjm-h¿KsØKth-j-I-∑m¿ sa\-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

tUm.]n. ssKXvkv BZn- B-cy-∑m-cpsS aqe-X-d-hmSv C∂sØl¶dn, BkvSnb, s_mlo-anb F∂o cmPy-ß-fpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ `q]-tZ-i-am-sW∂p hmZn®p. Hcp hn`mKw ]fin-X-∑m¿ ]mao¿ ]oT-`q-an-bn-emWv BZn-B-cy-∑msc IpSn-bn-cp-Øn-bXv. P¿a≥Im-c\pw EtKz-Z-]-fin-X-\p-amb tlmaokv DØc [ph-Øn-emWv BZn- B-cy≥am-cpsS aqe Xd-hm-sS∂p kn≤m-¥n®p.3 GXm≠v CtX-]-£-°m-c-\mWv`mc-Xob ]fin-X-\mb io. temI-am\y _me-Kw-Km-[c Xne-I≥.At±lw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXp ImWpI:


""G‰hpw ]mNo-\-cmb Bcy≥ P\-X-bpsS hmk-ÿew DØc[ph-Øn-se-hn-sStbm Bbn-cp∂p. CXv hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠sXfn-hp-Iƒ Bcy≥h¿K-Øns‚ G‰hpw ]mNo-\-ß-fmb thZ-km-ln-Xy-ß-fnepw "skµv-A-sh-kvXm'-bnepw4 Ds≠∂v hnizm-k-tbm-Ky-amw-hÆw sXfn-bn-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂mWv Rm≥ hnNm-cn-°p-∂Xv.''5

Xne-Is‚ ]kvXpX \nK-a-\-Øn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amb GI sXfnhvCXsX: Bdp-amkw \o≠p-\n¬°p∂ cm∏-I-ep≈ Hcp ÿe-sØ-∏‰n kqNn-∏n-°p∂ kq‡-ßƒ EtKz-Z-Øn-ep≠v. CX-√msX At±-l-Øn\v Ncn-X-]-ctam imkvXo-btam Bb as‰mcp sXfn-hp-an√.6

CXp-t]mse bqtdm∏p taJe, P¿a≥ taJe, DØc bqtdm∏v,at[yjy F∂n-ßs\ ]e `q`m-K-ß-fnepw BZn- B-cy≥P-\-XsbIpSn-bn-cp-Øm≥ ]fin-X-∑m¿ ian-®n-´p≠v.7

C¥y-bn-te°p h∂ Bcy-∑m-cpsS Imcy-Ønepw hnhn[ hmZ-K-Xn-I-fp≠v. djy≥ Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m-cmb s_¿kn\pw Kmt¥m-h-kvInbpwthZ-Im-esØ Bcy-∑m-cpsS ]q¿∆ hmk-ÿew tIm°k- n\p hS-°p≈ ]p¬ta-Sp-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]d-bp∂p. Aßs\ hSt° C¥y-bn-ep≈ am¿§w BZy-ambn Xpd-°-s∏-´Xv Z£nW djy-bn¬ \n∂m-sW∂v Ah¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. Xne-Is‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬, sshZn-I- B-cy-∑m¿ at[y-jy≥ ka-X-e-ß-fn-emWv BZn-bn¬ hkn-®n-cp-∂Xv.At±lw Fgp-Xp∂p:

""GXm≠v In. ap. 6000-˛7000˛-mam-≠n¬ sshZn-I-B-cy≥am¿ at[y-jy≥ ka-X-e-ß-fn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øn-cp∂p.''8

Cßs\ ]e-]e A`n-]m-b-ß-fmWv Cu hnj-b-Øn-ep-≈Xv.CXn¬ \n∂pw Hcp Imcyw sXfn™phcp-∂p≠v. Cu hnj-b-Øn¬Hcp-d® Xocp-am-\-Øn-se-Øm≥ Kth-j-I-]-fin-X-∑m¿°v Ign-™n-ń√ F∂p-≈-Xm-WXv. ta¬∏-d™ ]fin-X-∑m¿ CXc aX-km-ln-Xy-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®n-cn-°m≥ CS-bn√. Fs¥-∂m¬, Ahbv°vtIhew sFXn-ly-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ Ihn™ hne-sbm∂pw B[p-\nI Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ I¬]n-°p-∂n√. ss__nƒ, Jp¿-B≥ F∂o aX-km-ln-Xy-ßƒ IqSn ]cn-tim-[n®v, Ah \¬Ip∂ kqN-\-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn®v\ap°v as‰mcp \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øm-hp-∂-XmWv.

""]Xv\ Hm°kv''saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬\n∂p J\\w sNbvsX-SpØ inem-tc-J-

I-fn¬, BZn-bn¬ AhnsS `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ kpta-cn-b≥ kam-´p-Isf Iog-S°n, ]pXnb B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n® skan-‰nIv cmPm-°-∑m-cp-tSbpw Ah-cpsS \K-c-ß-fp-tSbpw t]cp-Iƒ ImWp-∂p≠v. "Injv',"Kpjv_m≥', "Ftd°v' F∂n-h-bmWv \K-c-ßƒ. Hm°iv, epK¬km-Knkn, epK¬-Hm-Ivkn-ekn F∂n-h-cmWv ]kvXpX skan-‰nIv cmPm-°-∑m¿. Hm°-in-s\-∏‰n inem-tc-J-I-fn¬\n∂p a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-


≈Xv CX-am-X-amWv: At±lw Kp-jv_m≥ \K-c-Ønse ]ptcm-ln-X-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp∂p. cmjvSob ]m_-eysØ At]-£n®p aX-]-c-ambkzm[o-\-amWv Hm°-in\p IqSp-X-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv.

F∂m¬, Hm°-ins‚ ]n≥Kman epK¬km-Knkn ]_-e-\mb Hcpkam´pw Injn-t‚bpw Kpjv_m-t‚bpw A[n-]-Xn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p. CXn-\p-]p-dta Ftd°v \Kcw At±lw A[o-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. (CtX Ftd-°m-hWw ]n∂oSv Cdm-Jm-bn-Øo¿∂Xv). Gjy-bn¬ G‰hpw BZyw hnkvXr-X-amb Hcp kmamPyw ÿm]n-®Xv ]kvXpX epK¬ kmKn-kn-bmWv. epK¬-Hm-Ivkn-e-kn-bpsS ImeØv ]kvXpX \K-c-ßƒ kpta-cn-b-∑m¿ Xncn-®p-]n-Sn®p.9

epK¬km-Kn-kn-bpsS kmam-Py-sØ-∏‰n io. sI.hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\m≥ Fgp-Xn-bXp ImWpI:

""emKmjv F∂ \K-c-Ønse ]ptcm-lnX h¿§w ÿm]n® "Ddp-Im-Kn\' F∂ cmP-hw-i-sØ-bm-Ip∂p \mw BZyw tIƒ°p-∂Xv. CuhwisØ Ftd°v F∂ \K-c-cm-jvS-Ønse ]ptcm-ln-X-\m-bn-cp∂epK¬km-Knkn tXm¬∏n®p. Cu epK¬km-Kn-kn-bmWv Gjy-bnseBZysØ kam-´mbn Adn-bp-∂Xv. Ct±-l-Øns‚ kmamPywt]¿jy≥ Dƒ°-S¬ apX¬ a[y-[-c-Wn-hsc hym]n-®p-In-S-∂p-sh∂p\n∏q¿ \K-c -Øn¬\n∂p Inńb Hcp inem-im-k\w sIm≠pImWp∂p.''10

ta¬ ]d™ cmP-hw-i-Øns‚ hmgvN-bpsS Imew GI-tZiw In.ap. 4500˛t\mS-Sp-Øm-bn-cn-°Ww. ChnsS \ΩpsS i≤sb BI¿jn®kwKXn as‰m-∂mWv: epK¬km-Kn-kn-bpsS ap≥Km-an-bm-bn-cp∂ Hm°-ins‚ \maw EtKz-Z-Øn¬ ÿew-]n-Sn-®n-ńt√ F∂p \mw kwi-bn-°p∂p. thZ-I¿Øm-°-fmb Bcy≥am-cpsS ]pcm-X\ Xd-hm-sS∂pNcnX-Im-c-∑m¿ Duln-°p-∂Xpw EtKz-Z-Øn¬ ImWp-∂-Xp-amb "]Xv\-Hm-° pw' ]kvXpX inem-en-Jn-X-Øn¬ ]d™ "Hm°ipw' XΩn¬kzc-km-Zr-iy-ap≠v. ]Xv\ Hm° v F∂m¬ ]m‡\ Hm° v (]gbHm° v) F∂m-W¿Yw. Hm° v C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cpsS ]mNo\ Xd-hm-Sm-bn-cn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. "`mcX _rl-®-cnXw' tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXpt\m°pI: ""EtKz-Z-Ønse Hcp kq‡-Øn¬ Hcp `‡≥, Xs‚ ]q¿∆-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ Cµs\ ]≠v `‡ym-Z-c-ß-tfmsS ]m¿Yn-®n-cp∂ ]gbhmk-ÿm-\Øv, As√-¶n¬ "]Xv\ Hm° n'¬ \n∂p hcm≥ At]-£n-°p-∂Xv CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ i≤n-°p-∂Xv ck-I-c-asX.''11

AXn-]m-‡\ ImeØv sshZnI Bcy-∑m¿°v _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]kvXpX Hm° v Ah-cpsS aqe-X-d-hm-Sm-bn-cn°mw. Xß-fpsSalm-\mb Hcp ]q¿∆n-Is‚ \ma-Øn¬\n-∂m-hWw, B Xd-hm-Sn\p]kvXpX t]¿ kn≤n-®Xv. ÿehpw hwihpw ]q¿∆nIs‚ \ma-Øn¬]kn-≤-am-hp-I-sb∂Xv ]mNo\ Ncn-X-Øn¬ k¿∆-km-[m-c-W-amWv.


"\c-knwlw'sslµh ]pcm-W-]-Imcw hnjvWp-hns‚ \mem-asØ Ah-Xm-c-

amWv \c-knwlw. Cu \mahpw ]›n-ta-jy-bn¬ ]cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp∂p.]pcm-h-kvXp-K-th-j-I¿°n-S-bn¬ ]kn-≤-\mb Hcp Ncn-X-]p-cp-j-\mWv k¿tKm¨ H∂m-a≥. In.ap. 2872˛-2817 ImeØv A°m-Un-¬]Xm-]-tØmSpw ]`m-h-tØm-Spw-IqSn `c-Ww-\-S-Ønb Hc-[n-]-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p At±lw. skan-‰nIv h¿§-Øn¬s]´ k¿tKm-Wns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bpsS t]¿ "\cmw kn≥I¿' F∂m-bn-cp∂p. Ct±lw k¿tKm-Wn-s\-t∏mse ]_-e\pw At\Iw t£X-ß-fpsS \n¿Ωm-Xm-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. "\m\m temI-ß-fpsS A[n-]Xn' (cmPx hniz-P-\o\x) Fs∂mcpÿm\-t∏¿ Xs∂ At±-l-Øn-∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. At±lw \n∏q-dnepwA°m-Unepw t£X-ßfpw kX-ßfpw ]Wn-bn-®p-sh-∂p-am-X-a√,(ba-\n¬ s]´) kp]m-dn¬ kqcy-`-K-hm\v Hcp t£Xw \n¿Ωn-®p-sh∂pw ImWp∂p. F∂m¬, \cmw-kn≥I-dns‚ G‰hpw alXvIr-Xy-ambn ]d-™n-´p-≈Xv "aKm≥' \Kcw A[o-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-∂p-≈-XsX. ko\mbn D]-Zzo-]n-t\mSp tN¿∂p-In-S-°p∂ hS°p ]Sn-™m-d≥ Atd_ym ]tZ-i-am-bn-cn-°Ww ]kvXpX aKm≥ sIm≠p-t±-in-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈-sX∂p auem\m kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p.AXn-\-SpØv aKm≥ F∂ \ma-t[-b-Øn¬ Hcp \Kcw Ct∏mgpw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p≠v.12

\cmw-kn≥I-dn\v \c-knw-l-tØm-sS-∂-t]mse aKm∂v "aJw' F∂kwkvIr-X-i-_vZ-tØm-Sp-ap≈ kmZriyw ChnsS it≤-b-amWv. bmKwAYhm, bmK-ÿew F∂mWv kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ aJ-Øns‚ A¿Yw. Bcy-∑m-cpsS Bcm-[\m coXn-I-fn¬ bmK-Øn-\p≈ ÿm\w kphn-Zn-X-am-Wv. BI-bm¬ A°m-Un¬\n-∂p≈ inem-tc-J-bn¬ ImWp∂ \cmwkn≥-I-dns‚C¥y≥ cq]-amImw \c-knwlw. C≥tUm˛ Bcy-∑m-cpsS ]›n-ta-jy≥_‘-tØ-bmWv CXpw ImWn-°p-∂Xv.

"t_mLm-kvtImbv' tZh-∑m¿thZ-ß-fn¬ ]mNo-\m-cy-∑m¿ Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂ tZh-∑m-cpsS \ma-ßƒ

]d-™n- p≠v. Cµ≥, anX≥, hcp-W≥, c≠p \mk-Xy-∑m¿ DZm-l-cWw.Gjym-ssa-\-dnse "t_mLm-kvtImbv' F∂n-S-Øp-\n∂p Ipgn-s®-SpØ tcJ-I-fnepw CtX tZh-\m-a-ßƒ ImWp-∂p≠v. IqSmsX Bcy≥ \ma-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®n-cp∂ cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS t]cp-Ifpw Ah-bn¬ ImWp-I-bp-≠mbn. In.ap. 14 -mw iX-I-amWv Ah-bpsS Imew. A°m-eØv Gjym-ssa-\-dn¬ cWw\S-Øn-bn-cp∂ cmPm-°-∑m-cp-ambn sshZnI Bcy-∑m¿°v _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv CXn¬\n∂pw sXfn-bp-∂Xv. "AUzm≥kvUv lnÃdn Hm vC≥Uy' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ ImWp∂p:

""]mNo-\m-cy-∑m-cpsS kw -h-]-c-º-c-Iƒ Xosc Ahy-‡-am-bn-cn-°p∂ÿnXn°v ]›n-ta-jy-bn-te°pw Gjym-ssa-\-dn-te°pw CXc \mSp-I-fn-


te°pw H∂p Xncn-™p-t\m-°p-∂Xv kzmK-Xm¿l-am-bn-cn°pw. _n.kn.14˛mw iX-I-Øn¬ \ne-hn-en-cp-∂-Xmbn hnNm-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ "t_mLm-kvtImbn' (Boghazkoy)¬\n∂p Is≠-SpØ Nne ]ń-I-bn¬ Cµ≥,anX≥, hcp-W≥, \mk-Xy-∑m¿ apX-emb tZh-∑msc kzc-£-°mbnhnfn®p ]m¿Yn-®n-cp-∂-hcpw Bcy-\m-a-ßƒ [cn-®-h-cp-amb cmPm-°-∑m-sc-∏‰n ]d-™n-´p≠v.13

CsX-∏‰n "F≥ssk-t¢m-]o-Unbm _n´m-\n-°'bn¬ ]d-bp-∂XvCß-s\-bm-Ip∂p:

""hntZ-iob tZh-∑m¿˛hnti-jn®pw saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ tZh-∑mcpw, Nne-t∏mƒ I\m-\y-tZ-h-∑mcpw˛ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv hntZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂p Cd-°p-a-Xn-sN-ø-s∏´ sFXn-ly-ß-fnepw aX-N-S-ßp-I-fn-ep-amWv.cmjvS-ßƒ X-Ωn-ep≈ DS-º-Sn-I-fn¬, adp I£n-I-fpsS Znhy km£n-I-sf-t∂mWw AØcw tZh-∑msc Dƒs∏-SpØn°mWp∂p. aXn-h-ks‚ Icm-dp-]-X-Øn¬ ImWp∂ C≥tUm˛Cdm-\n-b≥ tZh-∑m-cmbCµ\pw anX\pw hcp-W\pw c≠p \mk-Xycpw CXn-\p-Ø-tam-Zm-l-c-W-asX. an´m-\n Bcy-∑m¿ Bcm-[n®ncp∂ hniz-tZ-h-Xm-K-W-Øn¬s]Sp∂p ]kvXpX tZh-X-Iƒ''!14

a n´m -Wn -Iƒ Bcy -h¿§-Øn¬ s]´ -h -cm -bn -cp∂psh∂pwlns‰‰pIƒ Bcy-tZ-h-∑msc hµn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw io. hn.hn.sI.hmeØv D≤-cn-°p∂p:

""an´m\n h¿K-°m¿ Bcy-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p. lnss‰‰p (Hittite) h¿K-°m¿ Bcy-tZ-h-∑m-sc-bmWv hµn-®n-cp-∂Xv.''15

an´m\n h¿Kwss__nƒ DXv]-Øn-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ ]d™ hwim-h-en-b-\p-k-

cn®v A_-lm-an\v "sIXqd' F∂ `mcy-bn¬ P\n® k¥-Xn-I-fpsSIq´-Øn¬ Hcm-fpsS t]¿ anZym≥ F∂m-bn-cp∂p.16 anZyms‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m-cm-bn-cn-°Ww an´m\n hwi°m¿. bmt°m_n (Ckm-tb¬)s‚ImeØp Xs∂ anZym-\y¿ ka¿Y-cmb km¿Y-hm-l-I-cm-bn-cp∂p.Ah¿ Kne-bm-Zn¬ (kndnb) \n∂p kmºm-Wnbpw kpK-‘-∏-ibpwk∂n-\m-b-Ihpw H´-I-∏p-dØp Ib‰n, ank-bo-an¬ (CuPn]vXv)sIm≠p-t]mbn I®-hSw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂p.17 Ch-cmWv bmt°m-_ns‚]pX-\mb tbmtk-^ns\ Xs‚ ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cn¬\n∂pw Ccp-]Xvsh≈n-°m-in\p hmßn, CuPn-]vXn¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn hn‰Xv.18 hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Ad-_n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Ch¿. Ad-_n-Isf s]mXp-hn¬ "bnivam-tb-ey¿' F∂mWv ss__nƒ hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv. Imc-W-ap≠v; A_-lm-ans‚ koa¥ ]pX-\mb Ckvam-Cu¬ Atd-_y-bn-emWv A[n-hm-k-ap-d-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv. anZym-\y-tcbpw ss__nƒ ]kvXpX hg-°-a-\p-k-cn®v "bnivam-tb-ey¿' F∂mWv hnfn-®n-´p-≈Xv.19 anZym-\y-cpsSA[n-hm-k-tIµw AJ_m Dƒ°-S-ens‚ Xoc-]-tZ-i-Øm-bn-cp∂p.


B ÿesØ bh\ Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ "s]Sm' F∂pw, Ad-_n-Iƒ"dJow' F∂p-amWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv.20 tamk- ns‚ ImeØv (Dt±iw_n.kn. 1500˛tem, 1300˛tem) AhnsS Ghn, tc°w, kq¿, lq¿, tc_F∂o A©p cmPm-°-∑m¿ hmWn-cp∂p.21 C°q-´-Øn¬ lq¿ hwi-°m¿ ÿm]n® `c-W-Iq-S-Øn-\mWv an´m\n, As√-¶n¬ anØ∂nF∂p ]d-™n-cp-∂Xv. anØ∂n cmPm-hmb aXn-h-kbpw lnss‰‰pcmPm-hmb kp∏n-en-en-bp-akpw XΩn¬ \S∂ Icmdp ]X-Øn-emWvCµ˛anX˛hcpW˛\mk-Xy-∑msc Znhy-km-£n-I-fmbn ]d-™n-´p-≈Xv. BI-bm¬ anZym-\y¿ Bcy-h¿§-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p hcp∂p.Ah¿ skan-‰nIv h¿§-Øn¬s∏-´-hcpw Ad-_n-I-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pwCXn¬\n∂v sXfn-bp∂p.

lnss‰‰p hwiwDXv]Øn ]pkvX-I-Ønse hwim-h-en-]-Imcw, t\ml-bpsS

]pX≥ lm-ans‚ aI-\mb I\ms‚ ]pX≥ tlØns‚ ]n∑p-d-°m-csX lnXy¿. Cw•o-jn¬ Ahsc "lnss‰‰vkv' (Hittites) F∂p hnfn-°p∂p. Gjym-ssa-\-dnepw kndn-b-bn-epw Ch¿ A[n-hm-k-ap-d-∏n-®n-cp∂p. btlmh A_-lm-an-t\mSv Xs‚ k¥-Xn°v \¬Ip-sa∂phmKvZØw sNbvXn-cp∂ `q]-tZ-i-Øns‚ AXn¿Øn-Ifpw AhnsSA°m-eØv (GXm≠v In. ap. 2100) ]m¿Øn-cp∂ P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS t]cp-Ifpw DXv]-Øn-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ hnh-cn-®n-´p≠v. C°q-´-Øn¬lnXy≥ P\-X-bpƒs∏-Sp∂p. ss__n-fn-s‚-Øs∂ `mj-bn¬:

""A∂v btlmh A_-lm-an-t\mSv Hcp \nbaw sNbvXp: \ns‚k¥-Xn°v Rm≥ ankbnw \Zn XpSßn ^mØv \Zn-bmb alm-\-Zn-h-sc-bp≈ Cu tZisØ˛tI\y¿, sI\n-ky¿, IZvtam-\y¿, lnXy¿,s]dn-ky¿, sc^m-bo-ay¿, Ata-cy¿, I\m-\y¿, Kn¿§-iy¿, sb_q-ky¿F∂n-h-cpsS tZi-sØ-Øs∂˛ X∂n-cn-°p∂p F∂v Acp-fn-s®bvXp.''22

Ckm-tb¬ hwiw ]n∂oSv ÿm]n® kmam-Py-sØ-°p-dn® HcpkqN-\-bm-bn-cp∂p B ]h-N\w. B \ne°v ê-kvXo\pw ]cn-k-c-ß-fp-amWv B `q]-tZ-iw-sIm-≠n-hnsS hnh-£nXw. BI-bm¬ A_-lm-ans‚ ImeØv lnXy¿, AYhm, lnss‰-‰p-Im¿ ]m¿Øn-cp-∂Xv]kvXpX `q]-tZ-i-Øm-sW∂p kn≤w. A\-¥-c-Im-eØv lnXycpwA_-lm-ans‚ k¥m-\-]-c-º-cbpw XΩn¬ sshhm-lnI _‘w \S-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. A_-lm-ans‚ ]uX\pw bmt°m-_ns‚ (Ckm-tb¬) tPyjvT-k-tlm-Z-c-\p-amb Gimhv lnXy-cn¬\n-∂mWv thfn-I-gn-®n-cp-∂Xv.23 Npcp-°-Øn¬ lnss‰-‰p-Iƒ Bcy-tZ-h-X-Isf hµn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ sshZnI Bcy-∑m-cpsS ]›n-ta-jy≥ _‘w Iptd-°qSn AKm-[-am-sW∂v ]d-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.

Acmapw Bcy\pwDXv]-Øn-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ hnh-cn® hwim-h-en-b-\p-k-cn®v GXv


Xmgvh-c-bn¬s]-Sp∂p Bcy≥ P\X? Cu tNmZy-Øns‚ DØcwImWp-∂-Xn\p apºv ]mNo-\-P-\X-Xn-I-fpsS DZv`-h-sØ-°p-dn® kmam-\y-amb Hc-h-tem-I\w Bh-iy-am-sW∂p tXm∂p∂p.

GsX-¶n-ep-samcp Ipe-]-Xn-bpsS \ma-Øn¬ Hcp P\X Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. Ah¿ hf¿∂v i‡n-bm¿÷n®v, CXc P\-X-Isf Iog-a¿Øn, A[n-Im-c-]o-T-Øn-ep-]-hn-jvS-cm-Ip-tºmƒ Ncn-X-Øn¬ ÿew]nSn-°p∂p. ]n∂oSv Ah-cp-tS-Xmb ]eXpw B Ipe-]-Xn-bp-sS \ma-Øn¬ Adn-bm≥ XpS-ßp∂p. cmP-hwiw, kmamPyw, Xe-ÿm\\Kcw, mj, c-W-IqSw, Nne-t∏mƒ Ah¿ ]qPn-°p∂ tZh≥ Cßs\kI-eXpw ]kvXpX ]nXm-a-ls‚ t]cn-em-bn-cn°pw ]kn-≤-am-hpI.

Cu kmam\y kz`m-h-Øns‚ ]I-S-amb Hcp-Zm-l-c-W-amWvA»q¿. DXv]-Øn-bnse hwim-h-en-b-\p-k-cn®v, t\ml-bpsS aqØ aI-\mb tians‚ Hcp ]pX-\m-Ip∂p A»q¿.24 At±-l-Øns‚ ]n∑p-d-°m¿ B t]cn -emWv A\-¥-c-Im-eØv Adn -b-s∏-´Xv . Ah¿kmamPyw ÿm]n-®-t∏mƒ AXns‚ t]¿ A»q¿ F∂mbn. Ko°p-Im¿ AXns\ "A o-cnb' F∂p-®-cn®p. Aßs\ B h¿§-Øn\pwAh-cpsS cmPy-Øn\pw Xe-ÿm-\-\-K-cn°pw `mj°pw kwkvIm-c-Øn-\p-sa√mw A»q¿ F∂ \maw ]kn-≤-ambn. F¥n-\-[nIw Ah¿]qPn-®n-cp∂ ][m\ ssZh-Øns‚ t]¿ t]mepw A»q¿ F∂m-bn-Øo¿∂p. "hniz hn⁄m\ tImiw' tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p:

""(Cuiz-c-\mb) A»q-dns‚ \mSv F∂¿Yw hcp∂ Hcp ]Z-Øns‚Ko°p-cq-]-amWv A o-cnb. Cu ]ucm-WnI cmPyw Ct∏m-gsØ Cdm-Jns‚ hS-°≥ `mK-ØmWv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv........ A»q¿ Aßs\Hcp ssZh-Øn-s‚bpw ]´-W-Øn-s‚bpw cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw t]cm-bn-Øo¿∂p.''25

Cu hg°w k\n-jvI¿jw ]n≥Xp-S¿∂p-h∂ as‰mcp P\-h¿§-am-bn-cp∂p Acm-ay¿. t\ml-bpsS ]pX-\mb tians‚ as‰mcp aIs‚t]¿ "Acmw' F∂m-bn-cp∂p.26 Ct±-l-Øns‚ k¥m\ ]c-ºc Acm-ay¿ F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏´p. Acm-ay¿ GtX-Xn-S-ß-fn¬ tIµ-ßƒ ÿm]n-®n-cp-∂pthm, Ahn-S-ß-sfsb√mw Acmw F∂ Ah-cpsSIpe-]-Xn-bpsS \maw tN¿ØmWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ss__nƒ Iqe-¶-j-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Cu hkvXpX hy‡-amhpw. Nne DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ Xmsg ImWn-°p∂p:

saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ Acm-ay¿ tIµw ÿm]n®p. X∂n-anØwAXn\v "]±≥˛Acmw' F∂ t]¿ hoWp.27 Kne-bm-Zn¬ (kndnb)Ah¿ `cWw \SØn. AXn-\m¬ AXns\ "Acmw' F∂p hnfn-®p-h∂p.28 ZtΩ-i-°n¬ (Ua-kv° v) Ah¿ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n®p.X∑qew AXpw Acmw F∂ \ma-Øn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-´Xv.29 hS-°≥Atd_y Ah-cpsS A[o-\-Øn¬ h∂p. AXn\pw Acmw F∂mbnt]¿.30


CtX hg-°-amWv ]ucm-WnI C≥tUm˛Bcy≥amcpw kzoI-cn-®p-h-∂-sX∂v NcnXw tLmjn-°p∂p. `mcX-Øn¬ Ah¿ HcpkmamPyw ÿm]n-®-t∏mƒ AXns‚ \maw "Bcy-h¿Øw' F∂mbn.Ah-cpsS `mj "Bcy-`mj' F∂ t]cn-emWv hnfn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv.Ah-cpsS ][m\ tZh≥am-cn-sem-∂ns‚ t]¿ "Acyam' F∂m-bn-cp∂p.CtX ]mc-º-cysØ ]n≥Xp-S¿∂m-hWw, Hcp £Xn-b-\mb KuX-a-_p-≤≥ Xs‚ auenI kXy-ßƒ°v "Bcy-k-Xy-ßƒ' F∂p \ma-I-cWw sNbvXXv.

BI-bm¬, Bcy\pw Acmapw t]cn¬ amX-a√, Xß-fpsS Ipe-]-Xn-bpsS \maw ssIhn-SmsX \ne-\n¿Øn-t∏m-cp-∂-Xnepw ]c-kv]cwtbmPn®p ImWp∂p. AXn-\m¬ ss__nƒ ]d-bp∂ Acm-ay¿ Xs∂-bm-hWw \ΩpsS Bcy-∑m-cp-sa-∂q-ln-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.

Acmapw Jp¿-B\pw"Cdav' F∂p t]cmb Hcp ]mNo\ P\-h¿§sØ Jp¿-B≥ 89-

˛mw A[ymbw \ap°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p≠v. temI-sØßpwXpeyX ImW-s∏-SmØ Hcp ]_-e-h¿§-am-bn-cp∂p Ah-sc∂pw Jp¿-B≥ ]tXyIw FSp-Øp-]-d-™n-´p≠v. Jp¿-Bs‚ `mj-bn¬ Xs∂ImWpI:

""BZn-t\mSv˛kvXq]-ß-fp-S-b-hcpw cmPy-ß-fn¬ XpeyX krjvSn-°-s∏-ń-ń-√m-Ø-h-cp-amb "Cdan't\mSv˛\ns‚ Cuiz-c≥ Fßs\]h¿Øn-®p-sh∂v I≠n-s√tbm?'' 31

hen-sbmcp P\-h¿§-am-bn-cp∂p Cdw. BZp hwiw AXns‚ HcpimJbpw. BZn-s\-∏‰n Jp¿-B≥ Ah-X-cn-°p∂ ImesØ Ad-_n-Iƒ°vtI´p-tIƒhn hgn Adn-bm-am-bn-cp∂p. hºn® ]Xm-]-tØmSpw ]`m-h-tØmSpw IqSn ]pcm-X\ ImeØv Atd_y `cn-®n-cp∂ Ah¿ GtXm]Ir-Xn-tIm-]-Øn-∂n-c-bmbn, Atd-_y-bn¬\n∂v \nt»jw D∑q-e\wsNø-s∏´p. apI-fn-ep-≤-cn® hN-\-Øn¬ ]kvXpX kw`-h-amWv A\p-kva-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv.

ChnsS ]d™ Cdw ss__n-fnse Acmw Xs∂-bm-sW∂pauem\m kønZv kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn ka¿Yn-®n-´p≠v. ln_p-hnseAcm-ans‚ Ad_n cq]-asX Cdw. i_vZ-Øn-se∂ t]mse-Øs∂A¿Y-Ønepw Ah an°-hmdpw ASp-°p-∂p≠v. D∂Xw, tijvTw,]ikvXw, ]hnXw Fs∂m-s°-bmWv ln_p-hn¬ Acm-ans‚ A¿Yw.Cd-an\pw GXm≠v AXn-t\m-S-SpØ A¿Y-am-Wp-≈Xv. ]¿∆-X-Øn\pwhgn-bn¬ \mń-\n¿Ønb \mgn-I-°-√n\pw Ad_n mj-bn¬ Cdw F∂p]d-bp∂p. Db¿∂p \nev°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-hWw Ahbv°v Bkw⁄- e-`n-®Xv. 32

CXp-t]mse Bcy≥ F∂ kwkvIrX i_vZ-Øn\pw D∂Xw,ti-jvTw, ]hnXw Fs∂m-s°-bmWv A¿Yw. Npcp-°-Øn¬ Acmw,


Cdw, Bcy≥ F∂o i_vZ-ßƒ°v A£-c-Øn-se∂ t]mse A¿Y-Ønepw ASp-∏-ap≠v.

Cd-ans‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m-cmbn ]e hwi-ßfpw \ne-hn¬ h∂p. Iq´-Øn¬ H∂m-bn-cp∂p Atd-_y-bn¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n® BZp-hwiw.AXn-\m¬, Ah¿ "BZp-Cdw' F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv.Chsc t\¿am¿§-Øn-te°v £Wn-°m-\mbn ]hm-N-I-\mb lqZv \nbp-‡-\mbn. At±-lsØ Ah¿ [n°-cn®pIf™p. Ah-km\w BZp-hwiw ssZh-tIm-]-Øn-\n-c-bm-hp-Ibpw \mi-a-S-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.lqZv\-_n-bpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-fmb Hcp \yq\-]£w amX-amWv Ah-ti-jn-®Xv. Ch¿ ]n∂oSv B[n-]-Xy-Øn-te-°p-b¿∂p. Ah-km\wChcpw [n°m-cn-I-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p. "kaq-Zvhwiw' F∂ t]cn-emWvChsc Jp¿-B≥ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv. Aßs\ Chcpw \mam-h-ti-j-ambn.

BZn-s‚bpw kaq-Zn-s‚bpw IY Jp¿-B-\n¬ ]te-S-ß-fnepw A\p-kva-cn-®n-´p≠v. B c≠p hwi-ßsf Ad_n Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ "_mbn-Zm-A-d_n'IfpsS (\mam-h-ti-j-amb Ad_n tKmX-ß-fpsS) Iq´-Øn-emWv FÆn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv.

BZpw Cdapw XΩn-ep≈ Nm¿®sb∏‰n apkvenw Ncn-X-Im-c≥am¿°p ][m-\-am-bn -c≠p A`n-]m-b-ß-fp≠v; Cdan¬ \n∂vDukpw, Dukn¬ \n∂p BZpw DZv`-hn-®p-sh-∂mWv C_v\p JpssX-_-bpsS A`n-]mbw. F∂m¬ J¬J-i-µn-bpsS A`n-]m-bw, Cd-an¬\n∂p Du_oepw Du_o-en¬ \n∂p Dukpw Dukn¬ \n∂v BZpwDZv`-hn®p F∂m-Ip∂p.33GXm-bmepw Cd-amWv BZns‚ Ipe-]XnF∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ Ccp-hcpw tbmPn-°p-∂p≠v.

Bcy≥am-tcbpw Acm-ay≥am-tcbpw t]mse Cdw h¿§-°mcpwXß-fpsS Ipe-]-Xn-bpsS \maw ssIsh-Sn-bmsX \ne\n¿Øm≥ ian-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWp∂p. Ad_n Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb C_v\p J¬Zq≥(In.1332˛ 1404) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXp t\m°pI:

""BZp-hwiw \ne-hn-en-cp-∂-t∏mƒ "BZp Cdw' F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-ń-cp∂p. Ah¿ \in®p. kaqZp hwiw h∂-t∏mƒ AXns‚ t]¿"kaqZp Cdw' F∂m-bn-Øo¿∂p. ]n∂oSv \nwdqZv hwiw h∂p. XZ-h-kcw "\nwdqZp Cdw' F∂p hnfn-°-s∏´p.''34 BZpw kaqZpw \nwdqZpwHtc ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬\n-∂m-Wp-Zv`-hn-®Xv. ]t£, \nwdq-Zns‚ c-W-IqSw_m_n-tem-Wn-b-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. A_-lm-ans‚ ImeØv _m_n-tem¨ `cn-®n-cp∂ cmP-Ip-Spw_w AXm-bn-cp∂p sh∂v ss__n-fn¬\n∂pw Ad-_n-N-cn-X-K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em°mw.

kz¥w cmjvS-ßƒ°pw hwi-ßƒ°pw amX-a√, Xßƒ \n¿an-°p∂ sIm´m-c-ßƒ°pw DZym-\-ßƒ°pw IqSn "Cdw' F∂-t]¿ BZphwiw \¬In-bn-cp∂p. Cu h-kvXpX Ad-_n-I-fn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂


Nne sFXn-ly-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em°mw. BZns‚ ]n≥Km-anbpwAXn-i-‡-\p-amb "i±m-Zp-cm-Pmhv' ba-\n¬ kz¿§-Xp-ey-amb Hcp-Zym-\hpw sIm´m-chpw ]Wn-bn-®p-sh∂p Hssc-Xn-ly-ap≠v. CtX-∏‰nAd_n˛ t]¿jy≥ kmln-Xy-ßƒ [mcmfw ]cm-a¿in-®-XmbnImWmw. Cu Bcm-a-Øn\v Cdw F∂m-bn-cp∂p t]¿. ]kn-≤ -t]¿jy≥ Ihn Da¿ Jøman (In. 1123˛¬ acWw)s‚ "dp_m-C-ømØn'(NXp-jv]-Zn-Iƒ)¬ ]kvXpX DZym\w ]cm-ar-jvS-am-bn-´p≠v:

""tdmkn∂p hnfn-s∏t´m "cocmapw'apSn-™p-t]mbv,

"PwjoZn'≥ Ggp hf-s°-´p-ff Is∏tßm t]mbv!

F∂m-ep-an∂pw tXm´w ]q°p∂p, tXmń≥ h°n¬

aps∂-t∏m¬ amWn-Iy-ß-fp-Xn¿∏q Zm£m-h√n.'' 35

ChnsS ]d™ "Cucmw' i±m-Zns‚ sF-Xn-lm-kn-I-m-cm-a-asX.t]¿jy-bpsS t]¿ Cdm≥ F∂m-Wt√m. CXns‚ \njv]Øn Cd-an¬ \n∂m-Ip∂p. AXns‚ A¿Yw Cd-ans‚, AYhm Bcy-≥am-cpsScmPyw F∂mWv. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw ]d-bp∂p: ""Cdm≥ F∂m¬Bcy≥am-cpsS \mSv F∂m-W¿Yw.''36

BI-bm¬ Acmw, Cdmw, Cdm≥, Bcy≥ Fs∂ms° ]d-bp-∂XvHtc t]cns‚ hnhn[ cq]-ß-fsX. AXn-\m¬, Bcy-∑m-cpsS aqe-X-d-hmSpw Xnc°n, DØ-c-[p-h-Øn-tet°m, at[y-jy-bn-tet°m t]mtI-≠-Xn√. ]›n-ta-jy-bn¬Xs∂ AXv Is≠-Øm≥ Ignbpw F∂mWvtXm∂p-∂Xv.

Cµ≥ sIm≠p-h∂ "bZp-°ƒ'Bcy≥am-cpsS Bcm-[y-\mb Cµ≥ Zqc-Zn-°n¬\n∂v c≠p hwi-

°msc sIm≠p-t]m-∂-Xmbn EtKzZw ]d-bp∂p: bZp-°fpw Xp¿h-i-cp-am-W-h¿:

""bZp-Xp¿h-isc Zqc±n-°n¬\n∂p kptJ\ Xm≥

sIm≠p-t]m∂q, bphm-hn-µ≥; kJm-hmI, \ap-°-h≥!'' 37

C∏-d™ bZp-hn¬\n-∂mWv, `mc-X-Øn¬ bmZ¿, AYhm bmZ-h-hw-i-°m¿ D≠m-bXv. Ch¿ kztZ-in-I-f√, hntZ-in-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. ]kv-XpX bZphpw, bmZzcpw Jp¿-B-\n¬ ]d™ BZns‚ `mc-Xob cq]-am-hm≥ hfsc km[y-X-bp-≠v. BZns‚ BZym-£-csØ AXns‚icn-bmb cq]-Øn¬ kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ D®-cn-°mt\m Fgp-Xmt\mkm[y-a√. AXn\p ]Icw Nne-t∏mƒ "B' F∂pw "bm' F∂p-amWvFgp-Xmdpw D®-cn-°m-dp-ap-≈Xv. Aßs\ BZv "bmZpw' "bZp'ambn -cq-]m-¥-c-s∏-´-Xm-hWw.

`mjm-ssh-PmXywCXbpw ]kv-Xm-hn-®-Xn¬\n∂p tians‚ ]pX-\mb Acm-ans‚

k¥-Xn-I-fmWv C≥tUm˛Bcy-≥am¿ F∂p hcp∂p. Bcy≥amcpw


skan-‰n-°p-Imcpw h¿§-im-kvX-]-c-ambn H∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂¿Yw.]t£, Bcy≥ `mj-Ifpw skan-‰n-Iv`m-j-Ifpw XΩn¬ auen-I-ambA¥-c-ap-s≠-∂mWv `mjm-K-th-j-I≥am-cpsS A`n-]mbw. F∂m¬,`mjm sshPm-Xy-sØ-°p-dn® ]kvXpX \nK-a\w Hc-¥na Xocp-am-\-a√. AXn¬ ]WvUn-X-≥am-cpsS Dul-Øn\v hep-Xmb ]¶p≠v.IqSmsX, skan-‰nIv `mj-I-fn¬s∏´ Bcm-an°pw Bcy≥ `mj-I-fn-sem-∂mb t]¿jy\pw XΩn¬ i_vZ-im-kvX-]-c-amb ASp-∏-ap-s≠∂v`mjm-K-th-j-I¿Xs∂ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p≠v. ""i_vZ-im-kvX-]-c-ambnt\m°n-bm¬ Bcm-an-°nse ]e ]Z-ßfpw A°m-Un-b-\nepw t]¿jy-\n-epw-\n∂p ISw hmßn-b-Xm-sW∂p Im◊m≥ Ignbpw F∂mWv`mjm-`n-⁄≥am-cpsS ]£w.''38

ISw GXv GXn¬\n-s∂-SpØp F∂ ]iv\w X¬°mew \ap-°p-hn-t´°mw. ]t£, Bcm-an°pw t]¿jy\pw XΩn¬ i_vZ-im-kvX-]-c-ambn kmZr-iy-ap-s≠∂ hkvXpX it≤-b-amWv. IqSmsX Gjym-ssa-\¿, Ip¿Zn-kvYm≥, tIm°-k v, bqdmƒ]¿∆-X-\n-c-Iƒ, A^vKm-\n-ÿm≥, C¥y, ssN\, ssN\-bnse hen-b-a-Xn¬ ]tZ-i-ßƒ,CuPn]vXv apX-emb CS-ß-fn¬\n-s∂√mw Bcm-an°v en]n-bnepwBcm-an°v `mj-bn-ep-ap-≈ ]mNo\ imk-\-ßƒ Inń-bn-´p≠v.''39

CsX√mw sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv Bcm-an°v `mj kwkm-cn-®n-cp∂ P\-X°v]kvXpX cmPy-ß-fp-ambn ASpØ _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wt√m.hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Acm-ay-h¿§-°m-cpsS `mj-bm-bn-cp∂p Bcm-an°v.Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-ambn ktlm-Z-c-`m-j-I-fn¬\n∂p Xptemw AI-∂p-t]m-b-Xm-bn-cn°mw.

Ncn-X-]-cXBZn-s‚bpw Cd-an-s‚bpw Ncn-X-]-c-amb AkvXnXzw ]m›m-Xy≥

Ncn-X-Im-c≥am¿ ]ecpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n√. BZp-hw-i-sØ- w-_-‘n® Jp¿-B-\nse IY-I-f-Xbpw sF-Xn-ly-ß-fm-sW-∂sX Ah-cpsS ]£w. CXp-i-cn-b√. InkvXp-h¿j-Øns‚ Bcw-`-Im-eØpKo°v `qan-im-kvX-Im-c≥am¿ Fgp-Xnb KŸ-ß-fn¬ BZn-s\-∏-‰nbpwBZv Cd-an-s\-∏-‰nbpw ]cm-a¿in®n´p-≠v. Ahsc D≤-cn®p auem\m\Zvhn- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXp ImWpI:

bh-\-`q-an-im-kvX-Im-c≥am¿ "lZv-d-auØn' se Hcp tKmX-Øns‚\ma-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ "BU-an-´mbv(Adramitai) F∂p-]-d-™n-´p≠v. "Smbv'(Tai) F∂Xp Ko°v mj-bn¬ hwi-sØ-°p-dn-°p∂ ]Z-amWv. A ¬hm°v "BUw' (Adram) F∂sX. Jp¿-B-\n¬ ]d™ "BZp-Cd'ans‚ icn-bmb Ko°p-cq-]-am-WXv. ]t£, lZv-d-au-Øns‚ Ko°p\ma-am-W-sX∂p ]ecpw [cn-®p-t]m-bn-´p≠v. lZv-d-au-Øp-Imsc Ipdn-°p∂ Ko°p mj-bnse bYm¿Y ]Zw "JmS tamń-´mbv' (Chatramotitai)F∂-XmWv........... _Øveo-aqkv ( Ptolemy- acWw: In.167) BZp-hw-


isØ "BUn-´mbv' (Aditai) F∂pw "Hm¿Un-´mbv' (Oarditai) F∂pw˛c≠p cq]-Øn¬ ˛ hyh-l-cn-®n-´p≠v. F∂m¬ Ch¿ lZv-d-au-Øp-Im-cm-sW-∂sX At±lhpw [cn-®n-´p-f-fXv.''40

]mNo\ Ko°v `qan-imkvX ]WvUn-X≥am¿°v BZn-s‚bpw BZp-C-d-an-s‚bpw t]cp-Iƒ Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv ta¬ ]kv-XmhwsXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv. ]t£, lZvd-au-Øp-Imsc Ipdn-°p∂ hm°m-W-sX∂v Ah¿ sX‰n-≤-cn®p. Hcp-]t£, Ko°v KŸ-Im-c≥am-cpsSImeØv lZv-d-au-Øn¬ B t]cn¬ h√ tKmX-°mcpw \nh-kn-®n-cp-∂n-cn°mw. GXm-bmepw Ah-cpsS [mcW icn-b√. lZvd-au-Øp-Im¿F∂ A¿Y-Øn¬ Ko°p-`m-j-bn¬ thsd-Øs∂ ]Z-ap-≈ kvYnXn°vhnti-jn®pw.

Ko°p KŸ-Imc-∑msc D]-Po-hn®p dh. ^m¿Ã¿ (Farster) ]Xn-s\´mw iX-I-Øns‚ a[y-Øn¬ Atd-_y-bpsS Hcp Ncn-X-`q-an-imkvXw Xøm-dm-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Historical Geography of Arabia F∂sXB IrXn-bpsS t]¿. CXn¬ Atd-_y-bnse ]pcm-X\ tKmX-ß-fpsSHcp enÃv At±lw sImSp-Øn-´p≠v. BU-an-´mbv, BUn-´mbv apX-emb i_vZ-ßƒ AXnepw ÿew ]nSn-®n-´p≠v. auem\m \Zvhn Xs‚"A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B\n'¬ ]kvXpX enÃv D≤-cn-°p-Ibpw Nne hwi-ß-sf-°p-dn® ^m¿Ã-dpsS [mcW ]ni-Im-sW∂p Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v.41

Ko°p `qan-im-kvX-Im-c-\mb tSmfan Atd_y kµ¿in-®n-ń√.CuPn-]vXn-emWv At±lw Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬, Atd-_y-bnse ]pcm-X\ tKmX-ß-fpsS icn-bmb kvYnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ At±-l-Øn\v a\- n-em-°m-s\m-Øn-s√-¶n¬ AXn-sem´pw B›-cy-s∏-Sm-\n√.F¶nepw At±-l-Øns‚ `qan-im-kvX-K-Ÿ-Øn¬ BZn-s‚bpw Cd-an-s‚bpw \ma-ßƒ kvYew ]nSn-®n-´p-f-f-Xn-\m¬ Jp¿-B≥ IY\wsNbvX B hwi-ßƒ°v Ncn-X-]-c-amb AkvXn-Xz-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Imcy-Øn¬ ktµ-l-Øn-\n-S-bn√.

Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ1. Rgvedic India and Rgvedic Culture2. KZy-ssI-cfn by ]n. Zmtam-Z-c≥]n≈ mKw 4, t]Pv 161

3. Veda and Vedanta

4. Cdm≥Im-cpsS Hcp thZ-KŸw

5. Artic home in Vedas p. 19

6. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw (Bcy-∑m¿) hm. 2, t]. 6

7. Ibid Vol. 2, P. 6

8. Artic home in Vedas P. 420

9. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 139 t\m°pI.

10. temI-N-cnXw hm. 1, t]. 75


11. `mcX _rl-®-cnXw by B¿.kn. aPpw-Zm¿, F®v.kn. dmbv Nu[cn, Imfn-In¶¿ZØ hm. 1, t]. 24

12. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 140

13. Advanced History of India P. 24

14. Encyclopedia Britannica Vol. XI, P. 556 (Hittites) Edition 1965

15. EtKz-Z-Øn-eqsS t]. 134

16. DXv]Øn 25: 2 t\m°pI.

17. Ibid 37:25

18. Ibid 37: 28

19. Ibid 37: 27, 28

20. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm 2, t]. 6

21. kwJym-]p-kvXIw 31: 7

22. DXv]Øn 15: 18-˛21

23. Ibid 26: 34

24. Ibid 10: 22

25. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 1, t]. 687, 688

26. DXv]Øn 10: 22

27. Ibid 24: 10˛Dw 25: 20˛Dw t\m°pI.

28. Ibid 37: 25˛Dw i cmPm-°-∑m¿ 22: 3˛Dw t\m°pI.

29. i cmPm-°-∑m¿ 20: 5˛Dw 20: 34˛Dw t\m°pI.

30. kwJy 22: 1˛Dw 23: 7˛Dw t\m°pI.

31. Jp¿-B≥ A[ymbw 89, kq‡w 7, 8

32. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1 t]. 128 t\m°pI.

33. Ibid hm. 1, t]. 125 t\m°pI.

34. C_v\p J¬Zqs‚ Ncn-X-KŸw hm. 2, t]. 7

35. Ipkp-a-Øns‚ "Ha¿ Jømw' t]. 4

36. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 2, t]. 471

37. EtKzZw aWvUew 6, kq‡w 45, EIv 1

38. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 1, t]. 969

39. Ibid hm. 1, t]. 969

40. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 75, 76 t\m°pI.

41. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿B≥ hm. 1, t]. 76-˛81 t\m°pI.

A[ymbw ]Xn-\©v

skan-‰nIv h¿§w

Acmw, Cdw, Cdm≥, Bcy≥ F∂o i_vZ-ßƒ Htc kw⁄-bpsShnhn[ cq]-ß-fm-sW∂p Ign™ A[ym-b-Øn¬ \mw ka¿Yn-°p-I-


bp-≠mbn. Cu ASn-kvYm-\-Øn¬ C≥tUm˛Bcy≥am¿ h¿§-im-kvX-]-c-ambn skan-‰nIv hwi-Øn¬s]-Sp∂p. F∂m¬ B[p-\nI Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ Bcy-h¿§-ßfpw skan-‰n-Ivh¿§-ßfpw XΩn¬ AP-K-Pm-¥cw I¬]n-°p∂p. ChnsS Hcp hni-Zo-I-cWw Bh-iy-am-sW∂ptXm∂p∂p.

hmkv -Xh-Øn¬ kmt¶-XnI kw⁄m-]-c -amWo A¥cw.ss__nfpw Atd-_y≥ Ncn-X-Im-c≥amcpw hwisØ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv h¿K-hn-`-P\w sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv. B[p-\nI Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m-cm-Is´, ico-cm-Ir-Xn-sbbpw `mj-I-fpsS kmPmXy sshPm-Xy-ß-sfbpw ]cn-K-Wn®pw. AXn-\m¬, ss__nƒ skan-‰n-Ivh¿K-ambnXcw-Xn-cn-°p∂ Nne hn`m-K-ß-fpsS `mj skan-‰n-°-√mØ Imc-W-Øm¬, B[p-\nI Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ Ahsc as‰mcp h¿K-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂p. CXn-s\mcp DZm-l-c-W-amWv "Gem-ssa-‰p-Im¿.'

t\ml-bpsS ]pX-\mb tians‚ Hcp aIs‚ \maw "Gemw' F∂m-bn-cp∂p.1 Gem-ans‚ k¥m-\-]-c-ºc "Ge-may¿' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´p. Cw•o-jp-Im¿ Chsc "Gem-ssa‰vkv'(Elamites) F∂p hnfn-°p∂p. Ncn-X-Øn-\-dn-hmb ImeØv, sX°p ]Sn-™m-d≥ t]¿jy-bnse kqk(Susa) bnemWv Ch¿ A[n-hm-k-ap-d-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬,B[p-\nI Ncn-X-Im-c≥am¿ Gem-aysc skan-‰n-°p-I-fmbn IW-°m-°p-∂n√. ImcWw, Ah¿ skan-‰n°v `mj-b√ kwkm-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv.

DXv]-Øn-]p-kvX-I-Ønse hwim-h-en-b-\p-k-cn®v, t\ml-bpsS]pX-\mb tians‚ k¥-Xn-I-sf√mw tiay-cmWv; AYhm skan-‰n-°p-Im¿. Chsc Atd-_y≥ Ncn-X-Im-c≥am¿ "_\qkmw' (kmans‚k¥-Xn-Iƒ) F∂p hnfn-°p∂p. ]t£, C°q-´-Øn¬ skan-‰nIv `mj-kw-km-cn-®n-cp-∂-htcm, kwkm-cn-®p-h-cp-∂-htcm Bb hn`m-K-ßsfamX-amWv B[p-\nI Ncn-X-Im-c-≥am¿ skan-‰nIv h¿K-Øn¬s]-´-h-cmbn IW-°m-°p-∂Xv. kmt¶-XnI kw⁄-bn-ep-≈ Cu A¥cwhmb-\-°m¿ ]tXyIw Ku\n-®n-cn-°Ww. C≥tUm˛Bcy≥am¿ skan-‰nIv h¿§-Øn¬ s]´-h-sc∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ \map-t±-in-°p-∂XvDXv]Øn ]pkvX-I-Ønse hwim-h-en-b-\p-k-cn®v, Ah¿ tians‚ aI-\mb Acm-ans‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m-cm-sW-∂sX.

tiay-h¿K-°m-cpsS BZy Xd-hmSvtiay-h¿§-°m-cpsS aqe-X-d-hm-Sn-s\-∏‰n B[p-\nI Ncn-X-K-th-j-

I≥-am¿°n-S-bn¬ kmc-amb X¿°-ap≠v. F∂m¬, ]mNo\ Atd-_ym-N-cn-X-Im-c≥am¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-ń-´p-≈Xv Ah-cpsS BZn-a-hm-k-ÿewAtd-_y-bm-bn -cp -∂p-sh∂sX. Atd-_y≥ aW-em-c -Wy-Øn¬\n∂mWv temI-Øn-s‚ \m\m-`m-K-ß-fn-te°pw kmans‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m¿]h-ln-®Xv. In. 889 (ln. 276)˛¬ Nc-a-K-Xn-b-S™ C_v\p-Jp-ssX-_ -ssZ-\qcn At±-l-Øns‚ "InXm-_p¬ aB-cn^n'¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-


Øp∂p: ""\qlns‚ ]pX-\mb kmam-Is´, `qtKm-f-Øns‚ a[y-`m-K-ØmWv Xma-k-ap-d-∏n-®Xv. AXm-bXv, a°-bnepw ]cn-k-c-ß-fnepw.ba≥, lZvdauØv, Ham≥, _lvdbv≥ apX-emb ÿe-ßƒ hscAh¿ A[o-\-Øn-em°n.''2

ss__n-fn-tebpw AXns‚ hymJym-\-ß-fn-tebpw ]kv-Xm-h-\-Ifpw ]kvXpX hmZ-tØm-S-Sp-°p-∂p≠v. tians‚ ]pX≥am-sc-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-W-sØ-Øp-S¿∂p DXv]Øn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p:

""`qan-bn¬ Hs°bpw Htc `mjbpw Htc hm°pw Bbn-cp∂p.F∂m¬, Ah¿(tiw ]pX≥am¿) Ing-t°m´p bmX sNbvXp, io\m¿(_m_n-tem¨) tZiØp Hcp ka-`qan I≠p. AhnsS IpSn-bn-cp∂p.''3

ss__nƒ ]gb \nb-a-Øns‚ Hcm-[n-Im-cnI `mjy-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ tPmk^v ^vfhn-bkn (Josephus Flavius A.D. 37-˛97)s‚ Ncn-X-K-Ÿ-Øn¬ ImWp∂p:

""Ah¿ (tiw k¥-Xn-Iƒ) bq^-ókv \Zn apX¬ C≥UymkapZw hsc A[n-hm-k-ap-d-∏n-®n-cp∂p.''4

bq^-ó-kn-s‚bpw C¥ym-k-ap-Z-Øn-s‚bpw CS°v Atd-_y-b-√msX as‰mcp cmPy-an-√t√m. BI-bm¬ skan-‰nIv hwi-Øns‚ aqe-X-d-hmSv Atd-_y-bm-sW∂ Ad_n Ncn-X-Im-c≥am-cpsS Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-Øn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-Iam-Ip∂p blq-Z-cpsS tcJ-Iƒ.

B[p-\nI ]WvUn-X≥am-cpsS \nK-a-\-ßƒA`n-\h ]m›m-Xy≥ ]WvUn-X≥am¿ skan-‰n°p hwi-°m-cpsS

BZna hmk-kvY-e-sØ-∏‰n hyXy-kvX-amb A`n-]m-b-ß-fmWv ]I-Sn-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv. B^n-°-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Hc-`n-]mbw. A¿ao-\n-bbpwIp¿Zn-kvXm-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v thsdm-c-`n-]mbw. F∂m¬, bqtdm-∏n-sebpw Ata-cn-°-bn-sebpw hen-sbmcp hn`mKw ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv Atd-_y-bm-bn-cp∂p skan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS BZna hmk-ÿ-e-sa -∂sX. C°q´Øn¬ ]K¬` ]WvUn -X-∑m-cmb jvtdU¿(Schrader), hn≥¢¿ (Winchler), tab¿ (Meyer), kv]nwK¿ (Springer),t\m¬sUsI (Noldeke), tdm_¿´vk¨ kvanØv (Robertson Smith),kmap-h¬ ebnwKv (Samual Laing), hneyw ssd‰v (W.Wright), B¿.U_vfyp. cmP¿kv(R.W. Ragers) XpS-ßn-b-hcpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂p. Cu ]-WvUn-X-∑m-cpsS sXfn-hp-I-sf√mw D≤-cn-°p-hm≥ kvYe-]-cn-anXn A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n√. F¶nepw amXr-I-°mbn H∂p-c-≠p-≤-c-Wn-Iƒ NphsSImWn-°p∂p.

]kn≤ Bwt•b Ncn-X-]-WvUn-X\mb kmap-h¬ ebnw-Kns\D≤-cn®p auem\m kønZv kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p:

""skan-‰n°v h¿§-ß-fpsS ]q¿∆-hm-k-kvYew sX°p ]Sn-™m-d≥ Gjy˛Hcp-]t£ Atd-_y-Xs∂ ˛Bbn-cn-°-W-sa∂p sXfn-hp-Iƒ Nq≠n-°m-´p∂p. Atd-_y-sbm-gn®v as‰√m CS-ß-fnepw Ah¿


A[n-hm-k-Ønt\m cmPyw Iog-S-°p-∂-Xnt\m ]pd-ta-\n∂p IS∂ph∂-Xm-bn-´mWv \ap°v ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv. GsXm-cn-SØv IS∂psN√p-tºmgpw AhnsS Ah¿-°p apºmbn IpSn-]m¿Øn-´p-≈ BZn-hm-kn-Isf Ah¿ I≠p-ap-´p-∂p≠v. ]t£, Atd-_y-bn¬ amXw kztZ-in-I-sf-t∏m-se-bmWv Ahsc \mw ImWp-∂Xv. Im¬Un-b-bn-tebpwA o-cn-b-bn-tebpw ]pcm-X-ss\-Xn-ly-ß-fn¬\n-∂p a\- n-em-Ip-∂XvAh¿ sX°p-\n∂p h∂p-sh-∂mWv (Ah-bpsS sX°p-`m-K-Øm-Wt√mAtd_y kvYnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv). Nne¿ h∂Xv t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°-S¬ hgn-bm-bn-cp-∂psh-¶n¬, a‰p Nne¿ h∂Xv kndn-bbpw Atd-_y≥ aW-em-c-Wyhpw XcWwsNbvXp-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-amXw.''5

Ata-cn-°≥ ]WvUn-X-\mb s]m^. cmP¿kv At±-l-Øns‚"_m_n-tem¨˛A o-cnbm NcnX'Øn¬ ap≥K-W\ Iev]n-®n-´p-≈Xpw CtX A`n-]m-b-Øn-\m-Ip∂p. cmP¿kv Fgp-Xp∂p:

""skan-‰nIv h¿§-ßƒ Fhn-sS-\n-∂mWv h∂Xv? hS-°p-≈ Ip¿Zn-kvXm≥ aeº-tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n-∂mWv Ah¿ h∂n-´p-≈-sX∂p Nne¿hmZn-°p∂p.... F∂m¬, Cu A`n-]mbw Ct∏mƒ Xnc-kvI-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p....... B^n-°-bmWv Ah-cpsS BZn-a-hm-k-kvYew F∂mWvthsdmcp kn≤m¥w. skan-‰nIv `mj-Ifpw (B^n-°-bnse) lman-‰nIv `mj-Ifpw XΩn¬ ImWp∂ kmZr-iy-amWv Ah¿°v sXfnhv...Cu kn≤m-¥-Øn-\-\p-Iq-e-ambn hf-sc-sbms° ]kvXm-hn-°-s∏-ń-´p≠v. F∂n-cp-∂mepw aq∂m-a-sXmcp kn≤m-¥sØ ]n¥m-ßn-s°m≠v]_-e-amb [mcmfw A`n-]m-b-ßƒ ]I-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. Atd-_y-bm-bn-cp∂p skan-‰nIv hwi-Øns‚ aqe-X-d-hmSv F∂p-≈XsXB kn≤m¥w. Ahn-sS-\n∂v Ah¿ hnim-e-amb imZze ]tZ-i-ßfpwXnc°n, saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bnepw I\ms‚ (^n\ojy) ]›n-a-`m-K-ßfnepw hs∂Øn. Cu HSp-hn¬ ]d-™ -kn-≤m¥w ]pXnb A\p-Iq-en-Isf BI¿jn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. AXmWv C∂sØhnZzm≥am-cpsS AwKo-IrX aX-sa∂v s]mXp-hn¬ ]d-bm-hp-∂-XmWv.''6

Cßs\ Atd-_y≥ Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS Ah-Im-i-hmZw B[p-\nI Ncn-X-]-WvUn-X-∑m-cn¬ ]ecpw icn-sh-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv.

skan-‰n-°p-I-fpsS ]em-b\wAtd-_y≥ aW¬°m-ń¬ \Zn-I-fn√. AXn-\m¬ Pe-]-hm-l-ò-

j-Wn-bp-an√. ]t£, Ahn-sS-\n-∂p≈ P\-]-hml òj-Wn°v CX-c-\m-Sp-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw Cc-bm-bn-cp-∂n-´p≠v. saskm-s]m-t´-anb,kndnb, ê-kvXo≥, t]¿jy, CuPn]vXv, C¥y apX-emb ]mNo\A[n-hmk tIµ-ß-sf√mw Ad-_n-I-fpsS IpSn-tb-‰-Ønt\m, BI-a-W-Ønt\m hiw-h-Z-am-bn-´p-≈-Xmbn ]mNo\ Ncn-X-Øn¬ ImWmw.B[p-\nI ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-W-ßƒ ]kvXpX Ncn-X-h-kvXpXkvYnco-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v.


AXn-]p-cm-X-\-ß-fmb Atd-_y≥ tKmX-ßsf Ad-_n-N-cn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ "A¬Ad-_p¬ _mbnZx' F∂p hnfn-°p∂p. Atd-_y≥aÆn¬\n∂pw XpS-®p-am-‰-s∏-´-h-sc-∂¿Yw. Ah-cpsS \ma-a-√msXas‰m∂pw Atd-_y-bn¬ Ah-ti-jn-®n-ń√. CXmWv B t]¿ \evIp-hm≥ ImcWw.

C°q-´-Øn¬ BZv, kaqZv, Pp¿lqw, enlvbm≥, Xkvav, PZokvF∂o ]mNo\ tKmX-ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂p. Ch-cm-bn-cp∂p km£m¬Ad-_n-Iƒ. AXn-\m¬ Chsc "Bcn_' F∂pw Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ hnfn-°m-dp≠v.

ta¬ ]kvXm-hn® ]mNo\ Atd-_y≥ tKmX-ß-fn¬ BZn-s‚bpw kaq-Zn-s‚bpw t]cp-Iƒ ]kn-≤-am-Ip∂p. Ah-cpsS IY-IƒJp¿-B≥ Ah-X-cn® Ime-Øp-≈ Ad-_n-Iƒ°v tI´p-tIƒhn aptJ\Adn-bm-am-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ B[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw ]Xm-]-Øn-s‚bpwDØpw-K-irw-K-Øn¬ FØn-bn-cp-∂-XmWv ]kn-≤n°v ImcWw. AXn-\m¬, BZp-hw-i-Øn-s‚bpw kaqZv-hwi-Øn-s‚bpw IY-Iƒ Jp¿-B≥AXns‚ ]Y-am-`n-kw-t_m-[n-X-cmb Ad-_n-Isf A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

]mNo\ Ad_n tKmX-ßƒ _m_n-tem-Wnb, CuPn]vXv,t]¿jy, Im¿tØPv apX-emb A\-d_n tZi-ßsf BI-an®p Iog-S-°p-Ibpw Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ At\I \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ `c-W-km-cYywItø¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v. Atd-_y≥ Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ Xß-fpsSIrXn-I-fn¬ Cu hkvXpX tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-sh-®n-cn-°p∂p. ]t£,shdpw sFXn-ly-ß-fn¬ Ihn™ hne-sbm∂pw CXc Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ Ah-cpsS Ah-Imi hmZ-ßƒ°v Iev]n-®n-cp-∂n√. F∂m¬B[p-\nI ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-W-ß-fpsS ê-ambn Cu hmkvXhwGd-°psd A\m-h-cWw sNø-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p.

Ad-_n-Iƒ saskm-s]m-t -an-b-bn¬Hcp tI n¬ hmZnbpw ]Xnbpw km£n-bp-sa√mw GtIm-]n®p

Ign-™m¬∏ns∂ B hmZw kΩ-Xn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ hn[n-I¿Øm-hn\p \n¿hm-l-an√. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ Xßƒ B[n-]Xyw hmWn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Ad-_n-Iƒ hmZn-°p∂p. ]Xn-I-fmb _m_n-tem-Wn-b-°m¿ AXv kΩ-Xn-°p∂p. B[p-\nI ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-W-am-Is´, B hmZ-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn km£yw hln-°p-IbpwsNøp∂p. F¶n¬ Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ kwi-bn-°m-s\-¥p-≈q? ]kn≤Atd-_y≥N-cn-X-Im-c-\mb C_v\p J¬Zq≥ Xs‚ Ncn-X-K-Ÿ-Øn¬tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p:

""BZv hwihpw Aam-en°m hwihpw Cdm-Jns\ `cn-®n-cp∂p.''7

as‰mcp apkvenw Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb C_v\p-Jp-ssX_ ssZ\qcn(In.828˛-889) Xs‚ InXm-_p-¬ aB-cn-^n¬ Fgp-Xp∂p:


""hnhn[ tZi-ß-fn¬ Nn∂n-®n-X-dnb ]e hwi-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Aam-en-°-°m¿. CuPn-]vXnse ^tdm-h-amcpw (_m_n-tem-Wn-b-bnse)tkz—m-[n-]-Xn-Ifpw Ah-cn¬ s]´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p''8

CXmWv Atd-_y≥ Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS hmZw. C\n _m_n-tem-Wnbm Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS ]Xn-hmZw ]cn-tim-[n°mw: GXm≠p In.ap. 400-˛¬ Pohn®, _m_n-tem-Wnse _m¬ t£X-Ønse Hcp ]ptcm-ln-X\pw Ncn-X-]-WvUn-X-\p-amb "s_d-kqk' (Berasus) kz¥w\mSns‚ Hcp ]pcm-X\ NcnXw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. aqe-KŸwCt∏mƒ D]-e-_v[-a√. ]t£, AXn¬\n-∂p-≈ ]k‡ `mK-ßƒKo°p-Imcpw blq-Z-∑m-cp-amb Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ Xm¥m-ß-fpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ D≤-cn-®p-ImWmw. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ B[n-]Xyw hmWn-´p-≈ cmP-hw-i-ß-fpsS FÆhpw tZio-b-Xbpw Imehpw ImWn-°p∂Hcp ]ńI At±lw sImSp-Øn-´p-≈Xp Xmsg tN¿°p∂p:

FÆw cmP-Ip-Spw-_-ßƒsIm√w

10 Pe-]-f-b-Øn-\p-ap-ºp≈ cmP-hwiw 4,32,000

86 Pe-]-f-b-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ cmP-hwiw 34,000

8 sIm≈-°m-cmb saUnbm cmP-hwiw 224

11 ...................cmP-hwiw 248

24 Im¬Unbm cmP-hwiw 458

9 Atd_ym cmP-hwiw 225

_m_n-tem-Wn-b-bn¬ `cWw \S-Ønb cmP-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fpsS Hcp]ń-I-bm-WnXv. Im¬Unbm cmP-m-°≥am-cpsS tijw HºXv Ad_ncmP-Ip-Spw_w _m_n-tem-Wnb hmWn-´p-≈-Xmbn CXn¬ ImWn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Cu ]ńI hna¿i-\m¿l-am-sW-¶nepw Xo¿Øpw Xnc-kvIr-X-sa∂p ]d-bm-h-X√.9

Cdm≥Im-cpsS km£yhpw ChnsS ]cn-K-W-\o-b-asX. Cdm-\n-I-fpsS Ncn-X-h-‡mhpw Ihn-bp-amb ^n¿Zukn (In. 932˛-1020) Xs‚"imlv\max' F∂ Imhy-Øn¬, t]¿jy≥ kam-´m-bn-cp∂ Pwjo-Zns‚ tijw Hcp "klm-°vXmkn' (zohak) saskm-s]m-t´-anb A[o-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xmbn ]d-™n-´p≠v.10 klm°v tIh-e-samcp Ad_nkw⁄-bmWv.

Hcp Atd-_y≥ sFXn-ly-a-\p-k-cn®v Ncn-X-]-kn-≤-\mb \nwtdm-Zns‚ \ma-am-bn-cp∂p klm°v. Abm-fpsS Ime-ØmWv A_lmw`qPm-X-\m-bXv.11

B[p-\nI Kth-jWwAtd-_y≥ Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS Ah-Im-i-hm-ZsØ B[p-\nI Ncn-


X-K-th-j-Whpw Gd-°psd ]n¥m-ßp-∂p≠v. Cdm-Jn¬ Ncn-Xm-XoXbpK-Øn¬ Npcp-ßn-bXp c≠p Xh-W-sb-¶nepw Ad-_n-I-fpsS B[n-]Xyw \ne-hn¬ h∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-jWw kqNn-∏n-°p∂p. Dt±iw In. ap. 4000˛-mam-≠n¬ Hcp XhW; In. ap. 2800˛-mam-≠n¬ as‰mcp Xh-Wbpw.

Ncn-X-a-dn-bp∂ G‰hpw ]pcm-X-\-amb cmP-hwiw "emtKmjv' F∂saskm-s]m-t -an-b≥ \K-c-Ønse ]ptcm-lnX h¿§-Øm¬ ÿm]n-X-amb"Ddp-Im-Kn\'bsX. Cu cmP-hw-isØ "Ftd°v' \K-c-Ønse ]ptcm-lnXhwiw tXm¬]n®p. Ah¿ Xmc-X-tay\ hnim-e-amb Hcp kmamPyw ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Gjy-bnse H∂m-asØ kmamPyw CXm-bn-cp∂p.t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°-S¬ apX¬ a[y-[-c-Wym-gn-hsc \o≠p-In-S-∂n-cp∂ hn]p-e-amb B kmamPyw ÿm]n-®Xv epK¬km-Knkn F∂ ]ptcm-ln-X-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp∂p.12

hnZq-c-amb B ]mNo\ ImeØv saskm-s]m-t -an-b-bn¬ BZy-ambn\K-c-ßfpw cmjvS-ßfpw ÿm]n-®Xp kpta-cn-b≥am-cm-bn-cp∂psh∂v B[p-\n-I-N-cn-X-Im-c≥am¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p≠v. FOv.Pn. shXvkv ]d-bp∂p:

""saskm-s]m-t -an-b-bpsS (Cdm-Jns‚) sX°p- m-K-ß-fnepw CuPn-]vXn-ep-amWv BZy-ambn ] -W-ßfpw t£X-ßfpw Pe-tk-N\ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw ....]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. A°m-e-ß-fn¬ bq - okv \Znbpw ssSKokv \Znbpwhn`n∂ kc-Wn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°-S-en¬ sN∂p hoWn-cp-∂Xv.Cu c≠p \Zn-I-fp-tSbpw at[y-bp≈ q`m-K-ØmWv kpta-cn-b-°m¿ BZy-ambn Ah-cpsS ] -W-ßƒ ]WnsNbvXXv.''13

Cu ]kvXm-h-\-bpsS shfn-®-Øn¬, saskm-s]m-t -an-b-bn¬ G‰-hp-am-Zy-ambn \ne-hn¬h∂ cmP-hw-i-Øns‚ ÿm]-I¿ kpta-cn-b-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p hnNm-cn°mw. F∂m¬, Ahsc tXm¬]n® skan-‰n-°p-Im-cmb kam-´p-Iƒ Fhn-sS-\n∂p h∂p? Ch-cpsS tZio-b-X-sb-∏‰n ]fin-X-∑m¿-°n-S-bn¬ A`n-]m-b-hy-Xym-k-am-Wp-≈Xv. Ah¿ Ip¿Zn-kvXm-\n¬\n∂p h∂-h-cm-sW∂v Nne¿; B -n°-bn¬ \n∂p -h-∂-h-cm-sW∂p a‰p Nne¿. thsdNne-cpsS A`n-]mbw Ah¿ Ad-_n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂sX. Ata-cn-°≥Ncn-X-]-fin-X-\mb s]m^. cmP¿kns\ D≤-cn®v, auem\m \Zvhn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXp ImWpI:

""Dt±iw In. ap. 4000- mam-≠ns‚ Bcw- -Øn¬, D∂-X-amb Hcp \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS DS-a-I-fmb kpta-cn-b≥am¿°v hºn® P\-kw-Jy-bp≈ IncmXh¿§-ßsf Hcn-°¬ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°-≠n-h∂p. Ch¿ skan-‰n-°p-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. Hcn-°¬ kvs]bn≥ hsc ]S-tbm´w \S-Ønb Ad-_n-I-fp-ambnCh¿°v ASpØ c‡-_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. At∏mse as‰m-cn-°¬tPm¿Um≥ \Zn IS∂v I\m-\n-se-Ønb F_mb hwi-°m-cp-ambpw Ch¿°pkmZr-iy-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.''

""Nne-cpsS A`n-]mbw CXmWv: Ch¿ Ip¿Zn-kvXm-\n¬\n∂v _m_n-


tem-Wn-b-bn-seØn; Ahn-sS-\n∂p ]pd-s∏´v A¿ao-\nb, Atd_y,I\m≥ apX-emb ÿe-ß-fn¬ A[n-hm-k-ap-d-∏n®p. F∂m¬, CuA`n-]m-b-an∂p Xnc-kvI-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. CXns\ A\p-Iq-en-°p∂c≠mƒ t]mepw Ct∏mƒ ImWp-∂n√. as‰mcp ]£w Ch¿ B^n-°-bn¬\n∂p CuPn-]vXn¬ h∂v, Ahn-sS-\n∂v ]pd-s∏´v, kIe Zn°p-I-fnepw hym]n-®p-sh-∂mWv ..... .... Cu kn≤m¥w ÿm]n-°p-hm≥hf-sc-sbms° ]Wn-s∏-ń-´p≠v. F∂n-cp-∂mepw, aq∂m-a-sXmcp Xnb-dn°p hI-bn-√m-Xn√. Ch-cpsS aqe-X-d-hmSv Atd-_y-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xm-WXv..... Cu HSp-hn¬ ]d™ A`n-]mbw Zn\w Zn\w ]pXnbA\p-Iq-en-Isf BI¿jn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. C∂sØ ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS AwKo-Ir-X-kn-≤m¥w CXm-sW∂v s]mXp-hn¬ ]d-bm-hp-∂-XmWv.''14

Aßs\ Atd-_y≥ Ncn-X-Im-c≥am-cpsS ]£-tØ-°mWv B[p-\nIKth-j-W-Øn-s‚bpw Nmbvhv. AXm-bXv, saskm-s]m-t -an-b-bn¬ ÿm]n-X-amb skan-‰nIv kmamPyw Ad-_n-I-fp-tS-Xm-bn-cp∂p.

Ftd°v kmamPyw\mw apºv kqNn-∏n-®-t]mse, Ftd°v kmamPyw cn-®n-cp∂ aq∂v ]ptcm-

ln-X-k-am- p-I-fpsS \ma-ßƒ \ap°p Inń-bn- p≠v. (1) Kpjv_m-\nse ]ptcm-ln-X-\mb Hm°iv. (2) At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmb epK¬km-Knkn. (3)epK¬ HmIvkn-ekn. C°q- -Øn¬ Hm°-ins‚ \maw EtKz-Z-Ønepw ÿew]nSn-®-Xmbn \mw kwi-bn-°p∂p. Hcp kq‡-Øn¬ Hcp ‡≥ Cµ-t\mSv"]Xv\ Hm° n'¬ \n∂p h∂v, Xßsf XpW-°p-hm≥ ]m¿Yn-°p-∂p-s≠∂pw, ]kvXpX Hm° v C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cpsS ]pcm-X\ Xd-hm-Sm-Im-sa∂pw mc-Xob Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ A\p-am-\n-°p∂p.15 Hm° pw Hm°ipwXΩn-ep≈ ASp∏w kphy-‡-amWv. AXn-\m¬, c≠pw Htc kw⁄-bpsSc≠p cq]-ß-fm-bn-cn-°m≥ km[y-X-bp≠v. ÿehpw hwihpw ]q¿hn-I-∑m-cpsS \ma-t[-b-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p-I-sb-∂Xv ]mNo\ Ncn-X-Øn¬ k¿h-km-[m-c-W-amWv.

A°mUv kmamPywsaskm-s]m-t -an-b-bn¬ In. ap. 2800- mam-≠n-t\m-S-Sp-∏n®v ÿm]n-X-amb

A°m-Uvkm-amPyw skan-‰n-°p-Im-cp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v B[p-\nI Ncn-X-K-th-jWw kwi-bm-Xo-X-ambn sXfn-bn-®n- p≠v. Cu kam- p-I-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ \ap-°n∂v Adn-bm≥ Ign-™n-cn-°p∂p (1) idp-K\n idp Aen-I¿, (2)\cmw kn≥I¿. Ch IqSmsX thsd Nne t]cp-Iƒ D]-e-_v[-am-bn- p-s≠-¶nepw Ah-sc- w-_-‘n® kw -h-sam∂pw Adn-hm-bn- n√. idp-K-\n-bpsSHcp enJnXw C]-Imcw hmbn-°-s∏- n-cn-°p∂p:

""idp-K\n idp-A-en-I¿, enØn-_m-ens‚ ]pX≥, A°m-Unse i‡-\mb cmPmhv, Ft°m-dnse \n∏q¿ ] -W-Øn¬ _men\p t£Xw \n¿an®


Bƒ.''16

idp-K\n idp-A-en-I¿ F∂mWv cmPm-hns‚ ]q¿W-\maw. idp-K\n F∂ Npcp-°-t∏cpw J\-\-Øn¬ I≠p-In-ń-bn-´p≠v. B[p-\nINcn-X-]-Tn-Xm-°≥am-cpsS CS-bn¬ kp]-kn-≤-\mb k¿tKm¨ H∂m-a≥ At±-l-asX. HcphiØv kpta-cn-b≥amsc Aa¿Øp-Ibpw, adp-h-iØv Gem-aysc tXm¬]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xm-bn-cp∂p km¿tKms‚al-XvIrXyw. CXn¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em-hp-∂Xv k¿tKms‚ apºv Gem-ssa-‰p-I-fpsS B[n-]-Xy-amWv saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ \S-∂n-cp-∂-sX-∂mWv. AXn-\m¬ Gem-ssa-‰p-I-fn¬\n-∂mhmw k¿tKms‚ ap≥Km-an-Iƒ saskm-s]m-t´-anb ]nSn-®-S-°n-bXv. t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°-S-ens‚C∏pdw A[n-hm-k-ap-d-∏n-®n-cp-∂-h-cmWv Gem-ssa-‰p-Im¿.

Ch-cmWv t]¿jy-°m-cpsS ]q¿h-∑m-sc∂p hnNm-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p.k¿tKm¨ H∂m-a≥ alm-]-Xm-]-im-enbpw hen-sbmcp kmam-Py-ÿm-]-I-\p-am-bn-cp∂p. F∂n´pw Xs‚ Akp-J-I-c-amb ]q¿h-IY Fgp-Xn-sh-°m≥At±lw aSn-®n√. k¿tKms‚ P∑-IY hnh-cn-°p-s∂mcp enJnXw D]-e-_v[-am-bn- p≠v. ckm-h-l-amWv B IY:

"Fs‚ AΩ Zcn-Z-bm-bn-cp∂p. Fs‚ A—s\ Rm≥ Adn-™n√. bq -ókv \Zo-Xo-c-Øp-≈ "Akp-]n-dm\p' BWv Fs‚ \Kcw. ]mh-s∏´ Fs‚AΩ Fs∂ K¿`w [cn®p. cl-ky-ambn Fs∂ ]k-hn®p. Np≈n-sIm-≠p-≠m-°nb Hcp sIm -tØm-Wn-bn¬ Fs∂ InSØn. Ioep-sIm≠p hmXn¬_‘n®p. Fs∂ ]pg-bn¬ Hgp°n. \Zn-bn¬ Rm≥ B≠p-t]m-bn√. Pe-tk-N-I-\mb A°n-bpsS Acn-In¬ Rm≥ Hgp-In-sbØn..... A°n Fs∂Ic°p Ib‰n...... A°n Fs∂ ]pX-s\-t∏mse IcpXn hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m∂p.''17

k¿tKm¨ H∂m-as‚ c-W-Imew In.ap. 2872 apX¬ 2817 hsc-bm-bn-cp∂p.18

\mw ap≥]p kqNn-∏n-®-t]mse, At±-l-Øns‚ A\-¥c Kman-bpsS t]¿\cmw-kn≥I¿ F∂m-bn-cp∂p. k¿tKm-s\-t∏m-se-Øs∂ \cmw-kn≥Idpw]Xm-]-hm\pw, \nc-h[n t£X-ß-fp-tSbpw kX-ß-fp-tSbpw \n¿am-Xm-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. "aKm≥' Iog-S-°n-b-XmWv At±-l-Øns‚ khn-tij IrXy-ambninemt-c-J-I-fn¬ ImWn-®n- p-≈Xv. ko\m-bn-tbmSp sXm´p-In-S-°p∂ hS-°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ Atd-_y-bm-hWw ]kvXpX aKm≥ sIm≠p hnh-£n-X-sa∂vA\p-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp∂p.

\cmw-kn-∂ns‚ tijw as‰mcp cmP-hw-i-amWv saskm-s]m-t -anb A[o-\-am-°n-bXv. Ah¿ kmam-Py-Øns‚ Xe-kvYm-\-ambn "Du¿' ]´Ww Xnc-s™-SpØp. ]n∂oSv "Atam-cy¿' AYhm, Aa-ssd-‰p-Im¿ F∂ thsdmcpskan-‰nIv hwiw cmPyw Iog-S°n. Ah¿ cmjvS-Øns‚ Xe-kvYm\w _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bn-te°v am‰n.19

laq-dm_n


Aa-ssd‰p cmP-hw-i-Ønse ]Xn-s\m∂p cmPm-°≥am-cpsS t]¿D]-e-_v[-am-bn-´p≠v. A[nIw t]cpw A]-i-kvX-cmWv. F∂m¬, laq-dm_n Hcp ]Xm-]-im-enbpw alm-\p-amb cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p. Ct±-l-amWv temI-Øm-Zy-ambn Hcp \nb-a-kw-lnX tImUo-I-cn-®Xv. In.ap. 2123 apX¬ 2081 hsc-bmWv Ct±-l-Øns‚ `c-W-Imew.20 B \n-ba kwlnX inem-k-vXw-`-Øn¬ Dt√-J\w sNø-s∏-ń-cp∂p. `mKy-h-im¬ AXp apgp-h≥ \ap-°n∂p ssIh-∂n-´p≠v. ss__nƒ \nb-a-kw-ln-X°v AXp-ambn hºn® kmay-ap≠v. X∂n-anØw ss__nƒ\n-b-a-ßƒ AXn¬ \ns∂-Sp-Ø-Xm-sW∂p Nne¿ A`n-]-mb-s∏-Sp∂p.

Nne apkvenw Ncn-Xm-t\z-j-I-∑m-cpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ A_-lm-ans‚ ]t_m-[-\-Øm¬ ]`m-hn-X-am-bn-´p-≈-XmWv laq-dm-_n-bpsS\nb-a-kw-lnX. ss__nƒ \nb-a-kw-ln-X-bm-Is´ ]hm-NI\mbtamk- ns‚ DZvt_m-[-\-Øn¬ \n∂p-bn¿s°m-≠Xpw. A_-lmapwtamk pw Znhy-k-tµiw e`n® kXy-]-hm-N-I-cm-bn-cp∂p. BÿnXn°v c≠p \nb-a-kw-ln-X-I-fp-tSbpw aqe-tkm-X v H∂m-bn-cp∂p.Htc kcn-Øn¬\n∂p ]h-ln® XSm-I-ßƒ XΩn¬ ImWp∂ Hu]-ay-Øn¬ B›-cy-s∏-Sm-s\-¥p-≈q?

Xs‚ \nb-a-kw-lnX ssZh-\n¿Zn-jvS-am-sW∂p laq-dm_n Xs∂Ah-Im-i-s∏-ń-´p≠v. AXns‚ apJ-hp-c-bn¬ ]d-bp∂p:

""tZh-∑mcmb A\phpw s_√pw, hmgvØ-s∏´ cmP-Ip-am-c\pwssZhm-cm-[-I-\p-amb laq-dm-_nsb hnfn®p C]-Imcw ]d™p: "cmPy-sØm-´msI \oXn\ymbw ]men-°pI; ZpjvS≥am-scbpw Zpjv]-hr-Øn-I-sfbpw C√mbva sNøpI; _e-hm≥ _e-lo-\s\ a¿Zn-°p-∂XvXS-bpI; `qan-bn¬ hn-⁄m\w ]c-ØpI; P\-ß-fpsS sF-izcyw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-ØpI!''21

\nb-a-Øns‚ apºn¬ "am\p-j-sc√mw H∂p-t]mse' F∂ al-Ømb XXz-amWv, ]kvXpX \nba-kw-lnX apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-®n-cp-∂Xv.BI-bm¬ Hcp ssZhn-I-\n-b-a-kw-ln-X-bm-Im-\p-≈ tbmKyX laq-dm-_n-bpsS kwln-X-°p≠v. Ncn-X-]-›m-Ø-ehpw AXn-\-\p-Iq-e-amWv.

DXv]-Øn-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ hS-°≥ Atd-_y-bn-tebpw Cdm-Jn-tebpw cmPm-°-∑m¿ XΩn¬ \S-Ønb Hcp bp≤-Øns‚ IY hnh-cn-°p-∂p≠v. A_-lm-ans‚ Ime-ØmWv ]kvXpX cmjvSob kw`hw\S-∂Xv. Cu kwL-´\-Øn¬ A_-lm-an\pw ]s¶-Sp-t°-≠n-h∂p.A_-lm-ans‚ ktlm-Z-c-]p-X-\mb temØv tkmtZm-an-emWv (TransJordan) Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ]kvXpX bp≤-Øn¬ hnPbw hcn® ]£-°m¿ \mSp sIm≈-sNbvX Iq´-Øn¬ temØn-s\bpw At±-l-Øns‚IpSpw-_-sØbpw kº-Øp-°-sfbpw A] l-cn-®p-sIm-≠p-t]mbn.hnhcw Adn-™-t∏mƒ A_-lmapw ]cn-hm-c-ßfpw iXp-°-fpsSt\sc ]S-sbm-cp-°p-Ibpw AXn¬ hnP-b-io-em-fn-X-cmbn Xncn-®p-h-


cn-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ temØn-t\bpw IpSpw-_-tØbpw iXp-°fpsS ssIbn¬\n∂p hos≠-SpØp. Cu bp≤-Øn¬ io\m-dnse(_m_n-tem-Wnb) cmPmhpw ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ t]¿"Aam-s^¬' F∂mWv ss__nƒ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Cu Aam-s^¬ Xs∂-bm-hWw, ]kvXpX laq-dm_n F∂p Nne¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. l˛A˛_˛^ F∂o h¿W-ßƒ skan-‰nIv `mj-I-fn¬ amdn-h-cnI ]Xn-hmWv. laqdm_n ln_p-hn-te°v ]I¿∂-t∏mƒ "Aaq-dm^n' bmbn. lo_p ssienb\p-k-cn®v Ah-km\w"F¬' tN¿∂p, Aaq-dm-s^¬ F∂pw AXv D®m-cW-Øn¬ Aam-s^¬ F∂p-ambn amdn F∂v A\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.

Cu A`n-]m-b-amWv s]m. cmP¿kn-\p-≈Xv. A_-lm-an-s‚bpwlaq-dm-_n-bp-sSbpw Imehpw tZihpw H∂m-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬, laq-dm_n A_-lm-ans‚ ]t_m-[\w AwKo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-hm≥ km[y-X-bp≠v. B ]t_m-[-\-Øn¬ ]`m-hn-X-\mbn XZ-\p-cq-]-amb Hcp \nb-a-kw-lnX tImUo-I-cn®v \mń¬ \S-∏m-°n-sb∂p A\p-am-\n-°p-hm\pwhntcm-[-an√.

CS-bXzw skan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS Ipe-sØm-gn¬skan-‰n°v h¿K-°m¿ s]mXpth CS-b-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p. `mcX-Øn¬

IpSn-tb-dnb Bcy-∑mcpw CS-b-h¿K-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Ah-cpsSthZm-Zn-km-ln-Xy-ßƒ hnfn-®p-]-d-bp-∂p≠v. skan-‰n-°p-Im¿ BSp-am-Sp-Isf ta®pw, ]p√pw sh≈-hp-ap≈ imZz-e-]-tZ-i-ßƒ Xnc°n \mSp-Np-‰n-bp-amWv Ign-™p-Iq-Sn-bn-cp-∂Xv. Bcy-∑mcpw Aß-s\-Øs∂.A°m-eØv, Irjnbpw DXv]m-Z-\hpw \S-Øn-s°m≠v kvYnc-ambn Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-h-cmWv ]cn-jvIrX P\-ßƒ. F∂m¬, skan-‰n-°p-Im¿A]-cn-jvIr-X-cm-bn-cp∂p. ]t£, acp-`q-an-bn¬ k©-cn-°p-Ibpw ]Xn-_-‘-ß-tfmSv a√n-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX-Xn-\m¬ Ah-cpsS ico-c-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ _ehpw Zm¿Vyhpw ssIh-∂n-cp∂p. Aßs\ Ah¿ ]cn-jvIrX\K-c-ßƒ BI-an®p Iog-S-°m≥ XpSßn. saskm-s]m-t´-anb,CuPn]vXv XpS-ßnb \K-ccm-jvS-ßƒ skan-‰n-°p-Im¿ A[o-\-s∏-SpØn.

ss__nƒ I¿Øm-°-fmb F_m-b¿ skan-‰nIv h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. tians‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m-c-\mb G_-dns‚ k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bm-b-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿°v F_m-b¿ F∂pw Ah-cpsS `mj°v F_m-b-`mj F∂pw t]cmbn. A_lmw, tamk v, tbip-InkvXp XpSßnss__n-fnse alm-]p-cp-j≥amcpw ]hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sa√mw skan-‰nIvh¿§-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. apl-ΩZv \_nbpw Aßs\ Xs∂.]kvXpX ]hm-N-I-sc√mw CS-b-tPmen kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv HcpbmZr-OnI kw`-h-a√. CS-bXzw, skan-‰nIv h¿K-°m-cpsS Ipe-sØm-gn-em-bn-cp∂p. Camw _pJmcn Xs‚ "kzloln'¬ A_q-lp-dbvd


F∂ \_n-in-jy-\n¬\n-∂p-≤-cn-°p∂ Hcp hN\w ImWpI:

""Hcn-°¬ \_n ]d-bp-I-bp-≠mbn: "A√mlp \ntbm-Kn® bmsXmcp]hm-N-I\pw AP-]m-e\w sNøm-Xn-cp-∂n- n√.' CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ injy-∑m¿tNmZn®p: "Aßpw BSp ta®n-cp-∂pthm?' Ahn-S∂p ]Xn-h-Nn®p: "D∆v.GXm\pw \mW-b-Øp-´p-Iƒ°p ]Icw Rm\pw a°-°m-cpsS BSp-Isfta®n-cp∂p.''22

skan-‰n°v h¿K-°m-cpsS NcnX kwt£]w FOv.Pn. sh’v Xs‚ AShort History of The World F∂ IrXn-bn¬ sImSp-Øn- p≠v. AXn¬ Ah-cpsSsXmgn¬ Imen-ta-°-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Cu h¿Kw Hcp L´-Øn¬CuPn-]vXn¬ `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Chsc CuPn-]vXp-Im¿"CS-b-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿' (slIvtkmkv) F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂pwAt±lw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. ]kvXpX IrXn-bnse ]k-‡-`mKwXmsg D≤-cn-°p∂p:

""hc-≠p-h-∂n-cp∂ kpcnb(kndnb), Atd_y F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnseacp-`q-an-I-fn¬ skan-‰nIv h¿K-°m¿ BSp-am-Sp-I-tfbpw Igp-X-I-tfbpwta®p \S-∂n-cp∂p. Cu skan-‰n-°p-Imcpw Gem-ay¿ (Elamites) F∂p]d-bp∂ Cdm-\nse Z£n-W-`m-K-Øp-\n∂p h∂ Hcp-Xcw \otKm h¿K-°m-cp-amWv, ]mNo\ kwkvIm-c-ß-fp-ambn ASpØp ]cn-N-b-s∏´BZysØ \mSp-Np-‰n-Iƒ. Ah¿ I®-h-S-°m-cmbpw sIm≈-°m-cm-bp-amWv h∂Xv. Ah-km\w Ah-cn¬ Xs∂ Iptd-°qSn hnim-e-amb`mh-\m-i-‡n-bp≈ \mb-I-∑m¿ P\n-°p-Ibpw Ah¿ henb kam-´p-I-fm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Dt±iw In. ap. 2750˛¬ k¿tKm¨ F∂Hcp henb skan-‰n°v t\Xmhv kpta-cnb apgp-h≥ Iog-S-°p-Ibpw]m¿kn Dƒ°-S¬ apX¬ a[y-[-c-Wymgn hsc-bp≈ temI-Øn-s\√mwA[n-]-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.... Abmƒ ÿm]n® kmamPyw c≠piX-h¿j-Øn\p tijw AkvX-an®p. ]n∂oSv Gem-ay-cpsS Hcp ]hm-l-Øn-\p-tijw Atam-cy¿ (Aa-ssd-‰p-Im¿) F∂ Hcp ]pXnb tiay-h¿Kw ItaW kpta-cn-b-bn¬ B[n]Xyw ÿm]n®p. AtX-hsc\Zo-]m-¥-ÿ-amb Hcp sNdnb ]´Ww amX-am-bn-cp∂ _mt_-ens\Ah¿ Xe-ÿm-\-am°n. Ah-cpsS kmam-Py-Øn\v BZysØ "_m_n-tem-Wnbm kmamPyw' F∂ t]cpw h∂p. laq-dm_n F∂ alm-\mb cmPm-hmWv Cu kmam-PysØ BZy-ambn GIo-I-cn-®Xv. Ncn-X-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏-ń-´p≈ BZysØ \nb-a-kw-lnX At±-l-am-WvtIm-Uo-I-cn-®Xv. \oe-\-Zn-bpsS hoXn Ipd™ Xoc-]-tZiw Cdm-Jn-s\-t∏mse AX-Xs∂ BI-a-W-£-a-a√. F∂n´pw laq-dm-_n-bpsSIe-tØm-S-Sp-Øp-Xs∂ CuPn-]vXn¬ hnP-b-I-c-amb Hcp skan-‰n-°m-I-aWw \S∂p. At\Iw Imew \o≠p-\n∂ Hcp ^tdmhm hwiw,AYhm "slIvtkmkv hwiw' Ah¿ ÿm]n®p. Cu skan-‰nIv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ CuPn-]vXp-Im-cp-ambn IqSn-°-gn-™n√. Ahsc A]-


cn-jvIr-Xcpw hntZ-io-b-cp-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ hfsc shdp-t∏m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv\m´p-Im¿ ho£n-®n-cp-∂Xv. HSp-hn¬ In. ap. 1600-˛mam-≠n¬ D≠mbP\-Iob hnπhw Ahsc Bń-tbm-Sn®p.''23

skan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS Ipe-sØm-gn¬ I∂p-Im-en-Isf ta°-em-bn-cp -∂p -sh∂pw AXp -sIm -≠mWv Ah-cpsS cmPm -°-∑m¿°v""slIvtkmkv' F∂ t]¿ h∂-sX∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. "slIv'F∂m¬ CuPn-]vjy≥`m-j-bn¬ cmPmhv F∂pw "tkmkv' F∂m¬CS-b-∑m-sc-∂p-am-W¿Yw.24

Npcp-°-Øn¬ Cdm-Jn-se-∂-t]mse CuPn-]vXnepw skan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS cmP-hw-i-ßƒ B[n-]Xyw hln-®n-´p≠v. amX-a√, A∂sØkwkvIr-X-cm-jvS-ß-sf√mw Cu h¿K-Øns‚ IpSn-tb-‰-Ønt\m BI-a-W-Ønt\m hnt[-b-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂n-´p-ap≠v. B kwKXn \ap°v ]n∂oSvImWmw. Cu h¿K-Øn¬ s]´ BZvhw-i-amWv Atd-_y-bn¬ B[n-]Xyw hmWn-cp-∂-sX∂v \mw apºp ]kvXm-hn®p. B hw-i-Øn¬\ntbm-Kn-X-\mb ]hm-N-I-\m-bn-cp∂p lqZv. kzP-\sØ At±lwDZvt_m-[n-∏n® Hcp hmNIw Jp¿-B≥ D≤-cn-®Xv ChnsS ]tXyIwit≤-b-asX:

""(Fs‚ P\-ßtf,) t\ml-bpsS P\-X°v tijw \nßƒ°mWvssZhw ]mXn-\n[yw (B[n-]Xyw) \evIn-bn-´p-≈Xv. Cu A\p-Klwkvacn-°p-hn≥.''25

t\ml-bpsS P\X kpta-cn-b≥am-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v \mw ap≥]vka¿Yn-®n-´p≠v. kpta-cn-b≥am¿°v tijw temIm-[n-]-Xy-Øn-te-°p-b¿∂p-h-∂Xv BZvhw-i-am-bn-cp∂p. AYhm skan-‰n-Ivh¿Kw. lqZv\-_n-bpsS Cu DZvt_m-[\w FX A¿Y-h-Øm-bn-cn-°p∂p!

Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ1. DXv]Øn 10:22

2. InXm-_p¬ aB-cn-^v hm. 1, t]. 40 (CuPn]vXv)

3. DXv]Øn 11:1, 2

4. Cw•ojv hnh¿Ø\w hm. 1, t]. 35(In. 1882)

5. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 112

6. D≤-cWw: AtX KŸw hm. 1, t]. 111

7. InXm-_p¬ C_¿ hm. 2, t]. 259 (CuPn]vXv)

8. InXm-_p¬ aB-cn^v t]. 10

9. D≤-cWw: A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm: 1, t]. 133

10. D≤-cWw: Ibid hmfyw 1, t]. 133

11. Xz_vcn-bpsS NcnX KŸw hm. 1, t]. 205 (bqtdm∏v)

12. temI NcnXw hm. 1, t]. 75

13. temI Ncn-X-kw-Klw t]. 68, 69

14. D≤-cWw: A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 188 t\m°pI.


15. `mcX _rl-®-cnXw hm. 1, t]. 24 t\m°pI.

16. D≤-cWw: A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 140

17. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmlnXy NcnXw t]. 75

18. AtX KŸw t]. 74

19. temI NcnXw hm. 1, t]. 76

20. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmlnXy NcnXw t]. 88

21. lbid p. 88, 89

22. kzlo-lp¬ _pJmcn, InXm-_p¬ CPmdx

23. temI-N-cnX kwKlw t]. 76˛-78

24. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 149

25. Jp¿-B≥ A. 7, kq. 69

A[ymbw ]Xn-\mdv

skan-‰n-°p-Im¿ CuPn-]vXn¬

skan-‰n-Ivh¿K-°m¿ Cdm-Jns\ AS-°n-`-cn® hkvXpX \mw I≠p.CuPn-]vXnepw Ah¿ hnP-b-I-c-amb Hcm-I-aWw \S-Øp-Ibpw At\-I-Imew \o≠p-\n∂ Hcp `c-W-IqSw ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn-se∂ t]mse CuPn-]vXnepw Ah-cpsS B[n-]Xyw \S-∂n-´p-s≠∂v Ad_n Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p.In. 890˛-¬ Ime-K-Xn-b-S™ C_v\p hmknlv bm°q_n Xs‚ Ncn-X-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv ImWpI:

""CuPn-]vXp-Im¿ kvXoIsf A[n-Im-c-]o-T-Øn¬ Ah-tcm-[n-®-t∏mƒ kndnb `cn-®n-cp∂ Aam-en-°-°m-cmb `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°vB \mńs\ BI-an-°p-∂-Xn¬ HuXvkpIyw P\n®p. Aßs\ heo-Zp_v\p-Zq-a-Av F∂ cmPmhv CuPn]vXv BI-an®p Iog-S°n..... heo-Zns‚ tijw ]pX≥ døm≥ ÿm\-]-Xn-bmbn. Cbm-fm-bn-cp∂p bqkp-^ns‚ ImesØ ^n¿-Hu≥.''1

CuPn]vXv `cn-®n-cp∂ cmPm-°-∑m¿ "dm' bpsS (kqcys‚) k¥-Xn-I-fm-sW∂p hniz-kn-®n-cp∂p. dm Bbn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS ][m\tZh≥. AXn-\m¬ ss__nƒ CuPn]vXv cmPm-hns\ "^d-thm≥'F∂pw Jp¿-B≥ "^n¿-Hu≥' F∂pw hnfn®p. dmbpsS ]pX≥F∂mWv B ]Z-Øn-\¿Yw. ^n¿-Hus\ B[p-\nI Ncn-X-Im-c≥am¿^tdmh F∂p-®-cn-°p∂p. F_m-b-\mb bqkp-^ns‚ kpZo¿L-ambIY ss__n-fpw Jp¿-B\pw ]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p≠v. At±-l-Øn\v CuPn-]vXn¬ hep-Xmb ]Zhn e`n-®n-cp∂p. A°m-eØv CuPn-]vXnse^tdmh Atd-_y-bnse ]pcm-X-\-tKm-X-ß-fn-sem-∂mb Aam-en°m


hwi-P-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv bm°q_n Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Nn√dhyXym-k-tØmsS Xz_vcn, bmJqXp¬ lahn, C_v\p J¬Zq≥ XpS-ßnb CXc Ad_n Ncn-X-Im-c-∑mcpw ]kvXpX kw`hw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ \ap°v hnSmw. F∂m¬, ]mNo\ ImeØvXßƒ CuPn-]vXnse A[n-]-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p F∂ Ad-_n-I-fpsSAh-Im-i-hmZw X≈n-°-f-bm-h-X√. Fs¥-∂m¬, ]kvXpX hmZ-Øn-\-\p-Iq-e-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ a‰p am¿t§W \ap°v Inń-bn-´p≠v.

am\o-tØms‚ km£ywIn. ap. 260-˛t\mS-Sp-∏n®v Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-b-bnse Ncn-X-]-fin-

X-\mb am\o-tØm≥ (Manithon) ]mNo\ CuPn-]vXns‚ Hcp NcnXwFgp-Xn-bn-´p≠v. Ko°p-`m-j-bn¬ hnc-Nn-X-amb B NcnX KŸw \jvS-s∏-´p-sh-¶nepw, AXnse Nne `mK-ßƒ bh-\-K-Ÿ-Im-c≥am¿ Xß-fpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ sXfn-hn-\p-≤-cn®p ImWmw. PqX-N-cn-X-Im-c-\mbtPmk-^-kvtπ-hn-bkv Xs‚ IrXn-bn¬ D≤-cn® hcn-Iƒ CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ ]tXyI i≤-b¿ln-°p-∂p≠v. am\o-tØms\ D≤-cn®pAt±lw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-I-bmWv:

""Rß-fpsS Hcp cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p "‰nam-hpkv.' At±-l-Øns‚ Ime-ØmWv AXp-≠m-bXv. F¥p-sIm-≠p-≠m-sb∂v Adn-™p-IqSm. ssZh-Øn\vRß-tfmSv A\n-jvS-am-bn-cp∂p. ZpjvS-]-Ir-X-cmb Hcp P\w Ing-°p-\n∂vAZv p-X-]-c-amb am¿K-Øn-eqsS h∂p. Rß-fpsS cmPy-Øn¬ \pg-™p-I-S-°m≥ amXw ss[cy-im-en-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. i‡n-bp-]-tbm-Kn®v Ah¿CuPn]vXv ssIh-i-s∏-SpØn. mKy-]-co-£-I-amb Hcp bp≤w \S∂p. Ah¿Rß-fpsS tk\m-\n-Isf _‘-\-ÿ-cm°n.....] -W-ßƒ Nps -cn®p...... tZhm-e-b-ßƒ \in-∏n®p...... kz¥-amb Hcp `c-W-IqSw Ah¿ CuPn-]vXn¬ÿm]n®p. "k√m-Øokv' F∂ Hcmsf cmPm-hmbn \n›-bn®p...... G‰hpwAh-km-\sØ cmPmhv "Akokm'bncp∂p. Cbmƒ 49 h¿jhpw c≠pamkhpw hmgvN-\-SØn.... Cu cmPm-°-∑m¿°v "slIvtkmkv' F∂mWv \ma-I-cWw sNø-s∏- n- p-≈Xv. "slIv' F∂m¬ hnip-≤- m-j-bn¬ (Hiero-gyphic)cmPmhv F∂pw, "tkmkv' F∂m¬ km[m-c-W- m-j-bn¬ CS-b-∑m¿ F∂p-amWv A¿Yw. C°q-´¿ Ad-_n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p F∂v Nne¿ ]d-bp∂p. Cuh¿Kw 511 sIm√w CuPn]vXp cn®p.''2

Cu ]kvXmhw Ad-_n-I-fpsS sFXn-ly-hpambn tbmPn-®p-Im-Wp∂p.sFXn-ly-a-\p-k-cn®v CuPn-]vXp- Io-g-S-°nb cmPm-hns‚ \maw "i±mZv' F∂m-Ip∂p. am\o-tØm≥ ]d™ k√m-Øokpw i±mZpw Htc kw⁄-bpsSc≠p cq]-ß-fm-bn-cn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. kw⁄-I-fpsS A¥y-Øn¬ "Cukv'tN¿°p-I-sb-∂Xv Ko°p-ssi-en-bmWv. tkmI- okv, skt\m-s -\okv XpS-ßn-bh DZm-l-cWw. km£m¬ \maw sk√mØv F∂m-bn-cn°pw. i±mZpwk√mØpw XΩn¬ A£-c-Øn-se∂ t]mse A¿Y-Ønepw ASp-∏-ap≠v.i‡≥, \njvTp-c≥, A[n-]Xn Fs∂-√m-amWv Ad-_n-bn¬ c≠n\pw A¿Yw.


k√m-Øns‚ [mXp-hn¬ \n∂p-f-hmb "kp¬Øm≥' F∂-Xn\v A[n-]Xn F∂pw "k¬X-\Øv' F∂-Xn\v B[n-]Xyw F∂p-amWv A¿Yw.

Ah-km-\sØ cmP-\maw ]tXyIw it≤-b-amWv. AkokvF∂Xv Hcp Ad-_n-kw-⁄-bsX. Cu \maw CuPn-]vXnse G‰hpwhenb ÿm\-t∏-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Jp¿-B≥ kqNn-∏n-°p∂p. bqkp^v\_n CtX ÿm\-t∏-cn-emWv AhnsS hnfn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv. 3

Npcp-°-Øn¬ skan-‰n-°p-Im¿ AYhm, Ad-_n-Iƒ CuPn-]vXn¬B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-®n-cp∂p F∂ Ad-_n-N-cn-X-Im-c≥am-cpsS Ah-Im-i-hmZw Hcp \ne-°-s√-¶n¬ as‰mcp \ne°v kΩ-Xn-°p-I-bmWvCuPn-]vjy≥ Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb am\o-tØm≥ sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv.

ss__n-fns‚ ]kvXm-h\ss__n-ƒ I¿Øm-°-∑m-cmb blq-Zsc s]mXp-hn¬ "F_m-b¿'

F∂mWv NcnXw hnfn-°p-∂Xv. ss__nƒ aX-]-Imcw t\ml-bpsS aI≥tians‚ aI≥ A¿∏-£m-Zns‚ ]pX≥ ime-ln\v G_¿ Fs∂mcp aI-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p.4 G_-dns‚, AYhm B_n-dns‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m-cm-b-Xp-sIm-≠mWv blq-Z-∑m¿ F_m-b¿ F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´Xv. Ah¿kwkm-cn® mj-bsX F_mb mj, AYhm ln_p.

G_¿ F∂ ]Z-Øn\v IS-∂p-h∂ Bƒ F∂mWv A¿Yw. AXm-bXv,bq - okv \Zn-bpsS A°-sc-bp-≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. GXm≠v In.ap.2100-˛¬ PqX-∑m-cpsS ]q¿∆-∑m¿ arX-k-ap-Z-Øn\pw a[y-[-c-Wym-gn-bpsSIngs° Xoc-Øn\pw CS-°p≈ e-kvXo-\n¬ IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øp. A∂vB ]tZ-i-Øn\v "I\m≥' F∂m-bn-cp∂p t]¿.5 Cu hwi-Øns‚ ÿm]-I≥ A_-lm-am-bn-cp∂p. A_lmw P\n-®Xv _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bnse "Du¿'\K-c-Øn-emWv. At±lw IpSpw-_-k-taXw _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bn¬\n∂v ]em-b\w sNbvXv, ]e tIµ-ßfpw kµ¿in®v Ah-km\w I\m-\n¬ ÿnc-Xm-akw kzoI-cn®p. Ct±-l-Øns‚ ]uX\v "bmt°m_v' F∂pw Ckm-tb¬ F∂pw t]cp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ckm-tb-ens‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m-cm-b-Xn-\m¬PqX-∑msc "_\q-C-km-Cu¬' (Ckm-Cu¬ k¥-Xn-Iƒ) F∂v hnfn-°p∂p.

bmt°m-_ns‚ ]pX-\mb tbmtk v CuPn-]vXn¬ hmW IY- ss_-_nfpw Jp¿-B\pw ]Xn-]m-Zn-®n- p≠v. F∂m¬ ]ecpw [cn-®p-h-im-bn- p-≈Xvtbmtk v tdm-h-bpsS Hcp DtZym-K-ÿ-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv. CX-∏Snicn-b√. CuPn-]vXns‚ \nb-¥Ww an°-hmdpw tbmtk- ns‚ A[o-\-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm≠mWv tbmtk- ns\ D≤-cn®p DXv]Øn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv: ""ssZhw Fs∂ ank-bo-an-s\m-s°bpw A[n-]-Xn-bm-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p.''6 tbmtk- n-s\-Øs∂ D≤-cn®p Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""\mYm! \oF\n°v B[n-]Xyw \evIn-bn- p≠v.''7 AXn-\m¬, tbmtk- n\v CuPn-]vXn¬henb A[n-Imcw ssIh-∂n-cp∂p. F∂m¬, At±-l-Øn\p apI-fn¬ Hcp^tdm-h-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂ hkvXpX ChnsS \ntj-[n-°p-∂n√. tdm-h-bpsS cmPXzw t]cn\p amX-am-bn-cp∂p. DXv]Øn Xs∂ ]d-bs´:


""^d-thm≥ tbmtk-^n-t\mSv... \ns∂-t∏mse hnth-Ihpw hn⁄m-\-hp-ap-≈-h≥ Hcp-Ø-\p-an√; \o Fs‚ Krl-Øn\v tae-[n-Im-cn-bmIpw;\ns‚ hm°v Fs‚ P\-sa√mw A\p-k-cn®p \S°pw; knwlm-k\wsIm≠p-amXw Rm≥ \ns∂-°mƒ hen-b-h-\m-bn-cn°pw F∂p]d™p.''8

BI-bm¬ ^tdm-hsb Ign-®m¬ cmjvS-Øns‚ G‰hpw D∂-X-amb Hcp ]Z-hn-bmWv CuPn-]vXn¬ F_m-b-\mb tbmtk-^n-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. AXp-sIm-≠m-hWw "A¬ Akokv'(AP-ø≥) F∂-A-d_n ÿm\-t∏-cn¬ bqkp-^v\_n (A) hnfn-°-s∏-´Xv. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv CX-h-enb ÿm\w Hcp hntZ-inbpw CS-b-hw-i-P-\p-ambtbmtk-^n\p e_v[-am-bXv? Cu ]iv\-Øn\v ss__nƒ \evIp∂DØcw ^tdmh Dd-°-Øn¬ I≠ Hcp kz]v\-Øn\v tbmtk^v icn-bmb hymJym\w \evIn-b-Xns‚ t]cn¬ ]kvXpX ]Zhn At±-l-Øn\v Iev]n-®-cpfn F∂mWv. kw`hw icn Xs∂. ]t£, B H‰kwK-Xn-bm-hn√ AXn\p ImcWw. a‰p Imc-W-hp-ap -≠m-h-Ww.ss__nƒ AXv hni-Z-am-°p-∂n√. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Iqe-¶-j-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ H-cmƒ°v B ImcWw I≠p]nSn-°m≥ Ignbpw. AXv I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xn\p apºmbn tbmtk- ns‚ IY samØ-Øn-sem∂p a\- n-em°mw.

tbmtk- ns‚ NcnXwtbmtk- ns‚ ]nXm-hmb Ckm-tb-en\v ]¥≠p ]pX-∑m-cp-≠m-bn-

cp∂p. At±-l-Øn\v dmtl¬ F∂ ]Xv\n-bn¬ P\n® c≠p ]pX-∑m-cn¬aqØ-h-\m-Ip∂p tbmtk^v. ]nXm-hn\v tbmtk-^n-t\m-Sp≈ AXn-c‰kvt\lw ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cn¬ Akqb P\n-∏n®p. bmt°m_pw IpSpw-_hpwI\m-\n¬ (ê-kvXo≥) ]m¿Øp-h∂p. kz¥w Ipe-sØm-gn-emb CS-b-tPm-en-bmWv Ckm-tb¬ k¥-Xn-Ifpw kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬, tbmtk vkm[m-cW ]nXm-hns‚ IqsS-Øs∂ Ignbpw. Hcp Znhkw mKy-Ønt\m,\n¿`m-Ky-Ønt\m tbmtk^pw ta®n¬ ÿeØp t]mbn. ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿CXp-Xs∂ X©-sa∂p IcpXn tbmtk- ns\ h[n-®p-I-f-bp-hm≥ Hcp-sº´p.]t£, Nne¿ AX-tØmfw sNøm≥ CjvS-s∏- n√. Aßs\ B _mes\Hcp InW-‰n¬ C´p-I-f™p. kzev]w Ign-™-t∏mƒ Kne-bm-Zn¬(kndnb)\n∂v Hcp Ad-_n-km¿Y-hm-lI kwLw AhnsS FØn. Ah¿°v tbmtk-^ns\ Xs‚ ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ Ccp-]Xv sh≈n-°m-in\p hn‰p. Ah¿ B _m-es\ CuPn-]vXn¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn tdm-h-bpsS Hcp DtZym-K-ÿ-\m-bn-cp∂ t]mØo- -dn\p hnIbw sNbvXp.

Cßs\ Hcp ASn-a-_m-e≥ F∂ \ne-bn-emWv tbmtk v CuPn-]vXn¬FØn-bXv. tbmtk- n\v Akm-am-\y-amb tIma-f-Øhpw Npdp-Np-dp-°p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cu buh-\m-cw-`-Øn¬ tbmtk-^ns‚ kuµ-cy-Øn¬BI¿jn-°-s∏´ bP-am\ ]Xv\n Hcn-°¬ kl-i-b-\-Øn\p £Wn®p.At±lw hg-ßn-bn√. Ahƒ sshc\n-cym-X-\m¿Yw B bphm-hns\ Imcm-


Kr-l-Øn-te°v Ab®p. Aßs\ c≠p kwh-’cw Imcm-Kr-l-hmk-a-\p-jvTn®p. CXn-\nsS ^tdm-hm-cm-Pmhv `bm-\-I-amb Hcp kz]v\wImWp-Ibpw \mńse hnZzm≥amsc hcpØn kz]v\-Øns‚ hymJym-\-am-h-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]t£, B¿°pw AXv hymJym-\n-°m≥Ign-™n√. Ah-km\w Pbn¬]p-≈n-bmbn Ign-bp∂ F_m-b-\mbASn-a-bp-hm-hmWv icn-bmb hymJym\w \evIn-bXv. \mń¬ AXn-`-b-¶-c-amb Zu¿`n-£hpw hdp-Xnbpw hcm≥t]m-Ip-∂p-s≠-∂m-bn-cp∂pAt±lw \evInb hymJym\w. Cu hymJym\w ^tdm-h°v t_m[y-ambn. cmPmhv tbmtk-^ns\ _‘-\-Øn¬\n∂v tamNn-∏n-°p-Ibpwkz¥w ]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ^tdmh Xs‚apZ tamXncw Ducn tbmtk-^ns‚ ssI°v C´p-sIm-SpØp F∂pss__nƒ ]d-bp∂p.9

CXmWv tbmtk-^ns‚ IY-bpsS Npcp°w. ChnsS \ap°vBtem-Nn-°p-hm-\p-≈Xv shdp-samcp kz]v\-hym-Jym-\-Øns‚ t]cn¬F_m-b-\mb ASn-a°v CX henb ]Zhn Iev]n-®-cp-fptam F∂mWv.CuPn-]vXp-Im-cm-sW-¶n¬ AXn\p-amXw tZim-`n-am-\n-Ifpw h¿Ko-b-t_m[w ]c-am-h[n IpSn-sIm-≈p-∂-h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ss__nƒXs∂ \ap°v a\- n-em-°n-Ø-cp-∂p≠v. F_m-bsc Ah¿ ITn-\-ambn shdp-Øn-cp∂p. Ah-scm-∂n®p £Ww Ign-°p-∂-Xp-IqSn ankm-bo-ay¿°v Ad-∏m-bn-cp∂p.10

\m´p-Im-cpsS s]mXp-hmb s]cp-am‰w Cß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw`c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ \bw adn-®m-bn-cp∂p. `c-W-IqSw F_m-b-hw-i-°m-tcmSv ImWn® aa-Xbpw kplr-¤-mhhpw \nkvXp-e-am-bn-cp∂p. tbmtk-^ns‚ A∏-t\bpw ktlm-Z-c-∑m-tcbpw B hwisØ BsIbpwCuPn-]vXn¬ sIm≠p-h∂p ]m¿∏n -°p-∂-Xn¬ ^tdm-h-°p≈XmXv]cyw t\m°q: Ahsc sIm≠p-h-tc-≠-Xn-\mbn cY-ßfpw a‰pwAb®psImSp-∏m≥ ^tdmh Iev]n-°p∂p.11 amXtam, bmt°m_vCuPn-]vXn¬ sh®v Ncaw ]m]n-®-t∏mƒ Ggp Znhkw cmjvSw ZpxJm-N-cWw \S-Øp∂p.12

CsX√mw Ncn-X-]-[m-\-amb Hcp hkvXp-X-bn-te-°mWv hnc¬Nq≠p-∂Xv. \ne-hn-en-cp∂ `c-Wm-[n-]-Xn-Ifpw F_m-bcpw Htc h¿K-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-≈-Xm-WXv. skan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS B[n-]-Xy-amWvA°m-eØv CuPn-]vXn¬ \S-∂n-cp-∂Xv. B sshtZ-in-Im-[n-]-XysØCuPn]vXv tZim-`n-am-\n-Iƒ a\km CjvS-s∏-ń-cp-∂n√. X∂n-anØwHcp tZiob hnπ-h-sØ-∏‰n c-W-IqSw Bi-¶n-®n-cp-∂n-cn-°Ww. CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ kzh¿K-Øn¬ s]´-hcpw cmjvS-tØmSp Iqdp-≈-h-cp-ambF_m-b-cpsS klmbw FXbpw hne-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp∂p. CXm-hWw,Ckm-tb¬ hwisØ AhnsS sIm≠p-h∂p Xma-kn-∏n-°m≥ \ne-hn-ep≈ `c-W-I¿Øm-°sf t]cn-∏n-®Xv. BI-bm¬ CS-b-cm-Pm-°-


∑m-cpsS `c-W-amWv A∂v CuPn-]vXn¬ \S-∂n-cp-∂Xv. F_m-bcpwB h¿K-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p.

tbmtk- ns‚ X¥wta¬\n-K-a-\-Øn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amWv tbmtk-^ns‚ Hcp X¥w.

bmt°m_pw k¥-Xn-Ifpw CuPn-]vXn¬ FØnb ]msS kzhw-i-°m-tcmSvtbmtk v D]-tZ-in-°p∂p:

""Rm≥ sN∂v d-thm-t\mSv, I\m≥ tZi-Øp-\n∂v Fs‚ ktlm-Z-c-∑mcpw A∏s‚ IpSpw-_hpw Fs‚ ASp-°¬ h∂n-cn-°p∂p F∂v Adn-bn°pw. Ah¿ CS-b-∑m-cm-Ip∂p, I∂p-Im-en-I-tfbpw Xßƒ°p-≈-sXm-t°bpw sIm≠p-h-∂n- p≠v F∂p ]dbpw. AXp-sIm≠v d-thm≥ \nßsfhnfn®v, \nß-fpsS sXmgn¬ Fs¥∂v tNmZn-°p-tºmƒ ASn-b-ßƒ _meywapX¬ C∂p hsc, Rßfpw Rß-fpsS ]nXm-°≥amcpw tKm]m-e-I-cm-Ip-∂p F∂p ]d-hn≥. F∂m¬ \nßƒ°v "tKmi\n'¬ ]m¿∏m≥ kwK-Xn-bmIpw. CS-b-∑m-sc√w ank-bo-ay¿°v shdp-∏t√m.''13

]Xy-£-Øn¬Xs∂ Hcp X¥-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. cmPy-X-¥-⁄-\mb tbmtk^v ]kvXpX D]-tZiw \evIn-bXv CuPn-]vXnse ê-`q-bnjvT ]tZ-i-amb tKmi-\n¬ Xs‚ hwiw ]m¿Øp-sIm-≈-phm≥^tdm-h-bpsS A\p-hmZw e`n -°p-∂-Xn -\p -th-≠n-bm-sW-∂sXss__nƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv. ]t£, AXp-am-X-am-hn√ Dt±iyw. AXm-sW-¶n¬ A∂sØ ]cn-Xx-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ tbmtk-^n\v Hcp hm°p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ km[n-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp≈q. ]t£, kzhw-i-°m-cpsS Ipe-sØm-gn¬ sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-tXmsS AXn-]-[m-\-amb Hcp hkvXpX˛Ah¿CSb h¿K-Øn¬s]-´-h-cm-sW∂ hkvXpX˛A\m-h-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw, Aßs\ kzh¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cmWv tbmtk-^ns‚ hwi-sa∂p t_m[yw h∂m¬ ]ns∂ ^tdmh Ah-cpsS Iqdn-s\-∏‰n kwi-bn-°n-s√∂pw At±lw a\- n¬ I≠n-cn-°Ww. CXmhmw ]kvXpX\n¿tZ-i-Øns‚ ]n∂n-ep≈ clkyw.

CXbpw ]kvXm-hn-®-Xn¬\n∂v, Ckvdm-tb¬ hwiw CuPn-]vXn¬sN√p∂ ImeØv slIvtkm-kp-I-fpsS B[n-]Xy-amWv AhnsS \S-∂n-cp-∂-sX∂v a\- n-em-bt√m. AXp-sIm-≠mWv c-W-IqSw Ahsc kl¿jwkzmKXw sNbvXXv. \m´p-Im¿°v CS-b-h¿K-tØmSv hfsc shdp-∏m-bn-cp∂p.""ankvd-bo-ay¿°v CS-b≥am-sc√mw shdp-∏t√m'' F∂ tbmtk- ns‚ hmNIwAXm-Wt√m Ipdn-°p-∂Xv. io. IrjvW ssNX\y tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXpt\m°pI:

""kpam¿ In. ap. 1650 -¬ oI-c-amb A\m-hrjvSn ImcWw PqX≥am¿ChnSw (I\m≥) hn´p amdn-Øm-a-kn-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-cmbn. CØ-hWCuPn-]vXn-te-°mWv amdn-bXv. CuPn-]vXn-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ \ΩpsS KŸ-Øn¬a[y-Ime cmPyw XI¿∂-t∏mƒ, BSp-am-Sp-Iƒ ta®p-\-S∂ lnIvtkmkvF∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp h¿Kw CuPn-]vXn¬ IS-∂m-I-an®v, In. ap. 1800 apX¬


1600 hsc \mSv `cn-®p-sh∂p I≠p. Cu h¿Kw skan-‰n°v imJ-bn-epƒs∏-ń-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿ Xßsf kzmKXw sNøp-sa∂v blq-Z≥am¿°v ss[cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.''14

BI-bm¬ lnIvtkmkpw Ckvdm-tbepw h¿K-]-c-ambn H∂m-bn-cp∂p.

tZiob hntcm[wIn. ap. 1600˛\p tijw CuPn-]vXn¬ s]mń-∏p-d-s∏´ Hcp tZiob

hnπhw slIvtkmkp `c-WsØ CuPn-]vXn¬\n∂v XpS-®p-am-‰p-IbpwtZiob ^tdm-h-am-cpsS B[n-]Xyw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.AtXmsS hntZ-io-b-cmb Ckvdm-tb¬ hwi-Øns‚ i\n-Z-ibpw Bcw-`n®p. ss__nƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p:

""tbmtk^pw ktlm-Z-c≥am¿ F√m-hcpw B Xe-ap-d-sbm-s°bpwacn®p......A\-¥cw tbmtk- ns\ Adn-bmsX ]pXn-sbmcp cmPmhv ank-bo-an-ep-≠mbn. Ah≥ Xs‚ P\-tØmSv, Ckm-tb¬ P\w \sΩ-°mƒ_mlp-eyhpw i‡n-bpap-≈-h-cm-Ip∂p, Ah¿ s]cp-Io´v Hcp bp≤wD≠m-Ip-∂-]£w \ΩpsS iXp-°-tfmSv tN¿∂v, \tΩmSv s]mcpXn(\mw) Cu cmPyw hn´p-t]m-bn-°-f-hm≥ kwKXn hcm-Xn-cn-t°-≠-Xn\v\mw Ah-tcmSp _p≤n-bmbn s]cp-am-dpI.... F∂p ]d™p.''15

Aßs\ ]pXnb ^tdm-h-am¿ Ckm-tb¬ k¥-Xn-I-tfmSv "_p≤n-bmbn' s]cp-am-dn-Øp-Sßn. Ah¿s°-Xnsc \m\m-Xcw a¿Z-\-ap-d-IƒAgn-®p-hn´p. F¥m-bn-cp∂p ImcWw? shdpw tZiob hntcm[w.as‰mcp hn[w ]d-™m¬, F_m-b¿ hntZ-i-°q-dp≈ tZiob hncp-≤-cm-sW∂v CuPn-]vXp-Im¿ a\- n-em-°n-bn-cp∂p. slIvtkmkv`c-W-I¿Øm-°≥am¿ Ahsc kzmKXw sNbvXn-cp-∂Xpw Ah¿ B`c-W-Iq-S-tØmSv Iqdp-]p-e¿Øn-bn-cp-∂Xpw Cu [mc-W°v _ew Iqń.AtXbh-kcw P\-i-‡nbpw [\-i-‡nbpw sIm≠v F_m-b¿ ]_-e≥am-cm-bn-cp∂p. Cu ]cn-tXm-h-ÿ-bn¬ CuPn]vXv AXns‚ iXp-°-fp-ambn Hcp bp≤-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp∂ ]£w, Ckm-tb¬°m¿iXp-]-£-tØmSp tN¿∂v, \mń-s\-Xn-cmbn t]mcmSn Xß-fpsS B[n-]-Xy-sØ-Øs∂ Ah-km-\n-∏n-t®-°ptam F∂p-IqSn `c-W-I¿Øm-°≥am¿ kwi-bn-®-Xn¬ B›-cy-s∏-Sm-\n√. ss__n-fnse "]pXnbcmPmhv' F∂ ]tbm-K-Øn\v ]pXnb cmP-hwiw, AsX, tZiob cmP-hwiw F∂¿-Yw I¬]n -t°-≠n -bn -c n -°p∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬,slIvtkmkv `cWw Ah-km-\n-°p-Ibpw tZiob Kh¨sa‚ v \ne-hn¬ hcn-Ibpw sNbvX ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p AXv. Aßs\]pXnb ^tdm-h-am¿ F_m-b-h¿§sØ D∑q-e\w hcp-Øm≥ ]cn-]m-Sn-bn´p. ss__n-fns‚ `mj-bn¬Xs∂ ImWpI:

""]ns∂ ^d-thm≥ Xs‚ kIe P\-tØmSpw (F_m-b-hw-i-Øn¬) P\n-°p∂ GXp BÏp-ń-tbbpw \Zn-bn-en-´p-I-f-b-W-sa∂pw,


GXp s]Ïp-ń-tbbpw Poh-t\msS c£n-°-W-sa∂pw Iev]n®p.''16

^n¿-Hus‚ Cu hwi-hn-t—-Z\ ]≤Xn Jp¿-B\pw hnh-cn-®n-´p≠v.17

BI-bm¬ CuPn-]vXnse F_m-b-cpsS \ne-]mSv aX-]cw F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ cmjvSo-b-am-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ sshtZ-inI `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚klm-bn-Ifpw Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. sshtZ-in-Im-[n-]-XysØ \mń¬\n∂p Xpc-Øn-sb-¶nepw, F_m-b-sc-°p-dn® Bi¶CuPn-]vXn\v \oßn-bn-cp-∂n√. AXmWv ^tdm-h-am-cpsS A\-¥c \S-]-Sn°v Imc-W-am-bXv.

slIvtkmkv c-W-Øns‚ t\ -ßƒslIvtkmkv `cWw CuPn-]vXn\v Nne t\´-ß-fp-≠m-°n-sb-∂Xv

CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ kvac-Wo-b-amWv. Ah-cmWv, \mńse Acm-P-IXzwAh-km-\n-∏n-®Xv. bp≤-Øn¬ IpXn-c-Isf D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ hnZyCuPn-]vXp-Im¿°v ]Tn-∏n-®Xpw Ah-cm-bn-cp∂p. kmamPy ÿm]-\m-thiw CuPn-]vXp-Im-cn¬ hf¿∂p-h-∂Xpw Ah-cpsS `c-W-^-e-amWv.FOv. Pn. shXvkv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv t\m-°pI:

""CuPn-]vXp-Im¿ Hcp ImeØpw XßfpsS CS-b-cm-Pm-°≥am-cpsS`c-W-Øn\p a\- n -Wßn hg-ßn-bn -cp -∂n√. Dt±iw In. ap.1000˛Øn¬ (?) i‡n-bmb Hcp tZim-`n-am\ ]ÿm\w B cmP-hw-isØ Bń-tbm-Sn-®p-I-f™p. AXn\p tijw CuPn-]vXn¬ ]pXnbkmam-Py-Imew F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp \thm-∞m\w Bcw-`n®p.slIvtkm-km-I-a-W-Øn\v apºv GIo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ ]bm-k-am-bn-cp∂ CuPn]vXv GIo-Ir-X-ambn. Iog-S-ßepw AXns\ XpS¿∂p-≠mbP\-]-tIm-]-\hpw CuPn-]vXn\v Hcp ka-c-a-t\m-`mhw kΩm-\n®p.^tdm-hm-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ BI-a-W-Im-cn-Ifpw ZznKzn-P-bn-I-fp-ambn.slIvtkm-kp-Im¿ sIm≠p-h∂ ]S-°p-Xn-c-Ifpw cY-ßfpw Ch-cpsSD]-tbm-K-Øn-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p. aq∂mw tXmflo-kn-s‚bpw aq∂mw Asa-t\m- o-kn-s‚bpw hmgvN-°m-eØv CuPn]vXp kmamPyw Gjy-bn¬ bq -ókv \Zn-bpsS Xocw hsc hym]n-®n-cp∂p.''18

Aßs\ slIvtkmkp cWw CuPn-]vXns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn\pw kmam-PyXz-Øn\pw tlXp- qXambn. HSp-hn¬ Atd-_y-bpsS Nne mK-ßƒ IqSn^tdm-h-am¿ Iog-S°n. sdbw-tkkv aq∂m-as‚ Hcp enJn-X-Øn¬ Cßs\hnh¿Ø\w sNøm-hp∂ Hcp hmN-I-ap≠v:

""Rm≥ imkq tKmX-Øn¬s]´ tkbo-cns\ XI¿Øp.''19

"tkbo¿' F∂m¬ tkbo¿hm-kn-Iƒ F∂¿Yw. AhnsS A°m-eØvAd-_n-I-fmb "AtZmay'cpsS Hcp cmjvSw ÿm]n-X-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂vauem\m \Zvhn ]d-bp∂p. Aßs\ skan-‰n-°p-Imsc lman-‰n-°p-Im¿ Iog-S-°m≥ XpSßn. "Ime-NIw a\p-jy¿°n-S-bn¬ A\p-Iq-e-ambpw ]Xn-Iq-e-ambpw Id-ßp∂p'20 F∂ Jp¿-B-\nI XXz-Øns‚ Hcp ]Xn- -e-\-asXAXv!


CS-b-cm-Pm-°≥am-cpsS tZio-bXslIvtkm-kp-Im-cpsS tZio-b-X-sb-∏‰n B[p-\nI Ncn-Xm-t\z-j-

I≥am¿ hyXykvX A`n-]m-b-ß-fmWv ]I-Sn-∏n-®n-´p≈Xv. F∂m¬,sXfn-hns‚ ]n≥_ew sIm≠v IqSp-X¬ kpi-‡hpw ]_-e-hp-am-bn-´p-≈Xv Ah¿ Ad-_n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p F∂ ]£-amWv. P¿a≥ Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb lods\ (Heeren) D≤-cn®p kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn Fgp-Xp∂p:

""]kvXpX kw`hw sXfn-bn-°p-∂p≠v, Cu h¿K-ßƒ CuPn-]vXns\ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn-eqsS BI-an-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v. ]t£, Ing-°p-\n∂pw h∂-h-cm-bn-cp∂p, Ad-_n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p, Iq´-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ i‡≥am¿. Ah¿ Xmsg CuPn]vXv hsc ]S-tbm´w \SØn.''21

lod≥ a-s‰m-cn-SØv ]d-bp∂p:

""Ah-cpsS \o≠ XmSnbpw \o≠ DSp-∏p-sa√mw Ad-_n-I-fm-sW∂vsXfn-bn-°p∂p.''22

Cw•ojv Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb W. Cooktoy sb D≤-cn®v auem\m kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p:

""Atd-_y-bnse ImS-∑m-cmb h¿K-ßƒ AXn-]m-‡-\-Imew apX¬C°m-ew-hsc CS-b-h¿K-°mcpw sIm≈-°m-cp-asX..... Ch¿ ]pcm-X\ CuPn-]vXns\ ITn-\-ambn Ah-tl-fn®p.... slIvtkmkv, AYhm CS-b-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ F∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah¿°v AhnsS \¬I-s∏´ \maw.''23

Cu \nK-a-\-Øn-\-\p-Iq-e-ambn ]e A`n-]m-b-ßfpw C\nbpw D≤-cn-°m-\p-s≠-¶nepw, ssZ¿Lyw `b∂v CXbpwsIm≠v aXn-bm-°p∂p.

aqkm-\-_n-bpsS ImesØ n¿-Hu≥F_m-b-hwiw CuPn-]vXn¬ \m\m-Xcw a¿Z-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°n-

c-bm-bn-Øo¿s∂∂p ]d-™pht√m. Ahsc B a¿Z-\-Øn¬ \n∂pwCuPn-]vXn¬\n-∂p-X-s∂bpw tamNn-∏n-®Xv tamsi AYhm, tamk-km-bn-cp∂p. tamsi-bpsS IY A¤p-Xm-h-l-amWv. ss__nfpw Jp¿-B\pw AXp D≤-cn-®n-´p≠v. B[p-\nI Ncn-X-Im-c≥amcpw tamk-kns‚ hntam-N-\-]-ÿm-\sØ AwKo-I-cn-°p∂p. io. IrjvW-ssN-X\y Fgp-Xp∂p:

""CuPn]vXp cmPm-°-∑m¿ slIvtkm-kp-Im-sc-t∏m-se-Øs∂ hntZ-in-I-fmb PqX-∑m-scbpw \n¿_‘ Iqen-°m-cm°n ]Wn-sb-Sp-∏n®p.Cu ASn-a-Ø-Øn¬ \n∂pw CuPn-]vXn¬ \n∂p-X-s∂bpw tamkkvFs∂mcp t\Xmhv In. ap. 1220-˛¬ Ahsc c£-s∏-SpØn.''24

^tdm-h-bpsS hwi-hn-t—-Z\ \S-]Sn \S-°p∂ Ime-ØmWv, Aam-an-s‚bpw bq°m-_-Zn-s‚bpw Cfb ]pX-\mbn tamsi (aqkm) P\n-®Xv. aqØ ]pXs‚ t]¿ Al-tcm≥ (lmdq≥) F∂m-bn-cp∂p. amXmhvinip-hns\ BZn-bn¬ Hfn-∏n®p. A\-¥cw Hcp s]´-I-Øn-em°n \Zn-bn-en´p. ^tdm-h-bpsS In¶-c-∑msc `b-∂n-´mWv Aßs\ sNbvXXv.


s]Íw HgpIn ^tdm-h-bpsS sIm´m-c-k-ao]w FØn. cmPm-hns‚]pXn AXv Is≠-SpØp. AXn-\-I-Ø-S°w sNbvX ss]X-en-t\mSvAh¿°v hm’eyw tXm∂n. Aßs\ cmP-sIm-´m-c-Øn-emWv tamsihf¿∂p-h-∂Xv.

buh-\-bp-‡-\mb ImeØv tamkkv Hcp sIme-t°-kn¬ s]´p.XZ-h-kcw CuPn-]vXn¬\n∂v HmSn-t∏mbn anZym-\n¬ A`bw ]m]n®p.AJ_m Dƒ°-S-ens‚ ]cn-k-cØv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Hcp Atd-_y≥]tZ-i-amWv anZym≥. Ad-_n-Iƒ AXns\ "aZvb≥' F∂p hnfn-°p∂p.]nev°m-eØv "dJow' F∂ t]cpw AXn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. bh-\-km-ln-Xy-ß-fn¬ "s]Svdm' F∂ t]cmWv AXn\v kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv.25

tamsi anZym-\nse aX-t\-Xm-hmb bntXm-bpsS aI-fmb knt∏m-dsb thfn-I-gn®p. k¥-Xn-I-fp-ap-≠mbn. A\-¥cw tlmtc-_v ]¿h-X-Øn¬ sh®p At±-l-Øn\v Znhy-Z¿i-\-ap-≠m-hp-Ibpw Ckm-tb¬hw-isØ ^tdm-h-am-cpsS a¿Z-\-Øn¬\n∂p hntam-Nn-∏n-°-W-sa∂p btlm-h-bmb ssZhw \n¿tZ-in-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tamsiCuPn-]vXn-te°v Xncn®p.

CXn-\n-S-bn¬ ap≥ ^tdmh arXn-b-S-bp-Ibpw as‰mcp cmPmhvknwlm-k-\-Øn-ep-]-hn-jvS-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p.26 tamsi ktlm-Z-c-\mb Al-tcm-t\m-sSm∏w ^tdm-hsb kao-]n®p. Ckm-tb¬ P\-Øn\v CuPn-]vXn\p ]pdØv Hcp bmKw \S-tØ-≠-Xp-s≠∂pw AXn-\m¬ Ah¿ Xß-tfm-sSm∏w hcp-∂-Xn\v A\p-aXn Xc-W-sa∂pw Ccp-hcpw cmPm-hn-t\mSv A`y¿Yn®p. cmPmhv A\p-aXn \evIn-bn√. AXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v Nne kw`-h-ß-sf√mw \S∂p. Ah-km\w tamsi Ckm-Cu¬ hwisØ kwL-Sn-∏n®v Hcp cmXn CuPn-]vXn¬\n∂v ]em-b\w sNøp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv.

CXbpw hnh-cn-®-Xn¬\n∂v, tamk-kns‚ ImeØv c≠p ^tdm-h-am¿ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂n-´p-s≠∂pw c≠p-t]cpw tZio-b-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw hy‡-am-bt√m. F∂m¬, Ad_n Ncn-X-Im-c≥am¿ [cn-®p-h-im-bn-´p-≈Xv Ad-_n-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p AhcpwF∂sX. bm°q_n F∂ Ad_n Ncn-X-Im-c-≥ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p∂p:

""]ns∂ Aam-en°m hwi-Øn¬ s]´ as‰mcp cmPmhv (CuPn]vXv)hmWp. bqkp- ns‚ ImesØ n¿-Hu-\mb døm-\p-_v\p¬ heo-Zm-WXv.....]n∂oSv aqkm-bpsS (ImesØ) n¿-Hu≥ cmPyw cn®p. heoZp_v\p apkv-A-_mWXv.''27

C∏-d-™Xv icn-bm-hm≥ hø. aqkm-bpsS apºp-Xs∂ hntZ-io-bm-[n-]Xy-Øn¬\n∂v CuPn]vXv kzX-¥-am-bn-°-gn-™n-cp∂p. B[p-\nI Ncn-X-]-fin-X≥am-cpsS ]T-\- -ehpw CXn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-asX. sh¬kv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p:

""tXmflokp aq∂m-a-s‚bpw Asa-t\m- okv aq∂m-a-s‚bpw hwi-amb


17-˛mw cmP-hw-ihpw ctasi (sdbw-tkkv) c≠m-a≥ ˛ Ct±-l-amWvtamsi-bpsS Ime-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ^tdmh F∂p Nne¿ hnNm-cn-°p∂p˛ Adp-]-tØgp h¿jw `cWw \S-Ønb 19-˛mw cmP-hw-ihpwCuPn-]vXns\ sFiz-cy-k-ar-≤n-bpsS AKn-a-tIm-Sn-bn-te-°p-b¿Øn.''28

CuPn-]vXn¬\n∂p Is≠-SpØ tcJ-Iƒ sXfn-bn-°p-∂-X-\p-k-cn®v, Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ NI-h¿Øn-bpsS Imew hsc (In. ap. 332)AhnsS 26 cmP-hw-i-ßƒ `cn-®n-´p≠v.29 C°q-´-Øn¬ 19˛-mw cmP-hw-i-Ønse sdbw-tkkv c≠m-a≥ tZio-b-cm-P-hw-i-Øn¬ s]´ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p. 12˛-mw cmP-hw-i-Øns‚ Ime-ti-j-amWv hntZ-io-bm-[n-]XywCuPn-]vXn¬ Bcw-`n-®-sX∂pw Atam-kokv Fs∂mcp ]`p-hmWvAX-h-km-\n-∏n-®-sX∂pw Atam-ko-kns‚ Imew In. ap. 1580 apX¬1557 hsc Bbn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw temI-N-cn-X-Im-c≥ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.30

tamk-kns‚ ka-Im-eo-\-s\∂v Kth-j-I¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp∂ sdbw-tkkv c≠m-as‚ Imew In. ap. 1304 apX¬ 1237 hscbp≈ 67 h¿j-am-sW∂p hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.31 GXp IW-°p-]-Im-chpw tamk-kns‚ P∑-Øn\v FXtbm apºp-Xs∂ sshtZ-in-Im-[n-]Xyw CuPn-]vXn¬\n∂p ]º-I-S-∂n-´p≠v. F∂n-cn-°p-tºmƒaqkm-\-_n-bpsS ImeØv heoZp_v\p apkv-A_v F∂ Hcp Aam-en°m cmPmhv AhnsS D≠m-hm≥ Xc-an-s√∂p kv]jvSw.

`mc-X-Ønse Nne h¿K-ßƒCuPn-]vXn¬ Ing-°p-\n∂p h∂v IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øn-cp∂ Nne skan-

‰n-Ivh¿K-°mscbpw `mc-X-Øn¬ h∂ Nne h¿K-°m-scbpw XΩn¬_‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ C∂sØ Ncn-X-]-fin-X-∑m-cn¬ Nne¿ ian-°p∂p. Chsc D≤-cn®p KZy-ssI-c-fn-bpsS I¿Ømhv Fgp-Xp-∂XpImWpI:

""_n. kn. c≠m-am-bn-c-Øns‚ DØ-cm¿[-Øn¬ kao] ]q¿∆-tZ-i-ßƒ (The Near East) ]e h¿K-ß-fpsS k©m-c-ß-fmepw tZi-Nw-I-a-W-ß-fmepw kPo-h-am-bn-cp∂p. B h¿K-ßƒ ]eXpw C¥y-bnepwIS-∂n-´p≠v. saUn-‰-td-\nb, Gjym-ssa-\¿ F∂o tZi-ß-fn¬\n∂pC¥y-bn-seØn, Chn-SsØ bp≤-ß-fn¬ ]¶p-sIm-≠-h¿t]mepwA°q-´-Øn-ep-s≠-∂mWv sXfn-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv. _n. kn. 1200˛seCuPn-]vjy≥ tc-J-I-fn¬\n∂v a\- n-em-Ip-∂Xv jI¿j-∑m¿, AI-h-j-∑m¿, Xp¿j≥am¿, hj-j-∑m¿ XpS-ßnb Nne Ing-°≥ h¿K-°m¿ hS-°≥ CuPn-]vXn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-sb-∂mWv. Ch-cn¬ aq∂p-h¿K-°m¿ InkvXp-hn\v 1000 h¿jw apºp-Xs∂ kao] ]q¿h-tZ-i-Øn¬kp]-cn-Nn-X-cm-bn-cp∂p. Ah-cm-bn-cp∂p At°-b-∑m¿ (AI-h-j-∑m¿),knkn-en-b-∑m¿ (jI¿j-∑m¿), Sn¿tl-\n-b-∑m¿, AYhm SpkvI-∑m¿(Xp¿j≥am¿) F∂n-h¿..... EtKz-Z-Øn¬ inKp, b£p, Xp¿hi≥F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p h¿K-ßsf ImWmw. CuPn-]vjy≥ tcJ-I-fnse


Xp¿-j\pw hj-j\pw IqSn-t®¿∂-XmWv "Xp¿h-i≥'. inKp F∂XvjI¿j-t\bpw b£p AI-hj-t\bpw Ipdn-°p∂p.''32

AXm-bXv, thZ-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂ inKp, b£p, Xp¿h-j≥ F∂oh¿§-°m¿ CuPn-]vjy≥ tcJ-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ IpSn-tb-‰-°m-cmbskan-‰nIv h¿§-ßƒ Xs∂-bm-sW-∂¿Yw. CuPn-]vjy≥ tcJ-I-fn¬Ah¿ Ing-°p-\n∂p h∂-h-cm-bmWv ImWp-∂Xv. Atd-_y-bm-sW-∂p≈ B[p-\nI ]fin-X≥am-cpsS ka¿Y\w \mw apºp I≠p-I-gn™p. BI-bm¬, C¥y-bn¬ IpSn-tb-dnb Nne h¿K-ßƒ skan-‰nIv hwi-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-sW∂pw, Ah-cpsS BZna Xd-hmSv Atd-_y-bm-sW∂pw D≈ \nK-a-\-Øn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amWv ]kvXpX A`n-]mbw.

C]-Imcw Xs∂ ss__n-fn¬ hnh-cn® Nne lman-‰n-Ivh¿K-°mcpw`mc-X-Øn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-bn- p-s≠∂p ImWp∂p. KZy-ssI-cfn Xs∂ XpS-cs :

""]pe-kvXn-Iƒ, I]¿Zn-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ c≠p Iq´¿ IqSn C¥y-bn¬A∂p Xs∂ ]th-in-®n-cn-°Ww (cmh-W≥ ]ue-kvXy-\m-Wt√m). Ch-cn¬ ]pe-kvXn-I-fm-WsX CuPn-]vXnse ]pe-kXn-Iƒ; AYhm e-kvXo-\nse nen-ssÃ≥kv. I]¿Zn-I-fm-Is´, Io‰nse sI v‰n-bp-°ƒ (Keftiu)AYhm, PqX≥am-cpsS mj-bn¬ I vtXmcow (Kaphthors) BWv.''33

ss__n-fnse hwim-hen ]Imcw, t\ml-bpsS ]pX≥ lman\v"ankbow' Fs∂mcp aI-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Abm-fpsS ]n∑p-d-°m-cmWv"I vtXmcow.'34 Cu h¿K-Øns‚ Io‰v\maw "sI v‰n-bp-°ƒ' F∂pw CuPn-]vjy≥ t]cv "I]¿Zn-Iƒ' F∂p-am-bn-cp∂p. A]-Imcw Xs∂ ank-bo-ans‚ as‰mcp ]n≥ap-d-°m-cs‚ \maw "Ikvfqlow' F∂m-bn-cp∂p.Ct±-l-Øns‚ k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bmWv "sên-kvXy¿'.35 Ch-cpsSCuPn-]vjy≥ kw⁄ "]pe-kvXn-Iƒ' F∂pw `mc-Xob \maw "]ue-kvXy¿' F∂p-amWv. BI-bm¬ lman-‰nIv h¿K-Øn¬s]´ I^vXq-cn-Ifpw sên-kvXycpw IqSn `mc-Xob IpSn-tb-‰-°m-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬s]Sp-sa∂p kn≤w.

Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ1. bm°q-_n-bpsS NcnXw t]. 211 (eoU≥)2. D≤-cWw: A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 1483. Jp¿-B≥ A. 12, kq. 78˛Dw 88˛Dw t\m°pI.4. DXv]Øn 11-˛mw A≤ymbw t\m°pI.5. blqZ kmlnXy NcnXw t]. 146. DXv]Øn 45:97. Jp¿-B≥ 12: 1018. DXv]Øn 41: 39, 409. Ibid 38 apX¬ 41 hsc-bp≈ A[ym-b-ßƒ t\m°pI.10. Ibid 43: 32

11. Ibid 45: 17-˛2012. Ibid 53: 3


13. Ibid 46: 31-˛3414. blqZ kmlnXy NcnXw t]. 1415. ]pd-∏mSv 1: 7-˛1016. Ibid 1: 2217. Jp¿-B≥ 2: 49; 7: 141; 28: 4 t\m°pI.18. temI-N-cnX kwKlw t]. 8419. D≤-cWw: A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 15920. Jp¿-B≥ 3: 11021. D≤-cWw: A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 15422. D≤-cWw: Ibid hm. 1, t]. 15523. D≤-cWw: Ibid hm. 1, t]. 15624. blqZ kmlnXy NcnXw t]. 14

25. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 2, t]. 6 t\m°pI.

26. ]pd-∏mSv 2 : 2327. bm°q-_n-bpsS NcnXw hm. 1, t]. 211(eoU≥)28. temI-N-cnX kwKlw t]. 8529. CuPn-]vjy≥ kmlnXy NcnXw t]. 1830. temI NcnXw hm. 1, t]. 9631. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm: 2, t]. 505 (CuPn]vXv)32. KZy-ssI-cfn `m. 4, t]. 163

33. Ibid `m. 4, t]. 163

34. DXv]Øn 10: 1435. Ibid 10: 14

A[ymbw ]Xn-t\gv

skan-‰n°v ]hm-l-Øns‚ hym]vXn

saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bp-tSbpw CuPn-]vXn-t‚bpw B[n-]Xyw skan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS A[o-\-Øn¬ h∂Xp \mw I≠p. F∂m¬, Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ amX-a√, A°m-esØ \mK-cn-I-tI-µ-ß-fn-se√mw Xs∂ skan-‰n-°p-Im¿ hym]n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn \mw ImWp∂p. ^n\ojy, Im¿tØPv,Io‰v, Ko°v, Cdm≥, kvs]bn≥ F∂o ]pcm-X\ \mK-cn-I-tI-µ-ßƒC°q-´-Øn¬ s]Sp∂p. Aßs\ Gjy, B^n°, bqtdm∏v F∂o`qJ-fi-ß-fn-se√mw skan-‰n-°p-Im¿ hym]n-°p-Ibpw kzm[o\wsNep-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v. Cu hkvXpX kzev]w hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬.

^n\ojyC∂sØ se_-t\m≥, kndnb, Ckm-tb¬ F∂o ]›n-ta-jy≥

cmPy-ß-fpsS an° `mK-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp ]mNo\ P\-]-Z-


am-Ip∂p ^n\ojy. P_m¬ (P_o¬), kotZm≥ (sskU), tkm¿(Sb¿), s_tdmØv (ss_dqØv) F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p ^n\o-jy-cpsSNcn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ][m\ ]´-W-ßƒ. ss__nƒ "Ac-Zqkv'F∂p hnfn-®n-´p≈ C∂sØ dphmZv, AYhm A¿hmZv ^n\o-jy-cpsSHcp \K-c-am-bn-cp∂p.

]mNo-\-Im-esØ ][m\ hym]m-cn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p ^n\o-jy-°m¿.C¥y apX¬ bqtdm-∏ns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ßƒ hsc ^n\o-jy-cpsShym]m-c-°-∏-ep-Iƒ k©-cn-®n-cp∂p. _n. kn. 1-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn®Ko°v qan-im-kvX-Im-c-\mb Ãvdmt_m ]d-™n-´p-≈Xv a[y-[-c-WymgnXoc-]-tZ-i-ßfpw C¥ybpw XΩn-ep≈ hym]m-c-_-‘-ßƒ At\I\q‰m≠p Imew \ne-\n¿Øn-t∏m-∂Xv ^n\o-jy-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv.1

A°m-eØv a[y-[-c-Wym-gn-bpsS Ingt° Ic-bn¬, Htc \nc-∏n¬Iptd Xpd-ap-J-∏-´-W-ßƒ ^n\o-jy-∑m¿ \n¿an-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. C°q-´-Øn¬ G‰hpw ][m-\-amb ]´-W-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p tkmdpw (Sb¿)kotZm\pw (sskU).2

^n\o-jy¿ laq-dm-_n-bpsS Ime-Øp-Xs∂ k©m-cn-I-fmbpw, D]-\n-th-i-°m-cmbpw a[y-[-c-Wymgn ]tZ-i-ßƒ apgp-h≥ hym]n®p Ign-™n-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬, Ah-cpsS Ncn-X-Øn\v hfsc ]g-°-ap-s≠∂va\- n-em°mw.3 n\o-jy-°m-cpsS Hcp tImf-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p \mw ]n∂oSvhnh-cn-°p∂ Im¿tØPv.

temI-kw-kvImc hnI-k-\-Øn¬ hºn® ]¶p-≠m-bn-cp∂p ^n\o-jy-∑m¿°v. Ah¿ I®-h-S-km-am-\-ßƒ amX-a√, kwkvIm-chpwtemI-Øns‚ \m\m-`m-K-ß-fn¬ hnX-c-Ww-sNbvXp. ^n\o-jy-cmWven]n hnZy ]cn-jvI-cn-®Xv. kpta-cn-b-cpsS en]n-kw-⁄-Iƒ hfsck¶o¿Whpw FÆ-Øn¬ IqSp-X-epam-b-Xn-\m¬ Ah ]Tn®p a\x-]m-T-am-°pI km[m-cW hnZym¿Yn-sb- w-_-‘n-t®-S-tØmfw Zp m-[y-am-bn-cp∂p. 2000 h¿j-ßƒ Ign-™n´pw Hcp hnZym¿Yn°v 600apX¬ 1000 hsc kw⁄-I-fmWv ]Tn-t°-≠n-h-∂n-cp-∂Xv.4 AXn-\m¬,en]n-]-cn-jvI-cWw kwkvIm-c-hn-I-k-\-Øns‚ Hc-h-tiym-]m-[n-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. ^n\o-jy-cmWv B IrXyw \n¿h-ln-®Xv. ^n\o-jy≥en]n-bn¬\n-∂mWv Ad_n, ln_p apX-emb `mj-I-fnse en]n-kw-⁄-Iƒ cq]w-sIm-≠Xv. temI-N-cn-X-Im-c≥ ]d-bp∂p:

""^n\o-jy-°m¿ A[n-Ihpw hne-]n-Sn-°mØ Nn√d kmam-\-ß-fmWv I®-h-Sw-sN-bvXn-cp-∂Xv. CXp-Im-cWw Ah-cpsS I®-h-S-°-W-°p-I-fn¬ C\-ßƒ A[n-I-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cu A\-h[n C\-ßƒkpta-cn-b-cpsS \o≠ A£-c-am-e-bn¬ Ipdn-°p-hm≥ ]bm-k-am-bn-cp∂p. _n. kn. 1500 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw "DKmcn' F∂ \K-c-Ønse ]ptcm-ln-X-∑mcpw I®-h-S-°mcpw _m_n-tem-Wn-b-°m¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂kpta-cn-b≥kw-⁄-I-fn¬\n∂p 29 FÆw i_vZ-kw-⁄-I-fmbn sXc-


s™-SpØp. Cßs\ Ah¿ Hcp A£-c-ame D≠m°n.''5

Ad_n `mj-bn¬, Hcp IW-°n¬ 29 i_vZ-kw-⁄-I-fm-Wp-≈-sX∂ kwKXn ChnsS ]tXyIw it≤-b-amWv. "Aen^v. _m. Xm'F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv AXv XpS-ßp-∂Xv. ]m›m-Xy≥ `mj-I-fn¬ A£-c-am-e°v "B¬^-s_‰v' (Alpha-bet) F∂ t]¿ h∂Xv CXn¬\n-∂m-bn-cn-°Ww.

^n\o-jy¿ skan-‰n°v h¿K-ß-fn¬ s]´-h-cm-sW∂ Imcy-Øn¬Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ GtIm-]n-®n-cn-°p∂p. ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-jWw AXpsXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v. Ah-cpsS aXw, mj, BNm-tcm-]-Nmcw F√mw Xs∂skan-‰n-°m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v kmap-h¬ sebnw-Kns\ D≤-cn®p auem\m\Zvhn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.6 hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Atd-_y-bn¬\n∂v BK-an-®-h-cmWv ^n\o-jy-∑m¿. _lvdos‚ kao-]-Øp-\n-∂mWv Ah¿h∂Xv. _lvdos‚ ]pcm-X\ \maw "Xmb¿' F∂m-bn-cp∂p.7 CXn¬\n-∂mhmw, Ah-cpsS Xe-ÿm-\-\-K-cn°v Sb¿ AYhm tkm¿ F∂t]cp-≠m-bXv. ss__n-fn¬ n\o-jy-∑m¿ s]mXpsh "Acm-ay¿' F∂\ma-Øn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.8 BI-bm¬ ^n\o-jy-cpsS kI-e-am\ IrXy-ßfpw Ad-_n-I-tfmSp _‘-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.

Im¿tØPvC∂v SpWojym (Xq\okv) \Kcw ÿnXn sNøp-∂n-S-Øp-\n∂v

]Øv \mgnI hS°p ]Sn-™m-dmbn ÿm]n-°-s∏´ Hcp ]pcm-X\\K-c-am-bn-cp∂p Im¿tØPv. tkm¿ (Sb¿) ]´-W-Øn¬\n∂v, _n. kn.9-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm-¿-[Øn¬ (In. ap. 814-˛tem 813˛-tem ) h∂^n\o-jy-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p CXp ÿm]n-®Xv. Hcp anI® I®-hS tIµ-am-bn-cp∂p Im¿tØPv. n\o-jy≥ I®-h-S-°m-cpsS I∏-ep-Iƒ B^n-°- ap-gp-h≥ Np‰n, hS-°p≈ _n´≥hsc k©-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn sXfn-™n-´p≠v. ]kvXpX ^n\o-jy≥ D]-\n-th-i-°msc "Im¿Ø-Pn-\o-b¿' F∂mWv B[p-\nI Ncn-X-Im-c≥am¿ hnfn-°p-∂Xv.

Im¿Ø-Pn-\o-b-∑m¿ Ime-I-a-Øn¬ ]e \K-c-ßfpw Iogvs∏-SpØn. a[y-[-c-Wn-bnse _men-tb-dn°m Zzo]p-Iƒ, amƒ´, km¿Un-\nb, tIm¿kn°, knkn-en-bpsS ]Sn-™m-dp-`m-K-ßƒ Aßs\ ]eÿe-ßfpw Ah-cpsS A[o-\-Øn-embn. B^n°m h≥I-c-bnsekndn\n sXm´ v Pn _mƒ´¿ hsc Ah¿°-[o -\ -s∏ -ń -cp∂p.kvs]bv\nse ]e ]´-W-ßfpw Im¿Øn-Pn-\o-b-cpsS Iogn-e-a¿∂p.Npcp-°n-∏-d-™m¬ Irjn-sIm≠pw hym]m-cw-sIm≠pw kmam-Py-Xzw-sIm≠pw Im¿Ø-Pn-\o-b¿ Akq-bm¿l-amb ]ptcm-KXn t\Sn-bn-cp∂p.Ah¿°v 500-˛Hmfw I∏-ep-I-f-S-ßnb Hcp \mhn-I-∏-S-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv ]tXyIw ]kvXm-hy-amWv. Xnc-s™-SpØ ]Xn-\n-[n-I-fm¬`cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp dn∏-ªn-°m-bn-cp∂p Im¿tØPv. kvs]bn≥Im¿tØ-Pns‚ Iogn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p ]d-™p-ht√m. kvs]bn≥


tdmam-°m-cp-ambn BZn-bn¬ \√ _‘w ÿm]n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw]n∂oSv Ah-cp-ambn CS™p. In. ap. 218-˛¬, Ncn-X-Øn¬ G‰hpwhenb ka-c-N-Xp-c-∑m-cn-sem-cm-fmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp∂ lm\n-_m-ens‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ kvs]bn-\nse Im¿Ø-Pn-\o-b¿ C‰-ensb BI-an-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ 15 h¿jw "]qWn-I-bp≤w' \S-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.Im¿Ø-Pn-\o-b¿ Xs∂-bmWv B bp≤-Øn¬ hnPbw hcn-®Xv. ]t£,kwK-Xn-h-im¬ Ah¿°p kz¥w \mń-te°v aS-tß-≠n-h-∂-Xn-\m¬hnPbw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-™n√. ]n∂oSv tdma-°m¿ B^n-°-bn¬ IS∂p Im¿tØ-Pns\ Xncn -®m-I-an®p. CØ-cp-W-Øn¬Im¿tØ-Pn-\o-b¿ k‘n-°p -\n¿_-‘n-X-cmbn. k‘n-°-cm-d-\p-k-cn®pXß-fpsS \mhn-I-∏-Sbpw kvs]bn\pw tdma-°m¿°p hn´p-sIm-Sp-t°-≠n-h∂p. i‡n £bn® \ne-bn¬ ]nt∂bpw Im¿tØPv Ac \q‰m-≠p-Imew \ne-\n-∂p-sh-¶nepw, _n. kn. 146˛-¬ B kmamPyw tdma-°m-cm¬ Xo¿Øpw \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv.

CXsX, temI-N-cn-X-Øn¬ ]apJ h¿Ø-I-cm-bn-cp∂ ^n\o-jy≥am-cpsS Ncn-X-Np-cp°w. Ch-cpsS Hcp ][m\ tZh≥ _mem-bn-cp∂p. _mem-cm-[\ temI-Øns‚ \m\m-`m-KØpw ]N-cn-∏n-®Xv n\o-jy-cm-sW∂p Ncn-X-Im-c≥am¿ ]d-bp∂p.

""]^-k¿ \n’≥ (Nilson), ^n\o-jy∑m¿ t\m¿sh-bpsS DØcXocw-hsc hym]n-®p-sh∂pw, _mem-cm-[\ ]N-cn-∏n-®p-sh∂pw ]d-bp∂p.''9

BI-bm¬ Ad-_n-I-fmb ^n\o-jy¿ temI-Øns‚ \m\m-`m-K-ß-fnepw hym]n-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Ah¿ `mc-X-hp-ambn I®-h-S-_‘w]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw NcnXw sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v. B ÿnXn°v^n\o-jy-cpsS Hcp hn`mKw `mc-X-Øn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øp-sh∂phnNm-cn-°m≥ \ymb-ap≠v. thZ-Øn¬ AXn-te°p kqN-\-bp-ap≠v.

^n\o-jycpw ]Wn-IfpwEtKz-Z-Øn¬ "]Wn-Iƒ' Fs∂mcp hn`m-K-sØ-∏‰n ]e ÿe-

ß-fnepw ]cm-a¿in-®p -ImWmw. Ch¿ tZh-∑m-cpsS ]ip-°sftamjvSn®v, Kpl-bn¬ Hfn-∏n-®p-sh∂pw, "kca' Fs∂mcp "tZh-iq\n'sb B tKm°sf I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ Bcy-tZ-h-\mb Cµ≥ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb∂pw B ]ń ]ip-°sf I≠p-]n-Sn®v, Cµs\ hnh-c-a-dn-bn-®-t∏mƒ At±lw Kpl Xpd∂p ]ip-°sf ]pd-Øp-hn-´p-sh-∂p-amWv IY. ]kvXpX ]Wn-I-fpsS Bcm-[y≥ "he≥' Bbn-cp∂p.Cµ\pw he\pw XΩn¬ \S∂ Hcp kwL-´-\-am-bn-´mWv EtKzZ Ihn-Iƒ ta¬ kw`-hsØ k¶¬]n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. ]kvXpX kwL-´-\-Øn¬ Cµ≥ Pbn-°p-Ibpw he≥ ]cm-P-b-a-S-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.Cµs\ kvXpXn®v Hcn-SØv EtKzZw ]d™Xv alm-Ihn h≈-tØmƒCßs\ hnh¿Ø\w sNøp∂p:


""tl hP-`rtØ, Xpd-∂p-ht√m _lp˛

tKmhr-µ-\mb hes‚ _nesØ \o;

At∏mƒ `hm-¶-e-W-™m¿, `bw shSn˛

™pev]∂]oU-cmbv tahn\ tZh-Iƒ!''10

kmcw: hP-ta-¥nb Cµ, Aßv ]ip-°q-´-ß-fp-S-b-h-\mb hes‚Kpl Xpd∂v ]ip-°q-´sØ ]pd-Øp-hn-´pht√m. hes‚ ]oU\w\nanØw `b∂p \S-∂n-cp∂ tZh-X-Iƒ XZ-h-kcw `bw Dt]-£n®pAß-bpsS kao]w h∂p-tN¿∂p.

]Wn-Iƒ hym]m-cn-h¿K-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p thZ-\n-L-≠p-hmb"\ncp‡'-Øn¬ bmkvIm-Nm-cy≥ ]d-™n-´p≠v.11 C∏-d™ ]Wn-Ifpw ]›n-ta-jy-bn¬ Adn-b-s∏´ ^n\o-jycpw hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Htch¿K-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw, n\o-jy-cpsS _m¬tZ-hs‚ C¥y≥ ]Xn-∏mWv he-s\∂pw Nne Kth-j-I≥am¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-ń-´p≠v.

F∂m¬, CØcw hymJym-\-ßsf Nne thZ-⁄m-\n-Iƒ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n√. Ah-cpsS ]£-Øn¬ EtKz-Z-Ønse ]kvXpX hN-\-ßƒ Hcp kw`-h-hn-h-c-W-a√; ]XypX, b⁄-Øns‚ (Bcm-[\)êsØ cq]-Im-Xn-i-tbm-‡-n]-c-ambn NnXo-I-cn-°p∂ Hcp kmlnXyssien amX-amWv. [¿a-sa-∂mWv tKmi-_vZ-Øns‚ A¿Y-sa∂pw,a\p-jys‚ A¥-cw-K-Øn¬ Kp]vX-ambn ÿnXn sNøp∂ [¿a-_p≤nb⁄w aptJ\ _ln¿K-an-°p-sa-∂mWv ta¬]-d-™-Xns‚ hnh-£-sb∂pw Ah¿ ]d-bp∂p. io. hn.sI. \mcm-bW `´-Xncn Fgp-Xn-bXv t\m°pI:

""thZ-ß-fnse tKmi-_vZ-Øn\v ]ip F∂p amX-a√ A¿Yw. [¿aw,[m¿an-I-_p≤n, [¿asØ ]pc-kvI-cn-®p≈ hnim-e-ho-£Ww.... Cßs\ [¿a-]-c-amb A¿Y-ß-fn¬ tKmi-_vZsØ km[m-cW D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp≠v.At∏mƒ ]Wn-I-fpsS tKmtam-j-W-Øns‚ A¿Yw CXm-Ip∂p: Cuiz-cs‚kZv mhw, DXvIr-jvS-ß-fmb kmXzn-I-Kp-W-ßƒ Ch F√m ]mWn-I-fpsSlrZ-b-Øn-ep-ap≠v. A[m¿an-Iß-fmb hmk-\-Iƒ sIm≠v ta¬ ]d™]cn-ip-≤-Kp-W-ßƒ F√m-h-cp-tSbpw a\- n¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂n√..... kZvKp-W-ß-fpsS Xntcm-[m-\sØ ]Wn-I-fpsS tKm°sf tamjvSn-°-embn NnXo-I-cn-°p∂p. kZvhr-Øn-I-sf-sIm≠v B KpW-ßsf ]pd-tØ°p sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xns\ Cuiz-c-k-lm-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn, tamjvSn® ]ip-°sf XncnsIsIm≠p-h-cnI F∂¿Y-am°n I¬]n-®n-cn-°p∂p. GXm≠v Cu A¿Y-Øn¬Xs∂-bmWv io. Ac-hn-µ-tLmjpw ap≥]-d™ tKm°-fpsS tamj-W-sØ-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂Xv.12

Cßs\ B[ym-fln-I-ambn hymJym-\n-°m-\p≈ ]gpXpw ]kvXpXsshZn-I-I-Y-°p≠v. AXn-\m¬, ]Wn-I-fpsS tKmtam-j-W-sØ-∏‰n Dd-∏n-s®m∂pw Xocp-am-\n-°m-\m-hn√. F∂n-cp-∂mepw mc-X-Øn¬ "]Wn-Iƒ' F∂Hcp hn`m-K-Øns‚ AkvXn-XzsØ CXv \ntj-[n-°p-∂n√. \ncp‡w AXv


ÿnco-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

Io‰va[y-[-c-Wymgn Zzo]p-k-aq-l-Ønse AXn-]m-No-\hpw hen-b-Xp-

amb Hcp Zzo]m-WnXv. CuPn-b≥ IS-ens‚ sXt° A‰Øv InS-°p∂Io‰v AXn-]p-cm-X-\-amb Hcp \Kc kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ tIµ-am-bn-cp∂p. Cu kwkvIm-csØ ]pcm-h-kvXp-K-th-j-I¿ "CuPn-b≥kwkvImcw' F∂p hnfn -°p∂p. J\\-Øn¬ Is≠-Ønb"t\mt_mkv sIm´mc'amWv ]kvXpX ]mNo\ \mK-cn-I-X-sb-∏‰n\ap-°p≈ Adn-hn-\m-[mcw. Cu kwkvIm-c-sØ-∏‰n Kth-jWw \S-Ønb ]fin-X-∑m-cn-sem-cm-fmb Chm≥kv CXn\v aq∂p Ime-L-´-ßƒ \n¿W-bn-®n-´p≠v. ]Ya L´w _n.kn. 3400 apX¬ 2100 hsc;_n.kn. 2100 apX¬ 1600 hsc-bmWv a[y-L´w; A¥n-a-L´w _n.kn.1600 apX¬ 1100 htcbpw. C∂v Is≠-Ønb t\mt_m-kvsIm-´mcwa[y L´-Øn-t‚-Xm-Ip∂p.13 CuPn-b≥ \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS NcnXwCuPn-]vXn-t\-°mƒ ]ucm-Wn-I-am-sW-∂tX ]fin-X-aXw. FOv.Pn.sh’v Fgp-Xp∂p: ""CXns‚ NcnXw CuPn-]vXns‚ Ncn-X-tØ-°mƒ]pcm-X-\-am-Ip∂p. In. ap. 4000-˛mam-≠n\p apºvXs∂ c≠p cmPy-ßfpw XΩn¬ I®-hSw \S-∂n-cp∂p. In. ap. 2500-˛¬, AXm-bXv,k¿tKm¨ H∂m-a-s‚bpw laq-dm-_n-bp-tSbpw a‰pw Ime-ß-fn¬Io‰nse kwkvImcw AXyp-®-tIm-Sn-bn-seØn.''14

CuPn-]vXnse cmPm-hns\ ^tdmh F∂p hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xp-t]mseCuPn-b≥cm-Pm-hns\ ssat\mkv F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ssat\m-kns‚ sIm´m-c-Øn¬ Ipfn-ap-dn-Iƒ, Ipg¬sh≈w apX-emb kuI-cy-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p. Cu kwhn-[m\w kn‘p-XS kwkvIm-c-sØ-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. CuPn-b≥am¿ GI-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-bn-emWv hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. Cu aX-Øn¬ ac-Wm-\-¥-c-Po-hn-X-hn-izm-khpap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬, arX-i-co-c-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn `£y-km-[-\-ßƒ, hnf-°p-Iƒ, £uc-°-Øn-Iƒ, apJ-°-Æm-Sn-Iƒ XpSßn ]tc-Xm-flm-hns‚ kpJ-ku-I-cym-Zn-Iƒ°p≈ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ Ipgn-®n-SpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. aX-I¿a-ßƒ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-c√, ]ptcm-ln-X-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p ]d-bp∂p. CuPn-b≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ kvXoIƒ°v hºn® ]m[m\yw I¬]n-°-s∏-ń-cp∂p. aX-N-S-ßp-I-fn¬ arK-_en ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. ASn-a-Ø-cm-lnXyw,kvXo]p-cp-j-k-aXzw, h¿K-k-aXzw F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ B[p-\n-Im-i-b-ßƒt]mepw ]tbm-K-h-XvI-cn® Hcp ]mNo\ hn`m-K-am-bn-cp∂p CuPn-b≥-am¿. Npcp-°-Øn¬ km_n-a-X-tØmSv Cu aXw hfsc ASp-Øp-Im-Wp∂p.

CuPn-b≥am¿°v Hcp-Xcw A£-c-⁄m-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]t£, Ah-cpsS en]n CXp-hsc hmbn-°-s∏- n- n√. t\mtkm- p-Im¿ I¿a-Ip-i-e-∑mcpwPn⁄m-kp-°-fp-am-bn-cp∂p. ]n∂oSv Io‰v Zzo]v ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Ønb Ko°p-


Im¿ AXn-k-a¿Y-\mb Hcp Io‰v imkvX-⁄-s\-∏‰n ]d-™n-´p≠v."UoUm-ekv' F∂p t]cmb ]kvXpX CuPn-b≥ hnZ-Kv≤≥ ]d-°p∂ Hcp b¥w \n¿an-°p-hm≥ ian®p. ]t£, AXv IS-en¬ s]mń-ho-Wp-htX. c≠p km[-\-ßƒ Io‰p-Im-c\v A]-cn-Nn-X-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p:Ccpºpw, IpXn-cbpw. Ch c≠pw kn‘p-XS kwkvIm-c-Ønepw ImWp-∂n√.

t\mtkm- ns‚ sFizcyw s]s´-∂mWv Ah-km-\n-®-sX∂p hnZ-Kv[-∑m¿ Icp-Xp∂p. In. ap. 1400-˛¬ ssat\m-kns‚ sIm´mcw \in-∏n-°-s∏´p. Cu hn]Øv Fßs\ kw`-hn-®p-sh∂v Kth-j-I-∑m¿°vAdn-™p-IqSm. sIm≈-sNbvXp hen-s®-dn™v, Aßn-ßmbn Nn∂n-®n-X-dnb kmam-\-ß-fp-sSbpw A·n-_m-[-bp-sSbpw AS-bm-f-ßƒ`qK¿` hnZ-Kv[-∑m¿ Is≠-Øn-bn -´p≠v. Koknse ssako-t\-bn¬\n∂pw a‰pw D≠mb BI-a-W-^-e-amhmw, t\mtkm- ns‚ ]X-\-sa∂v Nne ]fin-X≥am¿ Duln-°p∂p.

ssat\mkpw "abo≥'Imcpw]pcm-X-\-Im-eØv, ba-\n¬ `c-Wm-[n-]Xyw hln-®n-cp∂ Hcp Ad-

_n-hw-i-°m-cm-Ip∂p abo≥Im¿. k_mbo cmP-hw-i-ßƒ°pw apºm-bn-cp∂p Ch-cpsS Imew. In. ap. 194-˛¬ Nc-a-KXn ]m]n® Fdm-Ã-kvX-\okv (Erastasthenes), In. ap. 79˛-mam-≠n¬ arXn-b-S™ Ãvdmt_m(Starbo), In. ]n. 80˛-¬ acn® πo\n (Pliny) XpS-ßnb bh\ KŸ-Im-c-∑m¿ Xm¥m-ß-fpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ abo≥Im-sc-∏‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p≠v."aoss\‰v' (Minaet), "am\n-Smbv' (Manitai) F∂o Ko°p-\m-a-ß-fn-emWvAhsc bh-\-K-Ÿ-Im-c-∑m¿ hnfn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.15 ss__n-ƒ "satbm-\y¿' F∂ ln_p-\m-a-Ønepw Ahsc ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. 16

]kvXpX abo≥Imcpw t\mtkm- nse `c-Wm-[n-]-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp∂ssat\m-kp-Ifpw Htc hwi-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-bn-cn-°p-hm≥ hI-bp≠v.ssat\mkv Xß-fpsS hwi-°m-cmsW∂v abo≥Im¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏- n-cp-∂-Xmbn πo\n tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p.17 C]-Imcw Xs∂Ko°nse Hcp Zzo]mb bq_nb-sb-°p-dn®p Ãvdmt_m ]d-bp∂p:

""Chn-SsØ BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ Atd-_y≥ IpSn-tb-‰-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p. tIZ-tam-kns‚ IqsS-bmWv Ah¿ Ko°n¬ FØn-bXv.''18

CXbpw ]kvXm-hn-®-Xn¬\n∂v Ad-_n-Iƒ°v CuPn-b≥ P\-]-Zhpw Ko°p-Im-cp-am-bp≈ ]pcm-X\ _‘w Kln-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.Ko°p-Im¿ Bcy≥h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-sW-∂sX, B[p-\nI `mjm-K-th-jWw sXfn-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬, Ko ns‚ ]cn-jvIm-chpw\mK-cn-I-Xbpw ⁄m\-hn-⁄m-\-ßfpw en]n-bp-sa√mw Xs∂ ^n\o-jy-cn¬\n∂v ]I¿∂-Xm-sW∂p hy‡-am-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. Ad-_n-bn-tebpw Ko°n-tebpw Ht´sd ]Z-ßƒ°v XΩn¬ ASp-Ø -km-ay-ap≠v. Nne hkvXp-°-fp-tSbpw hym]m-c-km-am-\-ß-fp-tSbpw t]cp-Iƒ


Ccp `mj-I-fnepw an°-hmdpw H∂mWv.19 Npcp-°-Øn¬ Ko°p-Im¿B[p-\nI Kth-j-W-Øns‚ ZrjvSn-bn¬ Bcy-h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-sW-¶n¬, as‰mcp \ne°v Atd-_y≥ h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cp-am-Ip∂p.

Cdm≥sX°p ]Sn-™m-d≥ Gjy-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ C∂sØ Cdm≥

In. ]n. 1935 hsc "t]¿jy' F∂ \ma-t[-b-Øn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv. Cdm≥ F∂m¬ Bcy-∑m-cpsS cmPyw F∂m-W¿Yw. t]¿jy≥Dƒ°-S-ens‚ hS-°p-`m-KØv Cdm\pw sX°p-`m-KØv Atd-_ybpwÿnXn-sN-øp∂p. InkvXp-hn\v c≠m-bncw h¿j-ßƒ°p-apºv Hcp\mtSmSn h¿Kw AhnsS IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øp.20 Ch-csX t]¿jy-bnseBZysØ \nhm-kn-Iƒ. Cdm-\n¬ "Jqkn-kvXm≥' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ kwÿm-\Øv A[n-h-kn-®p-h∂ "Gem-ay¿' (Elamites) Bbn-cp∂p Cu BZy-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ. Ch-sc-∏‰n ss__n-fnepw ]cm-a¿in-®n-´p≠v.

DXv]-Øn-]p-kvX-I-Ønse hwim-h-en-b-\p-k-cn®v, Gem-ssa‰vkvskan-‰n°v h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cmWv. Fs¥-∂m¬, t\ml-bpsS]pX≥ tians‚ aI-\mb Gem-ans‚ ]n∑p-d-°m-cm-Ip∂p Gem-ay¿.21

Ch¿ Hcp L´-Øn¬ saskm-s]m-t´-anb Iog-S°n `cn-®n-cp∂p. Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb sh’v Cu hkvXpX kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xp ImWpI:

""Abmƒ (k¿tKm≥ H∂m-a≥) ÿm]n® kmamPyw c≠p iX-h¿j-Øn-\p-tijw AkvX-an®p. ]n∂oSv Gem-ay-cpsS Hcp ]hm-l-Øn\v tijw "Atam-cy¿' F∂ Hcp ]pXnb tiay-h¿Kw ItaWkpta-cn-b-bn¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n®p.''22

At∏mƒ k¿tKm-s‚bpw laq-dm-_n-bp-sSbpw c≠p hwi-ßƒsaskm-s]m-t´-anb `cn-®n-cp∂ Ime-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Gem-ay-cpsS B[n-]-Xy-amWv AhnsS \S-∂n-cp-∂Xv. _n.kn. 2450-˛mam-≠n-t\m-S-Sp-Øp-Xs∂ Gem-ssa‰vkv Hcp-Xcw NnX-en]n D]-tbm-Kn®pXpS-ßn-bn-cp∂p.23

kpta-cn-b≥ cmPm-°≥am-cp-am-bp≈ bp≤-ß-fpsS IY-I-fmWv A°m-esØ Gem-ay-cpsS NcnXw. t]¿jy-bnse Gemay Xe-ÿm\w"kqk' (Susa) As√-¶n¬ kqkn-kvXm≥ Bbn-cp∂p.

A\-¥cw t]¿jy A o-cn-b-°m-cpsS A[o-\-Øn-embn. A o-cn-b≥ kam-´m-bn-cp∂ A»q¿ _m\n-]m¬ In. ap. 7˛-mw iX-I-Øn¬B cmPy-tØbpw AXns‚ Xe-ÿm-\-\-K-cn-tbbpw \in-∏n®p.24

]n∂oSv AXns\ hos≠-Sp-ØXv alm-\mb sskdkv NI-h¿Øn-bm-bn-cp∂p. sskd-kns‚ IY Ipd-s™m∂p hni-Zo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp≠v.

sskdkv, AYhm tImcivFXbpw A¤p-X-I-c-amWv sskd-kns‚ NcnXw. Cu Ncn-X-

Øn\v apJy-amb B[mcw sltdm-tUm-´kv (Herodotus), knt\m-]≥


(Zenopon), Skn-tbkv (Ctasies) F∂o Ko°p ]fin-X≥am-cpsS IrXn-I-fsX. Ft°-an-\okv hwi-P-\mb Ct±lw Imw_o-k-kn-s‚bpwam≥ssU-\n-s‚bpw ]pX-\mbn P\n®p. Imw_o-k-kns\ Ad-_n-K-Ÿ-Im-c∑m¿ "IoJ-_mZv' F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv. At±-lsØ Nne-t∏mƒ "Iwt_mP' F∂pw hnfn-°m-dp≠v.

sskdkv (Cyrus) F∂Xv cmP-\m-a-Øns‚ Ko°p cq]-asX."tKmtcmiv' F∂mWv inem-en-Jn-X-Øn¬ I≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv. CXn-t\m-S-SpØ "tImciv' F∂ kw⁄-bmWv ss__nƒ kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv.Ad-_n-Iƒ AXv "Jpkpdp' F∂pw "IoJpkvdp' F∂pw D®-cn®p.

sskdkv Xs‚ amXm-a-l-\mb AÃn-bm-Kkn (Astyagus) s\ b∂v,]¿h-X-ß-fnepw h\-ß-fn-ep-amWv sNdp-∏-°mew Ign-®-sX∂p ]d-bp∂p.buh-\-Øn¬ At±lw t]¿jy-bn¬ Hcp tk\ kwL-Sn-∏n®p. amXm-a-l-\p-ambn ]S-shń Pbn®p. A°m-eØv Cdm≥ c≠p cmjvS-ß-fmbn hn -Pn-°-s∏- n-cn-°p∂p. sX°p mKØn\v "]m¿kn' (t]¿jy) F∂pw, hS-°p-]-Sn-™m-dp- m-K-Øn\v "anUnb' (Midea) F∂p-am-bn-cp∂p t]¿. Ad-_n-IƒanUn-bsb "amlXv' F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂Xv. inem-tc-J-bn¬ "amZm' F∂mWvAXns‚ \maw. sskdkv Ia-Øn¬ c≠p cmjvS-ß-fp-tSbpw A[n-]-Xn-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p.

_n. kn. 612 -¬ A o-cnb F∂-t∂-°p-ambn Ah-km-\n®p. AXns‚Xe-ÿm\ \K-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ "\o\sh' \nt»jw XI¿°-s∏´p. CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ A o-cn-b-bpsS Iogn-em-bn-cp∂ anUnb kzmX¥yw ]m]n®p.F∂m¬, _m_n-tem-Wnb At∏mgpw AP-ø-i-‡n-bmbn \ne-sIm≠p._m_n-tem-Wnbm cmPm-hmb s\_q-°-Uv\- ¿ (_pJvXv \k¿) ]Xm-]-im-enbpw i‡-\p-am-bn-cp∂p. Abmƒ PqX-∑m-cpsS ]pWy-\-K-chpw cmjvS-X-e-ÿm-\-hp-amb Pdq-kew BI-an-°p-Ibpw \nt»jw \in-∏n-°p-IbpwsNbvXp. PqX-∑msc ASn-a-I-fm°n _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bn-te°v sIm≠p-t]mbn.sskd-kns‚ Imew (In. ap. 550) hsc ASn-a-Iƒ F∂ \ne-bn-emWv blq-Z-∑m¿ _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bn¬ ]m¿Øn-cp-∂Xv. C°m-e-ØmWv PqX-]-fin-X-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS aX-K-Ÿ-amb ss__nƒ ]g-b-\n-baw tImUo-I-cn®p XpS-ßn-b-sX∂p ]d-bp∂p. Ah-km\w alm-\mb sskd-kmWv PqX≥amsc_m_n-tem-Wn-b-bpsS ASn-a-Ø-Øn¬\n∂v tamNn-∏n-®Xv.

_m_n-tem-Wn-bm-bnse ÿm\m-h-Im-in-bm-bn-cp∂ t_¬i- dn(Belshazzar)s‚ AIaw kln-°m™v, Xßsf tamNn-∏n-°m≥ X∂m- p-Im¿sskdkn-t\m-S-`y¿Yn®p. At±lw AXv kl¿jw kzmKXw sNbvXp.25

Aßs\ sskdkv _m_n-tem-Wnb Iog-S°n. At±lw PqX≥amsc kztZ-i-tØ°v am\-am-bn- Xn-cn-®-b®p. s\_q-°-Uv\- ¿ sIm≈-sNbvXp sIm≠p-t]m-bn-cp∂ PqX-∑m-cpsS km[-\-km-a-Kn-Iƒ Ah¿°p-Xs∂ aS-°n-s°m-SpØp. XI¿°-s∏- n-cp∂ tZhm-ebw (ssl°¬ kpsse-am\n) ]p\¿\n¿an-°m≥ DØ-c-hn´p. CsX-°p-dn®v sskdkv sNbvX Hcp ]Jym-]\w CØ-cp-


W-Øn¬ ]tXyIw it≤-b-amWv:

""kz¿K-Ønse ssZh-amb btlmh `qan-bnse kIe cmPy-ßfpwF\n°v X∂n-cn-°p∂p. blq-Z-bnse bcq-i-te-an¬ Ah\v Hcp Bebw]Wn-hm≥ Ft∂mSp Iev]n-®p-an-cn-°p∂p.''26

Cu ]Jym-]\w sskdkv Hcp ]hm-N-I-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂p tZymXn-∏n-°p∂p. Ckm-tb¬ ]hm-N-I≥am-cn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp∂ bi-øm-\_n sskd-kn-s\-∏‰n 160 h¿j-Øn\v ap≥]v Hcp kphn-tijw \evIn-bn-cp∂p. AXn¬At±-lsØ ssZh-Øns‚ "A`n-jn-‡≥' (akolv) F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. ""btlmh Xs‚ A`n-jn-‡-\mb tImc-in-t\mSv C]-Imcw Acp-fn-s®-øp∂p... Rm≥ \n\°p apºmbn sN∂p Zp¿L-S-ßsf \nc-∏m-°p-IbpwXma-hm-Xn-ep-Isf XI¿Øp Ccn-tºm-Sm-º-ep-Isf Jfin-®p-I-f-bp-IbpwsNøpw.''27

tImciv (sskdkv) _m_n-tem-Wnb Iog-S-°p-sa-∂mWv Cu ]h-N-\-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ. ChnsS tImc-ins\ "aiolm' (A`n-jn-‡≥) F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂v At±lw Hcp ]hm-N-I-\m-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂p≈kqN\ e`n-°p∂p. IqSmsX Xßsf _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bpsS ASn-a-Ø-Øn¬\n∂v hntam-Nn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp alm-]p-cp-js\ Ckm-bo-ey¿ ]Xo-£n-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw B alm-]p-cp-j≥ sskd-km-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ]kvXpX]h-N\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p≠v. BI-bm¬ At±lw Hcp ]hm-N-I\pw ssZh-]p-cp-j-\p-am-sW-∂sX ss__n-fns‚ [z\n.

"Zp¬J¿ss\≥'Jp¿-B≥ 18 -mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ "Zp¬J¿ss\≥' F∂ Hcp alm-]p-cp-

js‚ IY hnh-cn-®n- p≠v. PqX-∑m-cpsS tNmZy-Øn-\p-Ø-c-am-bmWv B IY]Xn-]m-Zn-®n- p-≈Xv. Zp¬J¿ss\≥ \nc-h[n cmPy-ßƒ Pbn-®-S-°nb HcpZnKzn-P-bn-bm-bn-cp∂p. Hcp ]tZ-i-Øp-Im¿ At±-l-tØmSp ]cmXn ]d™p:""bmPqPv amPqPv' F∂p ]d-bp∂ Hc-I-an-h¿Kw \mń¬ IS∂p hºn®hn\m-i-ßƒ \S-Øp∂p. Ahsc XS- w-sN-øp∂ ]£w kp\n-›n-X-ambHcp Icw Atß°v Rßƒ \¬In-s°m≈mw.'' At±lw ]Xn-h-Nn®p: ""IcwthW-sa-∂n√; Fs∂ imco-cn-Ihpw a‰p-amb Ign-hp-IƒsIm≠v klm-bn-®m¬ aXn; Rm≥ AI-an-Isf XS-™p-\n¿Øn-Øcmw.'' Aßs\ CcpºpwXmahpw tN¿Øp-≠m-°nb Hcp teml-°q-´p-sIm≠v Ah¿°v Hcp`nØn-bp-≠m-°n-s°m-SpØp. B `nØn-bpsS Ccp-h-i-ßfpw D∂-X-ambsImSp-ap-Sn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ AI-an-I-fmb bmPqPv˛amPq-Pn\vAXns\ Xm≠n-°-S∂v, sImebpw sIm≈bpw \SØn, \mń¬ hn\m-i-ap-≠m-°m≥ Ign-bmsX h∂p. CXmWv Npcp-°-Øn¬ IYm-kmcw.

]kvXpX Zp¬J¿ss\-\n-bpsS Ncn-X-]-c-amb hy‡n-Xz-sØ-∏‰nJp¿-B≥ hymJym\ KŸ-Im-c-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ n∂m-`n-]m-b-am-Wp-≈Xv.Hcp Iq´¿ amkn-tUm-Wn-b-°m-c-\mb Ae-Ivkm-≠-dm-sW∂p ]d-bp∂p. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ NI-h¿Øn ZnKzn-P-bn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn¬


X¿°-an√. ]t£, At±lw ssZh-`-‡\pw ip≤-amb ]mc˛euInIPohn-X-Øn¬ hnizm-kn-bp-am-sW∂v sXfn-bn-°-s∏-ń-ń√. Dulm-t]m-l-ßƒ Ncn-X-a-√t√m. Jp¿-B-\m-Is´, Zp¬J¿ss\≥ ssZh-`-‡\pw]c-temI hnizm-kn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≠p-Xm\pw.

Cu hnj-b-I-ambn imkvXo-b-ambn ]T\w \S-Ønb GI hy‡n,\ΩpsS Adn-hn¬ auem\m A_p¬Iemw Bkm-ZmWv. At±lw In´m-hp-t∂-S-tØmfw sXfn-hp-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v, imkvX-coXym hni-I-e\w sNbvXv,ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv sskd-kmWv Jp¿-B-\nse Zp¬J¿ss\≥ F∂sX.At∏mƒ sskd-kns‚ Ime-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ AI-an-I-fmb bmPqPv amPqPvBcm-sW∂pw, At±lw ]Wn-bn® teml- nØn GXm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-ap≈]iv\-ßƒ°p-Øcw ImtW-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. Cu ]iv\-ßƒ°pw icn-bmbDØcw BkmZv I≠n- p≠v. AXns‚ Hcp cXv\-®p-cp°w NphsS ImWn-°p∂p.

bmPqPv˛ amPqPv`qtKm-f-Ønse hS-°p-In-g-°≥ acp- q-an-I-fn¬ ]mNo-\-Im-eØv Nne

Incm-X-h¿K-°m¿ A[n-h-kn-®n-cp∂p. "awtKm-fn-b¿' F∂ \ma-t[-b-Øn¬Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ h¿§-°m¿ Ah-cpsS ]n≥Km-an-I-fsX. ]kvXpX acp- q-an-bpsS Ings° AXn¿Øn-°-∏p-d-ØmWv No\ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv. No\-°m-cpsS ]pcm-X\ tcJ-I-fn¬ ]kvXpX h¿K-°m-cpsS \maw "tamKv' F∂mWv]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Cu i_vZ-Øn¬ \n∂m-hWw, "awtKm-fnb' F∂ hm°v\njv]-∂-am-bXv. In. ap. 600- mam-≠n-\-SpØv Ko°p-Im¿°n-S-bn¬ "taKv',"taKmKv' F∂n-ßs\ Nne h¿K-\m-a-ßƒ ]N-cn-®p-Im-Wp∂p. CXn-s‚bpwASn-ÿm\w ]kvXpX tamKv Xs∂-bmhmw. CXn¬\n-∂m-bn-cn-°Wwss__n-fnse "tKmKpw' "atKmKpw' h∂Xv. Ad-_n- m-j-bn¬ KIm-c-an√.XXvÿm-\Øv PIm-c-am-Wp-]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≈Xv. ln_p-hn¬\n∂v tKmKpwatKmKpw Ad-_n-bn-te°v ]I¿∂-t∏mƒ Ah bmPqPpw amPq-Pp-ambn cq]m-¥-c-s∏´p. No\-°m-cpsS NcnX tcJ-I-fn¬ ]kvXpX acp- q-hm-kn-I-fn¬Hcp hn`m-K-Øns‚ t]¿ "bphmNn' (Yueh-chi) F∂p- Im-Wp∂p. Cu bphmNnhnhn[ L´-ßƒ XcWwsNbvXv Ah-km\w bmPq-Pmbn F∂p hnNm-cn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. BI-bm¬ at[y-jy-bnse acp- q-hm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p CuIncmX h¿K-ßƒ.

Ncn-X-Im-eØv Ch-cpsS BI-aWw ]›n-a-`m-K-tØ°v Xncn-™n-cp∂p. Ing-t°m-´p≈ BI-aWw Akm-[y-am-°n-bXv ]kn-≤-ambNo\m `nØn-bmWv. sskd-kns‚ Ime-amb In. ap. 550-˛¬ ]›n-ta-jy-bnse kIe cmPy-ßfpw "knXn-b-∑m¿' (Scythians) F∂ tKmX-h¿K-ß-fpsS BI-a-W-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cp∂p. Cu BI-a-W-ßƒs°√mw Ah-km\w hcp-Ønb _e-s∏´ Icw sskd-kn-t‚-Xm-bn-cp∂p. ]kvXpX knXn-b-∑m¿ awtKm-fn-b-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xvkphn-Zn-X-amWv.


C\n \ap°v t\m°m-\p-≈Xv knXnb-∑m¿ GXp am¿K-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv BI-an-®n-cp-∂Xv F∂mWv. sltdm-tUm-´-kns\ D≤-cn®vBkmZv ]d-bp∂p: ""Htc-sbmcp am¿K-Øn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsSBI-aWw. Imt°jym Npc-am-bn-cp∂p AXv.''28 Cu am¿§w AS-®p-_-‘n-°m-\m-hWw sskdkv `nØn \n¿an-®Xv.

Imkv]n-b≥ kap-Z-Øns‚ ]Sn-™msd XocØv Hcp ]pcm-X\]´Ww˛ Z¿_µv˛C∂pw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p≠v. Imt°jym ]¿h-X-\ncAh-km-\n®v, Imkv]n-b≥ IS-en-t\mSp tNcp∂ Zn°n-em-WnXv. ChnsS]pcm-X\ Imew apX¬ hfsc \ofhpw hoXn-bp-ap≈ Hcp `nØn-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. CXns‚ \ofw kpam¿ 30 ssaesX. Cu ÿe-Øn\v]mc-knI `mj-bn¬ "Z¿_µv' F∂mWv t]cv. `nØn-hm-Xn¬ F∂mWvAXns‚ A¿Yw. Chn-sS-\n∂p Iptd ]Sn-™m-tdm-´p-am-dn-bm¬ as‰mcpÿew ImWmw. CXn\v "Umcn-b¬ ]m v' (Darial Pass) F∂mWv ]d-™p-h-cp-∂Xv. AXn-]m-No\ Imew apX¬ AhnsS Hcp `nØn ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp∂p. Cu ÿe-Øn\v A¿ao-\nbm tcJ-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂-t]¿ "^m°vtIm-dmbn' F∂pw "Im∏≥ tImdmbn' F∂p-am-Ip∂p.tImdns‚ IhmSw F∂mWv B ]Z-ß-fpsS A¿Yw. Bcm-bn-cp∂pCu tIm¿? ]mk¿KmsU (CkvXJvdv) bn¬\n∂v J\-\-Øn¬ e`n-®n-´p≈ ]Xna hgn sskd-kns‚ km£m¬ \maw "tKmciv' F∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p≠v.29 BI-bm¬ sskd-kns‚ \ma-Øn¬ ÿm]n-X-am-b-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww B ÿew.

Jp¿-B≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂Xv c≠p XS- -ß-fpsS at[y-bm-bn-cp∂pZp¬J¿ss\-\n-bpsS XS w, AYhm nØn F∂mWv.

auem\m BkmZv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Umcn≥ ]m v Jp¿-Bs‚ h¿W-\-tbmSvXnI®w tbmPn-°p-∂p≠v. c≠p sImSp-ap-Sn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-emWv AXv ÿnXnsNøp-∂Xv. Hcp nØn aqew Cu hgn XS- -s∏-Sp-Øm≥ As√-¶n¬ AS-®n-Sm≥ Ignbpw.''30

Npcp-°-Øn¬ awtKm-fnbm h¿K-Øn¬ s]´ knXn-b-∑m-cpsS IS-∂m-I-a-W-ßƒ ]Xn-_-‘n-t°-≠-Xn-\m-bn-cp∂p Zp¬J¿ss\≥ XS w \n¿an-®Xv.t]¿jy≥ NI-h¿Ønbpw alm-\p-amb sskdkv, AYhm tKmciv Bbn-cp∂p Jp¿-B-\n¬ h¿Wn-X-\mb Zp¬J¿ss\≥. Cu \nK-a-\-amWv IqSp-X¬ bp‡-am-bn-tØm-∂p-∂Xv. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ ]kvXpX hnti-j-W-Øn\vA\p-tbm-Py-\m-bn-cp-∂n√.

Zp¬J¿ss\≥ F∂ kw⁄°v \nZm\wJp¿-B-\n¬ Zp¬J¿ss\-s\-°p-dn®v ]Xn-]m-Z\w Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv

Cß-s\-bmWv: ""Zp¬J¿ss\-s\-∏‰n Ah¿ Xm¶-tfmSv tNmZn-°p∂p.]d-bpI: At±-l-Øns‚ A¬]w ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ Znhy-`m-j-W-sa∂\ne-bn¬ Rm≥ HmXn-t°ƒ∏n°mw...''31

Hcp tNmZy-Øn-\p-Ø-c-am-bmWv Zp¬J¿ss\-s\-∏‰n ]d-tb-≠n-h-


∂Xv. Cu tNmZy-Øns‚ D¬]Øn PqX-∑m-cn¬ \n∂m-sW∂v hymJym-Xm-°ƒ ]d-bp∂p. "Zp¬J¿ss\≥' F∂m¬ "Ccp-sIm-º≥' F∂m-W¿Yw. Cßs\ Hcp \maw \_n-bpsS Ime-Øp≈ Ad-_n-Iƒ Adn-™n-cp-∂n√. AXn-\m¬, PqX∑m-cn¬ \n∂m-hWw ]kvXpX tNmZywh∂-sX∂v Xo¿®! Xm≥ ]hm-N-I-\mWv F∂ Ah-Im-i-hmZw icn-bm-bn-cp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ apl-ΩZv Xncp-ta-\n°v ]kvXpX ]iv\-Øn\vXr]vXn-I-c-amb adp-]Sn ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂v kv]jvSwXs∂.

kwKXn CXmWv: Ckm-tb¬ ]hm-N-I-]-c-º-c-bn¬ Hcm-fmbZm\o-tb¬ \_n°v iqi≥ cmP-[m-\n-bn¬ sh®v Hcp Z¿i-\-ap-≠mbn.B ImeØv PqX-∑m¿ _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bn¬ ASn-a-I-fmbn Ign-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv ]tXyIw it≤-b-amWv. ]kvXpX Z¿i-\-Øn¬ At±lw Cc-´-s°m-º\pw AXn-]-cm-I-an-bp-amb Hcm-´p-sIm-‰s\ I≠p. Ah≥ ]Sn-™m-tdm´pw sXt°m´pw hS-t°m´pw CSn-°p∂p. A\-¥cw ]Sn-™m-dp-\n∂v Hcp tImem-´p-sIm-‰≥ \newsXmSmsX kIe `qX-e-Øn-eq-sSbpw h∂p. Ahs‚ Ccp IÆp-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ hnti-j-am-sbmcp sImºp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah≥ DK-tIm-]-tØmsS Ccp-sIm-ºs‚ t\sc ]m™p-sN∂p. Ahs\ CSn®psImºp-c≠pw XI¿Øp. Cu H‰-s°m-ºs‚ apºn¬ \n¬]m≥ Ccp-sIm-º\v Ign-™n√. H‰-s°m-º-\mb tImem-´p-sIm-‰≥ Cc-´-s°m-º-\mb B´p-sIm-‰s\ \neØp X≈n-bn´p Nhn-ń-°-f™p. H‰-s°m-ºs‚ ]cm-I-a-Øn¬\n∂pw Cc-´-s°m-ºs\ c£n-°m≥ Bcp-an-√m-bn-cp∂p. tImem-´p-sIm-‰≥ G‰hpw hep-Xm-bn-Øo¿∂p. F∂m¬, AXv_e-s∏-´-t∏mƒ AXns‚ henb sImºv XI¿∂p-t]mbn....32

CXmWv Zm\n-tb¬ ]hm-N-I-∂p-≠mb Z¿i-\-Øns‚ ]k-‡-`mKw. Cu Z¿i-\-Ønse H‰-s°m-º-t\bpw Cc-´-s°m-º-t\bpw K_n-tb¬ (Pn_vco¬) Zm\n-tb-en\v hymJym-\n-®p-sIm-Sp-ØXv C]-Im-c-am-bn-cp∂p:

""c≠p sImºp-≈-Xmbn \o I≠ B´p-sIm-‰≥ ]m¿ky cmPm-°-∑msc Ipdn-°p∂p. ]cp-]-cpØ tImem-´p-sIm-‰≥ bh-\-cm-PmhpwAXns‚ IÆp-I-fpsS \Sp-hn-ep≈ Hcp sImºv H∂m-asØ cmPmhpwBIp∂p.''33

Zm\n-tb¬ sskd-kns‚ ka-Im-eo-\\pw At±-l-Øns‚ `‡ym-Z-c-ßƒ°p ]mX-amb Hcm-fp-am-bn-cp∂p. sskdkv t]¿jy-bp-tSbpwanUn-b-bp-tSbpw cmPm-hm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m-em-hWw A∂sØ t]¿jysbc≠p sImºp≈ Hcm-´p-sIm-‰-\mbn Zm\n-tb≥ \_n°v Z¿in-∏n°-s∏-´Xv. GXm-bmepw sskd-kn-s\-bmWv Ccp-sIm-º≥ ]Xn-\n-[m\wsNøp-∂-sX-∂p-≈-Xn¬ kwi-b-an√. H‰-s°m-ºt\m, Ko°p cmPm-°-


∑m-tcbpw. Ko°p-Im-cmWv t]¿jysb Ah-km\w ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-sX∂ NcnX hkvXpX CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ ]tXyIw it≤-b-am-Ip∂p. ]kvXpX Z¿i-\-Øns‚ ]pe¿®-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv.

BI-bm¬, Zm\n -tb-en -∂p -≠mb ]kvXpX Z¿i-\-ØnseZp¬J¿ss\--s\∏-‰n-bm-bn-cp∂p \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-tbmSv blq-Z-∑m-cpsStNmZyw. B Zp¬J¿-ss\≥ t]¿jy≥ cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂ sskd-k-√msXa‰m-cp-a-s√∂v kv]jvSw.

"Ccp-sIm-º≥' F∂ _lp-aXn sskd-kn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn]mk¿Km-U-bn¬ \n∂v In. 1838-˛¬ Inńb At±-l-Øns‚ Hcp ]Xn-abpw Ipdn-°p-∂p≠v. AXns‚ Ccp-h-ihpw Igp-I-t‚-Xp-t]m-ep≈Nnd-Ip-Ifpw Xe-bn¬ B´p-sIm-‰-t‚-Xp-t]m-ep≈ c≠p sImºp-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXn-t∑-ep≈ FgpØv Iptd \jvS-s∏-´p-t]m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw ]Xna Bcp-tS-sX∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ amXw Ah-ti-jn-®n-cp∂p. 34

BI-bm¬ sskd-kns‚ "Ccp-sIm-º≥' F∂ ÿm\-t∏¿ shdpwaX-]-c-amb k¶¬]-a-s√∂pw kz¥-°m¿°n-S-bn¬ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´_lp-a-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw AXv sXfn-bn-°p∂p. At±lw HcpAkm-am\y hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ DS-a-bm-bn-cp∂p.

sskd-kns‚ hwiwAt°-an-\nkv (Achaemines) cmP-hw-i-Øn-emWv sskdkv P\n-®Xv.

t]¿jy-bp-sSbpw anUn-b-bp-sSbpw cWw Cu hwiw Ic-ÿ-am°n. F∂m¬,Cu kmamPyw "anUnb kmamPyw' F∂ t]cn-emWv s]mXp-hn¬ hnfn-°-s∏- n-cp-∂Xv. anUnb F∂Xv Hcp -Ko°v \ma-asX. sskd-kns‚ ]nXr-hy-]p-X\pw ]n≥Km-an-bp-am-bn-cp∂ Zmcn-bkv H∂m-as‚ (Zmdm) enJn-X-Øn¬ImWp∂ \maw "amZm' F∂m-Ip∂p.35

Ad-_n-Iƒ AXns\ "amlmØv' F∂p-®-cn®p.

ss__n-fnse hwim-h-en-b-\p-k-cn®v A_-lm-an\v "sIXqdm' F∂aq∂m-asØ ]Xv\n-bn¬ P\n® k¥-Xn-I-fpsS Iq -Øn¬ Hcm-fpsS t]¿"saZm≥' F∂m-bn-cp∂p.36

saZms‚ ]n∑p-d-°m¿ ]n∂oSv taZy¿ F∂ t]cn¬ ]kn-≤-cm-sb∂vhnNm-cn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. CXm-hWw "taZym-km-amPyw' F∂ t]cn\v \nZm\w.At∏mƒ B kmamPyw Hcp skan-‰nIv kmam-Py-am-bn-cp∂p F∂p-hcpw.IqSmsX sskdkv Gem-ssa‰v hwi-P-\m-sW∂v B[p-\nI NcnXw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. 37 ss__nƒ aX-]-Imcw tians‚ ]pX-\m-Ip∂p Gemw.38

AXn-\m¬ sskd-kns‚ kmamPyw skan-‰n-°m-sW∂p Xo¿®.F∂m¬, B[p-\nI Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb sh’v AXns\ H∂m-asØ Bcy-


km-amPyw F∂mWv hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. tImc-ins‚ ]nXr-hy-]p-X\pw ]n≥Km-an-bp-amb Zmcym-th-ins‚, As√-¶n¬ Zmcn-b-kns‚(Zmdm) kmam-PysØ h¿Wn®p At±lw Fgp-Xp-∂Xp ImWpI:

""H∂mw Zmcn-bkns‚ ]m¿kn-km-amPyw ˛ ]pcm-X\ ]cn-jvImctIµ-ß-fpsS ÿm\Øv DZv`-hn® BZysØ Bcy-km-amPyw ˛ AtX-hsc temI-Øp-≠m-bn-´p≈ kmam-Py-ß-fn¬ sh®v G‰hpw hen-b-Xm-bn-cp∂p. AXn¬ Gjym-ssa-\¿ apgp-h\pw kndn-bbpw ]≠sØA o-cnb, _m_n-tem-Wnb F∂o kmam-Py-ßfpw CuPn]vXpwIm°-kkv, Imkv]n-b≥ F∂o ]tZ-i-ßfpw taZnb, C\¬ F∂ocmPy-ßfpw Dƒs∏Spw. C¥y-bn¬ kn‘p-\Zn htcbpw AXv hym]n®pInS-∂n-cp∂p.'' 39

CXns‚ A¿Yw taZy-mkm-amPyw `mjm-hn-`-P-\-a-\p-k-cn®v, Bcy-km-am-Py-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂sX. CXp-sIm≠v ss__n-fnse hwi-]-c-amb hn`-P-\-]-Imcw, AXv skan-‰n-°m-Ip-∂-Xn\v hntcm-[-an√.]kvXpX kmam-Py-Ønse Hc-[n-]-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂ tImc-kns\ skan-‰nIv h¿K-Øn¬ s]´ blq-Z-∑m¿ Hcp "aninl'bmbn h¿Wn-®Xpw_lp-am-\n-®Xpw \mw I≠p. CXp-t]mse skan-‰n-°p-I-fm-bn-cp∂_m_n-tem-Wn-b-bnse ]ptcm-ln-X-∑mcpw t\Xm-°fpw sskd-kns\kz¥w \mńs‚ A[n-]-Xn-bmbn AwKo-I-cn®p. Xß-fpsS Ah-km-\sØ cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂ \mt_m-Wn-Z-kns‚ \b-ssh-I-ey-ß-fn¬Akw-Xr-]vX-cmb Ah¿ Abm-sf-∏n-Sn®p _‘-\-ÿ-\m-°p-Ibpw cmP-Ip-am-c\pw ÿm\m-h-Im-in-bp-amb t_¬i- -dns\ h[n-°p-IbpwsNbvXp. F∂n´v taZy-km-am-Py-Øns‚ A[n-]-Xn-bmb tImc-in\vkz¥w \mSv G¬]n-®p-sIm-SpØp. CsX-∏‰n sh’v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv t\m°pI: ""Ah¿ (_m_n-tem-Wn-b-bnse s_¬am¿tUm-°ns‚]ptcm-ln-X≥am¿) \t_m-Wn-Z-kns‚ ÿm\-tØ°v Hcmsf At\z-jn-®p-Xp-Sßn. Ab¬cm-Py-amb taZy-mkm-am-Py-Øns‚ A[n-]XntImciv (sskdkv) F∂ ]m¿knsb Is≠Øn.... At±lw _m_n-tem-Wn-b°p t\sc h∂p. ]´-W-Øns‚ sIm´m-c-a-Xn-ep-I-fpsS ]pdsaHcp bp≤w \S∂p. \K-c-I-hm-S-ßƒ At±-l-Øn-\mbn Xpd-°-s∏´p.(In. ap. 533) At±-l-Øns‚ ssk\yw Hcp bp≤w IqSm-sX-Øs∂\K-c-Øn¬ ]th-in®p.'' 40

_m_n-tem-Wnbm ]ptcm-ln-X≥am¿ sskd-kns\ Cßs\kzmKXw sNbvXn-´p-s≠-¶n¬ Ah¿°v At±-l-hp-ambn Hcp _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hnNm-cn-°-W-at√m. F¥m-bn-cp∂p AXv? B[p-\nI NcnXw AXp hy‡-am-°p-∂n√. c‡-_-‘-am-bn-cp∂p AsX∂vA\p-am-\n-°m≥ hgn-bp≠v. taZy¿ `mjm-]-c-ambn Bcy-h¿K-Øn-em-Wpƒs∏-ń-´p-≈-sX-¶nepw hwi-]-c-ambn skan-‰n-°p-Im¿ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mhmw, skan-‰n-°p-Im-cmb _m_n-tem-Wn-b¿ taZym-


cm-Pm-hmb sskd-kns\ kl¿jw kzmKXw sNbvXXv. as‰mcp hn[w]d-™m¬, Bcy-h¿Khpw skan-‰nIv h¿Khpw hmkvX-h-Øn¬ H∂m-bn-cp∂p.

Npcp-°-Øn¬ skan-‰nIv h¿§-ß-fpsS ta[m-hn-Xz-Øn¬ temI-Ønse ]cn-jvIr-X-cm-Py-ßƒ apgp-h\pw Aa¿∂n-cp∂p. Ah¿ Gjym,B^n°, bqtdm∏v F∂o aq∂v `qJ-fi-ß-fnepw hym]n-°p-IbpwsNbvXncp∂p.

Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ

1. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 8, t]. 889 (^n\o-jy-∑m¿)

2. temI-N-cn-X-kw-Klw t]. 793. Ibid t]. 804. temI-N-cnXw hm. 2, t]. 875. Ibid Vol. 1, P. 117

6. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥, hm. 1, t]. 1617. Ibid Vol. 1, P. 161

8. Ibid Vol. 1, P. 161

9. D≤-cWw: EtKz-Z-Øn-eqsS t]. 28110. EtKzZw a. 1, kq. 11, E. 511. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 8, t]. 889 (^n\o-jy≥am¿)12. thZm¿∞-hn-Nmcw t]. 84, 8513. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 5, t]. 158 (Io‰v)14. temI Ncn-X-kw-Klw t]. 8115. D≤-cWw: A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 20516. ii Zn\-hr-Øm¥w 26: 7 t\m°pI.17. D≤-cWw: A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 21318. D≤-cWw: Ibid Vol. 1, P.162

19. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 16220. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 2, t]. 471˛-473 (Cdm≥)21. DXv]Øn 10: 2222. temI-N-cnX kwKlw t]. 7723. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 3, t]. 159 (Gemw)24. Ibid hm. 3, t]. 159 (Gemw) t\m°pI.25. X¿Pp-am-\p¬ Jp¿-B≥ by auem\m BkmZv hm. 2, t]. 403 t\m°pI.26. Fk 1: 227. bi-ømhv 45: 1, 228. X¿Pp-am-\p¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 2, t]. 42629. Ibid hm. 2, t]. 40030. Ibid hm. 2, t]. 42931. Jp¿-B≥ 18: 3332. Zm\n-tb¬ 8-˛mw A[ymbw 3˛-8 t\m°pI.33. Ibid 8: 20, 2134. X¿Pp-am-\p¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 2, t]. 400, 40135. Ibid hm. 2, t]. 40136. DXv]Øn 25: 237. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 3, t]. 159 (Gemw)


38. DXv]Øn 10: 2239. temI-N-cnX kwKlw t]. 103

40. Ibid t]. 102

A[ymbw ]Xn-s\ v

BZp-hw-ihpw Bcy-h¿Khpw

Ncn-X-Øns‚ Hcp L´-Øn¬ skan-‰nIv h¿K-Øns‚ _en-jvT-l-kvX-Øn-emWv temIm-[n-]Xyw ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp-∂-sX∂ hkvXp-X-bmWv \mw apºv hnh-cn-®Xv. ico-c-ti-jn-sIm≠pw kwL-SnX i‡n-sIm≠pw a‰pw Ah¿°m-bn-cp∂p A°m-eØv IqSp-X¬ ]m_eyw.acp-`q-an-I-fn¬ BSp-am-Sp-Isf ta®pw, Ae-™p-Xn-cn™pw \S-∂n-cp∂Ah¿ XnI®pw kzX-¥-amb A¥-co-£-Øn-emWv PohnXw \bn-®Xv. ISpØ ]Xn-_-‘-ß-tfmSpw ]Xn-Iq-e-km-l-N-cy-ß-tfmSpw a√n-tS-≠n-h-∂-Xn-\m-emhmw, Cu A]-cn-jvIrX h¿K-°m¿°v CXc P\-X-Xn-Iƒ°n-√m-Xn-cp∂ ]e Ign-hp-Ifpw tbmKy-X-Ifpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-hm≥ km[n-®Xv. Aßs\ ]mNo\ \mK-cn-I-tI-µ-ß-sf-sb√mwAh¿ BI-an®p Iog-S°n.

AXn-]m-No\ ImeØv Atd_ym D]-Zzo-]n¬ ]Xm-]-tØmSpw]`m-h-tØmSpw hmWn-cp∂ Hcp skan-‰nIv imJ-bmWv BZp-hw-i-sa∂v apºv kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. Cu hwi-sØ-∏‰n Jp¿-B≥ ]te-S-ß-fn-embn ]Xn-]m-Zn®p ImWmw. C°q-´-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS Ncn-X-]-c-ambNne hkvXp-X-I-fn-te°v AXv shfn®w hoin-bn-´p≠v. Hcp NcnXhnZym¿Ynsb kw_-‘n-t®-S-tØmfw FXbpw hne-s∏´ kqN-\-I-fmWv Jp¿-B≥ \¬In-bn-´p-≈Xv. Ah-sb-∏‰n Hcp hnlK ho£Ww\S-Øp-hm≥ CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ ian-°p∂p.

Jp¿-B\pw Ncn-XhpwHcp kwKXn BZyta ]d-™p-sh-°s´: Jp¿-B≥ Hcp NcnX

]pkvX-I-a√, Ncn-X-kw-`-h-ßƒ Hcn-SØv ka-RvP-k-ambn tImUo-I-cn®p ]Xn-]m-Zn-°pI Jp¿-Bs‚ ssien-b√. Cu cwKØv Jp¿-B\pw ss__nfpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw ImWpI ]bm-k-asX.ss__nƒ apJy-ambpw Hcp NcnX ]pkvX-I-amWv. Jp¿-B-\m-Is´]Y-a-ambpw ][m-\-ambpw Hcp am¿K-\n¿tZ-iI KŸhpw. Hcp DZm-l-c-W-Øn-eqsS Cu A¥cw hy‡-am°mw. ss__n-fnse DXv]Øn,]pd -∏mS v , tehy, kwJy, Bh¿Ø\w F∂o ]pkvX-I-ßƒHcmhrØn hmbn®p t\m°q. Ckm-tb¬ hwi-Øns‚ DXv]ØnapX¬ tamk-kns‚ hntbmKw hsc-bp≈ kºq¿W NcnXw


\nßƒ°v In´pw. F∂m¬, Ah-cpsS Nne NcnX hi-ßƒ Jp¿-B\pw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p≠v. AXpw ]te-S-ß-fn-embn, Hc-Sp°pw Nn´-bp-an-√msX. Jp¿-B≥ B[m-c-am°n Ckm-tb¬ hwi-°m-cpsS NcnXw\n¿an-°p-hm≥ ]pd-s∏-´m¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´-Xp-Xs∂.

F¥n-\-[nIw, Ad-_n-I-fm-Wt√m Jp¿-Bs‚ ]Ya hml-I≥am¿.Jpssd-in-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Jp¿-Bs‚ BZysØ A`n-kw-t_m-[n-X¿. Ah-cpsS`mjm-ssi-en-bmWv Jp¿-B≥ apJy-ambpw kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-sX∂v \ncq-]-I≥am¿ sFI-I-WvtTy\ kΩ-Xn-®n- p≠v. F∂m¬, Jpssd-in-Isf kw_-‘n-t®-S-tØmfw Jp¿-B≥ ]Xn-]m-Zn® NcnX hkvXpX H∂p-am-X-amWv.Ah¿°v ssiXy-Im-eØpw DjvW-Im-e-Øp-ambn c≠p I®-h-S-bm-X-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS Blm-c-k-ºm-Z-\-Øn\v \nZm\w.1

Jp¿-Bs‚ Hcp \yq\-X-bm-Wn-sX∂v [cn-°-cpXv. Hcp am¿K-\n¿tZ-iIKŸ-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Jp¿-B∂v NcnXw hnh-cn-t°≠ Bh-iy-an-√m-Ø-XmWv CXn\p ImcWw. CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ io. hnth-Im-\-µ-kzm-an-Iƒ ]d™Hcp kwKXn Hm¿a-h-cp∂p: ""Hcp InkvXp-aX ]Nm-c-I≥ Ft∂mSp ]d™p:"Rß-fpsS aX-K-Ÿ-ßƒ°v Ncn-X-]-c-amb kz`m-h-ap≠v. AXn-\m¬ Ahicn-bmWv.' Fs‚ adp-]Sn Cß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p: "Ft‚-Xn\v Ncn-X-]-c-ambkz m-h-an√. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Ah icn-bm-Ip-∂Xv. Ncn-X-]-c-am-I-bm¬ \nß-fpsS aX-K-Ÿ-ßƒ As∂m-cp- Zn-hkw Btcm Hcp-h≥ D≠m-°n-b-Xm-sW∂vkv]jvSw. \nß-fp-tSXv a\p-jy-\n¿an-X-amWv. Ft‚Xv Aß-s\-b√. Ncn-X-]-c-a-s√-∂Xv Ah-°-\p-Iq-e-amWv.''2

CXp-X-s∂-bmWv Jp¿-Bs‚ Ah-ÿbpw. Ncn-X-]-c-amb kz`m-h-a√Jp¿-B-∂p-ap-≈Xv.

F∂n-cp-∂mepw Jp¿-B≥ kµ¿ -Øns‚ HuNn-Xy-a-\p-k-cn®v Ign-™p-t]mb kw`-h-K-Xn-I-fn-te°v Nne-t∏mƒ hnc¬ Nq≠m-dp≠v. Nne kp]-[m\ XXz-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv CXns‚ ]nd-In-ep≈ Dt±iyw. Ncn-X-]-c-amb kqN-\-Iƒ amX-amWv Jp¿-B≥ \¬Im-dp-≈-sX-¶nepw, Hcp \nco-£-W-ssi-en-sb- w-_-‘n-t®-S-tØmfw hne-a-Xn-°m-\m-hmØ kw -mh-\-bm-WXv. Fs¥-∂m¬, AXns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ Ign-™p-t]mb kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-Øns‚ Pbm-]-P-b-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ km[n-°p-∂-XmWv.

C\n \ap°v hnj-b-Øn-te°v aSßmw. Jp¿-B-\n¬ skan-‰nIv h¿K-sØ-∏‰n hnti-jm¬ H∂pw ]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-ń√. Ad_n `mj-bn¬ Bh¿KsØ Ipdn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kw⁄-t]mepw Jp¿-B-\n¬ ÿew]nSn-®n-ń√. F∂m¬, B henb h¿K-Øns‚ Hcp imJ-sb∂v apkvenwNcnXImc≥am¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ BZp-hw-i-sØ-∏‰n Jp¿-B≥ Ahn-S-hnsS ]Xn-]m-Zn-®-Xmbn ImWmw. AXn¬ \n∂v BZp-hw-i-°m-cpsS Nnekhn-ti-j-kz- m-h-ßfpw kº-Zm-b-ßfpw Kln-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.

BZp-hw-i-Øns‚ Bhm-k-tIµwBZp-hw-i-°m-cpsS Bhm-k-tIµw "AlvJm v' F∂n-S-Øm-bn-cp∂p.


Cu hwisØ kXy-]-Ÿm-hn-te°v £Wn-t°-≠-Xn-\mbn \nbp-‡-\mb lqZv\_n Xs‚ ]t_m-[-\-tI-µ-ambn kzoI-cn-®Xv AlvJm^vBsW∂v Jp¿-B≥ ]kvXm-hn-®n-´p≠v.

""BZns‚ ktlm-Z-c≥ AlvJm-^n¬ sh®v kzP-\-Xsb Xm°o-Xp-sNbvX kµ¿`w Hm¿an-°pI. At±-l-Øn\v apºpw ]nºpw Xm°o-Xp-IƒIgn-™p-t]m-bn- p≠v: "A√m-lp-hn-\-√msX C_m-ZØv (D]m-k\) sNø-cpXv.`b-¶-c-amb Hcp Znh-k-Ønse in£ \nßsf ]nSn-Iq-Sp-sa∂v Rm≥ b-s∏-Sp∂p!''3

GXmWv ]kvXpX AlvJm v? auem\m kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn-bpsS A n-]m-b-Øn¬ "A¿dp-_p-D¬ Jmen' F∂ t]cn¬ C∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂, Atd-_y-bnse hnkvXr-X-amb aW-em-c-Wy-am-WXv.4 bas‚ kao-]-Øm-WXvÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv. BI-bm¬ BZp-hw-i-°m-cpsS hmk-ÿew B ]tZ-i-Øm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v A\p-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp∂p.

`c-Wh¿KwAtd-_y-bpsS c-W-t\-XrXzw Hcp L -Øn¬ BZp-hw-i-Øns‚ A[o-

\-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p. IqSmsX A∂sØ temIm-[n-]-Xyhpw Ch-cpsS h¿K-Øn-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Jp¿-B≥ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p≠v. lqZv\-_n-bpsS Hcp-Zvt_m-[-\-Øn¬ Ahsc A\p-kva-cn-∏n-®Xv ImWpI:

""t\ml-bpsS P\-X°p tijw \nßsf A√mlp Jeo- -am-cm( -c-W-t\-Xm-°ƒ)-°n-bXv kvacn-°p-hn≥.''5

t\ml-bpsS P\X kpta-cn-b-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v \mw apºv ka¿Yn-®n-´p≠v. kpta-cn-b≥am-cpsS tijw temI-cm-jvSob ta[m-hnXzw Ic-K-X-am-°n-bXv Ch-cpsS h¿K-am-sW-∂sX ta¬h-N\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. BZp-hw-i-apƒs°m-≈p∂ skan-‰nIv h¿K-sØ-bm-hWw lqZv\_n hnh-£n-®Xv.kpta-cn-b-°m¿°p tijw skan-‰n-°p-Im-cm-bn-cp∂p temI-cm-jvSobcwKsØ AP-ø-i‡n.

NcnX hkvXp-X-Iƒ Bg-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-]£w ]kvXpX h¿K-Øn-\m-bn-cp∂p temIm-[n-]-Xy-sa∂v \ap°v ImWm≥ Ignbpw. Gjy-bpsS\m\m- m-K-ßfpw A°m-eØv skan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS A[o-\-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p.CuPn]vXpw Ah¿ ]nSn-®-S°n. Io‰v, Ko°v, ^n\ojy, Im¿tØPv,kvs]bn≥, t]¿jy, kndnb, A o-cnb, _m_n-tem-Wnb, Im¬Unb Aßs\ H -t\Iw cmPy-ßƒ Ah¿°-[o-\-s∏´p. IqSmsX n\o-jy≥am¿F∂ skan-‰nIv imJ temI-saßpw Ah-cpsS aXhpw kwkvIm-chpw hym]n-∏n®p. Cu hkvXp-X-I-sf√mw sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv kpta-cnb≥ P\-X°p tijwskan-‰n-°p-Im-cmWv temIm-[n-]Xyw Ic-ÿ-am-°n-b-sX-∂mWv.

C¥y-bn¬C≥tUm˛Bcy≥am¿ mc-X-Øn¬ ]th-in-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv Zmhn-U-

cpsS ta[m-hn-Xz-amWv Chn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX∂v B[p-\nI Ncn-Xm-t\z-j-I-cn¬ ]ecpw A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. Zmhn-Ucpw kpta-cn-bcpw


h¿K-im-kvX-]-c-ambn (Ethnic) H∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Nne `qan-im-kvX-Im-c-∑m-cpsS \nK-a\w \mw apºv Nq≠n-°m-ń-bn-´p≠v.

kpta-cn-b≥am-sc-bmWv Jp¿-B≥ \qlns‚ P\X F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. ss__nƒ aX-]-Imcw t\ml-bp-sS Hcp ]pX-\m-bn-cp∂p bms^Øv. bms^-Øns‚ k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bn¬ s]´-h-cm-hWw Zmhn-U¿ F∂p \mw Duln-°p∂p. BI-bm¬ Bcy≥am-cpsS hc-hn\p apºv C¥y-bn¬ ta[m-hnXzw hln-®n-cp-∂Xv t\ml-bpsS P\-am-sW∂v ]d-bm-hp-∂-XmWv. Ad-_n-N-cn-X-Im-c-\mb akqZnXs‚ "apdq-Pp-±-l_v' F∂ Ncn-X-Ir-Xn-bn¬ CXn-te°v kqN\\¬In-bn-´p≠v. At±lw ]d-bp∂p:

""\qlns‚ ]pX-\mb bm^n-Yns‚ kpX≥ kpt_-ens‚ aI≥B_q¿, AYhm Baq¿ C¥y-bpsS AXn¿Øn-I-fn¬ sN∂p]m¿Øp.''6

Zmhn-Usc Iog-S°n, ChnsS kz¥-amb B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw Xß-fp-tS-Xmb kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw ]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Bcy≥am¿ BZp-hw-i-Øns‚ ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cm-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂mWv \mw A\p-am-\n-°p-∂Xv. Bcy-hw-i-°m-cmb bZp-°sfCµ≥ Zqc-Zn-°n¬ \n∂p sIm≠p-h-∂-Xm-sW∂pw Ah¿ kztZ-in-I-f√, hntZ-in-I-fm-sW∂pw thZw kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠v.7

Cµ≥ Zqc-Zn-°n¬ \n∂v sIm≠p-h∂ Cu bZp-hwiw BZp-hwiwXs∂-bm-hWw. BZpw bZphpw XΩn¬ hfsc i_vZ-km-Zr-iy-ap≠v.At∏mƒ t\ml-bpsS P\-X°p tijw B[n-]-Xy-Øn-te-°p-b¿∂p-h∂ h¿Kw BZn-t‚-Xm-sW∂ Jp¿-B-\nI hmZw `mc-X-sØ- w-_-‘n-t®-S-tØmfw icn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂q-ln-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.

i‡nbpw ]`m-hhpwCXc P\-X-Isf At]-£n®p IqSp-X¬ tijnbpw tiap-jn-bp-

ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p BZp-hwiw. Ah¿ Atcm-K-Zr-V-Km-Xcpw tIma-fmw-K-cp-am-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Ah-cpsS ]hm-N-I≥ Cßs\ D]-tZ-in-®-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ ]d-™Xv:

""Fs‚ P\ta, \nßƒ d∫n-t\mSv am∏n-c-°pI. Ah-¶-te°v]›m-Ø-]n®p aS-ßpI. F¶n¬ Ah≥ \nßƒ°v [mcm-f-ambn agh¿jn-°p∂ taLsØ Ab-®p-Xcpw. \nß-fpsS i‡n-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ h¿[-\hv \¬Ipw. \nßƒ ]m]n-I-fmbn ]n¥n-cn™p t]mI-cpXv.''8

lqZn-s\-Øs∂ D≤-cn®v as‰m-cn-SØv Jp¿-B≥ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p:

""A√mlp \nß-fpsS ]Ir-Xn-bn¬ hnim-eX h¿[n-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p.A√m-lp-hns‚ A\p-K-l-ßƒ kvacn-°p-hn≥. \nßƒ hnP-bn-t®°pw.''9


BZp-k-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-amb imco-cnI e£-W-ß-fn-te°vshfn®w hoip-∂p≠v ]kvXpX Jp¿-B≥ kq‡-ßƒ. Ah-cpsS ico-c-Øn\v Af-h‰ tijnbpw Icp-Øp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ico-cm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ hnim-eX A\p-K-ln-°-s∏-ń-cp∂p. lqZv \_n-bpsS hmNIw Hcn-°¬ IqSni≤n-°pI: Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ \nßƒ alm i‡-cmWv. C\n Fs‚D]-tZ-i-a-\p-k-cn®v, d∫n-¶¬ icWw ]m]n-°p-∂-Xm-bm¬ Ah≥\nß-fpsS i‡n IqSp-X¬ h¿[n-∏n°pw. AXm-bXv, imco-cn-I-amb_e-Øn\p ]pdsa, am\-kn-Ihpw [m¿an-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb i‡n-IqSn \nßƒ°v Ah≥ \¬Ip-∂-XmWv.

c≠m-asØ hN-\-Øn¬ \nß-fpsS ]Ir-Xn-bn¬ hnim-eX h¿[n-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v ]d™p. F¥mWo ]tbm-K-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ?AXp a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ ss__nƒ \sΩ klm-bn-°p∂p. Ckm-tb¬ hwi-Ønse BZysØ cmPm-hmb iuen (XmeqØn)s\ h¿Wn-®-t∏mgpw GXm-≠n-Xn-t\m-S-SpØ ]tbm-K-amWv Jp¿-B≥ kzoI-cn-®Xv. AXm-bXv At±-l-Øn\v ico-cm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ hnim-eX h¿[n-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂v. CXns‚ s]mcpƒ "iaq-th¬ H∂mw ]pkvXIw'\ap°v a\- n-em-°n-Ø-cp-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv:

""Ah∂v (Ioin\v) iu¬ F∂ t]tcmsS buh-\hpw tIma-f-Xz-hp-ap≈ Hcp aI-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. bnkm-tb¬ a°-fn¬ Ah-s\-°mƒtIma-f-\mb ]pcp-j≥ C√m-bn-cp∂p. Ah≥ F√m-h-tc-°mfpw tXmƒapX¬ s]m°-ta-dn-b-h-\m-bn-cp∂p.''10

BI-bm¬ BZp-hw-i-°m-cpsS ]Ir-Xn-bn¬ hnim-eX h¿[n-∏n®pF∂p-h-®m¬ Ah¿°v BIm-c-ku-jvThhpw tIma-fXzhpw s]m°hpwA\p-K-ln-°-s∏-ń-cp∂p F∂m-W¿Yw. Ah¿ BPm-\p-_m-lp-°fpwkpµ-c-∑m-cp-am-bn-cp∂p.

B[p-\nI Kth-j-I-∑m-cpsS \nK-a-\-Øn¬ C≥tUm˛Bcy≥am-cpsS ico-cm-Ir-Xnbpw CtX hn[-am-bn-cp∂p. kpµ-c-∑mcpw tijn XnI-™-h-cp-amb Hcp ]tXyI h¿K-am-bn-cp∂p Ah-sc∂v thZ-Øn¬\n∂pw a\- n-em-Ip-∂p≠v. BZn Bcy-∑m-cpsS sXmen-bpsS \ndwshfp∏pw aq°v Db¿∂p \o≠-Xp-am-bn-cp∂p. kn.hn. sshZy Fgp-Xp∂p:

""tPXm-°-fmbn C¥y-bn¬ ]th-in® Bcy≥am¿ shfpØ\ndhpw Db¿∂ aq°pw D≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. ChnsS Iog-S-°-s∏´ Zkyp-°ƒ sNdnb aq°pw IdpØ \nd-hpap-≈-hcpw.''11

EtKzZ al¿jn-am-cn¬ Hcm-fmb hkn-jvT≥ Hcp a¥-Øn¬ kzP-\sØ Cßs\ A`n-kw-t_m[\w sNøp∂p: ""sh≈-\n-dhpw Xe-bpsS he-Xp-`m-KØv IpSp-a-bp-ap≈ hkn-jvT-∑mtc.''12

Npcp-°-Øn¬ kpµ-c-∑m-cmb BIm-c-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-cm-bn-cp∂pC≥tUm˛Bcy≥am-sc∂p Xo¿®. Zkyp-°sf AYhm Zmhn-Usc bp≤wsNbvXp Iogvs∏-Sp-Ønb Ah-cpsS tijn-sb-∏‰n ]tXyIw ]d-tb≠ Bh-


iy-an-√t√m.

Al-¶m-chpw Zpc- n-am-\hpwBZp-hw-i-°m-cpsS as‰mcp khn-ti-j-X-bmbn Jp¿-B≥ Nq≠n-

°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv kzi-‡n-bn-ep≈ Zpc-`n-am-\hpw Al-¶m-c-hp-asX.Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p:

""BZp-hwiw qtem-IØv A\ym-b-ambn Al-¶-cn®p. Ah¿ (km`n-am\w) ]d™p: Gh¿°p≠v Rß-tf-°mƒ henb _ew?''13

Al-¶m-c-]q-cn-X-amb CtX tNmZy-amWv C≥tUm˛Bcy≥am-cpsSiX-I-Xphpw tNmZn-®Xv: ""Gh¿°p≈q henb _ew?''14

BI-bm¬ ]kvXpX khn-tij kz`mhw C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cnepw\mw ImWp∂p. tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXp t\m°pI:

""kzi-‡n-bn-ep≈ A`n-am-\hpw A\ysc Pbn-®p-Io-g-S-°m-\p≈D’m-lhpw \nd-™-h-cm-bn-´mWv thZ-Im-esØ Bcy-∑msc \mwC¥y-bn¬ ImWp-∂Xv.''15

AXn-I-ahpw Iqc-XbpwAXn-cp-I-hn™ AXn-I-ahpw Iog-S-°-s∏-´-h-tcm-Sp≈ Iqc-amb

s]cp-am-‰-hp-amWv BZp-hw-i-°m-cpsS as‰mcp khn-ti-j-X-bmbn Jp¿-B≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p-≈Xv. Cu kz`m-h-hn-ti-jsØ hna¿i\ kzc-Øn¬ ]hm-N-I-\mb lqZv FSpØp ]d-bp∂p:

""\nßƒ (Hcp P\-Xsb) ]nSn-Iq-Sp-tºmƒ AXy-[nIw Iqc-∑m-cmbn ]nSn-Iq-Sp∂p.''16

CtX kz`mhw CuPn]vXv Iog-S-°n-b-t∏mƒ slIvtkm-kp-Ifpw]I-Sn -∏n -°p-I-bp-≠mbn. B kw`hw am\n-tØms\ D≤-cn®ptPmk^kv ^vtfhn-bkv Xs‚ NcnX IrXn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXvt\m°pI:

""Ah¿ Rß-fpsS t\Xm-°≥am-sc _‘-\-ÿ-cm°n, kzi-‡n-sIm≠v Rß-fp-sS-ta¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n® kµ¿`-Øn¬ Rß-fpsS ]´-W-ßƒ Nps´-cn-°p-Ibpw tZhm-e-b-ßƒ XI¿°p-Ibpw tZh-∑msc \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tZi-hm-kn-I-tfmSv AXy¥w Iqc-X-tbmsS s]cp-amdn. Ht´sd Bfp-Isf hmfn-\n-c-bm°n. kvXoI-sfbpw Ipń-I-sfbpw ASn-a-I-fm-°n-sh-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp...''17

CtX \b-hn-ti-j-amWv C¥y-bn¬ IpSn-tb-dnb Bcy≥am¿ C¥y-°m-tcmSv A\p-h¿Øn-®Xv. Hcp hn`mKw as‰mcp hn`m-K-hp-ambn ka-c-Ønepw kwL-´-\-Ønepw Ign-bp∂ kµ¿`-Øn¬ iXp-°sf ]oUn-∏n-°pI km[m-c-W-amWv. ]t£, Hcp I£n Iog-S-ßp-∂-tXmsS Ah-tcm-Sp≈ ]Ibpw hntZz-jhpw adp I£n°v Ipd-™p-h-cp-∂-Xm-bmWv\mw ImWm-dp-≈Xv. C¥y-bn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Ø Bcy-∑m¿ CXn-s\m-c-]-hm-Z-am-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ Chn-S-Øp-Imsc ASp-∏n-°p-hmt\m


ImWp-hmt\m sIm≈-cp-XmØ Aip-≤-∑m-cmbn IW-°m-°p-IbpwXZ-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \nb-a-ßƒ \n¿an®p \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw aX-K-Ÿ-ßfpw [¿a-im-kvX-ßfpw FgpXn ]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Bbn-c-°-W-°mb h¿j-ßƒ Ign-™n´pw, Cu sImSpw im]-Øn¬ \n∂piqZ-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°v tamN\w e`n-®n-ń√.

Bcy-∑m¿ cNn®v, ChnsS ]N-c-n∏n® [¿a-im-kvX-ßƒ, AYhmkvarXn-Iƒ A\-h-[n-bmWv. B]-kvXw-_≥, KuX-a≥, hkn-jvT≥F∂n-h-cpsS [¿a-kq-X-ß-fm-WsX Ah-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ ]mNo-\-ßƒ. _p≤s‚ Ime-tØm-S-SpØv a\p-kvar-Xnbpw cNn-°-s∏´p.18 iqZ-Pm-Xn-°m-cpsS ta¬ Bcy-∑m¿ \S-∏m-°nb \nb-a-ß-fpsS kmw_nƒa\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v Ah-bn¬ \n∂p≈ Nne D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ XmsgImWn-°p∂p:

""iqZ≥ \memw h¿W-°m-c-\mb GI-Pm-Xn-bm-Ip∂p. k—q-Z≥(_m“-Ws\ ipiq-jn-°p∂ iqZ≥) Ipfn-°Ww; Ak-—q-Z≥(Aß-s\-b-√m-Ø-h≥) Ipfn-°m≥ ]mSp-≈-X√. iqZ≥ _mlva-Ws\ ipiq-jn®v \nXy-hrØn Ign-t°-≠-h-\mWv. Ah-cn¬ henbhenb Bfp-Isf BZyw ipiq-jn-°Ww. ]g-t©mdv, Iod-ØpWn,Iod-°pS, Iod-s®-cp∏v apX-em-b-h-bmWv iqZ≥ D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠Xv._mlva-Ws‚ F®n¬ iqZ≥ Xnt∂-≠-XmWv.''19 h√ iqZ\pw_mlva-Ws\ iIm-cn-°p-Itbm D]-Z-hn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂-]£wAXn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p≈ AXXv Ah-b-h-ßƒ tOZn-®p-I-f-bWw;A\m-Y-bmb (`¿Ør-kw-c-£-W-an-√mØ) _mlva-W-kvXosb h√iqZ\pw ]m]n-®m¬ Ahs‚ ]pcp-jm-h-bhw apdn®p th¿s∏-Sp-Ønbtijw, kzØp-°ƒ ]nSn-s®-Sp-°Ww; `¿Ør-kw-c-£-W-Øn-en-cn-°p∂ Hcp _mlva-W-kvXosb iqZ≥ ]m]n-°p∂ ]£w Ahs‚]pcp-jm-h-bhw apdn-®p-I-f™v, kzØp-°ƒ ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p-IbpwAhs\ h[n-°p-Ibpw thWw. Aß-s\-bmWv a\p, hkn-jvT≥,bm⁄-h¬Iy≥, t_m[m-b-\≥ apX-em-b-h-cpsS I¿a-im-kvX-ßƒ]d-bp-∂Xv. 20 t\sc adn®v, Hcp iqZ-kvXosb _mlva-W≥_em¬kwKw sNbvXm¬ Abmƒ°v bmsXmcp in£-bp-an√. H∂pIpfn-°-W-sa∂p amXw. CXsX bm⁄-h¬Iys‚ aXw.21

_mlva-Ws‚ H∏w \S∂ iqZs\ NΩ-ń-sIm-≠-Sn-°-W-sa∂pw,thZw tI´ iqZs‚ ImXn¬ Cubhpw Ac°pw Dcp-°n-sbm-gn-°-W-sa∂pw, thZ-ap-®-cn® iqZs‚ \mhv AdpØp th¿s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂pwa‰pw B]-kvXw_ [¿a-kqXw ]d-bp∂p.22

_mlva-Ws\ sIm√p∂ iqZs\ Xobn-en´v A¬]m¬]-ambn"NnX-h[w' \S-Ø-W-sa∂pw, F∂m¬ a‰p PmXn-°m¿ iqZs\ h[n-®m¬ Hcp h¿jsØ XShpw ]¥≠v ]ip ]ngbpw aXn-sb∂pwKuX-a-[¿a-kqXw hn[n-°p∂p. iqZs‚ kzØv ]nSn-s®-Sp-°m≥_mlva-W\v Ah-Im-i-ap-s≠∂pw iqZ\v kzØv kºm-Zn-°m≥ ]mSn-


√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Cu Imcy-Øn¬ ]cmXn ths≠∂pw, Xs‚ bP-am-\≥ Abm-fp-tS-Xmb kºØv FSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-t]m-sb∂v amXtahnNm-cn-°m-\p-≈q-sh∂pw a\p-kvarXn ]d-bp∂p.23

_mlva-W≥ tamjvSn-®m¬ Abm-fpsS IÆv c≠pw sIń shdpsXhnS-W-sa∂pw, iqZ≥ tamjWw \S-Ønbm¬ Ahs‚ kzØp-°ƒ ]nSn-s®-Sp-Ø-tijw Ahs\ h[n-®p-I-f-b-W-sa-∂p-amWv B]-kvXw_ [¿a-kq-X-Ønse hn[n. 24

_mlva-W-t\mSp IqSn Ccn-∏n-S-Øn¬ Ccp∂ iqZs\ ]mW-lm\n hn-°mØ hn[w CSp-∏n¬ NqSp-sh-®nt´m, ]rjvT- mKw Adp-Øp-I-f-™nt´m,\K-c-Øn¬\n-t∂m-Sn®p If-b-W-sa∂pw, iqZ≥ _mlva-Ws\t\m°n Al-¶mcw aqew Im¿°n®p Xp∏n-bm¬ Ahs‚ Np≠v c≠pw,aqXw ]pd-sØm-gn-®-]-am-\n-®m¬ Ahs‚ taVvdhpw aew ]pd-sØ-dn-™-]-am-\n-®m¬ Ahs‚ KpZhpw tOZn-°-W-sa∂pw a\p-kvarXn]d-bp∂p.25

Cßs\ t]mIp∂p Bcy≥am¿ \n¿an®p ChnsS \S-∏n¬ hcp-Ønb \nb-a-N´ß-fpsS \o≠ ]ńI. CX \njvTp-chpw A\o-Xn-]-c-hp-amb in£-Iƒ°pw a¿Z-\-ßƒ°pw hnt[-b-cm-°m≥ amXwiqZ≥am¿ F¥p ]ng®p F∂p tNmZn-®m¬, Ah-cpsS ]nXm-a-l-∑m-cn¬ Nne¿ Bcy-∑m-cp-ambn apºp \S∂ ka-c-ß-fn¬ ]cm-P-b-a-S-™p-sh∂ Hcp-Ø-c-ta-bp≈q. Csømcp Ip‰-a-√msX as‰m∂pwiqZ≥am¿ sNbvXn-ń√. AXn-\m¬ Ah¿ Zmk-∑mcpw hrj-f-∑mcpwNfim-e≥amcpw ]nim-N≥amcpw cm£-k≥am-cp -sams° Bbn-Øo¿∂p. ASp-∏n-°m≥ t]mepw sIm≈m-Ø-hcpw!

Npcp-°-Øn¬ Iog-S-°-s∏-´-h-tcmSv AXn-Iq-c-ambpw AXn-I-a-]-c-ambpw s]cp-am-dp-I-sb∂ BZp-hw-i-°m-cpsS khn-ti-jX C≥tUm˛Bcy≥am¿-°p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v kn≤w.

hmkvXp-hnZyhmkvXp-hn-Zy-bn¬ t\Snb sshZ-Kv[yhpw kma¿Yy-hp-amWv BZp-

hw-i-°m-cpsS, Jp¿-B-≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂ thsdmcp khn-ti-jX.Ah¿ \nc-h[n kvamc-I-ßfpw Iem-a-µn-c-ßfpw \n¿an-®n-cp∂p. D∂Xÿe-ß-sf-bmWv Cu Iem-in-ev]-ßƒ°v Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp-∂Xv.Bh-iym-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp-∂n√, Xß-fpsS ]Xm-]-tØbpw ]`m-h-tØbpw ImWn-°p-hm-\p≈ B¿`m-Sm-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp∂p BZp-Im-cpsS inev]-th-e-Iƒ. Ah-sb-∏‰n ]hm-N-I-\mb lqZns‚ hna¿i\wJp¿-B≥ D≤-cn-®Xp ImWpI:

""F√m Hmtcm Db¿∂ ÿeØpw \nßƒ hrYm kvamcIw \n¿an-°p-Ibpw ChnsS imiz-X-ambn ]m¿Øp-I-f-bm-sa∂v ]Xo-£n®v Iem-a-µn-c-ß-fp-≠m°n sh°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂pthm?''26

Ah-cpsS A\ym-Zr-i-amb _p≤n-ssh-`-h-sØbpw \nco-£W ]mS-


h-sØ-bp-am-Wt√m CXv sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv. ""hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Ah¿alm-_p-≤n-im-en-Iƒ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p.'' 27

C≥tUm˛ Bcy-∑m-cpsS Iem-ssh-in-jvSy-sØ-∏‰n Ah-[m-\-]q¿hw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-]£w ta¬ ]kvXm-hn® khn-ti-jX Ah-cpsS hmkvXp-in¬]-ßƒ°pw ImWm≥ Ignbpw. ChnsS Hcp hni-Zo-I-cWw Bh-iy-am-sW∂p tXm∂p∂p.

taml≥sP-Zmtdm, lc∏ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \S∂ DXvJ-\\ Kth-jWw hgn, _n. kn. 3000˛Øn\p apºp-Xs∂ C¥y-bn¬ hmkvXp-hnZy ]ptcm-KXn ]m]n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn sXfn-™n-´p≠v. F∂m¬, Bcym-K-a-\-Øn\p tijw ChnsS hf¿∂p-h∂ hmkvXp-in¬]-ßƒ°vAXn\p apºp≈ in¬]-ßfp-ambn auen-I-ambn Hc-¥cw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. Bcym-K-a-\-Øn\v apºv apJy-amb h√ Bh-iy-ß-tfbpw ap≥\n¿Øn-bmWv sIńS \n¿amWw \S-∂n-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬,AXn\p tij-ap -≠mb hmkvXp -in¬]-ßƒ ][m -\ambpw]uVn°pw ]Xm-]-Øn\pw th≠n-bp-≈-h-bm-bn-cp∂p. ssk‘-h-kw-kvImc-Ønse hmkvXp-in¬]-sØ-∏‰n hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw ]dp-bp∂p:

""kn‘p-tZ-i-sØ Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®-Xn¬ AhnsS Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-h¿ tamSn-tb-°mƒ D]-tbm-K-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ ÿm\w \¬In-b-Xmbn ImWp∂p.''28

òam-Im-c-ß-fmb tZhm-e-b-ßtfm cmP-sIm-´m-c-ßtfm B¿`m-S-]q¿hw sIń-s∏m-°p∂ kº-Zmbw ssk‘-h-∑m¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.k¿ tPm¨ am¿j-ens\ D≤-cn®v ]WvUn‰v Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp-tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p:

""taml≥sP-Zm-tdm-hnse ]uc≥am-cpsS H∂m-¥cw Ipfn-∏p-c-I-tfmSpw hnim-e-amb `h-\-ß-tfmSpw Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xmbn\ΩpsS Adn-hn¬ s]´ bmsXm∂pw Xs∂ NcnX ]q¿h CuPn-]vXntem, saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bntem, ]›ntajy-bn¬ as‰-hn-sS-sb-¶n-eptam D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. B cmPy-ß-fn¬ tZh-∑m¿°p≈ Kwòct£X-ßfpw cmPm-°≥am-cpsS sIm´m-c-ßfpw ]Wn-sN-øp-hm≥[mcmfw ]Whpw Nn¥bpw tem`w-Iq-SmsX sNe-h-gn-®n-cp∂p. ]t£,_m°n-bp≈ P\-ßƒ \n m-c-ß-fmb aÏp-Sn -ep-Iƒ sIm≠vXr]vXn-s∏-tS-≠n-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn hnNm-cn-°Ww. kn‘p-X-S-Øn¬ Imcywt\sc adn-®mWv. ]uc≥am-cpsS kuI-cy-ßƒ ]pc-kvI-cn®v \n¿an-®-h-bmWv G‰hpw anI® sIń-S-ßƒ!''29

Aßs\ Bh-iym-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp∂p A∂sØ hmkvXp-in-ev]w.F∂m¬, Bcym-K-a-\-Øn\p tijw ChnsS Db¿∂p-h∂ Kwòc l¿ay-ßƒ B¿`m-Sm-[n-jvTnXw amX-am-bn-cp∂p. tZh≥am-cpsS t£X-ßƒ, cmPm-°≥am-cpsS sIm´m-c-ßƒ, ]Xm-]-Øn\pw ]uVn°pw th≠n \n¿an®


kvamc-I-ßƒ apX-em-b-h-bmWv ]nev°m-esØ ][m-\- in-ev]-ßƒ.Ch-bn¬ NneXv D∂-X-ß-fmb ]md-I-fn-emWv \n¿an-®-sX∂ kwKXnCØ-cp-W-Øn¬ ]tXyIw it≤-b-amWv. ""Ft√m-d-bnse ssIem-k-t£Xw, ImwKm-bnse amkvdq¿t£Xw, tlmw\m-dn -ep≈sshjvW-h-t£Xw, alm-_-en-]p-c-Øp≈ Ggp ]tKm-U-Iƒ F∂nh(Db¿∂) ]md-I-fpsS ]pdw-sIm-Øn-bp-≠m-°n-b-h-bmWv.''30

C]-Imcw Xs∂ H´-\-h[n inev]-I-em-kvam-c-I-ßfpw C¥y-bn¬\ap°v ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv. ]kn-≤-ß-fmb Ggv Atim-I-kvXw-`-ßƒ,kmc-\m-Y-Ønepw cma-]q¿h-Ønepw D≈ cmP-Iob inem-Iem kvamc-I-ßƒ, b£-b£n ]Xn-am-in-ev]-ßƒ, km©n-bnse "kvXq]w',_p≤-hn-lm-c-ß-fnse "aYp-c-kvIqƒ' amXr-I-bn-ep≈ Nn”-ßƒF∂nh DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ. Ch-sbm∂pw apJy-amb h√ Pohn-Xm-h-iy-sØbpw ap≥\n¿Øn \n¿an-®-X-s√∂p hy‡-amWv. ]kvXpX hkvXp-°ƒ a\- n¬ sh®p-sIm≠v, ]hm-N-I-\mb lqZv BZp-hw-isØDZvt_m-[\w sNbvX hmIyw H∂p-IqSn i≤n-°pI: ""Hmtcm Db¿∂ÿeØpw \nßƒ hrYm kvamcIw \n¿an-°p-Ibpw ChnsS imiz-X-ambn ]m¿Øp-I-f-bm-sa∂p ]Xo-£n®v Iem-a-µn-c-ß-fp-≠m°nhbv°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂pthm?''31

BI-bm¬, Iem-in-ev]-ß-fpsS amXrI ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ BZp-Im-cp-tSXpw C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cp-tSXpw XΩn¬ hep-Xmb kmZriyw ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv.

[\-i-‡nbpw P\-i-‡nbpw[\-i-‡nbpw P\-i-‡nbpw HØn-W-ßnb Hcp ]_e kap-Zm-b-am-bn-

cp∂p BZp-tKmXw. Ah¿°v [mcmfw Imen- -º-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Imen-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS kº-Xvk-ar-≤n°v \nZm\w. IqSmsX tXm -ßƒ, Acp-hn-bm-dp-Iƒ apX-em-b-h-sIm≠pw Ah¿ A\p-Kr-lo-X-cm-bn-cp∂p. CXn\pw]pdsa, Bƒ_ew sIm≠v Hcp \nkvXp-e-i-‡n-bp-am-bn-cp∂p. ]kvXpXhkvXpX-I-fn-te°v hnc¬Nq-≠n-s°m≠v ]hm-N-I-\mb lqZv AhscDZvt_m-[n-∏n-®Xv t\m°pI:

""\nßƒ°-dn-bm-hp∂ kº-Øp-°ƒ hgn \nßsf A\p-K-ln®ssZhsØ kq£n-°pI. Imen-Iƒ, k¥-Xn-Iƒ, tXm -ßƒ, Acp-hn-bm-dp-Iƒ F∂nh sIm≠v Ah≥ \nßsf A\p-K-ln-®n-cn-°p∂p.''32

C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑mcpw Hcp tKm]m-e-h¿K-am-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWvAh¿ Cßs\ ]m¿Yn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn EtKz-Z-Øn¬ \mw ImWp-∂Xv:

""]qjmsh, \√ ]p√p-t≈-S-tØt° sIm≠p-t]mI;

hgn-t°-imbvI, ]pXp-NqSn;Xn¬ Icp-X¬ thWta!33

GtXm Hcp bmXm-a-t[y-bm-hWw, Ah¿ Cu a¥w cNn-®Xv. GXm-bmepw, Ah¿ tKm]m-e≥am-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Imcy-Øn¬ X¿°-an√. CS-b-


\mb Hcp Ejn Cµ-t\mSpw A·n-tbmSpw ]m¿Yn-°p-I-bmWv:

""Cµ≥ \nb-¥n-°s´,bnhtb;

bnßn-W-°s´b·nbpw!

t]¿Øp t]¿Øp h∂n-t§m-\m-Y-¶¬˛

∏m¿Ønh ]pjvSn-sIm-≈s´!''34

Xs‚ tKm°ƒ Ftßm´pw hgn-sX-‰n-t∏m-ImsX Xs‚ Acn-In-te-°p-Xs∂ Xncn-s®-tØ-≠-Xn-\mbn Ejn tZh-∑m-cmb Cµ-t\mSpwA·n-tbmSpw sNøp∂ Hc-`y¿Y-\-bsX CXv. CuPn-]vXns\ Iog-S°n `cn® slIvtkm-kpw C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑mcpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘wNne Ncn-Xm-t\z-j-I¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®Xv ChnsS kva¿Ø-hy-amWv.

_lp-ssZhhmZwtZh-∑msc ]Xn-jvTn®p ]qPn-°p∂ _lp-ssZ-h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS kap-

Zm-b-am-bn-cp∂p BZp-hwiw. Ah¿°v At\Iw tZh-X-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.]t£, B tZh-X-I-fpsS t]cp-I-sfm∂pw Jp¿-B-\n¬ ]d-™n-ń√.F∂m¬, CtXm-sSm∏w ]c-tam-∂-X\pw ]]-©-\m-Y-\p-amb Hcp al-O-‡n-bp-s≠∂pw Ah¿ kΩ-Xn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ kqNn-∏n-°p∂p. B ]ca i‡s\ amXw Bi-bn-°m\pw Bcm-[n-°m-\p-am-bn-cp∂p ssZh-Zq-X-\mb lqZns‚ Blzm\w: ""Fs‚ P\-ßtf, A√m-lp-hn\v D]m-k\ sNøp-hn≥. Ah-s\m-gnsI \nßƒs°mcp ssZh-an√.''35

F∂m¬, Ah-cn¬ _lp-`q-cn-`m-Khpw Cu Blzm\w AwKo-I-cn-®n√. Xß-fpsS ]q¿h-∑m¿ ap≥Imew apX¬ BN-cn-®p-h∂ aXwDt]-£n-°n-s√∂pw, AXns‚ t]cn¬ ssZhw Xßsf in£n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AsXm-∂p ImWs´ F∂pw \n¿_‘ _p≤n-I-fmbBZp-P-\X imTyw ]nSn®p. Aßs\ ssZh-Zq-Xs\ Ah¿ [n°-cn®p.

C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cpsS BZn-km-ln-Xy-amb thZ-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ ]£w CtX _lp-ssZ-h-hm-Zhpw AtXm-sSm∏w GI-Xz-`m-h-\bpw \ap°v ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv. Cµ≥, anX≥, hcp-W≥, A·napX-emb tZh-∑msc kvXpXn®pw ]m¿Yn-®pw-sIm-≠p≈ kq‡-ß-fmWv EtKz-Z-Øn¬ A[n-I-Iqdpw ÿew ]nSn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬Nne-t∏mƒ ssZh-k-¶¬]w kv^pcn-°p∂ Nne a¥-ßfpw AXn¬ImWmw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Hcp E°n¬ ImWp∂p:

""lnc-Wy-K¿`x ka-h¿Ø-XmtK

`qXky PmXx ]Xn-tcI BkoXv

kZm-[mc ]rYnhow Zymap tXamw

Ikvssa tZhmb lhnjm hnt[a!''36

(lnc-Wy-K¿`≥ aptº D≠m-bn-cp∂p. `qX-ß-fpsS GIm-[o-i-\sXAt±lw. At±-l-amWv ]rYn -hn -tbbpw [`qan ] tZymhn -t\bpw


[BImiw] Xmßn-\n¿Øn-bXv. B "I≥' F∂ tZh\v \mw lhn- ¿∏n-°pI [D]m-k\ sNøpI!])

as‰mcp E°n¬ ]d-bp∂p:

""Cµw anXw hcp-W-a-·n-amlp˛

ctYm Znhyxk kp]¿tÆm Kcp-flm≥

GIw kZzn]m _lp[m hZ˛

¥y·nw baw amX-cn-izm-\-amlp!''37

(At±-lsØ Cµ-s\∂pw anX-s\∂pw A·n-sb∂pw ]d-bp∂p.hm\Øp hSn-hn¬ ]d-°p∂ Kcp-U\pw At±lw Xs∂. hnZzm≥am¿H∂ns\ ]e-Xm-°n-∏-d-bp-I-bmWv. sshZyp-Xm·n, ba≥, amX-cn-izmhvF√mw At±lw Xs∂.)

BI-bm¬ ]]-©-Øns‚ A[o-im-[n -]Xn GI-\m-sW∂vC≥tUm˛ Bcy-∑mcpw hniz-kn-®n-cp∂p. AtXm-sSm∏w _lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-bn¬ \n∂v Hgn-hm-bn-cp-∂n-√-Xm\pw.

Cdapw Bcy\pwCdw F∂ Hcp alm-h¿K-Øns‚ imJ-bm-bn-cp∂p BZv F∂v

Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p. temI-sØßpw XpeyX ImWmØ Hcp h¿§-am-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. kvXw`-ß-fpsS I¿Øm-°≥am-cpam-bn-cp∂p Ah¿F∂v Jp¿-B≥ ]tXyIw hnti-jn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. 38

kvXw-`-ßƒsIm≠v ]uVnbpw ]Xm-]hpw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn \n¿an-X-amb kvXq]-ßtfm, bmK-Øn\pw b⁄-Øn-\p-ap≈arK-ßsf sI´p-hm≥ ]Wn-bp∂ bq]-ßtfm, c≠pw IqSntbm hnh-£n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. Ah c≠n\pw Bcy≥am-cpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬hfsc ]m[m-\y-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. kvXq]-\n¿am-W-I-e-sb-∏‰n \mwt\csØ kqNn-∏n®p. C\n bq]-\n¿am-W-sØ-∏‰n t\m°mw.

C≥tUm˛Bcy≥am-cpsS tZh-mcm-[-\-mcoXn an°-hmdpw bmK-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. a¥-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp Xcw _en-I-fm-bn-cp∂p bmK-ßƒ. Ch-bn-sem-∂mWv Aiz-ta-[-bmKw. CXp-t]mse ]e-Xcw bmK-hn-[n-Iƒ thZ-Øns‚ `mK-amb _mlva-W-ß-fn¬ hnkvX-cn-®n-´p≠v.C°q-´-Øn¬ \c-ta-[hpw (\c-_en) s]Sp∂p. EtKzZw H∂mw afiewCcp-]-Øn-\memw kq‡-Ønse c≠p E°p-I-fnepw, EtKz-Zo-b -sF-X-tcb _mlvaWw Ggmw ]©nI, aq∂m-a-[ym-b-Ønepw hnh-cn®Hcp kw`hw ImWpI:

lcn-›-µ\v DZ-c-tcm-K-ap-≠m-b-t∏mƒ, X\n-s°mcp ]pX-\p-≠m-bm¬ Ahs\ AdpØv hcp-W-tZ-h\v _en-sIm-Sp-°m-sa∂v At±lwt\¿∂p. ]pX-\p-≠mbn. ]pX≥ ]nXm-hns‚ t\¿®-sb-∏‰n Adn-™-t∏mƒ b∂p \mSp-hn´p. A©m-dp-h¿j-ß-tfmfw ]te-S-ß-fnepw Np‰n-Øn-cn™p. Hcp Znhkw AwKn-c- ns‚ tKmX-°m-c-\mb APo-


K¿Ø≥ F∂ _mlva-Ws\ kao-]n®p. Abmƒ APo-K¿Øs‚\Sp-hn-esØ aI-\mb ip\x-ti-]s\ \qdp-]-ip-°ƒ ]Xn-^-e-Øn-t∑¬ hmßn ]nXm-hn\p sImSpØp. ip\x-ti-]s\ b⁄-Øn-\mbnlcn-›-µ≥ bq]-Øn¬ _‘n®p. F¶nepw ip\x-ti-]≥ Xs‚kZvKp-Wm-[n-Iy-Øm¬ hnizm-an-X-a-l¿jnsb hio-I-cn-°p-Ibpw At±-l-Øns‚ klm-b-tØmsS arXyp-h-‡-Øn¬ \n∂p ap‡-\m-hp-IbpwsNbvXp. XpS¿∂p "tZh-cm-X≥' F∂ A]-c-\maw kzoI-cn®v ip\x-ti-]≥ hnizm-anX tKmX-Ønse Hcw-K-am-bn-Øo¿∂p.

CXmWv ip\x-ti-t]m-]m-Jym-\-Øns‚ cXv\-®p-cp°w. CXn¬ \n∂v \c-ta-[hpw thZ-Im-esØ Bcy-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ \S-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂v hymJym-Xm-°-fn¬ ]ecpw A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. F∂m¬ Bcy-k-am-P-ÿm-]I t\Xm-hmb io. Zbm-\µ kzman-Iƒ CXp kΩ-Xn-°p-∂n√. GXm-bmepw ]e-Xcw _en-Ifpw bmK-ßfpw sshZn-Im-cy≥am¿ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v s]mXp-hn¬ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. AXn-\m¬ _enarKsØ sI n-bn- n-cp∂ b⁄-kvXw`w, AYhm bq]w Bcy≥am-cpsS Hcp khn-tij Nn”-am-bn-cp∂pF∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an√. BI-bm¬ Cd-ans\ Jp¿-B≥ "Zm-Øp¬ CamZv'(kvXw -ß-fp-S-b-h¿) F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-®Xv hfsc A¿Y-K¿ -amWv. CtXCd-an¬ \n∂v \njv]-∂-amb Hcp ]Z-am-hWw Bcyw F∂p \mw Duln-°p∂p.

BZns‚ hn\miwBZp-k-ap-Zmbw HSp-hn¬ D∑q-e\w sNø-s∏- p-sh∂v Jp¿-B≥ ]kvXm-

hn-°p∂p. Ggp cmXnbpw F´p ]Iepw \nc-¥cw ASn-®p-ho-inb Hcp sImSp-¶m-‰p-aq-e-amWv Ahcpw Ah-cpsS \K-c-ßfpw XI¿°-s∏-´-sX∂pw,39

]hm-N-I-\mb lqZpw At±-l-Øns‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-fmb sNdnb Hcp\yq\-]-£hpw amXw AXn¬ \n∂p c£-s∏´p F∂pw Jp¿-B≥]d-bp∂p.40

Atd-_y-bn¬\n∂v Cu hwi-Øns‚ B[n-]Xyw F∂-t∂-°p-ambn Ah-km-\n-®p-sh∂v CXn¬ \n∂p a\- n-em°mw. F∂m¬, as‰m-cn-SØv Ah-cpsS B[n-]-Xyhpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂-Xns\Jp¿-B≥ \ntj-[n-°p-∂n√. AXn-\m¬ `mc-X-Øn¬ B h¿K-Øns‚B[n-]-Xyhpw kwkvIm-chpw ]nt∂bpw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn A\p-am-\n-°p-∂-Xn¬ sX‰n√.

Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ1. Jp¿-B≥ 106˛-mw A[ymbw t\m°pI.2. ItTm-]-\n-jØv ˛ ae-bmf hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ apJ-hpc t]. 6 t\m°pI.3. Jp¿-B≥ 46: 214. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 1745. Jp¿-B≥ 7: 69


6. apdqPp-±-l_v hm. 1, t]. 1327. EtKzZw afiew 6, kq. 45, EIv 18. Jp¿-B≥ 11: 529. Jp¿-B≥ 7: 6910. i iaq-th¬ 9:211. History of Sanskrit Literature, Vedic Period

12. EtKzZw afiew 7, kq‡w 33, EIv 113. Jp¿-B≥ A. 41, kq. 1514. EtKzZw a. 8, kq. 77, E. 115. Indian Phylosophy Vol. 1, P. 113

16. Jp¿-B≥ A. 26, kq. 13017. D≤-cWw: A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 17218. History of Civilization of Ancient India, by R.C.Dutt, Page 136

19. KuXa [¿Ω-kqXw20. D≤-cWw : C¥y-bnse h¿W-k-acw t]. 9521. D≤-cWw : amXr-`qan hm¿jnI hnti-jm¬]Xn (1973), t]. 29 t\m°pI.22. D≤-cWw: C¥y-bnse h¿Æ-k-acw t]. 9423. Ibid P. 98

24. Ibid P. 94

25. a\p-kvarXn A. 9, t«m. 281, 28226. Jp¿-B≥ 26: 128, 12927. Jp¿-B≥ 29: 3828. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 10, t]. 261 (kn‘p-kw-kvImcw)29. D≤-cWw: C¥ysb Is≠-Ø¬ t]. 9030. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 2, t]. 248, 24931. Jp¿-B≥ 26: 128, 12932. Jp¿-B≥ 26: 133, 13433. EtKzZw a. 1, kq. 42, E. 834. Ibid a. 10, kq. 19, E. 2,335. Jp¿-B≥ 7: 6536. EtKzZw a. 10, kq. 121, E. 137. Ibid a. 1, kq. 164, E. 4638. Jp¿-B≥ A. 89, kq. 6˛-839. Ibid 69: 6,7

40. Ibid 7: 72

A[ymbw ]sØm-ºXv

lqZns‚ kap-Zmbw

BZv hwi-°m¿ Xß-fpsS \K-c-ß-tfm-sSm∏w \in®p \mam-h-ti-j-am-sb-¶nepw, B hwi-Øns‚ Hcp imJ ]nt∂bpw Atd-_y-bn¬


Ah-ti-jn-®p-sh∂pw, lqZv\-_nbpw A\p-N-c-∑m-cp-am-bn-cp∂pAsX∂pw Jp¿-B≥ \ap°v a\- n-em-°n-Ø-cp∂p. Ch¿ hf¿∂v,B[n-]-Xy-Øn-te-°p-b¿∂p-sh∂pw lqZns‚ in£-W-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ `cWw \S-Øn-sb∂pw Ad_n Ncn-X-tc-Jbpw B[p-\nI ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-Whpw sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v. Ad_n Ncn-X-Im-c≥am¿ Cu kap-Zm-bsØ "BZp km\nb' (c≠m-asØ BZv)F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂Xv.

Hcp ]mNo\ tcJ-bpsS IYC -µ¿`Øn¬ Hcp ]mNo\ Ncn-X-tc-J-bpsS IY hnh-cn-°p-

∂Xv ckm-h-l-am-bn-cn°pw. Aa-hnøm cmP-hw-i-Øns‚ ÿm]-I-\mb,apB-hn-b-bpsS ImeØv (ln. 40˛-50/ In. 692˛-702) CuPn-]vXnseKh¿W-dm-bn-cp∂ A-_vZp¿d-lvam≥ lZv-d-au-Ønse XI¿∂p-In-S-°p∂ Hcp tIm´-bn¬ \n∂pw ine-bn¬ sImØnb Hcp enJnXwIs≠-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. "lnkzv\p Kpdm_v' F∂m-bn-cp∂p B tIm´-bpsS t]¿. ]kvXpX enJn-X-Ønse Bibw Hcp Ad-_n-°hn ]Zy-cq-]-Øn¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-Ibpw Ad_n Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb A√mam\hocn Xs‚ "akm-en-°p¬ A_vkm¿' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ ]Zyw]I¿Øn-sh-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

1934˛-¬ CuÃv C¥ym Iº-\n-°m¿ ba-\n-te°v Hcp anjys\\ntbm-Kn®p. Ah¿°v XI¿∂-Sn™ Hcp sIń-S-Øns‚ ine-bn¬sImØn-sh® Hcp NcnX tcJ I≠p-Inń. AXns‚ ]I¿∏v "Gjym-‰nIv skmssk‰n tP¿Wen'¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

dh-d≠v t^m¿Ã¿ (Forster) At±-l-Øns‚ Historical Geography ofArabia (Atd-_y-bpsS Ncn-X-`q-an-imkvXw) F∂ IrXn-bn¬ ]kvXpXtcJbpsS Cw•ojv hnh¿Ø\w sImSp-Øn-´p≠v. A√mam \hocn D≤-cn® ]Zyhpw ]kvXpX tcJbpw BibwsIm≠v H∂m-sW∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an√. hmb-\-°m-cpsS Adn-hn-\mbn ]kvXpX Ad-_n-]-Zyhpw A\-¥cw t^m¿Ã¿ kmbv]ns‚ hnh¿Ø-\hpw ChnsS tcJ-s∏-SpØmw:


C\n Kth-j-I¿ Is≠-SpØ ]kvXpX tcJ°v t^m¿Ã¿\¬Inb X¿Pa ImWpI:

""hnim-e-amb Cu sIm´m-c-Øn¬ Rßƒ Iptd-°mew ]m¿Øp.Zu¿`m-Ky-Øn¬ \n∂pw Zu¿`n-£-Øn¬ \n∂pw Xptemw AI-∂-h-cm-bn-cp∂p Rßƒ.

Rß-fpsS \Zn-I-fn¬ sh≈w \nd-s™m-gpIn. Rß-fpsS tIm´-a-Xn-ep-I-fn¬ IS-ense sh≈w Ae-b-Sn-°p-Ibpw Pem-i-b-ßƒ \nd-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

N\-®Xpw ]gp-ØXpw DW-ßn-b-Xp-amb Imc-°-bp≈ Cu¥-∏-\-tØm-∏p-Iƒ°n-S-bn-emWv Rßƒ h¿Øn-®Xv. Im´m-Sp-I-tfbpw]mbw XnI™ apb-ep-I-tfbpw Rßƒ sIWn-Ifpw he-IfpwsIm≠v \mbm-Sn-∏n-Sn®p; a’y-ß-tfbpw.

Rßƒ hnhn[ \nd-ß-fp≈ ]´p-h-kvX-ßfpw ]® \nd-ap≈ XpIn-em-S-Ifpw [cn®v, \rØ-am-Sp-Ibpw Dem-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Zp¿t∫m-[-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ap‡cpw, ZpjvS-∑msc ITn-\-ambn in£n-°p-∂-h-cp-amb cmPm-°-∑m-cmWv Rßsf `cn-®n-cp-∂Xv˛ - lqZns‚ aX-\n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn®v.

\√ hn[n-Iƒ Hcp KŸ-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-sh-®n-cp∂p. ssZhn-Im-S-bm-f-ß-fnepw ]p\-cp-∞m\ Znh-k-Øns‚ cl-ky-ß-fnepw ZrV-hn-izm-kn-I-fsX Rßƒ.

iXp-°ƒ IS-∂p-h∂v, Rß-tfmSv t]mc-Sn-°p-tºmƒ Rß-fpsSbphm-°fpw IpXn-c-Ifpw hmfp-Ifpw Ip¥-ßfpw Ahsc FXn¿Øp]cm-P-b-s∏-SpØpw.


Rß-fpsS hwi-Ønse [oc-cmb ]pcp-j-∑mcpw kvXoIfpw IpXn-c-∏p-dØv Ibdn bp≤w \SØpw; NpI∏p \ndhpw \o≠ Igp-Øp-ap≈ IpX-nc-I-fpsS ]pdØp Ibdn.

Rß-fpsS Bbp-[-ßƒ iXp-°ƒ°v £X-ta¬]n°pw. iXp-\n-csb AXns‚ a[y-`m-KØv BI-an®p sIm≠v Rßƒ ]n¥n-cn-∏n°pw. Adp-h-j-f≥am-cm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿.''

CXmWv ]kvXpX enJn-X-Ønse D≈-S°w. AXv Z£nWAd_n en]n-bn-emWv Fgp-X-s∏-ń-cp-∂-sX∂v kønZv kpsse-am≥\Zvhn ]d-bp∂p.1

]kvXpX tcJ Ncn-X-]-c-amb Nne ][m\ hkvXp-X-I-fn-te°vshfn®w hoip-∂p≠v. H∂m-a-Xmbn lqZns‚ Ncn-X-]-c-amb hy‡n-XzsØ B enJnXw sXfn-bn-°p∂p. c≠m-a-Xmbn, AXym-ln-X-Øn\ptijw BZp-hw-i-Øn¬ Ah-ti-jn® hn`mKw lqZns‚ A\p-N-c-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw aq∂m-a-Xmbn, Ah¿°v B[n-]-Xyhpw cmPm-°-∑m-cp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw AXv hy‡-am-°p∂p. lqZv\-_n-bpsS aX-\n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn-®mWv Ah¿ `c-W-Imcyw \nb-¥n-®n-cp-∂Xv. \mem-a-Xmbn, BZysØ BZv hwi-°m-sc-t∏mse c≠m-asØ BZp-ImcpwhmkvXp-hn-Zy-bn¬ ka¿Y-∑mcm-bn-cp∂p. hnim-e-amb sIm´m-c-sØ-°p-dn® h¿W\w AXn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amb sXfn-hsX. BI-bm¬Jp¿-B≥ \ap°v a\- n-em-°n-Ø-cp∂ Ncn-X-k-XysØ km[q-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv ]kvXpX inem-tcJ sNøp-∂Xv. IqSmsX lqZv\-_n-bpsS A\p-N-c-∑m-cpsS c≠m-asØ BZp-Im-cpsS tIµw ba-\n-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pwAXv sXfn-bn-°p∂p.

ba-\nse ]mNo\ cmjvS-ßƒAtd-_y-bn¬ ]pcm-X\ \mK-cn-IX Xg-®p-h-f¿∂Xv ba-\n-em-bn-cp∂p.

AYhm, Z£nW Atd-_y-bn¬. item-tams‚ (kpsse-am≥ \_n) ImeØvAhnsS k_m-bn-b≥kns‚ B[n-]-Xy-amWv \S-∂n-cp-∂-sX∂pw, c-W-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Hcp kvXobm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ss__nfpw Jp¿-B\pw hy‡-am-°p-∂p≠v. k_m-bn-b-∑m¿ kqcym-cm-[-I-cm-bn-cp∂p. 2

Dt±iw In. ap. 974 apX¬ 937 hsc-bm-Ip∂p item-tams‚ c-W-Imew.si_m-bnse cm⁄n item-tam-\p-ambn IqSn-°m-gvN-\-S-Øp-Ibpw At±-l-Øn\v hne-s∏´ Xncp-ap¬°m-gvN-Iƒ ka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX IYss__nƒ h¿Wn-®Xpw t\m°pI:

""si_m cm⁄n btlm-h-bpsS \maw kw_-‘n®v item-tam-∂p≈Io¿Øn tIń v IS-sam-gn-I-fm¬ Ahs\ ]co-£n-t°-≠-Xn∂v h∂p. AhƒAXn-a-l-Ømb ]cn-hm-c-tØmSpw kpK-‘-h¿Khpw A\-h[n s]m∂pwcXv\hpw Npa∂ H -I-ß-tfmSpw IqsS bcq-i-e-an¬ h∂p.... si_m-cm⁄nitem-tam≥ cmPm-hn∂p sImSpØ kpK-‘-h¿Kw t]mse AX hfsc]ns∂ Hcn-°epw h∂n- n√.''3


BI-bm¬ In. ap. 1000-˛mam-≠n\p apºp-Xs∂ ba-\n¬ kpi-‡-amb `c-W-Iq-Shpw ]ptcm-K-an® \mK-cn-I-Xbpw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn\mw ImWp∂p. AXns‚ FXtbm \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p ap≥]p-Xs∂B \mK-cn-IX AhnsS DZv`-hn-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂p Xo¿®-bmWv.

Ko°v `qan-im-kvX-⁄-∑m-cpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂p a\- n-em-Ip-∂Xv ba-\n¬ ]e cmP-hw-i-ßfpw `cWw \S-Øn-bn-´p-s≠-∂mWv.In. ap. 196˛¬ Ncaw ]m]n® Fdm-‰-kvX-\okv (Eratosthenes) Z£nWAtd-_y-bnse \mep ]pcm-X\ cmjvS-ß-sf-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p≠v. an\m-bn-b≥kv (Minaeans), k_m-bn-b≥kv (Sabaeans), JØ-_m-\n-b≥kv(Qatabaneans), lZ-au-Øn‰vkv (Hadhramauthites) F∂o t]cp-I-fn-emWvAh hnfn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv. Ad_n Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ abo≥, k_m,JXm_v, lZvd-auØv F∂o \ma-ß-fn¬ \ap°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ønbba-\nse ]mNo-\-cm-jvS-ß-fsX Ah. Fdm-‰-kvX-\okv hnh-cn-®-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv B[p-\nI Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ Z£nW Atd-_y-bpsS ]mNo\ NcnXw hni-I-e\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂Xv. "F≥ssk-t¢m-]o-Unbm _n´m-\n°'bn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv ImWpI:

""Z£nW Atd_y cmjvSo-b-ambn an\m-bn-b≥kv, k_m-bn-b≥kv, JØ-_m-\n-b≥kv, lZ-au-Øn‰vkv F∂n-ßs\ \membn hn`-Pn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p-sh∂v Ko°v `qan-im-kvX-Im-c-\mb Fdm-‰-kvX-\okv(_n.kn. 3 -˛2) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.''4

an\m-bn-b≥kns‚ ImewC°q-´-Øn¬ G‰hpw ]pcm-X-\-ambn hnNm-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv "abo≥'

AYhm an\m-bn-b≥kv cmjvSw BWv. AXns‚ Ime-sØ-°p-dn®v ]fin-X-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ n∂m- n-]m-b-ap≠v. Ahn-sS-\n∂v ]pcm-h-kvXp-K-th-j-I¿Is≠-SpØ enJn-X-ß-fn-sem∂pw Xnø-Xntbm sIm√tam tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-ń√. AXn-\m¬, Kth-j-I-cpsS A\p-am\w amX-amWv Ime-\n¿W-b-Øn\vASn-ÿm\w. AXmWv A`n-]mb n∂-X°v Imc-Whpw. F≥ssk-t¢m-]o-Unbm _n´m-\n-°-bpsS ]Xn-s\m∂mw ]Xn-∏ns\ D≤-cn®v auem\m \ZvhnFgp-Xp∂p:

""Ah-km-\-Im-esØ enJn-X-ß-sfm-gn®v, ]mNo\ ImesØ enJn-X-ß-fn¬ sIm√tam, Xnø-Xntbm ]d-bm-Ø-Xn-\mepw Ah FÆ-Øn¬ Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\mepw Ckvem-an\v apºp≈ Ad-_n-I-fpsS Ncn-X-Im-e-sØ-∏‰n]fin-X≥am¿°n-S-bn¬ A`n-]mb n∂-X-bp≠v. F∂m¬, B enJn-X-ß-fpsS Imew _n. kn. 1900 hsc FØp-sa∂ Imcy-Øn¬ GXm-≠-h¿ tbmPn-°p∂p. Nne-cpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ _n. kn. 1600 hsc amXta Ah-bpsSImew FØp-I-bp≈q. Ah sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv A°m-eØv Atd-_y-bn¬Npcp-ßn-bXv \mev \mK-cnI cmjvS-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv. an\m-bn-b≥kv, k_m-bn-b≥kv, JØ-_m-\n-b≥kv, lZ-au-Øn‰vkv.'' 5

F∂m¬ "F≥ssk-t¢m-]o-Unbm Hm v Ckveman's‚ I¿Øm-°≥am-cpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ an\m-bn-b≥kns‚ Imew CXn-t\-°mƒ hfsc ]pcm-X-\-amWv. AXn¬ ]d-bp∂p:


""In. ap. 3000˛-mam-≠nse ]mNo\ _m_n-tem-Wnbm enJn-X-ß-fn¬ "abo\pw' (apgp-h≥ t]¿ abo\qw Zm\qw F∂mWv) F∂ HcpcmP-\maw ImWp-∂p≠v. At±lw "aB≥' F∂n-SsØ AYhm, Ing-°≥ Atd-_y-bnse cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p. Ad-_n-`m-j-bnse abo≥ i_vZ-Øns‚ kpta-cn-b≥ D®m-c-W-amhmw Cu aB≥. ]kvXpX \q‰m≠papX¬°mWv abo≥, As√-¶n¬ "abo-\m≥' F∂ Z£nW Atd-_ym-cm-jvS-Øns‚ ASn-Ød ]mIn-bXv. Hcp-]t£ Z£nW Atd_yapgp-h≥, JØ-_m-\n-b≥kpw lZ-au-Øn-‰vkp-apƒs∏sS Bcw-`-Øn¬abo≥ cmjvS-Øns‚ hcp-Xn-bn-epƒs∏-ń-cp-∂n-cn-°Ww. as‰mcpkwÿm-\-amb "aeqJpw' ]kvXpX cmjvS-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-ń-cp∂p. an°-hmdpw a[y Atd-_y-bp-tSbpw hS°p ]Sn-™m-d≥ Atd-_y-bp-tSbpw\ma-am-hWw "aeqJv' F∂p hnNm-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p.''6

GXm≠v In. ap. 2000˛-mam-≠n-\-SpØv CuPn-]vXn¬ slIvtkmkp(CS-b-cmP) `cWw \S-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂v \mw apºp ]d-™n-´p≠v.slIvtkmkv `c-W-I¿Øm-°-fn¬ Hcp hwi-Øns‚ t]¿ "ssa≥'F∂m-bn-cp∂p. abos‚ CuPn-]vjy≥ D®m-c-W-am-hWw AXv.7

]kvXpX sXfn-hp-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ an\m-bn-b≥ `c-W-h¿K-Øns‚ Bcw`w Npcp-ßn-bXv _n. kn. ct≠m aqt∂m kl-km-_vZ-ßƒ°v apºm-sW∂v hnNm-cn -°m-hp-∂-XmWv. CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ss__n-fnse Hcp hmNIw i≤n-°-s∏-tS-≠-XmWv. Ckm-tb¬cmPm-°-∑m-cn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp∂ D n-bmhv ]e P\-]-Z-ß-tfbpw ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Ønb Iq´-Øn¬ "sabq-\y¿' F∂ Hcp hn`m-Khpw s]Sp∂p.Zn\-hr-Øm¥w c≠mw ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p:

"ssZhw s]en-kvXy¿°pw Kp¿_m-en¬ ]m¿Ø Acm-_y¿°pwsabq-\y¿°pw hntcm-[-ambn Ahs\ klm-bn®p.''8

C∏-d™ sabq-\y¿ abo≥Im¿X-s∂-bm-bn-cn-°Ww. _n.kn. 700BWv D n-bm-hns‚ Ime-sa∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. D n-bm-hn\p sabq-\ysc ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™n-´p-s≠-¶n¬ A∂v Ah-cpsS A[x-]-X\w Bcw-`n-®p-I-gn-™p-sh-∂mWv AXns‚ A¿Yw. D∞m-\-ImewAXn\pw apºmbn k¶¬]n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. BI-bm¬ abos‚Bhn¿`mhw _n.kn 2000˛Ønt\m 3000˛Ønt\m apºpw A[x-]-X\w_n.kn. 700˛t\mS-Sp-Øp-am-sW-∂q-ln-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.

an\m-bn-b≥ cm-jvS-Øns‚ tIµwF≥ssk-t¢m-]o-Unbm _n´m-\n-°-bn¬ Fgp-Xp∂p:

""an\m-bn-b≥ cmjvS-Øns‚ tIµw J¿t\m-bnse (Ct∏mƒ DØ-c-b-a-\n¬ "ambo≥' [M'ain] F∂p ]d-bp∂ ÿew) "hmZn Pu^v(Wadi Jawf) F∂n-S-Øm-bn-cp∂p.''9

Cu ÿe-Øp-\n-∂mWv lm¬sh, •mk¿ F∂o c≠p ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-I-∑m¿ \q‰n-°-W-°mb enJn-X-ßfpw Ah-in-jvS-


ßfpw Is≠-Sp-ØXv. Ahbv°v "ambo≥ ]´-Wm-h-in-jvS-ßƒ'F∂mWv t]cv sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ c≠mw BZvhw-i-°m-cpsS tIµ-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. auem\m \Zvhn ]d-bp∂p:

""Ad_n Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ c≠m-asØ BZp-hw-i-°m-cpsS A[n-hm-k-tI-µ-ambn hnh-cn® ÿew AXp (ambo≥) Xs∂-bmWv.]kvXpX Ah-injvS-ß-fpsS NcnXw P¿a≥]-fin-X≥am-cpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ In. ap. 17, 16 \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ hsc FØpw. AXn-\m¬ambo≥Im-cpsS \mj≥ c≠m-asØ BZv hwi-Øn-t‚-Xmbn IW-°m-°p-∂-XmWv DØaw. ]t£, "ambo≥' F∂ kmt¶-XnI ]tbmKw]N-cn-®-Xn-\m¬ B ]tbm-K-sØ-Øs∂ \ap°pw A\p-I-cn-t°≠nh∂n-cn-°p∂p.'' 10

BI-bm¬ B[p-\nI Ncn-X-Im-c≥am¿ "ambo≥' \mK-cn-IX F∂p]d-bp-∂Xpw Ad-_n-N-cn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ c≠m-asØ BZvhwi \mK-cn-IX F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xpw hmkvX-h-Øn¬ H∂p-X-s∂-bmWv. ba-\n-emWvCu kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ tIµw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv.

epJvam≥epJvam≥ F∂p t]cmb Hcp alm-]p-cp-j-s\-∏‰n Ad-_n-N-cn-X-

Im-c≥am¿ ]Xn-]m-Zn-®p-ImWmw. Nne-t∏mƒ "XXz-⁄m-\n-bmbepJvam≥' F∂¿Y-amb "epJvam-\p¬ lIow' F∂ t]cnepw At±-lsØ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp≠v. Jp¿-B-\nepw Hcp epJvam≥ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. At±lw kz]p-Xs\ D]-tZ-in® XXz-ßƒ Jp¿-B≥ D≤-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p. AXn-\m¬, Hcp NcnX ]pcp-j-\m-bn-cp∂pepJvam≥ F∂p hnNm-cn-°Ww.

F∂m¬, Bcm-bn-cp∂p epJvam≥? ln. 151 (In. 768)¬ Nc-a-K-Xn-b-S™, ]kn≤ Ad-_n -N-cn - X-]-fin-X-\mb apl-Ω-Zp_v\pCkvlmJv Xs‚ "InØm-_p-Øo-Pm\n'¬ hl-_ns\ D≤-cn®p ]d-bp∂p:

""BZns‚ aI≥ i±m-Zn\v tijw epJvam-\p_v\p BZv B[n-]XywhmWp.'' C_v\p A∫m-kns\ D≤-cn®v, epJvam≥ Hcp ]hm-N-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p IqSn C_v\p CkvlmJv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p.11

CXn¬ \n∂pw BZns‚ Hcp ]pX-\m-bn-cp∂p epJvam≥ F∂p tXm∂n-t∏mhmw. F∂m¬, Ad-_n- m-j-bn¬ Nne-t∏mƒ Huc-k-k-¥-Xn-bn-√mØ]n≥ap-d-°m-c∂pw "C_v\p' F∂ hm°p-]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp≠v. "Xm≥ A_vZp¬apØ-en-_ns‚ C_v\m'sW∂v Hcn-°¬ apl-ΩZv \_n ]d-™-XmbnImWp∂p. A_vZp¬ apØ-en-_ns‚ ]pX-\√, A_vZp-√m-lns‚ ]pX-\mWv\_n. BI-bm¬ epJvam-\p_v\p BZv F∂ ]tbm-K-Øn\v BZv F∂Ipe]-Xn-bpsS Huc-ky-\m-bn-cp∂p epJvam≥ F∂¿Yw I¬]n-°-W-sa-∂n√.]t£, At±lw BZns‚ ]n≥ap-d-bn¬ s] -h-\m-bn-cp∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬B hwi-Ønse \√-h-\mb Hcp c-W-t\-Xm-hm-bn-cp∂p epJvam≥.


A\n-kvem-anI ImesØ Ad-_n-°-hn-I-fn¬ Hcm-fmb k¬a_v\pd_o-AØv ]mSnb Hcp ]Zy-i-Iew Cßs\ hmbn°mw:

(Ime-kw-`-h-ßƒ Xkvap hwi-sØbpw Imen-amw-k-`p-°mb lnwb¿cmPm-hn-s\bpw \in-∏n®p. AXp-t]mse ZmP-Zq≥, Pmip-Im¿, amcn-_p-Im¿, epJvam≥ hwi-°m¿, XpJq≥ hwi-°m¿ F∂n-h-tcbpw Ahl\n-®p-I-f™p!)12

epJvam≥ hwiw ba-\n-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv CXnse [z\n. Fs¥-∂m¬, sXm´-SpØp ]d™ amcn_v hwiw Ahn-sS-bmWv hkn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂ Imcyw \nkvX¿°-amWv. ]mNo\ Ad-_n-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬]kn-≤-amb Hcp IYm-]m-X-am-bn-cp∂p epJvam≥. At±-l-Øn-t‚-XmbnAt\Iw XXz-h-N-\-ßƒ A\n-kvem-anI ImesØ Ad-_n-I-fn¬]N-cn-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXpsIm-≠m-hWw, epJvam≥ Xs‚ ]pXs\D]-tZ-in® Nne A\p-I-c-Wob XXz-ßƒ Jp¿-B\pw D≤-cn-®Xv. Jp¿-B-\nse Hc-[ym-b-Øns‚ t]¿ Xs∂ epJvam≥ F∂mWv. AXn-emWv ]kvXpX D]-tZiw ÿew ]nSn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xpw. epJvam≥ \nc-h[n sIm√w Pohn-®p-sh∂v Ad-_n-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Hssc-Xnlyw ]N-cn-®n-cp∂p. epJvams‚ hwiw At\-I-\q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ `cWw \S-Øn-sb∂mhmw AXns‚ s]mcpƒ F∂v Nne Ncn-X-Im-c≥am¿ hymJym-\n-°p∂p.

epJvams‚ kZp-]-tZiwJp¿-B-\n¬ epJvam-t\bpw At±-l-Øns‚ kZp-]-tZ-i-tØbpw

]‰n ]d-bp-∂Xv Cß-s\-bm-Ip∂p:

""epJvam\v \mw (ssZhw) XXz-⁄m\w \evIn-bn-cp∂p: ssZh-Øn\v \µn-Im-Wn-°Ww. Hcmƒ \µn-Im-Wn-®m¬ AXns‚ êwAbmƒ°p-X-s∂-bmWv. h√-h\pw \µn-tI-Sp-Im-ń-bm¬ (A√m-lp-hn\vH∂pw ]‰m-\n√) A√mlp kzbw-]q¿W\pw kvXpXy¿l-\p-asX.epJvam≥ kz]p-Xs\ D]-tZ-in-®p-sIm≠p ]d™p: "tamt\, A√m-lp-hn\v ka-∑msc Iev]n-°-cpXv. _lp-ssZ-hXzw alm AI-a-asX.'amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿°v \∑ sNøp-hm≥ a\p-jys\ \mw A\p-im-kn-®n-´p≠v. amXmhv £oW-Øn-t∑¬ £oW-tØm-sS-bmWv Ahs\Npa∂p \S-∂Xv. ]n∂oSv Ahs\ ape-sIm-SpØv hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\v amXm-hn\v c≠p-sIm√w th≠n-h∂p. AXn-\m¬ (a\pjym), \µn ImWn°q,Ft∂mSpw \ns‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑m-tcmSpw. (Ah-km\w) Fs‚ ASp-tØ-°m-Wt√m \ns‚ aS°w. F∂m¬, \n\°v \n›-b-an-√mØH∂ns\ Fs‚ ]¶m-fn-bm-°p-hm≥ \ns∂ amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ \n¿_-‘n-®p-sh-∂n-cn-°s´, Ahsc A\p-k-cn-°-cpXv. ]t£, sFln-I-Po-


hn-X-Øn¬ Ah-cp-ambn \√ \ne-bn¬Xs∂ h¿Øn-°Ww. Fs∂Bi-bn-®-h-cpsS am¿Kw Ah-ew-_n-°p-Ibpw thWw. Fs‚ k∂n-[n-bn-te-°m-bn-cn°pw \nß-fp-sS-sb√mw Xncn-®p-h-chv. \nßƒ sNbvXp-h-cp∂ I¿asØ kw_-‘n®v XZ-h-kcw Adn-bn -®p-sIm≈mw.(epJvam≥ ]d™p:) "tamt\, AXv (a\p-jy-I¿aw) Hcp ISp-Ip-a-Wn-Øq-°-am-bmepw, ]md-°p-≈ntem, BIm-itØm, `qan-bntem Fhn-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂mepw A√mlp sIm≠p-hcpw. kq£va-amb t_m[hpw⁄m\-hp-ap-≈-h-\mWv A√mlp! tamt\, \a-kvImcw IrXy-am-b-\p-jvTn-°pI; \∑-I¬]n-°p-Ibpw Xn∑ XS-bp-Ibpw sNøpI. \ns∂_m[n-°p∂ hn]-Øn-¶¬ kl\w Ah-ew-_n-°pI. Xocp-am-\n-°-s∏´ Imcy-ß-fm-Wnh. a\p-jy-cpsS t\sc (\nµm-]q¿hw) apJw tIm´-cpXv; s]mß-®-tØmsS `qan-bn¬ \S-°-cpXv. Uw`pw s]mß-®hpwImWn-°p∂ bmsXm-cm-sfbpw A√mlp CjvS-s∏-Sp-I-bn√. \S-Ø-Øn¬ anXXzw ]men-°pI; kzcw kuay-am-°pI. G‰hpw ]cp-j-amb kzcw Igp-X-bp-tS-XsX.''13

GXm≠v CXn-t\mSp kmayw-h-ln-°p∂ Hcp-Zvt_m-[\w ]mNo\CuPn-]vjy≥tc-J-I-fnepw ImWp-∂p≠v. B\n F∂p t]cmb HcpXXz-⁄m-\n-bmWv AXns‚ h‡mhv. amXm-hn-t\m-Sp≈ IS-∏m-Sn-s\-∏‰n B\n kz]p-Xs\ D]-tZ-in-°p∂p:

""AΩsb \n\-s°m-cn-°epw ad-°m≥ ]mSn√. \ns∂ hln-®p-\-S∂ AΩ Hcp henb `mc-amWv Npa-∂Xv. AXn\v Fs‚ klm-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. hb-dn-\p-Xmsg hen-sbmcp `mc-hp-ambn AΩ \ns∂Npa∂p. ]Øp-amkw Ign™v, \obp-≠m-b-t∏mgpw AΩ kzX-¥-bm-bn√. aq∂p sIm√-tØmfw \n\°v ape Xtc-≠n-h∂p.... AΩ°v IjvS-∏m-Sp-≠m-°p-∂-sXm∂pw \o sNø-cpXv. AΩ apI-fn-te°v ssIbp-b¿Øm\pw ]cmXn ssZhw tIƒ°m\pw CS-h-cm-Xn-cn-°s´.''14

B\n-bpsS hm°p-Ifpw Jp¿-B-\nse ]kvXpX hN-\-ßfpw Bi-b-Øn¬ H∂p-Xs∂. CtX-]-Imcw a\p-jy-cp-ambn h¿Øn-t°-≠-sX-ßs\ F∂-Xn-s\-∏-‰nbpw B\n D]-tZ-in-®n-´p≠v.

""as‰m-cmƒ \n¬°p-tºmƒ, ]tXy-In®v Abmƒ Hcp hr≤-\m-sW-¶n¬, \nß-fpsS kmaq-ln-I-\ne Abm-tf-°mƒ Db¿∂-Xm-sW-¶n¬ IqSn, \nßƒ Ccn-°-cpXv.'' ........... ""NoØ hm°v]-d-bp∂ BƒBcn¬\n∂pw kZv]-hrØn-Iƒ ]Xo-£n-t°≠. \mi-Øn-\p-Im-cWw ]e-t∏mgpw \mhm-bn-cn°pw. kzbw \in-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ i≤n-°pI. a\p-jys‚ lrZbw Hcp Ie-h-d-bmWv. F√m Xc-Øn-ep≈DØ-c-ß-fp-ap-≠-Xn¬, \nd®v. \√h Xnc-s™-SpØp kwkm-cn-°pI.NoØ Ahn-sS-Øs∂ `Z-ambn kq£n-°pI. ]cp-j-ambn DØcwsImSp-°p-∂Xv Bbp-[-ßƒ Npg-‰p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bmWv. F∂m¬,im¥-X-tbmSpw Zb-tbmSpw IqSn kwkm-cn-®m¬ \nß-sf-t∏mgpw


kvt\l-]m-X-amhpw. \nß-tfmSv tZjy-tØmsS kwkm-cn® BtfmSpwim¥-ambn kwkm-cn-°pI. arZp-hmb hm°p-Iƒ Abm-fpsS lrZ-b-Øn-\p≈ acp-∂mWv.''15

kq£va-ambn t\m°p∂ Hcmƒ°v B\n-bpsS D]-tZ-ihpw Jp¿-B-\nse epJvams‚ D]-tZ-ihpw XΩn¬ ]d-b-Ø° hyXym-k-an-s√∂p t_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂-XmWv. Cu kmayw B\nbpw epJvam\pwXΩn¬ Ft¥m _‘-ap-s≠∂v kqNn-∏n-°p∂p. c≠pw Hcm-fm-sW∂v]d-b-W-sa-¶n¬ AXn\v Ncn-X-]-c-amb thsd sXfn-hp-Iƒ th≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. ]t£, CuPn-]vXn-s‚bpw Atd-_y-bp-sSbpw [m¿anIin£-W-ßƒ XΩn¬ hºn® kmay-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p Xo¿®. ac-W-sØ-°p-dn® B\n-bpsS D]-tZ-ihpw X’-w_-‘-amb Jp¿-B-\n-tIm-]-tZ-i-ßƒ t]mse BI¿j-Ihpw kXym-[n-jvTn-X-hp-amWv. B\n]d-bp∂p:

""ac-W-Zq-X≥ \nßsf sIm≠pt]mIp-hm≥ hcp-tºm-tg°pw Xøm-dm-bn-cn-°pI! Abmƒ òI-c-\m-b-Xp-sIm≠v \nßƒ°v kwkm-cn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°-bn√. "IjvSw, Fs‚ buh-\-Øn¬ \o Fs∂ sIm≠p-t]m-hp-I-bm-Wt√m' F∂v Abm-tfmSv ]d-bm-Xn-cn-°pI. \nßƒFt∏mƒ acn-°p-sa∂v \nßƒ°-dn-™p-IqSm. Hcp ]Sp-hr-≤-s\-sb-∂-t]m-se-Øs∂ AΩ-bpsS amdn-en-cn-°p∂ inip-hn-s\bpw acWw_m[n-°p∂p. Rm≥ \nßƒ°v kZp-]-tZiw Xcn-I-bmWv. \nßƒCXn-s\-∏‰n Btem-Nn-®p-t\m°q. Cu Imcy-ß-sfms° sNøpI.F∂m¬, \nß-sfmcp \√ a\p-jy-\mIpw. F√m Xc-Øn-ep≈ Xn∑-Ifpw \nß-fn¬ \n∂p ]em-b\w sNøpw!'' 16

Cßs\ DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®p-sIm-≠mWv B\n-bpsS IrXn Ah-km-\n-°p-∂Xv. Cu DZvt_m-[\w Jp¿-Bs‚ Hcp ]I¿∏m-bn-tXm∂pw.F∂m¬, Jp¿-B≥ Ah-X-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw kl-km-_vZ-ßƒ apºmWv]kvXpX IrXn-bpsS Bhn¿`mhw.

tImUo-IrX XXz-⁄m\wepJvams‚ XtXzm-]-tZ-i-ßƒ Hcp KŸ-Øn¬ tImUo-Ir-X-am-

bn-cp∂p. "aP-√Øp epJvam≥' F∂m-bn-cp∂p AXn\p t]¿. ln. 218˛¬arXn-b-S™ Ad_n Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb A_vZp¬ aen-°p_v\p lnimwXs‚ "A o-d-Øp-∂-_-hnø' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ D≤-cn-°p∂ Hcpkw`hw ChnsS it≤-b-amWv: aZo-\-bnse _\q Awdv hwi-Øns‚t\Xm-hmb kpssh-Zp_v\p kmanØv a°-bn¬ h∂p. \_n At±-lsØ kao-]n®p aX-t_m-[\w sNbvXp. At±lw ]d™p: ""Fs‚]°-ep-≈-Xp-X-s∂-bm-hWw, Xm¶-fpsS ]°epw.'' \_n tNmZn®p:""Xm¶-fpsS ]°-ep-≈-sX-¥mWv?'' kpsshZv ]Xn-h-Nn®p: ""aP-√ØpepJvam≥! (epJvams‚ KŸw).'' \_n-bpsS Bh-iy-]-Imcw kpsshZvAXv Ah-X-cn-∏n®p. \_n AXns\ ]iw-kn®p: ""\√ hN\w Xs∂!


]t£, CXnepw \√ hN-\-amWv Fs‚ hi-ap-≈Xv. A√mlp F\n°vAh-X-cn-∏n® Jp¿-B-\m-Ip∂p AXv. Hcp am¿K-Z¿i-\hpw ]Im-i-hp-amWv Jp¿-B≥!'' A\-¥cw Jp¿-Bs‚ GXm\pw samgn-Iƒ \_nHmXn-t°ƒ∏n-®-t∏mƒ kpsshZv ]d™p: ""hfsc \√ hN\w.''17

\_n-bpsS Imew hsc Ad-_n-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ epJvams‚ KŸw]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp -∂p-sh∂v ta¬ kw`hw sXfn-bn-°p∂p.epJvam≥ Hcp alm-hy-‡n-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an√.lqZns‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-fn¬ s]´, \oXn-am-\mb Hcp `c-W-I¿Øm-hm-bn-cn-°Ww At±lw. Nne-cpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ At±lw Hcp ]hm-N-I≥ IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p.

epJvam\v `mc-Xo-b-cp-ambn h√ _‘-hp-apt≠m? \n›-b-an√.F∂m¬ B t]cn-t\mSv ASpØ kmay-ap≈ Hcp \ma-cq]ap≠v `mc-Xo-b¿°v ˛ e£va-W≥! "DØ-c-]p-cmWw' F∂ cmam-bW IYm-cq-]-a-\p-k-cn®v, koXsb A]-l-cn-®p-sIm-≠p-t]mb cmh-Ws\ h[n-®Xve£va-W-\sX. kl-km-_vZ-ßƒ apX¬ XXz-⁄m-\n-I-sf∂ \ne-bn¬ ]kn-≤n-s]-‰-h-cmWv `mc-Xob al¿jn-am¿. B \ne°v XXz-⁄m-\n-bmb epJvam-\p-ambn Ah¿°v \√ _‘-ap-≠m-hp-∂-Xn¬Akmw-K-Xy-sam-∂p-an√. ]t£, Ncn-X-]-c-amb sXfn-hp-I-fpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ \ap-°Xv Dd-∏n-°p-hm≥ hø.

Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ1. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 1812. Jp¿-B≥ 27: 243. i cmPm-°≥am¿ 10: 1, 2, 104. Encyclopedia Britannica Vol. 2, P. 176 (1965)

5. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 2086. D≤-cWw: Ibid hm. 1, t]. 2097. Ibid Vol. 1, P. 209

8. ii Zn\-hr-Øm¥w 26:79. Encyclopedia Britannica Vol. 2, P. 176 (1965)

10. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm.1, t]. 18511. D≤-cWw: A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 178 t\m°pI.12. D≤-cWw: Ibid Vol. 1, P. 179

13. Jp¿-B≥ 31: 14˛-1914. CuPn-]vjy≥ kmln-Xy-N-cnXw by IrjvW-ssN-X\y t]. 12715. D≤-cWw: Ibid P.12616. Ibid P.127

17. A o-d-Øp-∂-_-hnøx hm. 2, t]. 68


A[ymbw Ccp-]Xv

kaqZv hwihpw Bcy≥amcpw

skan-‰nIv ]c-º-c-bn¬ BZp-hw-i-Øn\p tijw B[n-]-Xy-Øn-te°pw ]`m-h-Øn-te°pw Db¿∂-ph∂ as‰mcp P\-]-Z-amWv kaqZvhwiw. BZp-hw-i-Øns‚ F∂-t]mse Ch-cp-tSbpw aqe-X-d-hmSv Atd-_y-bm-bn-cp∂p. kaq-Zns‚ Ncn-X-]-c-amb Nne hkvXp-X-I-fn-te°vJp¿-B≥ Ahn-S-hn-sS-bmbn hnc¬ Nq≠n-bn-´p≠v.

kaq-Zns‚ Bhm-k-tIµwBZp-hw-i-Øns‚ Bhm-k-tIµw Atd-_y-bpsS sX°p-In-g-

°p≈ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v \mw apºv kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠v.t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°-S¬Xo-c-ß-fpƒs∏sS saskm-s]m-t´-anb hsc Ah-cpsS ta[m-hnXzw hym]n-®n-cp∂p. t\sc-a-dn®v, kaq-Zvvhw-i-Øns‚ Bhm-k-tIµw Atd-_y-bpsS hS-°p-]-Sn-™m-dp≈ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-em-bn-cp∂p.Jp¿-Bs‚ Ah-X-c-W-L-´-Øn¬ "hmZn¬Jpdm' F∂sX Cu ]tZ-i-ßsf hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv. sNdnb sNdnb Kma-ßƒ [mcmfw AhnsSA°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m-emWv "Kma-ß-fpsS Xmgvhc'F∂¿Y-ap≈ hmZn¬Jpdm F∂ \maw AXn-\p-≠m-bXv. B Kma-ß-fpsS Ah-ti-j-ßƒ C°m-eØpw Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ ImWmw. kaq-Zp-hwiw hmkvXp-in¬]-Øn¬ ka¿Y-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p. ]md-Iƒ shń-Øp-c∂v h-\-am-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS Iem-in¬]-Øns‚ khn-ti-jX. CØcw Xpc-¶-`-h-\-ßƒ B ]tZ-iØv C∂pw [mcmfwImWp-∂p-s≠∂v ZrIvkm-£n-Iƒ ]d-bp∂p. ""hmZn¬ (Jpdm-bn¬)]md Xpc∂ kaqZv''1 F∂p Jp¿-B≥ Ahsc hnti-jn-∏n-®n-´p-≈XvCØ-cp-W-Øn¬ it≤-b-amWv. C°m-eØv B ]tZ-i-ßƒ "A¬lnPvdv', "aZm-bn\p kzmenlv' (kzmenlp \_n-bpsS cmPy-ßƒ) F∂ot]cp-I-fn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.2

CXp -t]mse AJ_m Dƒ°-S -ens‚ Xoc - ] -tZ -i -ßfpwtPm¿Ums‚ Nne `mK-ßfpw kaq-Zvhw-i-°m-cpsS B[n-]-Xy-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p. Ahn-S-ß-fnepw kaq-Zo-bin¬]-am-Xr-I-bn-ep≈ [mcmfw Xpc-¶-`-h-\-ßƒ ImWmw. auem\m kønZv A_p¬ AAvem auZqZnXs‚ Jp¿-B≥ hymJym\ KŸ-amb "X^vlo-ap¬ Jp¿-B\n'¬tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv t\m°pI:

""A¬lnPvdn'¬ Rßƒ I≠ kaq-Zns‚ in¬]-am-Xr-I-bn-ep≈GXm\pw h-\-ßƒ AJ_m Dƒ°-S¬ Xoc-amb anZym-\nepw tPm¿±m≥cmjvS-Øn¬ s]´ "s]Sm'(Petra)bnepw ImWp-I-bp-≠mbn. hnti-j-hn-[n-


bmbn, s]Sm-bnse kaq-Zo-b-`-h-\-ßfpw \_m-Øn-b≥kn-\m¬(Nabathaeans) \n¿an-X-amb sIń-S-ßfpw H∏-Øn-s\m∏w ÿnXn-sN-øp∂p. Ah c≠pw Htc Ime-Øn-t‚tXm, Htc P\-X-bpsS \n¿amWcoXn-bn-ep-≈tXm A√. GsXm-cmƒ°pw ]Ya ZrjvSn-bn¬ Xs∂a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-amdv, AX ]I-S-amb A¥-c-amWv Ahbv°pXΩn-ep-≈Xv.''3

BI-bm¬ hnim-e-amb Hcp kmam-Py-Øns‚ B[n-]-Xy-amWvkaq-Zvhw-i-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬, Ah-cpsS Xe-ÿm\w A¬lnPvdv Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. lnPm-kn¬ \n∂v kndn-b-bn-te°p t]mIp∂hgn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p AXv. AXn-]p-cm-X\ ImeØv Ad_n km¿Y-hm-l-I-kw-L-ßƒ AXn-eq-sS-bmWv k©-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. kaq-Zns‚ Xs∂as‰mcp ÿew "^÷p-∂mJx' (H´-I-Øns‚ ae-bn-Sp°v) F∂ t]cn¬Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp∂p. CXv Ko°p-Im-cpsS kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Badncitai F∂t]cn¬ ÿew ]nSn-®n-´p≠v.4

kaq-Zns‚ \maw Ko°p kmln-Xy-Ønepw tdmam kmln-Xy-Ønepw [mcmfw ImWmw. In. ap. 80-˛¬ arXn-b-S™ ssUUqkv,In. ]n. 79-˛¬ Ncaw ]m]n® πo\n, In. ]n. 140˛-¬ acn® tSmfanF∂o Ko°v KŸ-Im-c-∑m-cpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ B \maw ÿew ]nSn-®n-´p≠v. ssUUqkv, "Yaq-tU\n' (Thamudani) F∂pw tSmfan "Yaq-Un-´mbv' (Thamudiatai) F∂p-amWv B t]cp-®-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv. kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn ]d-bp∂p: ""Ko°p-Im¿ kaq-Zn-t‚-sX∂p \n¿W-bn®ÿew Ad-_n-I-fpsS sFXn-ly-ß-fp-ambn icn°pw tbmPn-°p-∂p≠v.''5

as‰mcp bh-\-K-Ÿ-Im-c-\mb Ddm-\kn(Uranus)s\ D≤-cn®p tUm.kv]nwK¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""\_m-Øn-b≥kns‚ apºmWv kaq-Zns‚ Ime-sa∂p sXfn-™n-cn-°p∂p.''6 kok¿ PÃo-\n-bs‚ ImeØv (In. 483- 565)kaqZv hwi-°m-cmb 3000 t]¿ tdma≥ tk\-bn¬ tN¿∂n-cp-∂-Xmbnlphm¿ v (Huart) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p≠v.7 BI-bm¬ Ncn-X-Øn\v Adn-hm-bn- p≈ Hcp hwi-amWv kaqZv.

kaqZv hwi-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-IƒJp¿-B-\n¬ \n∂pw a‰pw \ap°v a\- n-em-bn- p≈ kaq-Zns‚ khn-ti-

j-X-Iƒ CXsX: BZns‚ tijw ]_e i‡n-bmbn hf¿∂ Hcp c-W-h¿K-am-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. hS°pw ]Sn-™m-dp-ap≈ Atd-_y≥ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-emWv Ah-cpsS tIµw ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp-∂Xv. BZn-s\-t∏m-se-Øs∂hmkvXp-in¬]-Øn¬ ka¿Y-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p kaqZv hwiw. ]t£, BZp-Im-cp-sSbpw kaq-Zp-Im-cp-sSbpw in¬]-co-Xn-I-fn¬ ]I-S-amb Hc-¥-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p: BZp-hwiw Xß-fpsS Iem-in¬]-ßƒ°v Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp-∂Xv D∂X ÿe-ß-sf-bm-sW-¶n¬ kaqZv hwiw ae-Ifpw ]md-Ifpwshń-Øp-c∂p `h-\-\n¿amWw \S-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ]Xnhv. IqSmsX,


kaq-Zp-Im¿ I√pw a‰p-ap-]-tbm-Kn®p cay-l¿ay-ßfpw ivaim-\-ßfpw\n¿an-®n-cp∂p. Ch-cpsS kvamc-I-ßƒ C∂pw Chn-S-ß-fn¬ Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p≠v.

Ime-L´wkaqZv hwi-Øns‚ D∞m-\-Imew BZns‚ hn\m-i-Øn\v tij-

am-sW∂v Jp¿-B≥ \ap°v a\- n-em-°n-Ø-cp∂p. kaqZv hwisØssZhn-I-]-Ÿm-hn-te°v £Wn-°p-hm≥ \nbp-‡-\m-bn-cp∂ kzmenlv\_n Ahsc A\p-kva-cn-∏n-®-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ D≤-cn-°p∂p:

""BZp hwi-Øn\v tijw ssZhw \nßsf Jeo-^-amcm(`cWt\Xm-°ƒ)°nbXv Hm¿an-°p-hn≥.''8

Cu DZvt_m-[-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw kaq-Zns‚ B[n-]-Xy-Imew BZp-Im-cpsS tij-am-sW∂v hy‡-amWv. tamk-kns‚ ImeØv (In.ap.1300) kaqZv hwi-Øns‚ \mihpw kw`-hn®p Ign-™n-cp∂p. AYhmAh-cpsS ta[m-hnXzw Atd-_y-bn¬ \n∂pw Ah-km-\n-®n-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠m-hWw hS-°≥ Atd-_y-bnse ]e hwi-ß-fp-tSbpw ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ hnh-cn® ss__nƒ ]g-b-\n-baw kaq-Zn-s\-∏‰n H∂pw ]cm-a¿in-°msX au\w Zo£n-®Xv. Jp¿-B≥ \ap°v a\- n-em-°n-Ø-cp-∂Xpw AXmWv. tamkkv CuPn-]vXn¬ aX-t_m-[\w Bcw-`n-®-t∏mƒAhn-SsØ ^d-thm\pw kn¬_-¥n-Ifpw At±-lsØ FXn¿Øp.tamk-kns\ h[n-°p-hm≥ t]mepw ^tdm-hm-cm-Pmhv DZy-an®p. CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ cmP-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬s]´, tamk-kn¬ cl-ky-ambn hniz-kn-®n-cp∂ Hcp hy‡n cmPm-hn-s\bpw kn¬_-¥n-I-sfbpw Xm°o-Xp-sN-bvXp-sIm≠p \S-Ønb Hcp ]`m-jWw Jp¿-B≥ D≤-cn-®n-´p≠v:

""B hnizmkn ]d™p: "Fs‚ P\-ßtf, (apºp Ign-™p-t]mb)I£n-I-fp-tS-Xp-t]m-ep≈ (Aip`) Znhkw \nßƒ°pw hcp-sa∂vRm≥ `b-s∏-Sp∂p. t\ml-bpsS P\X, BZp-hwiw, kaqZv hwiw,Ah¿°p-ti-j-ap-≠mb hwi-ßƒ F∂n-h¿°p-≠mb A\p-`hwt]mep≈ H∂v!''9

tamk-kns‚ Imew In. ap. 1500˛-\pw 1300-˛\pw CS-bv°m-sW-∂sXhnZ-Kv[m- n-]mbw. A°m-e-Øn\pw FXtbm apºp-Xs∂ kaq-Zvhw-i-Øns‚B[n-]Xyw Ah-km-\n-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]kvXpX hN-\-ß-fn¬\n∂v sXfn-bp∂p.

t\ml-bpsS P\-X-bmb kpta-cn-b¿°p-tijw ]›n-ta-jy-bn¬ B[n-]-Xyhpw ]`m-hhpw Ic-ÿ-am-°n-bXv skan-‰n°v h¿K-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v \mwapºp ka¿Yn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. skan-‰n°v h¿K-Øn¬ Acmw F∂ Hcp Ipe-]-Xn-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. At±-l-sØ-bmWv Jp¿-B≥ "Cdav' F∂p hnfn-®n- p-≈Xv. Cdans‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m-csX BZp-hwiw. CXp-t]mse kaq-Zvhw-ihpwAtX ]mc-º-cy-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p. CXp-sIm-≠mWv BZns\ "BZp-Cdw' F∂pwkaq-Zns\ "kaq-Zp-Cdw' F∂pw Ad-_n-Iƒ hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv.10


in¬]-Iem sshZKv[ywss__nƒ t]mse Hcp Ncn-X-K-Ÿ-a√ Jp¿-B≥ F∂v \mw

apºv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p≠v. F∂n-cp-∂mepw kaq-Zns‚ IY ]Xn-]m-Zn-®-t∏mƒ Ncn-X-]-c-amb Nne hkvXp-X-I-fn-te°v ]kw-K-h-im¬Jp¿-B≥ shfn®w hoin-bn-´p≠v. Ah-cpsS hmkvXp-inev] sshZ-Kv[y-amWv A°q-´-Øn-sem∂v. ]¿∆X-ßƒ shń-Øp-c∂v, kpJ-hm-k-tbm-Ky-amb Xpc-¶-`-h-\-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn¬ AXo-h-k-a¿Y-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂pkaq-Zp-Im¿. Cu khn-ti-jX Jp¿B≥ ]te-S-ß-fnepw FSpØp]d-™n-´p≠v. Hcn-SØv, kaq-Z-pImsc ]hm-N-I-\mb kzmenlv DZvt_m-[n-∏n® Iq´-Øn¬ Cßs\ ]d-™-Xmbn ImWmw:

""A√mlp `qan-bn¬ \nßƒ°v Xma-k-ku-Icyw \evIn. \nßƒka-X-e-ß-fn¬ ku[-ßƒ \n¿an-°p∂p. ]¿h-X-ßƒ shń-Øp-c∂v`h-\-ßƒ ]Wn-bp∂p. A√m-lp-hns‚ A\p-K-l-ßƒ kvacn-°pI.\mń¬ Ipg-∏-ap-≠m°n hn\m-i-Im-cn-I-fm-hm-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.''11

BZp-k-ap-Zm-b-sØ-t∏m-se-Øs∂ tIhew BUw-_-c-Øn\pw]uVn-°pw-th-≠n-bmWv kaq-Zp-k-ap-Zm-bhpw inev]-th-e-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv. AXns‚ t]cn¬ \m´p-Im-cpsS kº-Øp-°ƒ ]c-am-h[nNqjWw sNbvXn-cn-°Ww. AXn-\m¬, Ah-cpsS ]hm-N-I≥ Cu[q¿Øns\ hna¿in-®-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ D≤-cn-°p∂p: ""B¿`m-Shpw[q¿Øpw ImWn-®p-sIm≠v \nßƒ ]¿h-X-ßƒ shń-Øp-c∂v `h-\-\n¿amWw sNøp∂p. ssZhsØ `b-s∏-SpI; Fs‚ B⁄ A\p-k-cn-°pI; `qtem-IØv hn\miw hnX-°p-∂-hcpw \∑ hcp-Øm-Ø-h-cp-amb [q¿Ø-∑m-cpsS B⁄ A\p-k-cn-°-cpXv.''12

BZp-hw-i-°m-cpsS inev]-Ie D∂X ÿe-ßƒ°p apI-fn-em-bn-cp∂p. t\sc-a-dn®v, kaq-Zp-hw-i-°m-cpsS ][m-\-amb hmkvXp-in-ev-]-ßtfm, ]¿h-X-ßƒ shń-bp-≠m-°nb Xpc-¶-`-h-\-ßfpw. IqSmsX,ka-X -e -ß-fn¬ Db¿∂ amfn -I -Ifpw Ah¿ ]Wn -Xn -cp∂p."A¬lnPvdn'¬ sN∂p t\m°p∂ Gh¿°pw Ah-cpsS CØcw Xpc-¶-`-h-\-ßƒ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-sW∂v kµ¿i-I-∑m¿ km£yw hln-°p∂p. CtX amXr-I-bn-ep-≈ GXm\pw FSp-∏p-Ifpw Xpc-¶-ßfpwAJ_m Dƒ°-S¬ Xoc-Øp-≈ ]tZ-i-ß-fnepw tPm¿Um-\nses]Svdm F∂ ÿeØpw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xmbn ZrIvkm-£n-Iƒ ]d-bp∂p. B ]tZ-i-ß-sf√mw Hcp ImeØv kaq-Zns‚ Bhm-k-Xm-h-f-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv CXns‚ A¿Yw.

\ΩpsS `mcX-Ønepw CtX amXr-I-bn-ep≈ hmkvXp-in-ev]-ßƒImWmw. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p:

""]pcm-X\ inev]-ßƒ c≠p Xc-Øn-ep-≈-h-bmWv: ]m¿fn, AP¥, _mKvF∂o ÿe-ß-fn-ep-≈h ]md Xpc-∂p-≠m-°n-b-h-bmWv. F∂m¬, Ft√m-d-bnse ssIem-k-t£Xw, Hmw\m-dn-ep-≈ sshjvW-h-t£Xw, ImwKm-


bnse amkvdq¿t£Xw, alm-_-en-]p-c-Øp-≈ Ggp ]tKm-U-IƒF∂nh ]md-bpsS ]pdw- sIm-Øn-bp-≠m-°n-b-h-bmWv.''13

BZn-s‚bpw kaq-Zn-s‚bpw inev]-am-XrI `mc-X-Øn¬ ]N-cn-®Xvshdpw bmZr-—n-I-am-bn-cn-°n√. B hwi-°m¿ Chn-tSbpw IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Ø-Xns‚ kvamc-I-am-hWw AXv.

Im¿jnI P\XkaqZvhwiw Im¿jn-I-P-\-X-bm-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿°v Irjn-ÿ-e-

ßfpw Pe-tk-N-\-Øn-\p≈ Acp-hn-Ifpw XSm-I-ßfpw ]e-Xcw tXm´-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ahsc kzmen-lp-\_n DZvt_m-[n-∏n® Iq´-Øn¬Cu kwKXn FSpØp]d-™n-cp-∂-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ D≤-cn-°p∂p:

""Chn-sS-bp≈ Cu kpJ-ku-I-cy-ß-fn¬ \n¿`-b-cmbn (kvYnXnsNøp-∂-Xn\p) \nßsf hnt´-°p-sa∂p Icp-Xp-∂pthm˛tXm´-ßƒ,Acp-hn-Iƒ, Irjn-bn-S-ßƒ, Xqßn-°n-S-°p∂ Ipe-tbm-Sp-Iq-SnbCu¥-∏-\-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬?''14

`mc-X-Øn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Ø Bcy∑mcpw CXp-t]mse HcpI¿j-I-k-ap-Zm-b-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v thZ-kq-IvX-ßƒ \ap°p a\- n-em-°n-Ø-cp∂p. ê-iq-\y-amb ]mgv\n-e-ßƒ Xßƒ°v \evI-cp-sX∂v`c-Zzm-P≥ F∂ sshZn-I-a-l¿jn kc-kzXn \Zn-tbmSv ]m¿Yn-°p∂p:

""FØn°, kº-sØ-ßƒ°n; Snhp hcp-Øcp˛

X;Ø¬ tN¿s°m√w ` m-se-ßƒ°p kc-kzXn;

Rßƒ X≥ ]th-ihpw kJyhpw ssIs°mƒI \o;

Rßƒ°p th≠m, \n¶¬\n∂v ]mgvh-b-sem∂pw!''15

Irjn-bpsS kakvX tPmen-Ifpw thZ-Øn¬ h¿Wn-®-Xm-bn -ImWmw. bhhpw a‰p [m\y-ßfpw sshZn-I-B-cy-∑m¿ Irjn-sN-bvXn-cp∂p:

""Irjn-°m¿ bhhpw a‰pw ap≥]p-]n≥]mbn th¿Xn-cn®v [mcmfwsImøp-at√m; A]-Imcw \n¥n-cp-hSn, b⁄-l-hn p XyPn-®n-ń-√m-Ø-h¿°v Chn-S-bn-hnsS [\-ßƒ Iev]n-®-cp-fn-bmepw!''16

Dg¬ (IrjWw), hnX-°¬ (h]\w), sImbvØv (epW\w), saXn-°¬ (arW\w) Cßs\ Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-bpsS Hmtcm L´hpw thZ-Øn¬ kq-Nn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. C∂-sØ-t∏mse A°m-eØpw Irjn-°v- hfwtN¿°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. hf-Øn\v "iIv\w', "Icojw' Fs∂m-s°-bmWv ]d-™n-cp-∂Xv. _°-‰n¬ sh≈-sa-SpØpw Irjn-s®-Sn-Iƒ \\-°p-am-bn-cp∂p. _°-‰ns\ "tImi' F∂mWv thZw hnfn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.XSm-I-Øn\p "lZw' F∂pw.

C°m-e-sØ-∂-t]mse A°m-eØpw [m\y-°-Xn-cp-Iƒ sNdp-Np-cp-´p-I-fmbn sIń-bn-cp∂p. Npcp-ń\v "]¿jw' F∂p t]¿ ]dbpw. I‰-Iƒ If-∏p-c-bn¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn saXn°pw. AXns\ D]-am-\-am°n


Hcp Ejn ]d-bp∂p:

""hfsc \njvTp-csc Rm≥ If-Øn-se-∂-t]mse sImbvXp-Iq-ń-bn-cn-°p∂p.''17

saXn-®p-I-gn-™m¬ ]Xncp If-tb-≠-Xn\v [m\yw Im‰-ØnSpw.[m\yw Xq‰p∂ Bƒ°v "[m\y-IrØv' F∂p t]¿. A\-¥cw Af∂pXn´-s∏-SpØpw. "D¿Zcw' F∂mWv Afhp ]mX-Øns‚ kw⁄.Irjn-sN-øp-hm≥ Imf-Isf ]qń, \new DgpXp ]mI-s∏-SpØpw. CuInb Hcp a¥-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-®Xp t\m°pI:

""F\n-s°-Øn-°bpw sNbvhq tkma-tam-Sm-hr-Xp-°sf,

bh-Øn-\m-bv°m-f-I-fm-ep-gp-Xp-∂Xp t]me-h≥!''18

Cßs\ Irjn-∏-Wn-bpsS \m\m hi-ßƒ h¿Æn-°-W-sa-¶n¬sshZn-I-E-jn-am¿ AXn¬ FX-amXw \n]p-Wcpw ]cn-N-b-k-º-∂-cp-am-bn-cn-°Ww? sshZn-I-Im-esØ Bcy-∑m¿ Hcp Im¿jnI P\-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Imcyw Xo¿®-bmWv.

_lp-ssZ-hXzwkaq-ZvtKmXw _lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-I-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv Jp¿-B≥

\ap°v a\- n-em-°n-Ø-cp-∂Xv. kzmenlv \_n B P\-Xsb GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn-te°v £Wn®p. At±lw Ahsc C]-ImcwBlzm\w sNbvX-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ D≤-cn-°p∂p:

""Fs‚ P\-ßtf, A√m-lp-hn\v C_m-ZØv (D]m-k\) sNøpI.\nßƒ°v Ah-\-√msX ssZh-an√. Ah≥ \nßsf qan-bn¬\n∂p kr-jvSn®p. qan-bn¬ Xs∂ A[n-h-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXp-sIm≠v Ah-t\mSv am∏n-c-°p-Ibpw Ah-¶-te°v ]›m-Ø-]n®p aS-ßp-Ibpw sN-bvI.Fs‚ \mY≥ kao-]-kvY\pw ]Xyp-Ø-cw-sN-øp-∂-h-\p-asX, \n›bw!''19

B P\X Cu Blzm\w kzoI-cn-®n√. ]mc-ºcy hnizm-k-Ønepwamaq¬a-X-Ønepw Xs∂ iTn-®p-\n∂p. Ah¿ ]d™p:

""tl kzmenlv, CXn-\p-apºv \n∂n¬ Rßƒ°v \√ ]Xo-£-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Rß-fpsS ]nXm-°≥am¿ Bcm-[n-®p-h∂ tZh-∑msc Rßƒ Bcm-[n-°p-∂Xv \o XS-bp-IbmtWm? \o Rßsf GsXm-∂n-te°v hnfn-°p-∂pthm, AsX-∏‰n henb kwi-bm-ep°-fm-Ip∂p Rßƒ!''20

Xp—-amb Hcp \yq\-]£w amXta ]hm-N-Is‚ Blzm\w ssIs°m-≠p-≈q. qcn-]-£hpw Ah-cpsS t\Xm-°-∑mcpw ]mc-º-cy-a-X-Øn¬Xs∂\ne-sIm≠p. F∂m¬, kaq-Zp-Im-cpsS tZh-X-I-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ Jp¿-B-\n¬]d-™n- n√. t_mLm-kvtImbv J\\ Kth-j-W-Øn¬\n∂p a\- n-em-hp-∂Xv C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m¿ ]qPn-®n-cp∂ tZh≥am-sc-bmWv kaq-Zp-Imcpw Bcm-[n-®n-cp-∂-sX-∂mWv. Cu kwK-Xn -kzev]w hnkvX-cn-t°-≠-Xp≠v.

t_mLm-kvtImbv J\\wGjym-ssa-\-dn¬, A\m-t‰m-fn-b-bnse t_mLm-kvtImbv F∂n-S-Øp-


≈ henb taSv Cu iX-I-Øns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ DXvJ-\\ Kth-j-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-ambn. Hcp P¿a≥]p-cm-h-kvXp-hn-Z-Kv[-\mb hn≥¢-dmWv 1906-˛¬ BZy-ambn AXv Is≠-Øn-bXv. lnss‰‰vkv(Hittites)F∂ AXn-]p-cm-X-\-amb Hcp cmP-hw-i-Øns‚ cmjvS-X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. DXvJ-\-\-Øn¬ ]gb Hcp \K-c-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-ßfpw Hcp cmP-sIm-´m-chpw Is≠Øn. sIm´m-c-Øns‚ henb apdnHcp KŸ-im-e-bm-bn-cp∂p. IS-em- p-K-Ÿ-ßf√, Ifn-a¨ ê-I-ß-fmWv AXnse tiJcw. Ifn-aÆv ]mI-s∏-SpØn ]e-I-bm°n, Fgp-Øm-Wn-sIm-s≠-gpXn, Nqf-bn¬ Nps´-SpØ ]e-I-Iƒ! Cß-s\-bp≈Bbn-c-°-W-°mb Ifn-a¨ ]e-I-Iƒ B apdn-bn¬\n∂v D]-e-_v[-ambn. cmP-Io-b-dn-°m¿Up-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah. ]kvXpX BWn-sb-gpØv hmbn-°m-\p-≈ am¿Kw Kth-j-I\pw sNt°m-t…m-hm-Iy-°m-c-\p-amb tlmkv\n I≠p-]n-Sn®p. F∂m¬ , BWn-sb-gpØv H∂m-a-Xmbn hmbn-®Xv P¿a≥Im-c-\mb Hcp kvIqƒ amÃ-dmWv. Pn.F^v.tKms´-s^¬Uv F∂mWv At±-l-Øns‚ t]¿.

`mjm-K-th-jWw \S-Ønb ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ sshZnI kwkvIr-X-Øn\v ]gb t]¿jy≥, Ko°v, em‰n≥ apX-emb `mj-I-fp-ambn kmPm-Xy-ap-s≠∂p sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v. i_vZ-[m-Xp-°-fnepw hymI-c-W-ØnepwAh XΩn¬ kmc-amb kmZr-iy-ap≠v. AXv bmZr-—n-I-a-√-Xm\pw. AXn-\m¬, Ah Htc aqe-`m-j-bn¬\n∂pw `mKw ]ncn-™p-t]m∂ hnhn[`mj-I-fm-sW-∂p-≈ \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv Kth-j-I¿ FØn-t®¿∂Xv.Cßs\ kmPmXyw ImWp∂ `mj-I-sf -sb√mw Ah¿ Htc -h¿KØn¬ s]SpØn. Ahbv°v "C≥tUm˛ bqtdm-]y≥`m-j-Iƒ'F∂p t]cpw \evIn. C.bp. `mj F∂m-Wv Npcp-°n-∏-d-bpI.

C.bp. `mj-I-sf-Øs∂ c≠mbn hn`-Pn-®n-´p≠v: H∂n\v "iXw'`mj-I-sf∂pw at‰-Xn\p "sI≥dw' `mj-I-sf∂pw ]d-bp∂p. BZy-Ønse "i' c≠m-a-tØ-Xn¬ "I' bmbn amdp-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv Cu hn`-P-\-Øn\p \nZm\w. BI-bm¬ C. bp. `mj-Iƒ kwkm-cn-®n-cp∂P\-]-Z-ß-sf-sb√mw C∂sØ Ncn-X-Im-c∑m¿ GI-h¿K-°m-cmbnIcp-Xp∂p. "C≥tUm˛bqtdm-]y≥ h¿Kw' F∂v Ahsc hnfn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

sshZnI kwkvIrXw "iXw' imJ-bn-emWv s]Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv.F∂m¬ t_mLm-kvtImbv dn°m¿Up-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ C.bp. mj c≠pimJ-I-fnepw s]Sp∂p. AXm-bXv, BZysØ lnss‰‰p mj sI≥dw imJ-bnepw ]n∂-tØXv iXw imJ-bn-epw-s]- -XmWv. CXn¬ \n∂pw A\p-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv C≥tUm Bcy≥am-sc-°mƒ lnss‰-‰p-Iƒ°v ]mNo-\X IqSp-sa-∂mWv. IqSmsX C.bp. h¿K-°m¿ c≠p ]mhiyw A\m-t‰m-fn-b-bn¬FØn-sb∂pw Duln-°-s∏-Sp∂p. t_mLm-kvtIm-bvdn-°m¿Up-I-fpsS Imew\n¿W-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv In. ap. 1400 apX¬ 1200 hsc-bmWv. C.bp. mj-I-


fn¬ Is≠-Ønb tcJ-I-fn¬ G‰hpw ]mNo-\-am-bn-´p-≈Xv AXsX.21

lnss‰‰vkpw ss__nfpwss__nƒ ]gb \nb-a-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°-s∏´ P\-]-Z-ß-fn-sem-

∂mWv lnss‰‰vkv. t\ml-bpsS ]pX-\mb lmans‚ aI≥ I\m∂vtlØv F∂p-t]-cmb Hcp aI-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p.22 tlØns‚ k¥m-\-]-c-ºc "lnXy¿' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏´p. Ch-sc-bmWv ]m›m-Xy¿ "lnss‰‰vkv' (Hittites) F∂p hnfn-°p-∂Xv. Ckvdm-tb¬ kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ]mXn-bm¿°o-kmb (Ipe-]Xn) A_-lm-ans‚ Ime-Øp-Xs∂ lnXy¿ ]›n-ta-jybn¬ ]kn-≤-cm-bn-cp∂p. ssZhw A_-lm-ans‚ k¥-Xn-Iƒ°v \¬Ip-sa∂v hmKvZØw sNbvX `q`m-KØvA[n-h-kn-®n-cp-∂-h-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ lnXycpw s]Sp∂p.23

Xs‚ ]Xv\n kmdmbn acn-®-t∏mƒ Ah-cpsS arX-i-cocw ad-am-Sp-∂-Xn\v A_lmw lnXy-tcm-SmWv kvYew hmßn-bXv.24 lnXycpwskan-‰nIv h¿K-Øn¬s∏´ A_-lmapw hfsc aa-X-bnepw kvt\l-Øn-ep-amWv h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂v ss__n-fn¬\n∂p sXfnbpw.F∂m¬, lnss‰‰vkv Gjym-ssa-\-dn-se-Øn-bXv Ft∏m-gm-sW∂pKth-j-I¿°v \n›-b-an√. GXm-bmepw In.ap. 1200 hsc Ah-cpsSkmamPyw AhnsS \ne-\n∂p.

sshZnI tZh-\vam¿\ΩpsS i≤sb CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ BI¿jn-°p∂ kwK-Xn- a-

s‰m-∂mWv: GXm≠v In. ap. 1500˛t\mS-SpØv A\m-t‰m-fn-b-bpsSIng°v kndnb hsc `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ lpdn-b¿ F∂p-t]-cmbHcp P\X D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah-cpsS kmam-Py-Øns‚ t]¿ "anØ∂n'AYhm "anØm\n' F∂m-bn-cp∂p. anØ∂n cmPm-hmb aXn-h-kbpwlnss‰‰p cmPm-hmb kp∏n-ep-en-bpakpw XΩn¬ \S∂ Hcp Icm-dp-]Xw t_mLm-kvtIm-bvdn-°m¿Up-I-fn¬ Is≠-Sp-Øn-´p≠v. AXn¬DS-º-Sn°p Znhy-km-£n-I-fmbn ImWn-®n-´p-≈Xv Cµ≥, anX≥, hcp-W≥, c≠v \mk-Xy-∑m¿ F∂o Bcy-tZ-h-X-I-sf-bm-Ip∂p. AXn-\m¬,lnss‰‰vkpw anØ∂n kam-´p-Ifpw Bcy-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v sXfn-bp∂p. F∂m¬, F≥ssk-t¢m-]o-Unbm _n´m-\n-°-bn¬ ImWp-∂XvCß-s\-bmWv:

""hntZi tZh-∑m¿˛ ]tXy-In®pw saskm-s]m-t´-anb tZh-∑mcpwNne-t∏mƒ I\m-\y-tZ-h≥amcpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv hntZ-i-Øp-\n∂pwCd-°p-aXn sNbvXn-´p-≈ sF-Xn-ly-ß-fnepw aX-N-S-ßp-I-fn-ep-amWv.cmjvS-ßƒ XΩnep-≈ DS-º-Sn-Ifn¬ adp-]-£-Øns‚ Znhy-km-£n-I-sf-t∂mWw AØcw tZh≥amsc Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-°m-Wp-∂p≠v. aXn-h-k-\p-am-bp-≈ Icm-dp-]-X-Øn¬ ImWp∂ Cµ≥, anX≥, hcpW≥,c≠p- \m-k-Xy-∑m¿ F∂o C≥tUm˛ Cdm-\n-b≥ tZh-X-Iƒ CXn-\p-


Ø-tam-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. an´m\n Bcy-∑m¿ Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂ hniz-tZ-h-X-I-fpsS KW-Øn¬s]-Sp∂p B tZ-h≥am¿.''25

lnss‰-‰p-I-fpsS tZh-∑m-c√, an´m-\n-I-fpsS tZh-∑m-cm-Wv -Cµ˛anX˛ hcpW˛\mk-Xy-∑m¿ F∂sX Cu ]kvXm-h-ß-fpsS[z\n. C\n an´m-\n-Iƒ Bcm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v \ap°p t\m°mw.

an´m-\n-IƒAJ_m Dƒ°-S-ens‚ Xoc-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]m¿∏p-d-∏n-®n-cp∂ Hcp

Ad-_n-P-\-X-bm-bn-cp∂p an´m-\n-Iƒ. ss__nƒ Chsc "anZym-\y¿'F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. tamk-kns‚ ImeØv anZym-\n¬ A©pcmP-hw-i-ßƒ hmWn-cp∂p. Ckvdm-tb-ep-ambn \S∂ bp≤-Øn¬ Ah-sc√mw tXmev]n -°-s∏´p. B IY ss__nƒ h¿Wn-°p-∂XvImWpI:

""btlmh tami-tbmSv Iev]n-®-Xp-t]mse Ah¿ anZym-\y-tcmSvbp≤w sNbvXp. BWp-ßsf Hs°bpw sIm∂p. \nl-X-∑m-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Ah¿ anZym-\y-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cmb Ghn, tc°w, kq¿, lq¿, tc_F∂o A©p cmPm-°-∑m-scbpw sIm∂p.''26

C°q-´-Øn¬ lqdn-b¿ ÿm]n® kmam-Py-asX an´m\n, As√-¶n¬ anØ∂n. tUm. F. Aø-∏≥ Fgp-Xp∂p:

""In. ap. 1500˛∂SpØv, A\m-t‰-mfn-b°v Ing-°p-`mKw kndn-b-hsc"lqdn-b¿' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-™p-h-cp∂ Hcp P\-X-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.Ah-cpsS ]`p-°-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ thZ-Øn-ep≈ t]cp-I-fm-bn-cp∂p.lqdn-b-cpsS Hcp sNdp-km-amPyw "anØm\n' F∂ t]cn¬ ]n∂oSvÿm]n-°-s∏´p. lqdn-b-cpsS _‘p-°-fmb "slIvtkmkv' Fs∂mcpIq´¿ hfsc i‡-cm-bn-Øo¿∂p, CuPn]vXp BI-an-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.''2 7

kaqZpw anØ-∂nbpwAd-_n-Iƒ "aZvb≥' F∂pw ss__nƒ "anZym≥' F∂pw t_mLm-

kvtIm-bvdn-°m¿Uv "anØ∂n' F∂pw hnfn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Htc P\-X-sb-Ø-s∂-bmWv. AJ-_m -Dƒ°-S-ens‚ XocØv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Atd-_y≥ ]tZ-i-ØmWv Ah¿ ]m¿Øn-cp-∂Xv. Cu ]tZ-iØv kaq-Zns‚ Xpc-¶-`-h-\-ßƒ C∂pw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p-s≠∂v ZrIvkm£n hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬\n∂v\ap°v a\- n-em-bn- p≠v. IqSmsX, lqdn-b-cpsS _‘p-°-fmWv CuPn]vXvBI-an-®p-Io-g-S-°nb slIvtkm-kp-cm-Pm-°-∑m-sc∂v t_mLm-kvtImbvdn°m¿Up-Iƒ sXfn-bn® ]Imcw tUm. Aø-∏≥ D≤-cn-®Xpw i≤n-°-s∏-tS-≠-XmWv. slIvtkm-kp-Iƒ Ad-_n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ ]£-Øn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-am-WXv. AXn-\m¬ Atd-_y-bn¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n® kaq-Zns‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p anZym-\y¿ As√-¶n¬ anØ-∂n-Iƒ F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn¬ \ap°v A\m-bm-tk\ FØn-t®-cm-hp-∂-XmWv. anØ-∂n-Iƒ


sshZn-I-tZ-h-X-I-fmb Cµ˛anX˛ hcpW˛\mk-Xy-∑m-sc-bmWv Bcm-[n-®n-cp-∂-sX∂pw \mw I≠p-I-gn™p. Ah-cpsS ap≥Km-an-I-fmb kaq-Zp-Imcpw AtX tZh-X-I-sf-bm-bn-cn-°Ww Bcm-[n-®p-h-∂Xv. BI-bm¬ Bcy≥am¿ skan-‰n-°v-h¿K-Øn¬s]-´-h-cm-sW-∂-Xn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-asX t_mLm-kvtImbv tcJ-Iƒ.

t_mLm-kvtImbv dn°m¿Un¬ ImWp∂ "aXn-hk' F∂ t]¿Hcp kwkvIr-X-kw⁄-bm-bn-cp∂p. "aXn-h-i≥' (Nµ-tk-h-I≥) F∂-Xns‚ ]m‡-\-cq-]-amhmw AXv. CXp-t]mse DØc saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ In. ap. 1450˛-1300 ImeØv, hmWn-cp∂ NI-h¿Øn-am¿°pwkwkvIr-X-\m-a-ß-fm-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. Ah-bn¬ NneXv amXr-I-°mbnXmsg ImWn-°p∂p:

]¿i-i-X¿=(]i-kvX¿), A¿X-Za=(EX-[a), A¿X-kp-ac=(EX-kvac), XznjvcY=(XzjvcY), kuk-X¿=(ku£X).28

lnss‰-‰p-I-fpsS t]¿ t_mLm-kvtImbv tcJ-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂XvJØ, lØn F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv. "£Xnb' F∂ ]Z-tØmSv AXn\vkmay-ap-s≠∂v tUm. Aø-∏≥ ]d-bp∂p.29

ckm-h-l-amb Hcp IØvlnss‰‰v kmam-Py-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-amb lØp-kmkv ]´-W-

Øn¬-\n∂v Is≠-SpØ dn°m¿Up-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ ckm-h-l-ambHcp IØp≠v. lnss‰-‰vN-I-h¿Øn-bmb kp∏n-ep-en-bp-a-kn\v CuPn-]vXnse dmWn-bm-bn-cp∂ "As©kv˛F≥˛Asa≥' Ab® IØm-WXv. "Sq´≥Km-a≥' F∂ ^d-thms‚ hn[-h-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿.lnss‰‰v kam-ńs‚ ]pX-∑m-cn-sem-cmsf X\n°p `¿Øm-hmbn Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-°m-\p≈ A¿Y-\-bmWv IØnse D≈-S°w. AXn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p∂p:

""Fs‚ `¿Ømhv acn-®p-t]mbn. F\n°v Hcp aI≥ t]mep-an√.\nßƒ-°p Iptd ]pX-∑m-cp-s≠∂p tIƒ°p∂p. \nß-fpsS HcpaIs\ F\n°p XcnI. F¶n¬ B cmP-Ip-am-cs\ F\n°v `¿Øm-hm-°m-am-bn-cp∂p. Fs‚ ]P-I-fn¬ Hcmsf Rm≥ Fßs\ `¿Øm-hmbn BZ-cn°pw?''

NI-h¿Øn°v cm⁄n-bpsS Dt±-iy-Øn¬ kwibw tXm∂n. \m´p-]-`p-°-∑m-cp-ambn Btem-Nn® tijw, CuPn-]vXn¬ sN∂v kXym-hÿ a\-- n-em-t°-≠-Xn\v Hcp ZqX-kw-LsØ \ntbm-Kn®p. cm⁄n-bpsS Bh¿-Øn® A`y¿Y\ ho≠pw h∂p. Ah-cpsS Bflm¿Y-X-bn¬ kwi-bn-°m-\n-s√∂v ZqX-kwLw Adn-bn®p. NI-h¿Øn Xs‚Hcp ]pXs\ CuPn-]vXn-te-°-b®p. ]t£, At±lw hgn-bn¬ h®ph[n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv.30

CXp-hsc hnh-cn-®-Xn¬\n∂v hmb-\-°m¿ Hcp kwKXn Ku\n-®n-


cn-°p-sa∂v Icp-Xp∂p: ss__nƒ Acmw F∂pw Jp¿-B≥ CdavF∂pw hnfn® Ipe-]-Xn-bpsS k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bn¬ s]´-h-cm-bn-cp∂pC≥tUm˛Bcy≥ P\X. AtX Ipe-]-Xn-bpsS k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bn¬s]´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p BZp-hw-ihpw kaq-Zp-hw-ihpw. Acmw F∂ i_vZwC¥y-bn¬ Bcy\pw t]¿jy-bn¬ sFcn-bm-\-bp-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. Ch-sc√mw BZn-bn¬ Ad_n hwi-P-cm-bn-cp∂p. AYhm skan-‰n°v hwi-P¿. kwkvIm-c-Ønepw aX-Øn-ep-ap≈ ASp∏w AXn-te°pt]mZv_-e-I-amb sXfn-hsX!

Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ1. Jp¿-B≥ 89: 92. X^vlo-ap¬ Jp¿-B≥ by kønZv A_p¬ AAvem auZqZn hm. 3, t]. 523

t\m°pI.3. Ibid Vol. P. 523

4. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 1865. Ibid Vol. 1, P. 196

6. D≤-cWw: Ibid Vol. 1, P. 177

7. D≤-cWw: Ibid Vol. 1, P. 197

8. Jp¿-B≥ 7: 749. Ibid 40: 30, 31

10. C_v\p J¬Zq≥˛ InXm-_p¬ C_¿ hm. 1, t]Pv 711. Jp¿-B≥ 7: 7412 Jp¿-B≥ 26: 149˛15213. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 2, t]. 248, 249 (C-¥y)14. Jp¿-B≥ 26: 146˛-14815. EtKzZw a. 6, kq. 61, E. 1416. Ibid a. 10, kq. 131, E. 2

17. Ibid a. 10, kq. 48, E. 7

18. Ibid a. 1, kq. 23, E. 7

19. Jp¿-B≥ 11: 61

20. Ibid 11: 6121. mc-X-∏-ga t]. 99 t\m°pI.22. DX-v]Øn 10: 1, 6, 15 t\m°pI.23. lbid 15: 18-21

24. lbid 23: 3,5; 8-˛18 t\m°pI.

25. Encyclopedia Britannica Vol. xi, p. 559 (Hittites) (1965)

26. kwJy 31: 7,8

27. mc-X-∏-ga t]. 103, 104

28. Ibid P. 10729. Ibid P. 105

30. Ibid P. 105, 106 t\m°pI.


A[ymbw Ccp-]-sØm∂v

cXv\-®p-cp°w

ap≥t]m´p IS-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv \mw CXp-hsc hnh-cn-®-Xns‚ cXv\-®p-cp°w ChnsS ImWn-°p-∂Xv kmam-\y-hm-b-\-°msc kw_-‘n-t®-S-tØmfw IqSp-X¬ D]-Im-c-]-Z-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v hniz-kn-°p∂p.

Bcy-hw-i-Øns‚ aqe-X-d-hmSvBcy-hw-i-Øns‚ aqe-X-d-hmSv Fhn-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂ hnj-b-

Øn¬ Kth-j-I-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ Kpcp-X-c-amb `n∂m-`n-]m-b-am-Wp-≈-sX∂p \mw kqNn-∏n®p. ]mao¿ta-S-bm-sW∂v Hcp ]£w. bqtdm-∏ns‚hS-°≥ ka-X-e-ß-fm-sW∂v as‰mcp ]£w. l¶dn, BkvXnb,s_mlo-anb F∂o ÿe-ß-fpƒs°m-≈p∂ `q`m -K -am -sW∂vthsdmcp ]£w. DØ-c-[p-h-am-sW-∂p C\n-bp-samcp ]£w. Cßs\hn`n-∂-ß-fmb A`n-]m-b-K-Xn-I-fmWv Cu hnj-b-Øn-ep-≈Xv.

DØ-c-[p-h-Øn¬ BZn- B-cy-∑msc IpSn-bn-cp-Ønb P¿a≥Im-cmb GW-Ãvtlm-¿ao-kns‚ hnh-cWw H´p ck-I-c-amWv: BZn Bcy-∑m¿ Kplm-hm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. Aßs\ Ccn-°p-tºmƒ lna-bpKwh∂p. lna-bp-K-Øn¬ Ah¿ `qcn-`m-Khpw \in®p. Ah-ti-jn-®-h¿sXt°m´v HmSn. AtXmsS AhnSw iq\y-ambn. sXt°m´v \oßn-b-h¿ Bc¬ Dƒ°-S¬, Imkv]n-b≥ IS¬ F∂n-h-bpsS DØ-c-Xo-c-ß-fn¬ h∂p Xma-kn®p. Nne Imc-W-ß-fm¬ AhnsS Ccn-∏p-d-∏n-®n√. Ah¿ \m\m-`m-K-ß-fn¬ Nn∂n-®n-Xdn. hnhn[ kwL-ß-fmbn]e ÿe-ß-fn-te°pw HgpIn. C≥tUm˛Cdm-\n-b≥ kwL-°m¿Imkv]n -b≥ XocsØ sÃ∏n-I-fn¬\n∂v sX°p Ing -t°m´pXncn™p. Bap, km≥Um-dnb F∂o \Zn-I-fpsS Xoc-ß-fn-eqsS_pJm-d, ka¿Jµv F∂o ÿe-ßfnse-Øn-s∏´p. Ahn-sS-\n-∂-h¿c≠p kwL-ß-fmbn ]ncn™p. Hcp kwLw t]¿jy-bn-seØn.as‰mcp kwLw lnµp-°p-jv]¿hXw Xm≠n, A^vKm≥ Npc-ßƒ Ib-dn-bn-dßn "Ip`m' XS-Øn¬ (Im_q¬) FØn-t®¿∂p. Ch-csX`mcX-Øn-te-°p≈ hgn H∂m-a-Xmbn sXfn-bn-®Xv.1

Bcy≥am-cpsS C¥y-bn-te-°p≈ hc-hn-s\-∏‰n cm[m-Ip-apUvap°¿Pn-bpsS A`n-]mbw as‰m-∂mWv: Um\yq_v \Zo Xoc-Øp-\n∂p]pd-s∏´p, h√-®n-bm-bn-seØn, t_mkv]-dkv˛Um¿sU-\¬kp-Iƒ Xc-Ww-sNbvXp, Gjy-mssa-\-dnepw ]n∂oSv ssSKokv˛bq^-ókv \Zn-I-fpsS Xoc-ß-fn-ep-saØn. Ahn-sS-\n∂v amsjUv, sldmØv, _IvSo-


dnb F∂o ÿe-ß-fn¬IqSn t]¿jy-bn¬h∂p Xmh-f-ap-d-∏n®p.C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cpsS ]q¿hn-I¿ BZn-bn¬ B ]tZ-i-Øm-bn-cp∂p.2

djy≥ Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m-cmb s_¿kn\pw Kt¥m-hvkvInbpw thZ-Im-esØ Bcy-∑m-cpsS aqe-Ip-Spw_w tIm°-k- n\p hS-°p≈]p¬ta-Sp-I-fm-sW∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. _n. kn. c≠mw kl-km-_vZ-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS Hcp kwLw sX°p-]Sn-™m-dp≈ kndn-bbpwê-kvXo\pw hsc FØn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Nne¿°-`n-]m-b-ap≠v. Ncn-X-I-mc-\mb FOv.Pn. sh’ns‚ \nK-a\w IqSn ImWpI:

""\mem-bncw h¿j-Øn\p apºv, AXm-bXv, In. ap. c≠m-bn-cm-am-≠n-\-SpØv a[y-bq-tdm-∏nepw sX°p-In-gs° bqtdm-∏nepw at[y-jy-bnepw C∂-tØ-°m-f-[nIw NqSpw \\hpw h\-km-µ-Xbpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. `qan-bpsS Cu ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \oe-\-b-\-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb,shfpØ t\m¿Un°v hwi-Øn¬ s]´, Nne Ahm-¥-c-h¿K-ßƒAe™p\S-∂n-cp∂p. Cu hyXykvX h¿K-ßƒ°v ]c-kv]c _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ sdbn≥\Zn sXm´v Imkv]n-b≥ kapZw hsc-bp≈ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-se√mw Ah¿ Htc `mj-bpsS hnhn[ cq]-ß-fmWvkwkm-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.... Cu t\m¿Un°v P\-ßƒ temI-N-cn-X-Øn¬AXn-]-[m-\-amb Hcp `mKw A`n-\-bn-°m≥ hn[n-tNm-Zn-X-cm-bn-cp∂p.Ah¿ h\y-`q-an-I-fnepw DS-Pm-¥n-I-ß-fnepw hkn-®n-cp∂ Hcp h¿K-amWv. Ah¿°v BZyw IpXn-c-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. I∂p-Im-en-ItfD≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q. Xß-fpsS ][m\ t\Xm-°-∑m¿ acn-®m¬ B ih-ßƒ Ah¿ Zln-∏n-°p-Ibpw kvam-h-in-jvS-ßƒ ]mX-ß-fn¬ \nt£-]n-°p-Ibpw Ahbv°p Np‰pw hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ aÆp-sIm≠v henbIqºm-c-ßƒ ]Sp-Øp-sI-´p-Ibpw sNbvXph∂p. Cu Bcy-∑m¿ Imf-Isf ]qń, \ne-ap-gpXv tKmXºv Irjn sNbvXp.''3

Cßs\ hyXy-kvXm-`n-]m-b-ß-fmWv C≥tUm˛Bcy≥am-cpsSaqe-X-d-hmSv kw_-‘n®v \ap°v ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv. GXm-bmepwAh-cpsS aqe-X-d-hmSv C¥y-bm-sW∂ A`n-]mbw Ch¿°m¿°p-an√.C¥y-b-s√∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Ah¿ GtIm-]n-°p∂p. ]ns∂ Fhn-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ hnj-b-Øn-emWv `n∂m-`n-]mbw. Cu A`n-]m-b-hy-Xym-k-Øn\p ]e Imc-W-ß-fp-ap-≠mhmw. F∂m¬ `mjm-K-th-j-I-cpsS \nK-a-\-ß-fmWv Hcp ][m\ Imc-W-sa∂p tXm∂p∂p. ta¬]kvXm-hn® ]tZ-i-°m¿ kwkm-cn -°p∂ `mj-Ifpw sshZnI`mjbpw XΩn¬ kmPmXyw ImWp-I-bp-≠mbn. AXn-\m¬ Ah¿°pwC≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m¿°pw GtXm ImeØv ]c-kv]c _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂psh∂p Kth-j-I¿ Xocp-am-\n®p. A\-¥cw BZn Bcy-Ip-Spw-_-Øns‚ tIµ-sØ-∏‰n \nco-£n®p. XZv^-e-ambn hyXykvX \nK-a-\-ß-fn-se-Øn-t®-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

GXm-bmepw I∂p-Im-en-Isf tabv°epw, ta-®n¬ ÿehpw ]p√pw


sh≈-hp-ap≈ CS-ßsf At\z-jn®p \S-°-ep-am-bn-cp∂p BZnBcy≥am-cpsS sXmgn-se∂v F√m-hcpw ]d-bp∂p. EtKz-Z-Øn¬ Bkº-Zm-bsØ ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂ At\Iw a¥-ß-fp-≠p-Xm\pw.CuPn-]vXns\ BI-an®p Iog-S°n, Iptd-Imew `cWw \S-Ønbskan-‰n-°p-Imsc CuPn-]vXp-Im¿ "slIvtkmkv' (CS-b-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿)F∂ ]cn-lm-k-t∏-cn¬ hnfn-®p-h-∂Xpw Ncn-X-]-kn-≤-amWv. Npcp-°-Øn¬ skan-‰n-°p-Ifpw Bcy-∑mcpw CS-b-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ ImcywkpXcmw hy‡-amWv.

BZn- B-cy-∑m¿ ÿnc-hm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂n√; Ducp-Np-‰n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p.skan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS ÿnXnbpw Aß-s\-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. sh’v Xs∂]d-bs´:

""skan-‰n°v h¿K-°m¿ BSp-am-Sp-I-tfbpw Igp-X-I-tfbpw ta®p-sIm≠v\S-∂n-cp∂p. Cu skan-‰n-°p-Imcpw Gem-ay¿ F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ Cdm-\nse Z£n-W- m-K-Øp-\n∂p h∂ Hcp Xcw \otKm-h¿K-°m-cp-amWv ]mNo-\-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fp-ambn ASpØp ]cn-N-b-s∏´ BZysØ \mSp-Np-‰n-Iƒ.''4

BI-bm¬ CS-bXzw, \mSp-Np-‰n-Øn-cn-b¬ F∂o kº-Zm-b-ß-fn¬ skan-‰n-°p-Imcpw BZn Bcy-∑mcpw tbmPn-°p∂p. C°m-c-W-ß-fmepw a‰pwBcy≥amcpw skan-‰n°v h¿K-Øn¬ s] -h-cm-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂mWv \mw hnNm-cn-°p-∂Xv.

skan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS hym]vXnCu h¿K-°m¿ Hcp L -Øn¬ ]pcm-X-\-\m-K-cnI tIµ-ßƒ BI-an-

®p-Io-g-S-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn Ncn-X-tc-J-Iƒ sXfn-bn-®n- p≠v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn_m_n-tem-Wnb, A o-cnb, Im¬Unb, kndnb, CuPn]vXv, Cdm≥,^n\ojy, Im¿tØPv, kvs]bn≥, Ko°v, Io‰v apX-emb \K-c-cm-jvS-ß-sf√mw Ah-cpsS A[o-\-Øn¬ h∂n- p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. At∏mse mc-X-ØnepwAh¿ IpSn-tbdn, Chn-SsØ BZn-hm-kn-Isf BI-an-®p-Io-g-S-°n-sb∂phnNm-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Akw-K-X-ambn H∂p-an√. F∂m¬, Cu skan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS aqe-X-d-hmSv Fhn-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p? Atd-_y-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ ]£-sØ-bmWv \nco-£-I-cn¬ hen-sbmcp hn`mKw ]_-e-am-°n-bn- p-≈Xv. BI-bm¬Bcy-h¿K-Øns‚ aqe-X-d-hmSv Atd-_y-bm-sW∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv Ah-km-\-ambn \mw FØn-t®-cp-∂Xv.

F∂m¬, Cu \nK-a-\sØ B[p-\n-I- m-jm-K-th-jWw klm-bn-°p--∂n√. skan-‰n°v mj-Ifpw Bcy- m-j-Ifpw XΩn¬ AP-K-Pm-¥-c-ap-s≠-∂mWv ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ mjm-ssh-Pm-Xy-ap-s≠∂ Imcywth≠X sXfn-™n- n√. hmZ-Øn-\p-th≠n AXp kΩ-Xn-®m¬ Xs∂ AXp-sIm≠v Hcp Imcyta hcn-I-bp≈q˛skan-‰n°v mj-Ifpw Bcy≥ mj-IfpwXΩn¬ th¿Xn-cn-™Xv kl-km-_vZ-ßƒ°v apºm-sW∂ Imcyw.

skan-‰n°v hwi-Øns‚ D¤hw kl-k-m-_vZ-ßƒ°p apºm-sW∂p Xo¿®-bmWv. ss__n-fnse hwim-h-en-b-\p-k-cn®p t\ml-


bpsS ]pX-\mb tians‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m-cmWv skan-‰n-°p-Im¿. BI-bm¬ Ggm-bn -ctam FÆm-bn -ctam h¿j-ß-fpsS Ime-∏-g°wIev]n°mw B hwi-Øns‚ DXv]-Øn°v. Cß-s\-bp≈ Hcp hwi-Øn¬\n∂v `mKw ]ncn-™p-h∂ Bcy≥am-cpsS `mj-Ifpw CXcskan-‰n°v P\-]-Z-ß-fpsS `mj-Ifpw XΩn¬ kmPmXyw ImWp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ AXn-sem´pw B›-cy-s∏-Sm-\n√. Hc-—-\n¬\n∂pw Hc-Ω-bn¬\n∂pw P\n® k¥-Xn-I-fm-Wt√m bYm¿Y-Øn¬ a\p-jy-hwiw.Ah¿ XΩn¬ FX-sbX A¥-c-amWv \man∂p ImWp-∂Xv!CsX√mw Ime-∏-g°w hcp-Øn-h-®-XmWv. Ime-∏-g°w Gdpw-tXmdpwhwi-ß-fpsS AI¬®bpw s]mcp-Ø-t°Spw h¿[n-°p-sa∂ hkvXpX]tXyIw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-XmWv. CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ DXv]-Øn-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Hcp `mKw ChnsS kwt£-]n-°p-∂Xv kµ¿t`m-Nn-X-am-bn-cn°pw:

""`qan-bn¬ Hs°bpw Htc mjbpw Htc hm°p-am-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬Ah¿ Ing-t°m´p bmX-sNbvXp, io\m¿ tZiØv Hcp ka-`q-an -I≠p.AhnsS IpSn-bn-cp∂p... btlmh, "CXm P\w H∂v, Ah¿s°-√m-h¿°pw`mjbpw H∂v.... Ah¿ sNbvhm≥ \ncq-]n-°p-∂-sXm∂pw Ah¿°-km-[y-am-Ip-I-bn√; hcp-hn≥; \mw Cd-ßn-s®∂p, Ah¿ XΩn¬ mj Xncn-®-dn-bm-Xn-cn-∏m≥ Ah-cpsS mj Ie-°n-°-fI' F∂p Acpfns®bvXp. Aßs\btlmh Ahsc Ahn-sS-\n∂p qX-e-sØßpw Nn∂n®p... k¿∆- q-an-bnse`mjbpw btlmh Ahn-sS-h®p Ie-°n-°-f-I-bm¬ AXn∂p _mt_¬F∂p t]cmbn; btlmh Ahsc Ahn-sS-\n∂p qX-e-Øn-seßpw Nn∂n®pIf™p.''5

Cu IY-\-Ønse mh-\mwiw X¬°mew \ap°v hnt´°mw. F∂m¬Hcp hkvXpX Ah-ti-jn-°p∂p. a\p-jy-sc√mw BZn-bn¬ Htc hwihpwHtc mj kwkm-cn-°p-∂-h-cp-am-bn-cp∂p. Htc qJ-fi-Øn-emWv Ah¿Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. GXm-≠ntX kn≤m-¥-amWv B[p-\nI \c-hwi imkvX-⁄-∑m¿°p-ap≈Xv. Ahsc D≤-cn®p io. sI.hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\m≥ Xs‚temI-N-cn-X-Øn¬ Fgp-Xp∂p:

""hmkvX-h-Øn¬ a\p-jy-sc-√m-hcpw Htc h¿K-Øn¬ s] -h-cm-Ip∂p.F√m h¿K-ßƒ°pw PmXn-Iƒ°pw _p≤nbpw Ignhpw kma¿Yyhpw kmam-t\y\ ka-amWv.''6

`mj-I-sf- w-_-‘n®p At±lw ]d-bp∂p:

""C∂p \mw mj-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ \nc-h[n hm°p-Iƒ Npcp°w Nne[mXp-°-fn¬\n-∂p-¤-hn®p cq]m-¥-c-s∏- -Xm-sW∂v ]mWn\n ]≠p-Xs∂\ap°v ImWn-®p-X-∂n- p-≠v. ]mWn\n ImWn-®p-sIm-SpØ Cu hgn-bn¬IqSnk©-cn-®mWv mjm-im-kvX-⁄≥am¿ mj-I-fpsS At\ym-\y-_‘w a\- n-em-°n-b-Xv.''7

At∏mƒ BZn-bn¬ a\p-jy-hw-ihpw Ah¿ kwkm-cn® `mjbpw


H∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ ]£-tØ°v Xs∂-bmWv B[p-\nI Kth-j-W-Øn-s‚bpw KXn-sb∂v a\- n-em°mw. Cu kn≤m-¥-a-\p-k-cn®pt\m°p-tºmƒ C∂p \mw ImWp∂ `mjm-ssh-hn[yw Ime-∏-g-°-Øns‚ krjvSn-bmWv. Ime-∏-g°w IqSpw-tXmdpw sshhn-[yhpwsshPm-Xyhpw h¿[n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn°pw. BI-bm¬ skan-‰n-°v`m-j-Ifpw Bcy≥ `mj-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ AI¬®-aqew Bcy-h¿§-ßƒskan-‰n-°p-I-f-s√∂v ÿm]n-X-am-bn-s°m-≈-W-sa-∂n√.

skan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS BZn-tIµwskan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS BZn-tIµw Atd-_y-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv

Nne ]Kev` Kth-j-I-]-fin-X-∑m-cpsS \nK-a\w. Atd-_y-bn¬\n∂mWv sa-skm-s]m-t´-anb, CuPn]vXv apX-emb ]pcm-X\ \mK-cnItIµ-ß-fn¬ Ah¿ FØn-bXv. Cu h¿K-Øn¬s]´ Hcp hwiw Atd-_y-bn¬ AXn-]p-cm-X-\-Im-eØv B[n-]Xyw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn Jp¿-B-\n¬\n∂pw Atd-_y≥ sFXn-ly-ß-fn¬\n∂pw a\- n-em-Ip∂p.B hwisØ BZv F∂mWv Jp¿-B≥ hnfn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. "Cdw' F∂Hcp Ipe-]-Xn-bpsS ]n≥ap-d-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. AXn-\m¬ Ahsc"BZp-Cdw' F∂pw Jp¿-B≥ hnfn-®n-´p≠v. ss__n-fn¬ ]te-S-ß-fnepw ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏´ "Acmw' Xs∂-bmWv Cdapw. CtX CdwAYhm, Acmw hnhn[ `mj-I-fn¬ hnhn[ cq]-ß-fn¬ D®-cn-°-s∏´p.t]¿jy-\n¬ sFcn-bm\ F∂pw Cdm≥ F∂p-amWv AXp-®-cn-°-s∏-´Xv. Cdm≥ F∂m¬ Bcy-∑m-cpsS \mSv F∂m-W¿Y-sa∂v B[p-\nI]fin-X-∑m¿ ]d-bp∂p. IqSmsX, t]¿jy≥ `mjbpw sshZnIkwkvIr-Xhpw XΩn¬ hep-Xmb ASp-∏hpw ImWmw. \nc-h[n hm°p-Iƒ sshZnI kw-kvIr-X-Ønepw ]gb t]¿jy-\nepw Htc A¿Y-Øn¬ ]tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v GXm\pw ]Z-ßƒ XmsgImWn-°p∂p:

t]¿jy≥ kwkvIrXw A¿Yw

kcWy lncWy kz¿Ww

tl\ tk\ ssk\yw

bkv\ b⁄w bmKw

tlma tkmaw Hcp \nthZyw

BkpXn BlpXn _en

tkmX tlmX bm⁄n-I≥

_mkp _mlp ssI

Niw N£p IÆv

Z≥Zv Z¥w ]√v

]pivØv t]jvTw ]n≥`mKw

Jq≥ timWw c‡w


k¿ incw Xe

]nZ¿ ]nXr ]nXmhv

amZ¿ amXr amXmhv

_dm-Z¿ `mXr ktlm-Z-c≥

Xiv\ XrjvW Zmlw

tlm¿ kqc≥ kqcy≥

amlv amkw amkw

_mcniv h¿jw ag

kmb Omb \ng¬

_d-ivKm¬ h¿j-°mew ag-°mew

taLv taLw ag-°m¿

X]mkv X]ky Bcm-[\

Pu bhw Hcp [m\yw

tZh-Zm¿ tZh-Zmcp tZh-Zmcw

ss]am\ ]cn-amWw Afhv

Blm¿ Blmcw `£Ww

imJv imJ `mKw

tUm: Aø-∏≥ Fgp-Xp∂p:

""`mj-bp-sSbpw kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw sFIy-Øm¬ ]mNo\ Cdm-\n-bcpw ]mNo\ Bcycpw Htc P\-X-bpsS c≠p imJ-I-fm-sW-∂-Xn\v kwi-b-an√. "Cdm≥' F∂-Xp-Xs∂ Bcy≥ F∂-Xns‚ Hcpkam\ ]Z-am-Wv. C≥tUm-˛-C-dm-\n-b≥ F∂p `mjm-]-fin-X-∑m¿ ]d-™p-h-cp∂ Hcp aqe-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬\n∂p th¿]n-cn™ c≠p D]-`m-j-I-fmWv Cdm-\n-b\pw kwkvIr-Xhpw.'' 8

BI-bm¬ Bcy-∑m¿ ta¬ ]d™ Cd-ans‚, AYhm Acm-ans‚k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bn¬ s]´-h-csX. AXn-\m¬, skan-‰n°v h¿K-Øns‚aqe-X-d-hm-Smb Atd-_y-X-s∂-bm-hWw, C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cpsS BZn-tIµw. Cu \nK-a\w AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-]£w C≥tUm˛ Bcy-∑m-cpsS ]q¿h-∑m-sc-°p-dn® GXm\pw hkvXp-X-Iƒ \ap°v Jp¿-B-\n¬\n∂pw a‰pw e`n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.

Jp¿-B-\n¬ BZv F∂ Hcp ]_e hwi-sØ-∏‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p≠v. Ah-cpsS tIµw "AlvJm^m'bncp∂p. BZp-Imsc aX-]-t_m-[\w sNtø-≠-Xn\p ssZh-Øm¬ \nbp-‡-\mb lqZp-\-_n-bpsStIµw AXm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Jp¿-B≥ hy‡-am-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p.

""BZns‚ ktlm-Z-c-\mb lqZv Xs‚ P\-Xsb AlvJm-^n¬h®p Xm°o-Xp-sN-bvXXp Hm¿°pI.''9

AlvJm^v Fs∂mcp ÿew C°m-eØv Atd-_y-bn¬ Adn-b-


s∏-Sp-∂n√. aW¬`qan, AYhm aW-em-cWyw F∂mWv Ad_n `mj-bn¬ B ]Z-Øn-∂¿Yw. aW-em-c-Wy-ßƒ \nd™p InS-°p∂ Hcp\mSm-Wt√m Atd_y. AXn-\m¬, ]kvXpX aW-em-c-Wy-ta-sX∂v\n¿W-bn-°pI ]bm-k-asX. F∂n-cp-∂mepw a‰p ]e kqN-\-IƒIqSn ]cn-K-Wn®v auem\m kønZv kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv bas‚ ]cn-k-c-Øp-≈Xpw "A¿dp-_p-D¬ Jmen' F∂ t]cn¬C∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw hnim-e-hp-amb aW¬°m-Sm-bn-cn-°WwAlvJm^v F∂sX.10

Ad_n Ncn-X-Im-c∑m-cpsS dnt∏m¿´p-I-f-\p-k-cn®v BZp-hw-i-°m-cpsS tIµw ba-\n-em-bn-cp∂p. Ko°p KŸ-Im-c-∑m-cpsS ImeØvlZv-d-au-Ønse Nne tKmX-ßsf "BU-an-´mbv' F∂pw "HmUn-´mbv'F∂pw hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂p≠v. Ad-_n-bn¬ "bØv' F∂-Xn-s‚bpw Cw•o-jn¬ "CUvkv' F∂-Xn-s‚bpw ÿm\Øv, Ko°n¬tKmX-sØbpw hwi-sØbpw a‰pw Ipdn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Hcp]Xy-b-amWv Smbv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn A∫m-kvhw-isØ Ad-_n-Iƒ"A∫m-kn-bØv' F∂p hnfn-°p-tºmƒ Bwt•-b¿ "A∫m-knUvkv'F∂pw Ko°p-Im¿ "A∫-mkn-´mbv' F∂p-amWv ]d-bpI. At∏mƒ"BUw' F∂-XmWv A ¬ ]Zw. CXv Ad-_n-I-fpsS "BZp Cdav'F∂-Xns‚ Ko°v cq]-am-sW∂v hy‡-am-Wv. CXp-t]mse "BZns‚bh\ cq]-tØmSp "Smbv' tN¿∂p-≠m-b-XmWv HmUn-´mbv. Hcp ]t£,BZp-hw-i-Ønse Nne imJ-Iƒ Ko°p `qan-im-kvX-Im-c≥am-cpsSImeØpw lZv-d-au-Øn¬ Ah-ti-jn-®n-cp-∂n-cn°mw. AXp-sIm-≠m-hWw, Ko°p Ncn-X-Im-c∑m¿ HmUn-´mbv lZv-d-au-Øp-Im-cm-sW∂p[cn-®p-h-im-bXv.

bZp F∂ Hcp P\-]-ZsØ Cµ≥ Zqc-Zn-°n¬\n∂p sIm≠p-t]m-∂p-sh∂p EtKzZw ]d-bp∂p.11 bZp F∂ i_vZ-Øn\v BZn-t\m-Sp≈ASp∏w it≤-b-amWv. AXn -\m¬, sX°≥ Atd-_y -bnseAlvJm^v F∂ aW-em-c-Wy-Øn¬ tIµw ÿm]n-®n-cp∂ BZphwi-am-hWw Ah¿. Npcp-°-Øn¬, BZp-Imcpw C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑mcpwXΩn¬ h¿K-im-kvX-]-c-amb ASp-∏-ap-s≠∂ \nK-a-\-Øn¬ \ap-s°-Øm-hp-∂-XmWv.

c≠m-asØ BZvBZysØ BZp-hwiw òI-c-amb Hcp sImSp-¶m-‰n-\n-c-bm-sb∂pw

X∂nanØw Ah-cn¬ qcn- mKw \in-®p-sh∂pw Jp¿-B-\n¬\n∂p \ap°va\- n-em-hp∂p. F∂m¬ Hcp \yq\-]£w Atd-_y-bn¬Xs∂ Ah-ti-jn®Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. Ah¿ hf¿∂v B[n-]-Xy-Øn-te-°p-b¿∂p. ]hm-N-I-\mb lqZns‚ aX-\n-b-a-ß-f-\p-k-cn-®p≈ Hcp c-W-IqSw ÿm]n®v, AhnsS hf-sc-°mew hmWp. C°q- -sc-bmWv Ad_nNcn-X-Im-c∑m¿ "c≠m-asØ BZv' (BZp- km-\nb) F∂p hnfn-°p-∂Xv.


Ch¿ kXy-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw [¿a-io-e-cp-am-bn-cp∂p. Ch-cn¬ epJvam≥F∂p t]cmb Hcp cmPm-hp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ct±lw \oXn-am\pw XXz-⁄m-\n-bp-am-bn-cp∂p.

c≠m-asØ BZns‚ tIµw ba-\n-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Imcyw GXm-≠p-d-∏n°mw. Ahn-sS-bp≈ Hcp tIm´-bn¬\n∂v lnPvd H∂mw iX-I-Øn¬ Atd-_y≥ ]pcm-X-Xz-]-fin-X-∑m¿°v Hcp inem-en-JnXw D]-e -_v[ -ambn. Ah¿ AXv Ad_n `mj-bn¬ ]Zy -cq -] -Øn¬hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp-h®p. Xßƒ lqZp-\-_n-bpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-fm-sW∂pw lqZns‚ aX-\n-b-a-ß-f-\p-k-cn®p `c-W-IqSw \nb-¥n-°p∂cmPm-°-∑m-cmWv Xßsf `cn-°p-∂-sX∂pw B enJn-X-I¿Øm-°-∑m¿ hnti-j-hn-[n-bmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p. 1934-˛¬ CuÃn¥ymIº\n ba-\n -te°v Hcp At\z-j-W-kw-LsØ \ntbm-Kn®p.Ah¿°pw AtX Bibw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp enJnXw Is≠-Øm≥Ign™p. BI-bm¬ ba-\n-em-bn-cp∂p c≠m-asØ BZns‚ B[n-]-Xy-tI-µ-sa∂v hnNm-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p.

c≠m-asØ BZns‚ tIµ-sa∂v hnNm-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ B ÿewCu iX-I-Øn¬ J\-\-K-th-j-W-Øn\v hnt[-b-ambn. Ahn-sS-\n∂v•mk¿, lm¬sh F∂o c≠p ]pcm-h-kvXp-K-th-j-I-∑m¿ At\Iwinem-tc-J-Ifpw a‰-h-in-jvS-ßfpw tiJ-cn®p. "ambo≥' F∂ ÿe-Øp-\n-∂mWv Ah-b-[n-Ihpw D]-e-_v[-am-bXv. AXn-\m¬ C∂p]kvXpX Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ ambos‚ t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.F¶nepw c≠m-asØ BZns‚ tIµ-am-bn-cp∂p AsX∂v kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p.12

ambo-\n¬\n∂p Is≠-SpØ Ah-in-jvS-ß-fpsS Ime-sØ-∏‰nKth-j-I-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ `n∂m-`n-]m-b-am-Wp-≈Xv. _n.kn. 16, 17 \q‰m-≠p-Iƒhsc Ah-bpsS Ime-sa-Øp-sa∂v Nne¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p.a‰p Nne-cpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ ambo≥ kmam-Py-Øns‚ AYhm an\m-bn-b≥kns‚ Bcw-`-Imew _n.kn. 3000 hsc FØpw. B ÿnXn°vH∂m-asØ BZns‚ Imew AXn-s\-°mƒ FXtbm apºm-bn-cn-°-Ww. B-I-bm¬ H∂m-asØ BZns‚ D∞m-\-Imew GXm≠v In.ap. 3500 BsW∂v ]d-™m¬ an°-hmdpw icn-bm-bn-cn°pw.

kaqZp hwiwJp¿-B-\n¬ ]te-S-ß-fnepw BZn-t\m-sSm∏w kaq-Zn-t\bpw ]d-

™-Xmbn ImWmw. BZpw kaqZpw Htc Ipe-]-Xn-bpsS˛Cd-ans‚˛]n≥ap-d-bn¬ s]´-h-cm-bn-cp-∂-XmWv ImcWw. BZns\ "BZp-Cdw'F∂-t]mse kaq-Zns\ "kaqZp Cdw' F∂pw Ad-_n-Iƒ hnfn-°pI]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. Cdw F∂ Ipe-]-Xn-bn¬ Ccp Iqćpw tbmPn-°p-∂p-sh∂p kmcw. kaq-Zns‚ Imew BZn-s‚-Xn-t\-°mƒ hfsc ]nd-In-esX. F¶nepw BZn-\p-tijw hfsc ]Xm-]-tØmSpw ]`m-h-


tØmSpw Atd_y hmW Hcp ]_-e-hw-i-am-bn-cp∂p kaqZv.

BZp-hw-i-°m-cpsS Bhm-k-Øm-hfw Atd-_y-bpsS sX°pwIng°pw mK-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬, kaq-Zp-hw-i-°m-cpsS tIµw Atd-_y-bpsS hS°pw ]Sn-™mdpw `mK-ß-fn-em-bn-cp∂p. BZp-Im¿t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°-S¬ Xoc-ßƒ Np‰n-∏‰n saskm-s]m-t´-anb hschym]n®p. kaq-Zp-Im-cpsS tIµw A¬ lnPvdn-em-bn-cp∂p. Jp¿-B≥Ah-X-cn-°p∂ ImeØv AXn\p "hmZn¬Jpdm' F∂m-bn-cp∂p t]¿.Ct∏mƒ AXv "aZm-bn-\p-kzm-enlv' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. AXp-t]m-se-Øs∂ AJ_m Dƒ°-S-ens‚ Xoc-]-tZ-i-amb anZym-\nepwtPm¿Um≥ cmjvS-Øn¬ s]´ s]Sm-bnepw (dJow) kaq-Zns‚ ta[m-hn-Xz-amWv \S-∂n-cp-∂Xv. anZym-s\-bmWv Jp¿-B≥ "aZvb≥' F∂v hnfn-®n-´p-≈Xv.

BZn-s\-t∏m-se-Øs∂ kaqZpw hmkvXp-hn-Zy-bn¬ ka¿Y-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Jp¿-B≥ \ap°v a\- n-em-°n-Ø-cp∂p. BZns‚Iem-in-ev]-ßƒ Db¿∂ ÿe-ß-fn-em-bn-cp∂p. kvamc-I-ßfpwkvXw`-ß-fp-amWv Ah¿ ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv. kaq-Zns‚ inev]-I-em-ssh-in-jvSy-am-hs´, as‰m-∂m-bn-cp∂p. ae-Ifpw ]md-Ifpw shń-Øp-c∂v Xpc-¶-`-h-\-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn-emWv Ch¿ kma¿Yyw ]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv. CØcw Xpc-¶-`-h-\-ßƒ C∂pw A¬ lnPvdnepw anZym-\nepw s]Sm-bnepw [mcmfw ImWp-∂p-s≠∂v ZrIvkm-£n-Iƒ hnh-cn-°p∂p. ]kvXpX c≠p amXr-I-I-fn-ep≈ Iem-in-ev]-ßƒ \ΩpsS`mc-X-Ønepw ImWp-∂p≠v.

anZym-\n¬ tamk-kns‚ ImeØv A©p cmP-hw-i-ßƒ `cn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn ss__nƒ ]d-bp∂p. C°q-´-Øn¬ Hcp hwi-Øns‚ t]¿"lq¿' F∂m-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ ÿm]n® cmjvS-Øn\v anØm\n, As√-¶n¬ anØ∂n F∂p t]¿ \evI-s∏´p. CXv kndn-b-hsc hym]n-®n-cp∂p. In. ap. 1500˛t\mS-SpØ Ime-ØmWv ]kvXpX kmamPyw\ne-hn¬ h∂Xv. anØm-\n-Iƒ Bcy-h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-hcpw sshZn-I-tZ-h-∑m-cmb Cµ≥, anX≥, hcp-W≥, \mk-Xy-∑m¿ F∂n-hsc Bcm-[n-°p-∂-h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v B[p-\nI ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-jWwsXfn-bn-®n-cn-°p∂p.

Cu iX-I-Øns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ Gjym-ssa-\-dnse A\m-t‰m-fn-b-bn¬s∏´ t_mLm-kvtImbv F∂ ÿew J\\ Kth-j-W-Øn\vhnt[-b-ambn. Ahn-sS-\n∂v [mcmfw Ifn-a¨ ]e-I-Iƒ Is≠-SpØp.lnss‰‰p cmPm-°∑m-cpsS Xe-ÿm-\hpw cmP-[m-\nbpw Ahn-sS-bmWvÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp -∂Xv. cmP-[m-\n-bpsS Hcp apdn -bn¬\n-∂mWv]kvXpX Ifn-a¨ ]e-I-Iƒ e`n-®Xv. Ah-b-Xbpw cmP-Iobdn°m¿Up-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. A°m-eØv IS-em- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. IS-em- n-\p-]-Icw Ifn-a-Æp- ]m-I-s∏-SpØn, ]e-I-I-fm°n, ][m\ kwK-


Xn-Iƒ Ah-bn¬ Fgp-Øm-Wn-sIm≠v tcJ-s∏-SpØn Nqf-bn¬ Nps´-SpØp kq£n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ]Xnhv. t_mLm-kvtImbv cmP-[m-\n-bn¬\n∂p Inńb Hcp tcJ-bn¬ lnss‰-‰v-cm-Pm-hmb kp∏n-ep-en-bp-akpw anØm-\n-cm-Pm-hmb aXn-h-kbpw XΩn¬ \S∂ Hcp-S-ºSn Dt√-J\w sNbvXn-cp∂p. ]kvXpX DS-º-Sn°v Znhy-km-£n-I-fmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv Cµ≥, anX≥, hcp-W≥, c≠p \mk-Xy-∑m¿ F∂osshZn-I-tZ-h-∑m-sc-bm-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬, anZym-\y¿ Bcy-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an√.

kaq-Zns‚ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p anØm-\n-Iƒ. kaq-Zp-hw-i-amWv AhnsS apºv Xma-k-ap-d-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv. kaq-Zob amXr-I-bn-ep≈ Xpc-¶-`-h-\-ßƒ AhnsS C∂pw [mcmfw ImWp-∂p≠v. AXn-\m¬, AXv kaq-Zns‚ as‰mcp tIµ-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn¬ ktµ-l-an√. AsXmcp Ad-_n-]-tZ-i-asX. In. ap. 1500˛t\mS-SpØv AhnsSB[n-]Xyw hmWn-cp∂ cmP-hwiw Bcy-hw-i-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v sXfn-™n-cn-°p∂ ÿnXn°v Ah-cpsS ap≥Km-an-I-fmbkaqZpw Bcy-h¿K-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hnNm-cn-°p-∂-Xmhpw bp‡n.

BI-bm¬ ss__n-fnse Bcmapw Jp¿-B-\nse Cdapw Htc Ipe-]-Xn-bpsS hyXykvX \ma-cq-]-ß-fsX. AtX Ipe-]-Xn-bpsS ]n≥ap-d-°m¿ Xs∂-bmWv C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cp-sa∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv Ah-km-\-ambn \msa-Øn-t®-cp-∂Xv.

Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ1. D≤-cWw: EtKz-Z-Øn-eqsS t]. 131 t\m°pI.2. D≤-cWw: Ibid P. 1313. temI-N-cn-X-kw-Klw t]. 92, 934. Ibid P. 76, 775. DXv]Øn 11: 1-˛96. temI-N-cnXw hm. 1, t]. 547. Ibid Vol. 1, P. 618. `mc-X-∏-ga t]. 107, 1089. Jp¿-B≥ 46: 2110. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 17411. EtKzZw a. 6, kq. 45, E. 18512. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 185


A[ymbw Ccp-]-Øn-c≠v

Bcy-kw-kvImcw

Bcy-tKm-X-ßƒ mc-X-Øn¬ ]th-in-°p-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ ]ptcm-K-a-\m-fl-I-amb Hcp kwkvIm-chpw aXhpw ChnsS \ne-hn-en-cp-∂-Xmbn kn‘p-X-S-Øn¬ \S-Ø-s∏´ J\-\-K-th-jWw sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v."kn‘p-X-S-kw-kvImcw' (Indus valley civilization) F∂ t]csX B[p-\nI ]pcm-X-Xz-]-fin-X∑m¿ AXn\p \evIn-bn-´p-≈Xv. B kwkvIm-c-Ønse XXz-Nn-¥-sb-∏‰n Jfin-X-am-sbm∂pw ]d-hm≥ km[y√.kn‘p-X-S-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv ]eKth-j-I-∑m-cp-tSbpw A`n-]mbw. io. ]n. tXmakv At±-l-Øns‚"`mc-Xob kmwkvIm-cnI kmam-Py-N-cnXw' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿ F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv an°-hmdpw Kth-j-I-∑m¿ FØn-t®¿∂Xv.''1

a‰p- Nn-e¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv Ah¿ inh-]q-P-Icpw enwKm-cm-[-Icpw tZho-]q -P -I -∑m -cp -sam -s°-bm -bn -cp∂p F∂mWv. Cu A`n - ]m -b -Øn\pt]mZv_-e-I-amb sXfnhpw J\-\-Øn¬ D]-e-_v[-am-bn-´p≠v.hmkvX-h-Øn¬ kn‘p-X-S-Øn¬ Htc P\-Xbpw Htc kwkvIm-c-hp-a√ hf¿∂p-h-∂Xv; H∂n-e-[nIw P\-hn-`m-K-ßfpw kwkvIm-c-ßfpwAhnsS \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p. Cu \nK-a-\-Øn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-asX \c-hwihn⁄m-\n-I-fpsS A`n-]mbw. Ahsc D≤-cn®p io. hn. B¿. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ ]n≈ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""taml≥sPm-Zm-tcm-hnepw lc-∏-bnepw \n∂pJ\\w sNbvsX-Sp-°-s∏´ a\p-jym-ÿn-]-RvP-c-ßsf ]cn-tim-[n®pt\m°nb \c-hw-i-hn-⁄m-\n-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv Ah Htc h¿K-Øn¬s]´ a\p-jy-cp-tS-X√ F∂mWv.''2 BI-bm¬ aX-Ønepw XXz-Nn-¥-bnepw kwkvIm-c-Ønepw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Cu sshhn[yw tZio-b-X-bn-ep≈ sshhn-[y-Øns‚ A\-¥-c-^-e-am-bn-cn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.

CXbpw ]kvXm-hn-®Xv Bcym-K-a-\-Øn\p ap≥]v kn‘p-X-S-Øn¬]m¿∏p-d-∏n-®n-cp-∂-h-sc-∏-‰n-bmWv. C\n \ap°v Bcy≥am-cpsS aX k¶¬]-ß-tfbpw XXz-Nn-¥-I-tfbpw kwkvIm-c-]m-c-º-cy-ß-tfbpw Ipdn®p ]cn-Nn-¥\w \SØmw. Chsb kw_-‘n® Kth-jW \nK-a-\-ßƒ°m-[mcwBcy≥am-cpsS ]pcm-X\ aX-km-ln-Xy-ß-fmWv. \nc-h[n aX-K-Ÿ-ß-fp≠vBcy≥ P\-X°v. \mep thZ-kw-ln-X-I-fmWv Ah-bn¬ G‰hpw ]mNo-\-ßƒ. E°v, kmaw, bPp v, AY¿hw F∂n-]-Im-c-amWv Ah hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.

Bcy≥am-cpsS ]mNo\ mj°v a‰p Nne mj-I-fp-ambn kmPm-Xy-ap-s≠∂v ap≥]p kqNn-∏n-®p-ht√m. C°q- -Øn¬ sshZnI kwkvIr-X-hp-ambnIqSp-X¬ ASpØ _‘-ap≈ mj ]ucm-WnI Cdm-\n-b-\sX. Cdm≥Im-


cpsS thZ-amb "AhkvX' bpsS `mjbpw thZ-`m-jbpw XΩn-ep≈kmPm-Xy-sØ-∏‰n io. IrjvW-ssN-X\y At±-l-Øns‚ "kwkvIrXkmlnXy- N-cn-X'Øn¬ Fgp-Xp∂p:

""]mNo\ Cdm-\n-b-cpsS BZna thZ-`m-j-bmb Ah-Ãn-°n-t\m-SmWv AXn\v G‰hpw ASpØ _‘w. i–imkvX -\n-b-a-ß-fpsS]tbmKw sIm≠p-amXw AXm-bXv, D®m-cWw A\p-h-Z-\ob coXn-bn¬ kz¬]w am‰p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-amXw, Ah-kvX-bnse apgp-t«m-I-ßƒ sshZnI kwkvIrX `mj-bn-te°v ]Zw ]Z-ambn hnh¿Ø\wsNømw. Ah icn°pw t«mI-cq-]-Øn-em-bn-cn-°p-sa∂p amX-a√,Imhy-`wKn tNm¿∂p-t]m-ImsX kwc-£n-°bpw sNøpw.''3

EtKzZ kwlnXBcy-∑m-cpsS thZ-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ h®v G‰hpw ]mNo-\-am-bXv

EtKz-Z-kw-ln-X-bmWv. IqSp-X¬ ]mam-Wn-Ihpw AXsX. kwkvIr-X-Ønse "ENv' F∂ [mXp-hn¬\n-∂p-Zv`q-X-amb Hcp hm°mWv EIv.kvXpXn F∂mWv ]kvXpX [mXp-hn-\¿Yw. EtKzZw apgp-h≥ tZh-kvXp-Xn-]-c-ß-fmb a¥-ß-fmWv. AXmWv B t]cn\v \nZm-\hpw.]Zy-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ 10,472 E°p-I-fmWv AXn-ep-≈Xv. B E°p-Isf1017 kq‡-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-®n-cn-°p∂p. ]Øp afiew, F¨]-Ø©pA\p-hmIw, Bbn-c-Øn-∏-Xn-t\gv kq‡w F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv thZwhn`-Pn-°-s∏-´p-Im-Wp-∂Xv. as‰mcp hn[-Ønepw Hcp hn`-P-\-ap≠v. AX-\p-k-cn®v F´p AjvS-Ihpw Adp-]-Øn-\mev A[ym-bhpw Ccp-\q-‰mdph¿Khp-am-Wp-≈Xv. CXp IqSmsX, "_me-Jneyw' F∂p t]cmb ]Xn-s\m∂p kq‡-ßƒ thsd-bp-s≠-¶nepw Ah km[m-cW thZ-kw-ln-X-bn¬ Dƒs∏-´-Xmbn IW-°m-°m-dn√.4

EtKz-Z-Øn¬ ]Øp aWvU-e-ß-fm-Wp-≈-sX∂p I≠p-ht√m. AhHmtcm Ejn-Ip-e-Øn¬ ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-h-bmWv. c≠mwaWvUew m¿K-h-Ip-e-Ønepw aq∂m-a-tØXv hnizm-an-X-Ip-e-Ønepw \mem-a-tØXv hma-tZ-h-Ip-e-Ønepw A©m-a-tØXv AXnIpe-Ønepw Bdm-a-tØXv c-Zzm-P-Ip-e-Ønepw Ggm-a-tØXv hknjvT Ipe-Ønepw F´mw afi-ehpw H∂mw afi-e-Ønse Aº-Xp-kq-‡-ßfpw IWz-Ip-e-Øn-ep-amWv\ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂Xv. Hº-Xm-a-tØXv ]e Ejn-Ip-e-ß-fn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂Xpw"tkmaw' F∂ eX-bpsS cksØ kvXpXn-®p-sIm-≠p-≈-Xp-am-Ip∂p. Bcy-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS Bcm-[-\-bn¬ tZh≥am¿°v A¿∏n-®n-cp∂ Hcp ]m\o-b-amWv tkma-ckw. H∂m-asØ afi-e-Øn¬\n∂v \q‰n-\m¬]-sØm∂v kq‡-ßfpw ]Ømw afi-ehpw Xmc-X-tay\ A¿hm-No-\-am-sW∂pw CXc afi-e-ß-fp-ambn Ah-bv°p≈ _‘w hfsc Ab-™-Xm-sW∂pw thZ hna¿i-I≥am¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. ]pcp-j≥am-sc-t∏m-se-Xs∂ kvXoIfpw a¥-Z-jvSm-°-fm-bn-cp∂p. ]e a¥-ß-fp-sSbpw Z¿i\w kvXoE-jn-am-tcmSv _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xmbn ImWmw.


A]me, tem]m-apZ, AZn-]pXn, kqcym, _lva-hm-Zn\n Pplp, banapX-em-b-h¿ DZm-l-cWw.

EtKz-Z-Øn\v ]mTm-¥-c-an-s√-∂mWv Nne thZ-hn-Øp-Iƒ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. thZw \ne-\n¿Øn-t∏m∂ Bcy-hw-iØns‚ A\n-Xckm[m-c-W-amb \njvI¿j-X-sb-bmWv CXv ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. h≈-tØm-fns‚ EtKzZ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v Bap-J-sa-gp-Xnb k¿Zm¿ sI.-Fw.]Wn°¿ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""thZ-Øn\v ]mT-t`-Z-ß-fn-√. CX ]pcm-X-\hpw`mc-X-Øn-emsI ]N-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp _rlZvKŸ-Øn\v ]mT-t`-Z -an -√m-Xn -cn -°p-∂Xv B›-cy-am-Wt√m. ipXn-hm-Iy-ßƒ°vhyXymkw hcm-Xn-cn-°m-\mbn BZy-Imew apXevt° sNbvXp-h∂\njvI¿j-X-IƒsIm-≠mWv, k¿∆-X»p-≤hpw F√m-hcpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp ]mTw C∂p \ne-hn-en-cn-°p-∂Xv.''5

F∂m¬, alm `mjy-Im-c-\mb ]X-RvP-en-bpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬,EtKz-Z-Øn\v 21 imJ-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah-bn¬ "imI-e-imJ' amXtaCt∏mƒ \ne-hn-ep≈q. "_mjv-I-e-imJ' ]Nm-c-Øn-en-s√-¶nepw AXn-s\-°p-dn®v ]te-SØpw ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ ImWp-∂p-≠sX. imI-e-im-J-sb- A-t]-£n®v _mjvIe imJ-bn¬ F´p kq‡-ßƒ A[n-I-am-bn-°m-Wp-∂p-sh∂pw Ah-bn-sem-∂mWv kw⁄m-\-kq‡w F∂pw]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.6

thZ-ßƒ A]u-cp -tj-b-ß-fm -sW-∂sX _mlva-W-cpsShnizmkw. AXm-bXv, Jp¿-B-s\-°p-dn®p apkvenw-I-fpsS F∂t]mse, thZ-ß-sf-°p-dn®p _mlva-W-cp-sSbpw hnizmkw Ah a\p-jy-Ir-X-ß-f-s√-∂mWv. ]t£, thZ-Ønse Hmtcm kq‡-Øn-s‚bpwXpS-°-Øn¬ -A-Xns‚ Ejn-bpsS t]¿ sImSpØp ImWp-∂-Xn-\m¬AXns‚ "Z¿i\w' At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-b-Xm-sW∂p s]mXpth A\p-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp∂p. ]e Ejn-h-cy-∑m¿°pw Z¿i-\-ambn e`n-®Xpw Ah-c-h-cpsS Ipe-ß-fn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xp-amb a¥-ßƒ ]n∂oSv tImUo-I-cn®v Ia-s∏-Sp-Øn-sh-®-XmWv kwln-X-Iƒ. "thZ-hym-ks\'∂p]n∂oSv ]kn-≤-\mb _mZ-cm-b-W-Ir-jvW-\mWv thZ-Øns‚ tImUo-I¿Øm-sh∂p s]mXpsh hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. thZ-hym-ks‚ Ime-sØ-∏‰n ]fin-X≥am¿°n-S-bn¬ Kpcp-X-c-amb `n∂m-`n-]m-b-ap≠v.InkvXp-hn\p apºv GXm≠v 1800-˛\pw 1500˛-\pw CS-°mWv thZ-hym-k≥ Pohn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂v Nne¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p.7 F∂m¬, `mc-Xob ]fin-X≥am-cn¬ Hcm-fmb io. cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xym-bs‚]£w CXmWv:

""At\ym\yw D≤-cWw kzoI-cn-®n-cp∂ ssPan-\nbpw _mZ-cm-b-W\pw ka-Im-eo-\≥am-cm-bn-cp∂p... AXns‚ A¿Yw InkvXz_vZw300˛-¬ Xs∂-bmWv _mZ-cm-b-W≥ Pohn-®n-cp-∂Xv F∂mWv. ]ucm-Wn-I≥am¿ _mZ-cm-b-W\pw hymk\pw Hcm-fm-sW∂v Icp-Xp∂p.


Aøm-bncw sIm√-ßƒ-°p-apºv alm-`m-cX bp≤-Im-e-ØmWv At±lwD≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX∂v ]d-b-s∏Sp∂p. F∂m¬ -C-Xns\ (hymks‚)"thZm-¥-kq-X-ßƒ' \ntj-[n-°p-∂p≠v. Fs¥-∂m¬, _u≤-Z¿i-\sØ amX-a√ Ah Jfin-®n-´p-≈Xv; _p≤-\p-tijw Btdgp \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ D≠mb ssh`m-jnIw, tbmKm-Nmcw, am≤y-anIwF∂o Z¿i-\-am¿K-ß-sf-°qSn AXv Jfi-\w-sN-bvXn-´p≠v.''8

BI-bm¬ _mZ-cm-b-W-Ir-jvWs‚ Ime-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]ucm-Wn-I≥am-cpsS A`n-]m-bsØ apJ-hn-e-bvs°-Sp-°p-hm≥ ]bm-k-ap≠v.

EtKz-Z-ImewBcy≥ P\X C¥y-bn¬ ]th-in® Ime-L-´-sØ-bmWv EtKz-Z-

Øn¬ h¿Wn -®n -´p -≈-sX∂v \ncq -] -I≥am¿ ka¿Yn -°p∂p.AXpsIm≠v EtKz-Z-a-¥-ßƒ BN-cn-°-s∏-´Xv AXn\v tij-am-bn-cn-°Ww. Bcy-∑m¿ "Ip`m-XS'(Im_qƒ)Øn¬ Xma-k-am-°nb ImewapX¬ bap-\m-\-Zn-bpsS XS-Øn¬ h∂p-tN-cp∂ Imew hsc-bp≈Ah-cpsS Ncn-X-Øn-te-°p≈ kqN-\-I-fmWv EtKzZw \evIp-∂Xv.

InkvXp-hn\v 1500 h¿jw apºmWv Bcy-tKm-X-ß-fpsS `mcX]th-i-sa-∂mWv bqtdm-]y≥]-fin-X≥am-cpsS s]mXp-hmb A`n-]mbw. F∂m¬, _me-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I≥ \£-X-im-kvXsØ Ah-ew-_-am°n KWn®p ]d-bp-∂Xv Npcp-ßn-bXv In. ap. 3500 h¿j-ß-sf-¶nepw EtKz-Z-Øn\v ]g-°-ap-s≠-∂mWv. t_mLm-kvtImbv F∂n-S-Øp-\n∂p Is≠-SpØ inem-tc-J-I-fn¬ sshZn-I-tZ-h-X-I-fpsS \ma-ßƒ Is≠-Øn-sb∂p \mw apºp kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. B inem teJ-\-ßƒ°v In. ap. 1400 h¿jsØ ]g-°-amWv IW-°m-°n-bn-´p-≈Xv.Bcy≥am¿ C¥y-bn¬ ]th-in-®Xv AXns‚ tij-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂mWv ]_-e-amb ]£w. Fs¥-∂m¬ t_mLm-kvtImbv tcJ-bnse`mj°v thZ-`m-j-tb-°mƒ ]g-a-IqSpw.

Bcy≥P-\X C¥y-bn¬ h∂-t∏mƒ Ah¿°v IqSp-X¬ ]_-e-amb i‡nsb t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn thZw ASn-°Sn kqNn-∏n-°p∂p. Bcy-∑m-tc-°mƒ kwkvImc kº-∂cpw \nc-h[n ]´-W-ß-fpsS DS-a-I-fp-am-bn-cp∂p B P\X. "Zkyp', "Zmk≥' apX-emb t]cp-I-fn-emWv thZw Ahsc hnfn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Ch¿ ssk‘h kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ DS-a-I-fm-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂mWv Nne¿ Duln-°p-∂Xv. kn‘p-\-Zn-bp-tSbpw cmhn-\-Zn-bp-tSbpw XS-ß-fn¬\n∂v J\-\-Øn¬ e_v[-amb hkvXp-°-fpsS Imew Kth-j-I¿ \n¿Æ-bn-®n-´p≠v. BI-bm¬taml≥sPm-Zm-tcm-hnepw lc-∏-bnepw kwkvIm-c-ku[w ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øn-b- P-\-X-bm-bn-cn-°Ww Bcy-i-Xp-°-fmb Zkyp-°ƒ F∂pNne¿ hnNm-cn-°p∂p. EtKzZw 6-˛mw afiew 27˛-mw kq‡-Øn¬ "lcn-bq-]nb'bpsS Ing-°p-sh®v hrNo-hm≥amsc Cµ≥ h[n® Hcp kw`hwh¿Æn-®n-´p≠v. Cu lcn-bq-]nb Xs∂-bm-hWw, J\-\-Øn\v hnt[-


b-amb lc∏ F∂v Ah¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. Aß-s\-bm-sW-¶n¬ssk‘-h-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ Ime-amb _n. kn. 2500˛t\mS-SpØp Xs∂Bcy-∑m¿ C¥y-bn¬ ]th-in-®p-sh∂p hnNm-cn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.

thZw F∂ hm°n\v Adnhv, hnZy Fs∂m-s°-bm-W¿Yw. A[ym-fl-⁄m\w Fs∂mcp s]mcpƒ IqSn ]n∂oSv AXn\v e_v[-ambn. thZ-amWvtemI-Ønse G‰hpw ]mNo-\-amb kmln-Xy-sa∂p Nne mc-Xob ]fin-X∑m¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-dp≠v. temI-N-cn-X-sØ-∏‰n Adn-bm-sX-bp≈ Hc-h-Im-i-hm-Z-am-WnXv. io. IrjvW-ssN-X\y tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv ImWpI: ""CuhmZw km[q-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-X√. ImcWw, saskm-s]m-t -an-b-bn-tebpw CuPn-]vXn-tebpw kmln-Xy-ßƒ Xo¿®-bmbpw thZ-ßƒ°v ap≥]p-≈-h-bmWv.''9

tZh-X-IƒEtKz-Z-Ønse a¥-ßƒ tZh-Xm-kvXp-Xn-]-c-ß-fm-sW∂p kqNn-∏n-®p-

ht√m. EtKz-Z-a-X-]-Imcw qan, A¥-co£w, tZymhv (kz¿Kw) F∂o aq∂ptemI-ß-fn-embn ap∏Øn aq∂p tZh≥am-cp≠v. Et-KzZw ]d-bp∂p:

""cn]p-I¿i-\-∑m-cmb tZh-∑mtc, a\p-hn\v bP-\o-b-cmb \nßƒ ap∏-Øn-aq∂p t]cpw C]-Imcw kvXpXn-°-s∏-Sp∂p.''10

AKv\n, Cµ≥, hmbp, tkma≥, kqcy≥, ]¿PvP-\y≥, anX≥, hcp-W≥, hnjvWp, Aizn-\-∑m¿(c≠v), Dj v, ]qjmhv, cpZ≥, ]Pm-]Xn, ba≥,Acy-amhv, acp-Øp-Iƒ, _rl-kv]Xn, kc-kzXn, AZnXn, BZn-Xy-∑m¿, E`p-°ƒ, Cfm-Xzm-jvSmhv, sshizm-\-c≥, khn-Xmhv, CµmWn, hcp-Wm\n,AKvt\bn, hkp-°ƒ, mcXn, amX-cn-izmhv, \mk-Xy-∑m¿ F∂o t]cp-IƒA°q- -Øn¬ ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂p. kqcy≥ (jamjv), tkma≥ AYhmNµ≥ (kn≥) apX-emb tZh-X-Iƒ ]›n-ta-jy-bnepw Bcm-[n-°-s∏- n-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv ChnsS kvac-Wo-b-amWv. C∂v lnµp-°ƒ Bcm-[n-®p-h-cp∂tZh-∑m¿°v thZ-Øn¬ bmsXmcp ÿm\-hp-an√. inh≥ lnµp-°-fpsS Hcpalm-tZ-h-\m-Wt√m. F∂m¬, At±lw EtKzZ tZh-\√. io. sI.Fw. ]Wn-°¿ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""inh-s\-∏‰n Hcp kvXpXnbpw EtKz-Z-Øn-en√. tZho-]q-Pbpw enwK-]q-Pbpw EtKz-Z-a-dn-bp-∂n√.''11 thZ-Øn¬ k¿hX ]m[m\ywIev]n-°-s∏- n-cn-°p∂ tZh≥am¿ AKv\n, Cµ≥, hcp-W≥, anX≥, acp-Øp-Iƒ apX-em-b-h-csX.

Bcy-k-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ NcnXwEtKzZw, C¥y-bn¬ ]th-in® Bcy kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Hcp Ncn-Xw-Iq-

Sn-bm-sW∂p ]dbmw. Bcy-∑m¿ tKm[-\-Øns‚ DS-a-I-fmbncp∂p. BSv,IgpX, IpXnc Ch-tbbpw Ah¿ CW°n hf¿Øn-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ HcpI¿j-I-P-\X IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p. thZ-Øn¬ Irjn°v hep-Xmb ]m[m\yw\evIn-°m-Wp∂p. Irjn-ÿ-esØ "t£Xw', "D¿hcw' Fs∂m-s°-bmWvthZw hnfn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Bcy-∑m¿ bhhpw a‰p [m\y-ßfpw Irjn-sN-bvXn-cp∂p. hym]m-c-sØ-∏-‰nbpw thZ-Øn¬ ]d-™p-Im-Wp-∂p≠v. km[-\-ßƒ]c-kv]cw hn\n-abw sNbvXmWv an°-hmdpw I®-hSw \S-∂n-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬


Hcp ÿeØv \qdp "\njvIw' Zm\w sNbvX-Xmbn ]d-™n-´p-≈-Xn¬\n∂v ]W-Øns‚ CS-]mSpw A°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn hnNm-cn-°Ww. Fń-sem∂pw ]Xn-\m-dn-sem∂pw ]en-i-bmbn sImSp-°p-∂XvthZw Hcn-SØv kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. AXn-\m¬, ]eni hym]m-chpw A∂v\S-∏n-ep-≈-Xmbn Xo¿®-s∏-SpØmw. ]¥bw h®p NqXm-´hpw ]In-S-I-fnbpw km[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw thZw AXv A]-e-]n-®n-´p≠v.

XpI¬°-®-hSw, teml-∏Wn, ac-∏Wn apX-em-b-h-bn¬ ka¿Y-cm-bn-cp∂p C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m¿. Ah¿ sshZy-Øn¬ hnZ-Kv[-∑mcpws\bvXp-hy-h-km-b-Øn¬ \n]p-W∑m-cp-am-bn-cp∂p. tcmaw-sIm≠v Iw_-f-ßfpw, ]™n-sIm≠p hkvX-ßfpw Ah¿ s\bvsX-Sp-Øn-cp∂p.Ccp-ºns‚ D]-tbmKw kwkvIm-cm-`n-hr-≤n-bpsS Hcp ][m-\-L-´-sØ-bmWv Ipdn-°p-∂Xv. Bcy-∑m¿ Ccp-ºm-bp-[-ß-fmWp]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂v thZw hnfn-t®m-Xp∂p. Ccp-ºp-I-h-N-ßƒ thZ-Øn¬ h¿Wn-°-s∏-ń-´p≠v.

`£y-]-Zm¿Y-ß-fn¬ A∂-Øn\pw tKmamw-k-Øn-\p-am-bn-cp∂pIqSp-X¬ ]m[m\yw. io. cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Fgp-Xp-∂XpImWpI:

""A°m-esØ Bcy-∑m-cpsS `£-W-km-[\-ßƒ A∏w, tNmdv,]mev, s\øv, amwkw F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p. amwk-Øn¬ tKmamwkw,hnti-jn®pw I∂p-Ip-ń-I-fpsS amwkw ]nb-¶-c-amb Hcp ]Zm¿Y-am-bn-cp∂p. amwkw thhn®pw hdpØpw `£n-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. akm-e-Ifpw a‰pw A∂n√... kwIr-Xn-bpsS ]pX-\pw- Zm-\-io-e-\p-amb cXv\ntZh\v 200 ]mN-I-\vam¿ D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Zn\w-]Xn c≠m-bncw ]ip-°-fpsS amwkw Ac-a-\-bn¬ ]mIw sNøm-dp≠v. F∂n´pw AXn-Yn-I-tfmSv hn\b ]q¿hw "kq]w `qbn-jvT-a-iv\o≤zw \mZy amwkw bYm-]pcm' (alm-`m-cXw, tZmW-]¿∆w) F∂p ]d-bm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-hsX.''12

CXp-t]mse tkma-ckw F∂p-t]-cmb el-cn-]-Zm¿Yhpw Ah¿°v]Yy-am-bn-cp∂p. tZh-∑m¿°v A¿∏n-®n-cp∂ \nth-Zy-ß-fn¬ ][m-\-am-bn-cp∂p Cu tkma-ckw. Imń¬ hf-cp∂ sNSn-bmWv tkma-eX.AXv sIm≠p-h∂v, IpØn-∏n-gn™p ck-sa-SpØp, ]mepw a‰pwtN¿Øv, ]mIw sNbvXv, tZh-∑m¿°v A¿∏n°pw, XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬]ptcm-ln-X-\vam¿ thZ-a-¥-ßƒ Dcp-hnSpw. CXm-bn-cp∂p Bcy≥am-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-co-Xn. Ah-km\w B ]m\obw Ah¿ IpSn-°p-IbpwsNøpw. "F≥jy‚ v lnÃdn Hm^v C≥Uy' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""C≥Uy≥ P\X s]mXpth aZy-]m-\n-I-f√; ]t£, bmKmZnI¿a-ßƒ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-h¿ [mcm-f-ambn aZy-]m\w sNbvXn-cp∂p.''13

Ejn-am¿ "APn\w' F∂ DSp∏pw a‰p-≈-h¿ hk-\hpw DØ-co-bhpw [cn-®n-cp∂p. s\dp-I-bn¬ IpSpΩ sh®n-cp∂p.


Kmaw, hnjbw, P\w, cmjvSw F∂n-ßs\ \mep hn[-Øn-emWv\mSp-hn-`-Pn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ]e Ipe-ßƒ Hcp-an®p Xma-kn-°p∂ CS-amWvKmaw; ]e Kma-ßƒ H∂n®ptN¿∂ ]m¿∏p-ÿ-e-asX hnjbw; ]ehnj-b-ßƒ H∂n®p tN¿∂m¬ AXv P\-ambn. ]©-P-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]kvXm-h\ thZ-Øn¬ ]te-S-ß-fnepw ImWmw. Ah-bn¬ bmZ-h-P-\-Øn\pw c-X-P-\-Øn\pw ]tXyIw ]m[m-\y-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ch-cmWv `c-W-°-Sn-™m¨ \nb-¥n-®n-cp-∂Xv.

Bcy-P-\-X°v i‡-∑m-cmb hntcm-[n-Isf t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂n-cp∂p.Ah¿ cmP-XzsØ AwKo-I-cn-®Xv AXp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww. ]_-e-\mb Hcp cmPm-hn-√msX FXn-cm-fn-I-tfmSv FXn¿Øp-\n¬°pI]bmkamWt√m. icn-bmb Hcp cmPm-hn-√msX hntcm-[n-I-tfm-sS-Xn¿°p∂ P\-ß-fpsS IjvS-∏mSv thZ-Øn¬ h¿Wn-®n-´p≠v. ]kn-≤-cmb ]e cmPm-°∑m-cp-sSbpw \ma-ßƒ thZ-Øn¬ ImWmw. Znthm-Zm-k≥, kpZm v, \lp-j≥, Aw_-co-j≥, ]pcq-c-h v XpS-ßnb t]cp-Iƒ ]tXyIw ]kvXm-hy-amWv. Hcp `c-W-Ø-e-hs‚ cmPym-Xn¿Øn-°p-≈n¬ s]Sp∂ ÿe-am-bn-cp∂p cmjvSw. an∂n-Øn-f-ßp∂ DSp-∏mWv cmPm-°-∑m¿ [cn-®n-cp-∂Xv.

\oXn-\ym-b-]m-e\w cmPm-hns‚ Npa-X-e-bn¬ s]ń-cp∂p. cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p ]c-a-hn-[n-I¿Ømhv. cmPm-hn\v Xncp-ap¬°m-gvN-Iƒ A¿∏n-°p∂ kz`m-h-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Hcp a¥-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p:

""tamZ-s∏-SpØo, bap\, Xr’p-°fpw

t`Z-\-bn-t∏m-cn¬ a¿±n® hPnsb;

inKz-P-b-£p-]-P-Iƒ XZm Xncp˛

ap¬°mgvN h®m¿ Xpcw-K-Ø-e-Isf!''14

AXm-bXv, kpZm- ns‚ ]Xn-tbm-Kn-bmb t`Zs\ Cµ≥ h[n®p.At∏mƒ bap\m Xoc-Øn¬ hkn-°p-∂-hcpw inKp, APw, b£p F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse ]P-Ifpw bp≤-Øn¬ h[n-°-s∏´ IpXn-c-I-fpsS Xe-IsfCµ\p Xncp-ap¬°mgvN sh®p. A∂pw Xncp-ap¬°m-gvN-I-f¿∏n-°p∂ ]Xn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wt√m CXn¬\n∂p sXfn-bp-∂Xv. Kwò-c-amb sIm´m-c-Øn-emWv cmPmhv Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. Bbncw XqWp-Ifpw Bbncw hmXn-ep-I-fp-ap≈ FSp-∏p-I-sf-∏‰n thZ-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿i-ap-≈-Xp-sIm≠v AØcwsIń-S-ßfpw Bcy-∑m¿°v ]cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂q-ln°mw.

""Bbncw XqWp-I-sfgpw

ÿntcm-Øa k`m-¥tc

Ccp-∂-cp-fp-thm-ct√m,

kv\nKv[-c-Øn-cp-ta-\n-am¿!''15

as‰m-cn-SØv ]d-bp∂p:

""hcpW.... A∂-bp‡, Rm≥ hepXpw IW-°p-h-®n- p-≈Xpw Hcm-bncw


hmXn-ep-≈-Xp-amb Aß-bpsS Krl-a-W-bs´!''16

]ptcm-ln-X-\m-bn-cp∂p cmPm-hns‚ G‰hpw henb D]-tZ-i-I≥.EtKzZ Ejn-am-cmb hniz-man-X\pw hkn-jvT\pw `c-X-tKm-X-cm-Pm-°≥am-cpsS ]ptcm-ln-X≥am-cm-bn-cp∂p. shdpw Bflob Kpcp-`q-X≥am¿ amX-am-bn-cp-∂n√ A∂sØ aX-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿; ]XypX cmPy-X-¥-⁄≥amcpw bp≤-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Bh-iy-amb D]-tZiw \¬Im≥]m]vX-cmb ka-c-N-Xp-c-∑m-cp-am-bn-cp∂p. bp≤-°-f-Øn-te°v cmPm-hn-t\m-sSm-∂n®v ]ptcm-ln-X\pw t]mIp-am-bn-cp∂p.

A∂sØ cmPmhv tkz—m-[n-]-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂n√. At±-lsØ D]-tZ-in-∏m≥ Hcp- k-`-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. k`-tbmSv Btem-Nn-®mWv cmjvSo-bhpw `c-W-]-c-hp-amb Imcy-ßƒ cmPmhv \n¿h-ln-®n-cp-∂Xv. k`mw-K-ßƒ D∂X Ipe-Pm-X≥am-cm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v \n_-‘-\-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

h[n-°-s∏-´-hs‚ IpSpw-_-Øn\v \jvS-]-cn-lmcw(]mb-›nØw)\evI¬ \n¿_-‘-am-bn-cp∂p. Hcmsf shń-∏-cn-t°¬]n-®m¬ Bbncw]ip-°sf ]ng-bn-S-emWv ]Xnhv. Kma-Ønse \ymbm-[n-]-Xn°v "Kma-hm-Zn≥' F∂ ÿm\-t∏¿ \¬I-s∏-ń-cp∂p.

A\y-∑m-cpsS cmPy-ßƒ shń-∏n-Sn-°pI, iXp-hns‚ BI-a-WsØ ]Xn-tcm-[n-°pI, CX-c-∑m-cpsS I∂p-Im-en-Isfbpw km[-\-km-a-Kn-I-sfbpw sIm≈-b-Sn-°pI XpS-ßnb Bh-iy-ßƒ°mbnBcy-∑m¿ bp≤w \S-Øn-bn-cp∂p. Imemƒ∏-Sbpw Aiz-`-S-∑m-cp-am-bn-cp∂p ][m\ ssk\n-I-hn-`m-K-ßƒ. bp≤-Øn¬ tXcp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p. c≠pw aq∂pw \mepw IpXn-c-Isf ]q´p∂ cY-ßƒ HmSn-®n-cp∂p. cYw sXfn-°p-∂-hs\ "kmcYn' F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv.""Cµ, anSp-an-Sp-°-∑m-cm-Wt√m Aß-bpsS kmc-Yn-Iƒ''17 F∂v Hcpa¥-Øn¬ ImWp∂p. Iøpd, IhNw, Ccp-ºp-io¿jIw, AkvXw,JUvKw, Ip¥w, iqew, NpcnI, Iøpfn XpS-ßnb bp≤m-bp-[-ßƒA∂v th≠p-thmfw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Hcp E°n¬ ]d-bp∂p:

""hn√, ºp, NpcnI, Iøpfn, _mW-[n-ap≥]mw

\√ tlXnbpw \√-iz-ßfpw \¬Ør-tØcpw

D≈-h-ct√m: acp-Øp-°tf, hcnIn,ßp

sh≈-Øn\p,ƒs°evt]dpw ]rjvWn-]p-Xtc, \nßƒ.''18

acp-Øp-°ƒ F∂ tZh-∑m-cpsS Iøn¬ hn√v, Aºv, NpcnI,Iøpfn, Bh-\mgn apX-emb Bbp-[-ßfpw \√-Xcw IpXn-c-Ifpw tXcp-I-fp-ap≠v, Rßƒ°v sh≈w Inń-°m≥ X° Dƒs°¬]pw at\m-_-ehpw Ah¿°p-≠v; ]rjv-Wn-]p-X-cm-b Ah¿ h∂p Rßƒ°vPew \evIp-am-dm-Is´˛ CXmWv ]kvXpX a¥-Øns‚ kmcw. ta¬]d™ Bbp-[-ßƒ A°m-eØv ]kn-≤-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Cua¥w [z\n-∏n-°p∂p. IqSmsX [zP--ßfpw sImSn-°q-d-Ifpw Zpµp-`n-


Ifpw (s]cp-º-d-Iƒ) ]S-bm-fn-I-fpsS BI-µ-\-ß-fp-sa√mw A∂sØbp≤-ßƒ°p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. cmjvSo-b-ambn hf¿∂ Hcp P\-]-Z-am-bn-cp∂p C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑-msc-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an√.

IpSpw-_-Po-hnXwEtKz-Z-Ønse IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-kw-_-‘n-bmb ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ IqSp-

X¬ it≤-b-ß-fmWv. cmjvS-Øns‚ G‰hpw Ah-km-\sØ IÆn-Ip-Spw-_-am-bn-cp∂p. Htc Krl-\m-Ys‚ Iogn¬ [mcmfw AwK-ßƒGI-Kr-l-Øn¬ Hcp-an®p Pohn-®p-h∂p. IpSpw-_-\m-Y\v "Ipe-]≥'F∂mWv EtKzZw \evInb t]¿. ]Xv\n Krl-\m-bn-I-bm-bn-cn°pw.Krl-Øn\v hnim-e-Xbpw `Z-X-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Imen-Iƒ ]I-se√mw ta™v, k‘y-bm-Ip-tºmƒ Xncn-®p-h∂p sXmgp-Øn¬ Ibdn]m¿°pw.

A—\v hn]p-e-amb A[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. a°sf hnev°p-∂-Xn-\p-t]mepw XS- -ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. ip\-t»-]s‚ IY-bn¬\n∂pwCXp sXfn-bp-∂p≠v. Cu IY EtKz-Z-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠v.19

AXns‚ hni-Zo-I-cWw EtKz-Z-tØmSp _‘-s∏´ sFX-tcb _mlva-W-Ønepw ImWmw. k¥-Xn-Isf tZh-X-Iƒ°v BlpXn sNøp∂BNmcw ]›n-ta-jy-bnepw \S-am-Sn-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ss__n-fn¬\n∂vhy‡-amWv.20 ip\-t»-]s\ Xs‚ ]nXm-hmb APo-K¿Ø≥ lcn-›-µ-]p-X\v hn‰-Xn¬\n∂pw a\- n-em-Ip-∂Xv A°m-eØv Hcw-Ko-IrXkº-Zm-b-am-bn-cp∂p AsX-∂mWv. CXp-t]mse a°ƒ°v kzØ-h-Im-i-an-√m-Xm-°p-∂-Xn\pw A—\v kzmX-¥y-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. hnizm-an-X≥ F∂ al¿jn Xs‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn\v FXn-cp-]-d™ AºXpa°sf IpSpw-_-Øn¬\n∂p ]pd-Øm-°p-Ibpw kzØ-h-Imiw \ntj-[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.21 hnhmlw ]mh-\-amb Hcp Icm-dm-bn-cp∂p. h[p-hns‚ ]mWn Kln-®p-sIm≠v hc≥ ]d-tb≠ Hcp a¥w Cß-s\-bmWv:

""Krlv-Wman tX ku`-KXzmb lkvXw

abm- ]-Xym -P-c-Z-jvSn-cy-Ymkx

`tKm Acyam khnXm ]pc-‘n¿˛

alyw Xzm Zp¿Km¿l-]-Xymb tZhmx''22

(Rm≥ ku`m-Ky-Øn-\mbn \ns‚ ssI ]nSn-°p∂p. \o `¿Øm-hn-t\m-sSm-∂n®p thWw hm¿[-Iy-a-S-bpI. `K≥, Bcy-amhv, khn-Xmhv,]qjmhv F∂o tZh-∑m¿ \ns∂ Krl-ÿ-Xz-Øn-\mbn F\n°v Iev]n-®p-X-∂n-cn-°p∂p.)

hnhm-l-Øn\v kvXo[\w ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. hnhm-lm-\-¥cw h[p`¿Ør-Kr-l-Øn-te°v t]mtI-≠-XmWv. _lp-`m-cyXzw km[m-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p. 10˛mw afiew 11˛-mw A\p-hmIw 145-˛mw kq‡-Øn¬k]Xv\o a¿±-\-Øn¬\n-∂p≈ c£-°mbn Hcp h\nXm Ejn ]m¿Yn-°p-∂Xp ImWpI:


""h≥sI-ev]m-fp-an-Ω-cp∂p˛

h≈n ]dn-s®-Sp-∏≥ Rm≥,

AØ¬ k]-Xv\nbv-°n-b-‰m≥,

`¿Øm-hn-s\-°-ø-S-°m≥,

Du¿≤z-ap-J-]tX, it‡,

[mtX-cntX, kp`tK, \o

XmgvØq, k]-Xv\nsb; sbs‚

amX-am°q, aWm-fs\!

tate-°n-S-°m-sc-bv°mfpw

tase-bm-IpIp,Øta, Rm≥;

Xm∂ s]Æp-ß-sf-°mfpw

Xmt∂m-fp-am-sI≥ k]Xv\n!....'' 23

CXn¬\n∂pw _lp-`m-cy-Xzhpw k]-Xv\n-am-’-cyhpw A°m-eØpw ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v a\- n-em°mw. hn[-hm-hn-hm-lhpw A∂v\njn-≤-am-bn-cp-∂n√. A—\v ta[m-hnXzw \evIn-bn-cp∂ IpSpw-_-Po-hnX kº-Zm-b-amWv EtKz-Z-Im-eØv \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv.

EtKz-Z-Ønse kmlnXywHcp kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ EtKz-Z-Øn-\p≈ h≥]n®

ÿm\w F√m \ncq-]-I-∑mcpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p≠v. AsXmcp A¤pXkmlnXy ]]-©-am-sW∂v ]dbmw. ]Ir-Xn-tbmSv G‰hpw ASp-ØXpw, ]Ir-Xn-bpsS Ah-ÿm-t`-Z-ßsf kkq£vaw \nco-£WwsNbvXp h¿Wn-®-Xp-amb Cu kmln-Xy-Øns‚ KpW-K-W-ßƒ h¿W-\mXoX-a-sX. A·o-µm-Zn-Isf ho≠pw ho≠pw kvXpXn-°p∂ a¥-ß-fmWv \mw AXn¬ Gdnb Iqdpw ImWpI. thZ-Øn¬ Bh¿Ø\wkm¿h-Xn-I-amWv. F¶nepw hmb-\-°m-cs\ AXv apjn-∏n-°p-∂n√.Htc Imcyw \m\m-Xcw `wKn-I-fn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°m-\p≈ \nkvXp-e-ambkma¿Yy-amWv thZ-Øn¬ ImWp-∂Xv. C∂v G‰hpw \ho-\-sa∂phnNm-cn-°p∂ Ih-\-co-Xn-Iƒ t]mepw B ]pcm-X-\-K-Ÿ-Øn¬ ImWp-tºmƒ B¿°pw B›cyw tXm∂m-Xn-cn-°n√.

ênXw ]d-bp-∂-Xnepw EtKzZw ]n∂n-e√. tkmaw IpSn®p Ign-™m¬ Aß-bpsS aoi XpS-t®-°Ww F∂mWv Hcp a¥-Øn¬tZh-t\mSv ]d-bp-∂Xv. ag-°mew XpS-ßp-tºmƒ Xh-f-Iƒ \ne-hn-fn-°p-∂-Xns\ tkma-]m-\w-sNbvXp elcn ]nSn® _mlva-W-cpsS H®-bn-S-en-t\mSv kmZr-iy-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p.24 ]m›m-Xy≥ \ncq-]-I-∑m¿]d-bp∂p: ""Ncn-Xm-Xo-X-Im-esØ Hcp Ihnbpw Hcn-SØpw, Hcp ]t£Cßs\ ]mSn-bn-cn-°-bn√:

Thought was the pillow of her coach,


Sight was the unqrent of her eyes!"

(kqcy˛`¿Øm-hns‚ ASp-°-te°v t]mIp-tºmƒ NnØn [Nn¥m-tZ-hX] Xe-b-W-bmbn. IÆp ajn-bmbn.)25

]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a-sØ-bmWv EtKzZw k\m-X\ [¿a-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv. ]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a-Øn\v thZw \evIp∂ t]csX EXw.AXmWv kXyw. AXmWv temI-[¿aw. tZh∑m-cmb anXm-h-cp-W∑m¿temI-[¿asØ˛ ]IrXn \nb-asØ˛ kq£n-°p-∂-h-cmWv. AXp-sIm≠v Ahsc "EX-h¿≤-I¿' F∂v thZw hnfn-®n-cn-°p∂p. k¿Zm¿]-Wn-°¿ ]d-bp-∂Xp t\m°pI: ""anXm-h-cp-W-≥amsc EX-h¿[-I¿F∂p h¿Wn-®n-´p-≈-Xmbn I≠p-ht√m. B hnti-jWw Ah¿°vthZ-Øn¬ km[m-c-W-amWv. Cu tZh≥am¿ temI-k-XysØ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-h-cm-sW∂ A¿Y-amWv G‰hpw bp‡w.''26

]kvXpX Bibw Jp¿-B-\p-ambn FX-amXw ASp-°p-∂p-s≠∂p hnti-jn®p ]d-tb-≠-Xn√. Jp¿-B≥ Hcn-SØv ]Ir-Xn-[¿asØ ]men-°p-hm≥ am\-h-k-ap-Zm-bsØ Blzm-\w-sN-øp∂p.F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬, AXmWv am‰-an-√mØ k\m-X-\-[¿aw. 27

Jp¿-B-t\mSv kmZriywAZr-iy-Im-cy-ßƒ CXc aX-K-Ÿ-ß-fn-se-∂-t]mse thZ-ß-fnepw

]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Hcp kvtXmX-K-Ÿ-Øn-t‚-XmWv thZ-LS-\.tZh-kvXp-Xn-bmWv Ah-bnse apJy-]-Xn-]mZyw. AtXm-sSm∏w XXz-Nn¥, Ncn-X-kq-N\, AZr-iy-bm-Ym¿Yy-ßƒ, kZvhr-Ø-cmbn Pohn-°p-hm-\p≈ Blzm\w, Zp¿hr-Ø-≥am¿°v t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cp∂ A\¿Y-ßƒ apX-emb Imcy-ßfpw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p≠v.

Jp¿-B-\p-ambn thZ-Øn\v Gd-°psd ASp∏w ImWp∂p. HtckwKXn Jp¿-B-\n-se-∂-t]mse AXnepw Bh¿Øn-®n-´p≠v. Nne-t∏mƒ bmsXmcp am‰hpw hcp-Øm-sX-bmhpw Bh¿Ø\w. Jp¿-B-\nse ]Ya A[ym-bamb "^mØnl'tbmSv thZ-Ønse Nne kq‡-ßƒ°v A]m-c-amb kmayw ImWp∂p. "^mØnl'bpsS ]mcw-`-sam-gn-Iƒ kvtXmX-]-chpw a[y-sam-gn-Iƒ ]Xn-⁄m-]-chpw A¥nasamgn-Iƒ ]m¿Y-\m-]-c-hp-am-Wt√m. t\m°pI:

""temI-\m-Y-\mb A√m-lp-hn\v kvtXmXw! Icp-Wm-\n-[n-bmbdlvam≥, ]Xn-^-e-Zn-h-k-Øns‚ A[n-]Xn!''

Ch-b-Xbpw kvtXmX-]cw. A\-¥cw ]Xn⁄:

""\n\°v amXw Rßƒ hW°w sNøp∂p, \nt∂mSv amXwRßƒ klm-b-a¿Yn-°p∂p.''

Ah-km\w ]m¿Y-\bpw:

""Rßsf t\cmb am¿K-Øn¬˛ \o A\p-Kln-®n-´p-≈-h-cpsSam¿K-Øn¬˛ \bn-®mepw! tIm]-Øn\v ]mX-am-b-htcm, hgn-]n-g-®-htcmA√mØ (hcpsS am¿K-Øn¬!)''


CtX cq]-Øn-emWv EtKz-Z-Ønse ]Ya kq‡-Øn-s‚bpwLS\. tZh-kvXp-Xn-sIm-≠mWv AXpw Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv. t\m°pI:

""kvXpXn∏q, Rm≥ b⁄-]p-tcm-ln-X\m-a-·n-tZ-hs\,

EXzn-°m-Inb tlmXmsh, pXcmw cXv\-[m-cnsb........''

]n∂oSv ]Xn⁄:

""Rß-ft·, \mfn¬ \mfn¬∏-I¬ t\c-Øp-a-√nepw

lrØm¬ hW-ßn-bn-´tX, kao-]n-°p-∂-X-ßsb.....''

^mØn-lm-bnse ]Xn-⁄bpw Cu ]Xn-⁄bpw kmcmw-i-Øn¬ `n∂-a-s√-∂p-≈Xv ]tXyIw ]kvXm-hy-amWv.

A\-¥cw ]m¿Y\:

""B \o kp]m-]-\m-sI-ßƒ°,—≥ aI-\p-t]m-eth;

H∂n-®n-cn-°bpw sNøp-IKvt\, Rßƒ°p \nev]n-\mbv!''28

^mØn-lm-bn-se-∂-t]mse thZ-Ønepw DØ-a-am¿K-Øn¬ \bn-t°-W-sa-∂p≈ ]m¿Y\ ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv:

""]qjmth, \nsb-Xn¿t∏m-sc-b-I-e-Øm°n, Rßsf

\S-Øp-Ip-Ø-a-h-gnbv°n;Xn¬°-cp-X¬ thWta!''29

Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ1. `mc-Xob kmwkvIm-cnI kmam-Py-N-cnXw t]. 182. ]mNo\ enJn-X-ßƒ t]. 283. kwkvIrX kmln-Xy-N-cnXw t]. 584. h≈-tØm-fns‚ EtKzZ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ BapJw, t]. 4 t\m°pI.5. Ibid P. 4, 5

6. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 2, t]. 811 (EtKzZw) 19707. h≈-tØmƒ hnh¿Ø\w, BapJw t]. 6 t\m°pI.8. hniz-Z¿i-\-ßƒ t]. 3909. kwkvIrX kmln-Xy-N-cnXw t]. 6810. EtKzZw a. 8, kq. 30, E. 2

11. EtKz-Z-Øns‚ h≈-tØmƒ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ BapJw t]. 15

12. hniz-Z¿i-\-ßƒ t]. 54813. Ancient History of India P. 139

14. EtKzZw a. 7, kq. 18, E. 19

15. EtKzZw a. 2, kq. 41, E. 5

16. EtKzZw a. 7, kq. 88, E. 5

17. EtKzZw a. 1, kq. 55, E. 718. EtKzZw a. 5, kq. 57, E. 2

19. EtKzZw a. 1, kq. 24, E 12, 13

20. ii cmPm-°∑m¿ 23˛Dw bncay 19 :5˛Dw t\m°pI.

21. h≈-tØmƒ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ BapJw t]Pv 23

22. EtKzZw a. 10, kq. 85, E. 36


23. EtKzZw a. 10, kq. 145, E. 1-˛3

24. EtKzZw a. 7, kq. 103 t\m°p-I.25. EtKzZw a. 10, kq. 85, E. 726. h≈-tØmƒ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ BapJw t]. 1127. Jp¿-B≥ 30: 30 t\m°p-I.28. EtKzZw a. 1, kq. 1, E. 1, 7, 929. EtKzZw a. 1, kq. 42, E. 7

A[ymbw Ccp-]-Øn-aq∂v

`mc-Xob XXz-Nn¥

F√m XXz-Nn-¥-I≥amcpw Zm¿i-\n-I≥amcpw ]]-©sØ hymJym-\n-°p-hm-\mWv ian-®Xv. aXm-Nm-cy≥amcpw Aß-s\-Øs∂. Cu]]©w Fßs\, F¥p-sIm-≠p-≠mbn? Fßs\ Nen-°p∂p? Cu]iv\-ßƒ°p-Øcw Is≠-Øp-hm≥ F√m-hcpw ian®p. bp‡nsbB[m-c-am°n B iaw \S-Øn-b-h-cmWv XXz-Nn-¥-I≥am¿. Ah¿B ]iv\-ßƒ°v \¬Inb DØcw ]cn-K-Wn®p c≠p hn`n∂ hn`m-K-°m-cmbn Xncn™p. BkvXn-I-hm-Z-°mcpw \mkvXn-I-hm-Z-°mcpw.]hn-im-ehpw Kwò-c-hp-amb Cu ]]-©-Øns‚ ]nd-In¬ Hcp ]cm-i-‡n-bpsS C—bpw Bkq-X-Whpw \S-∂n-´p-s≠∂pw \S-°p-∂p-s≠∂pw hmZn-°p-∂-h-cmWv BkvXn-I-≥am¿. ]]-©-Øns‚ ]nd-In¬Hcp ]cm-i-‡n-bpsS C—tbm Bkq-X-Wtam H∂pw \S-∂n-ń-s√∂pw\S-°p-∂n-s√∂pw hmZn-°p-∂-h-cmWv \mkvXn-I-∑m¿. Hcp ]cm-i-‡n-bpsS BkvXnIyw k¶-ev]n-°m-sX-Øs∂ ]m]-©nI ]Xn-`m-k-ßƒ hymJym-\n-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v Ch¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p.

ta¬ ]kvXm-hn® c≠p hn`m-K-°mcpw bp‡nsb B[m-c-am-°n-bmWv ]]-©-am-Ip∂ IS-¶-Y-b-psS DØcw I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-hm≥ ian-®Xv. bp‡n-°-Xo-X-amb Hcp ⁄m\-am¿KsØ Ah¿ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n√. a\p-jy-kn-≤-amb GsXmcp Adnhpw bp‡n-bpsS DXv]-∂-amWv. bp‡n-bm-Ip∂ Bbp-[-ta¥n _p≤n-i‡n J\n-s®-Sp-Ø-X-√m-Ø-sXm∂pw hn⁄m-\-tem-I-Øn√. AYhm h√-Xp -ap -s≠-¶n¬Xs∂ AXv hn⁄m-\-a√. a\p-jys‚ `mh-\m-krjvSn amX-amWv.CXmWv bp‡n-hm-Zn-I-fpsS kmam\y \ne-]mSv. XXz-Nn-¥bpw CtX\ne-]m-SmWv s]mXp-hn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv.

aXw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-bn-Øs∂ CXn¬\n∂pw `n∂-am-Ip∂p.ssZhnI shfn-]m-Sn-t∑-emWv aXsØ sIń-∏-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv. aX-Øn¬ bp‡nt°m Nn¥t°m henb ÿm\-sam-∂p-an√. AXn¬k¿thm-]-cn -bmb ÿm\w Iev]n-°-s∏-Sp -∂Xv BNm-cy-∂sX.


bp‡n°v tbmPn-®mepw icn, tbmPn-®n-s√-¶nepw icn, BNm-cy≥ D]-tZ-in-®-sX¥pw aX-am-bn-cn°pw. BNm-cy-\m¬ hmNy-amtbm kqNy-amtbm ÿnco-I-cn-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-sXm∂pw aX-a-√-Xm\pw. XXz-Nn-¥bpwaXhpw XΩn-ep≈ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb Cu A¥cw hnkva-cn-°m-h-X√.

Hcp DZm-l-c-W-Øn-eqsS Cu hkvXpX a\- n-em°mw: an° aX-ßfpw ac-Wm-\-¥-c-Po-hn-X-sØ-∏‰n Du∂p-∂p≠v. ac-Wm-\-¥cw a\p-jy\v t\cn-Sm≥ t]mIp∂ kpJ-Zpx-J-ßsf h¿Wn-°mØ aX-ßƒIpdbpw. F∂m¬ bp‡nsb B[m-c-am°n Cu ]iv\-Øn\v Hcp-Øcw Is≠-ØpI hnj-a-amWv. Fs¥-∂m¬, bp‡n-bpsS hnlmckmam-Py-Øn¬\n∂pw ]pd-ØmWv ac-Wm-\-¥-c-Po-hnXw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv. ac-Wm-\-¥cw Hcp Pohn-X-ap-s≠t∂m Cs√t∂m bp‡n°vXocp-am-\n-°m-h-X√.

CXbpw ]d-™-Xns‚ Dt±iyw bp‡nsb XmgvØn-s°-´-e√. a\p-jy-∂p-]-e-_v[-amb A\p-K-lß-fn¬ Hc-\¿L-kn-≤n-bmWv bp‡n-t_m[w F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ X¿°-an√. aX-X-Xz-ßƒ a\ n-em-°p-hm≥ Xs∂ bp‡n-t_m[w A\p-t]-£y-amWv. "bp‡n-bn-√m-Ø-h\vaX-an√' F∂v Ckvem-an¬ Hcp B]vX-hm-Iy-ap≠v. F∂m¬, bp‡n-bp-sSbpw aX-Øn-s‚bpw bYm¿Y taJ-e-Iƒ c≠mWv. CXtbChnsS hnh-£n-°p-∂p≈q.

XXz-Nn-¥-I-∑m-cpsS ]]-©-hym-Jym\wC\n \ap°v XXz-Nn-¥-I≥am-cpsS ]]-©-hym-Jym-\-sØ-∏‰n

kzev]w Btem-Nn°mw. C°q-´-Øn¬ ]]-©sØ Hcp ]cm-i-‡n-bpsS krjvSn-bmbn IW-°m-°p-∂-h-sc-°p-dn®v hnkvX-cn-°m-s\m-∂p-an√. Ah¿ hmkvX-h-Øn¬ aX-hm-Zn-I-fpsS IqsS-bmWv. icn°p ]d-™m¬ aX-hm-Zn-Iƒ Xs∂. aXsØ bp‡n-°-\p-cq-]-ambn hymJym-\n-°p-hm≥ Ah¿ Hcp bXv\w \S-Øp-∂p-sh-∂p-amXw. B bXv\whnP-bn-°-W-sa∂v Ah¿°v \n¿_-‘-sam-∂p-an√. \mkvXn-I-∑m-cpsSÿnXn Aß-s\-b√. Hcp ]cm-i-‡n-bpsS k¶ev]w IqSm-sX-Øs∂]m]-©nI ]Xn-`m-k-ßƒ hymJym-\n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂mWv Ah-cpsS hmZw. F∂m¬ B hmZw Ah¿ sXfn-bn-®n-´pt≠m? ]]-©-Øn\v ]Ir-Xn-imkvXw \evIp∂ hymJym-\-sa-¥mWv? CtX-∏‰n `mc-Xob XXz-⁄m-\n-bmb tUm. Fkv. cm[mIrjvWs‚ A`n-]mbwImWpI:

""]]-©-Øn\v ]Ir-Xn-imkvXw \¬Ip∂ hymJym\w GXm≠vC]-Im-c-amWv: temIw Hcp AZr-iy-amb _ntey¿Uvkv Ifn-bmWv;]c-am-Wp-°-fmWv ]¥p-Iƒ. Ah XΩn¬ Iqń-apń XpS¿®-bmb Ne-\-ßƒ D≠m-°p∂p. Cu hnh-cWw ]]©w Fß-s\ -\-S-°p-∂p-sh-∂-√msX, F¥p-sIm≠v F∂p≈ tNmZy-Øn\v kam-[m\w \evIp-


∂n√. Cu hnj-b-sØ-∏‰n C\n Hcp tNmZyhpw Bh-iy-an-s√∂v Icp-Xp-∂-h-cpsS a\- n¬ t]mepw Xßƒ Kln-®n-ń-√mØ Ft¥m Nne-Xp-IqSn Ds≠-s∂mcp t_m[w Xncp-∏n-Sn®psIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p≠v. Cµn-b-ßƒ°pw _p≤n°pw ]nSn-In-´mØ AKm-[-Xew Cu ]]-©-Øn-\p-s≠∂ Hcp Ahy-‡-t_m[w Ah¿°p≠v.''1

]]-©sØ Xr]vXn-I-c-amw-hÆw hymJym-\n-°p-hm≥ B[p-\nIimkvXw Ai-‡-am-sW-∂mWv ta¬]-d-™-Xns‚ A¿Yw. A°mcyw`wKn-bmbn \n¿∆-ln-®n-´p-≈Xv aX-amWv. ]]-©-Øn\v ]nd-In¬]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp AZr-iy-ssN-X-\ysØ k¶-ev]n-®p-sIm≠mWv]m]-©nI ]Xn-`m-k-ßsf aXw hymJym-\n-°p-∂-Xv. AXpsIm≠vHcp aX-hmZn am\-kn-I-°p-g-∏-Øn¬\n∂p ap‡-\mWv.

aX-ß-fpsS DZv -hhpw hnIm-khpwGXp aXhpw DZv`-hn-°p-∂Xv Hcp BNm-cy-\n¬\n-∂m-bn-cn°pw.

C∂sØ A¿Y-Øn¬ Hcp ]Xn- m-im-entbm XXz-Nn-¥-It\m Zm¿i-\n-It\mA√ aXm-Nm-cy≥. At±lw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ ÿm\w CXsX: Rm≥Hcp ssZh-Zq-X-\mWv. A\n-X-c-kn-≤-amb Hcp ⁄m\-am¿Kw F\n°p ssIh-∂n-cn-°p∂p. ssZhw Ft∂mSv kwkm-cn-°p∂p. Aßs\ NneXv B⁄m-]n-°p-Ibpw NneXv \ntcm-[n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Rm≥ \nßƒ°v hniz-kvX-\mb ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Im-c-\sX!

aXm-Nm-cy∑m¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ Cu ⁄m\-am¿K-sØ-bmWv hnhn[`mj-I-fn¬ shfn-]mSv, Znhy-Z¿i\w, hlvbv, sdh-te-j≥ (Revelation) F∂n-ßs\ ]e kw⁄-I-fn¬ hyh-l-cn-°p-∂Xv. Cu Akm-[m-cW am¿K-Øn-eqsS D]-e-_v[-am-Ip∂ Adn-hp-I-fmWv Ah¿ P\-k-a£w ka¿∏n-°p-∂Xv.B Adnhv ]c-am-h[n kXyhpw ]mh-\hpw ZrV-X-c-hp-am-sW∂v Ah¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. \nßƒ°v Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-hmZw btYjvSw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Itbm Xnc-kvI-cn-°p-Itbm sNømw. ]t£, AXns\ \nß-fpsS bp‡n-hm-Z-Øns‚ hcp-Xn-°p-≈n¬ HXp-°n-\n¿Øm≥ ian-°-cpXv. AXns‚ km[p-Xbpw Akm-[p-Xbpw \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ bp‡n°v ]th-i-\-an√. AXp-sIm≠v hna¿i-\m-Xo-X-am-WXv. aXm-Nm-cy-∑m-cpsS Pohn-X-N-cy-bmWv Cuhnj-b-Øn¬ hn[n-\n¿Wm-b-I-amb LSIw. kzPo-hn-X-Øn¬ kXy-k-‘-Xbpw Bflm¿Ybpw hniz-kvX-Xbpw a‰p am\p-jnI kZm-Nmc apd-IfpwIWn-i-ambpw \njvIr-jvS-ambpw ]men-®p-h-cp∂ Hcp hy‡n-bmWv ]kvXpXAh-Im-i-hmZw D∂-bn-®-sX-¶n¬ At±-l-Øn¬ \ap°v hniz-kn°mw.A√mØ]£w Ahn-iz-kn-°p-Ibpw sNømw. as‰mcp hn[w ]d-™m¬ ]hm-N-IXzw hmZn-°p∂ hy‡n H∂p-In¬ kXy-Øn-s‚bpw [¿a-Øn-s‚bpwaq¿Øo-a-Zv m-h-am-bn-cn°pw; As√-¶n¬ AkXy-Øns‚ ss]im-N-tIm-a-chpw.Cßs\ c≠n-semcp hn[-Ønte Abmsf hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥ hbv°q. t\sc-a-dn®v Zm¿i\n-I-∑m-cpsS \ne-]mSv Aß-s\-b√. bp‡nsb ASn-ÿm\s∏Sp-Øn-bmWv Ah¿ kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬, Ah-cpsS hy‡nXzw


hna¿i\ ZrjvSn-bn¬ ]iv\-a√. Ah-cpsS hmZw sIm≈p-Itbm X≈p-Itbm sNøp-∂-Xn¬ Ah-cpsS Iymc-IvS¿ Hc-h-iy-L-S-I-am-bn-cn-°p-∂n√. bp‡n-t_m-[-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS hmZ-Øns‚icnbpw sX‰pw \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n®p hne-bn-cp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw.CXmWv aXm-Nm-cy-∑mcpw Zm¿i-\n-I-∑mcpw XΩn-ep≈ auen-I-ambA¥cw.

Znhy-sh-fn-]mSv kn≤n® BNm-cys\ ]hm-N-I≥, ssZh-Zq-X≥,Ejn, al¿jn, ap\n, amap\n, t]m]‰v F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ `mj-I-fn¬, hnhn[ kw⁄-I-fn¬ hyh-l-cn-°p∂p. `mj F¥m-bmepwBibw H∂p Xs∂-bmWv. aXm-Nm-cy-∑m¿ F√m Hmtcm P\-k-ap-Zm-b-Ønepw Bhn¿`q-X-cm-bn-´p-s≠-∂mWv Jp¿-Bs‚ Ah-Im-i-hmZw.""Hcp ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Im-c≥ (]hm-N-I≥) Ign-™p-t]m-bn-ń-√mØ H‰kap-Zm-b-hp-an√''2 F∂pw, ""F√m Hmtcm P\-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn\pw ssZh-Zq-X-\p≠v''3 F∂pw Jp¿-B≥ DZvtLm-jn-°p∂p. AXn-]m-No\ ImewapX¬ alØpw _rl-Øp-amb Hcp kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ DS-a-I-fmbnh¿Øn-°p∂ mc-Xo-b-cnepw ]hm-N-I≥, AYhm ]hm-N-I-∑m¿ \nbp-‡-cm-bn-´p-≠m-h-W-sa∂v Xo¿®-bmWv. `mc-Xo-b-cpsS AhXm-c-]p-cp-j-∑m¿ hmkvX-h-Øn¬ ]h-mN-I-∑m¿ Xs∂-bm-bn-cn°mw. Ah-cpsSPoh-N-cnXw bYmXY-ambn e`n-°m-bvI-aqew, Ah-cpsS hy‡n-Xz-sØ-∏‰n Jfin-X-ambn Hcp Xocp-am-\-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cm≥ ]bm-k-ap-s≠∂p amXw.

]hm-N-I≥am¿ ]]-©-Øn\v Hcp hymJym\w \¬In-bn-´p≠v. ]]-©-Øn -s‚bpw ]m]-©nI ]Xn -`m -k -ß-fp -tSbpw ]n∂n¬t_m[hm\pw Iem-\n-]p-W-\p-amb Hcp ]ca i‡n-bpsS C—bpwBkq-X-Whpw \S-∂n-´p-s≠∂pw \S-°p-∂p-s≠-∂p-amWv Ah¿ GI-I-WvT-ambn ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂Xv. Ahs\ Hmtcm aX-°m¿ btlmh,A√mlv, dlvam≥, Alq-c-a-kvZ≥, _lvaw, ]c-_lvaw, ]c-am-flmhvF∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ \ma-ß-fn¬ hnfn-°p-∂p-sh-t∂-bp≈q. \ma-ßƒ]e-Xm-sW-¶nepw \ma-[mcn H∂mWv.

CtX-]-Imcw B ]cm-i-‡n-bpsS KpW-K-W-ßfpw (Attributes)khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw Ah¿ ]Tn-®n-´p≠v. ]t£, ssZh-Kp-W-ßsf h¿Wn-°p-∂-Xn\v hnhn[ coXn-Ifpw ssien-I-fp-amWv aX-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®p-Im-Wp-∂Xv. ssZhn-I-Kp-W-ßsf samØ-Øn¬ c≠p-X-c-ambn Xncn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. H∂v, cN-\m-flI KpW-ßƒ (Positive Attributes). a‰Xv,\ntj-[m-flI KpW-ßƒ (Negative Attributes). \ntj-[m-flI KpW-ßƒ h¿Wn-°p-∂-Xn¬ aX-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]d-b-Ø° A¥-c-sam-∂p-an√. ssZhw Acq-]nbpw A\m-Znbpw A\-¥\pw a‰p-am-sW∂vF√m aX-ßfpw ]d-bp∂p. F∂m¬, cN-\m-flI KpW-ßƒ h¿Wn-°p-tºmƒ aX-ß-ƒ hyXykvX `mjm-]-tbm-K-ßfpw ]Xn-]m-Z-\-ssi-


en-Ifpw Bhn-jvIm-c-co-Xn-Ifpw kzoI-cn-s®-∂p-hcmw. DZm-l-c-W-ambnXs‚ ASn-a-I-tfmSv AXn-c‰ Icp-Wbpw hm’-ey-hp-ap-≈-h-\mWvssZhw F∂ A¿Y-Øn¬ Ahs\ "]nXmhv' Ft∂m, "amXmhv'Ft∂m Hcp aXw hnti-jn-∏n-t®°mw. cq]Im-e-¶m-c-]-c-amb NnXo-I-cWw amX-amWv hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Cu hnti-jWw. ssZh-Øn\v h√k¥-Xn-bp-ap-s≠t∂m D≠m-Im-sat∂m AXn-\¿Y-an√. amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°v kz¥w a°-tfm-sS-∂-t]mse ssZh-Øn\v Xs‚ krjvSn-tbmSpw Af-h‰ hm¬k-ey-am-Wp-≈Xv Ft∂ A¿Yw Iev]n-°mhq.

CXp-t]mse \m\m CS-ß-fnepw \S-°p∂ kw`-h-K-Xn-Iƒ GIm-h -k-c -Øn¬ Z¿in -°p -hm≥ Ign -bp -∂-h≥ F∂ A¿Y-Øn¬ssZhsØ Hcp aXw "Adp-ap-J≥' F∂p hnfn-s®∂p hcmw. Hcphy‡nsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Bdp mK-ß-fm-Wt√m D≈Xv˛ta¬,Iogv, ap≥, ]n≥, heXv, CSXv F∂o `mK-ßƒ. Cu Bdp -`m-KØpw\S-°p∂ kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ßƒ I≠-dn-bp-∂-Xn\v Bdp apJ-ß-fp-≠m-bm-se-∂-t]m-se-bmWv ssZh-Øns‚ Ahÿ Ft∂ ]kvXpXhnti-j-W-Øn-\¿Yw Iev]n-t°-≠-Xp≈q. A√msX Ah\v BdpapJhpw ]¥≠p IÆp-ap-s≠∂v AhnsS hnh-£-bn√. D≠m-Im-hp-∂-Xp-a√. Cu kwKXn icn°pw Kln-°m-Ø-XmWv ssZhsØ kw_-‘n-®- sX-‰mb [mc-W-Iƒ°v Hcp ][m\ ImcWw.

Nne-t∏mƒ ]kvXpX Bibw Iem-cq-]-Øn¬ Bhn-jvIr-X-am-sb∂p ht∂°mw. Aßs\ Bdp apJ-ap≈ Hcp kXzsØ Iem-Im-c≥ \n¿an-°p-Ibpw AXns\ ssZh-Øns‚ ]Xo-I-ambn NnXo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. CXn\pw ta¬]-d™ A¿Y-ta -I-ev]n-°mhq.A√msX ssZhtam, ssZh-Øns‚ Hcp Awitam ]Xn-am-cq-]-Øn¬Ah-X-cn®p F∂p [cn-°p-∂Xv sX‰m-bn-cn°pw. Npcp-°-Øn¬ ]]-©-\m-Y-\mb Cuiz-cs‚ cN-\m-flI khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v hnhn[ aX-ßƒ cq]-Im-Xn-i-tbm-‡n-]-c-amb hyXykvXcoXn-Ifpw Iem-cq-]-ßfpw kzoI-cn-®p-Im-Wp∂p. F¶nepw Ah≥ Acq-]nbpw Ahy-b-\p-am-sW∂v an°-hmdpw aX-ßƒ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p≠v.`mc-Xob aXhpw CXn¬\n-s∂m-gn-h√.

F∂m¬, aX-ß-fpsS kpe-fn-Xhpw kc-f-hp-amb ]mcw-`-Z-i- ]n-∂n´v Ipd-®p-Imew Ign-bp-tºmƒ ]kvXpX k¶-ev]-ß-fp-sS-ta¬ XXz-im-kvX-ßfpw Z¿i-\-]-ÿm-\-ßfpw DS-se-Sp-°p-I-bmbn. Aßs\]nXmhpw ]pX\pw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w \nP-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ XXz-Nn-¥-I≥am¿ apXn-cp∂p; ssZh-Øn\v Hcp ]tXyI cq]hpw `mhhpw Iev]n-°p∂p. AtXmsS aXm-[ym-]-\-ßƒ k¶o¿W ]iv\-ß-fmbn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. At∏mƒ kmam-\y-P-\-ßƒs°-∂√, D∂Xio¿j-cmb ]fin-X≥am¿°p-t]mepw Zp¿K-l-amb Hcp ka-ky-bm-bn-Øocpw aXw.

kmam-\y-ambn ]d-™m¬ Cu Ah-ÿm-¥cw F√m aX-ßƒ°pw


_m[-I-amWv. Hcp DZm-l-c-W-Øn-eqsS CXv a\- n-em°mw: Jp¿-B-\n¬ A√m-lp-hns‚ cN-\m-fl-I-Kp-W-ßƒ h¿Wn-®n-´p≠v. A\ym-]-tZ-i-ssi-en-bmWv AhnsS kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv. ""A√mlp knwlm-k-\-ÿ-\mbn'' F∂ ]tbm-Kw Hcp DZm-l-cWw. BZn-bn¬ B]tbm-K-ß-fpsS s]mcpƒ kmam-\y-P-\-ßƒ°p-t]mepw samØ-Øn¬kpK-l-am-bn-cp∂p. \_n-bpsS Ime-tØm ASpØ \q‰m-≠ntemAØcw ssien-I-fpsS A¿Y-sØ-°p-dn®p apkvenw-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬N¿®-sbm-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. F∂m¬, ]n¬°m-eØv ssZh-Kp-W-ß-sf-°p-dn® hnNn-¥\w Bcw-`n®p. Ahbv°v \n¿h-N-\-ßfpw hymJym-\-ßfpw Is≠-Øm-\p≈ shº-embn. AXn¬\n∂v apkvenw-tem-IØv\nc-h[n XXz-imkvX ]ÿm-\-ßƒ cq]w-sIm≠p. Aßs\ Hcphn`mKw ssZh-Øns‚ cN-\m-flI KpW-ß-sf-Øs∂ \ntj-[n-®p.thsdmcp hn`mKw ssZhØn\v a\p-jys‚ cq]hpw hnIm-c-ß-fp-sa-√m-ap-s≠∂v hmZn®p. Cu kn≤m-¥-Øn-\mWv Cw•o-jn¬ Anthropo-morphism F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv. ]ns∂mcp hn`mKw ssZh-Øn\v a\p-jy-kz-`m-h-ß-fp-s≠∂p kn≤m-¥n®p. Cu kn≤m-¥-sØ-bmWv Bwt•-b¿ Anthropophuism F∂p hnfn-°p-∂Xv. Aiv-Acn hn`m-K-am-Is´Xßƒ°v Xs∂ a\- n-em-°m-\m-hmØ Hcp \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv FØn-s∏-´Xv. Ah-cpsS Hcp h‡mhv ]d-bp∂p:

""A√m-lp-hns‚ KpW-ßƒ kØ-bp-a√, kØ-bn¬\n∂v A\y-hp-a√.''4

Hcp hkvXp kØtbm, A√m-ØtXm H∂p-a-s√-¶n¬ ]ns∂AXn√ F∂m-Ip-at√m A¿Yw. BI-bm¬ c≠p taJ-e-I-fn¬ hnl-cn-t°-≠n-bn-cp∂ bp‡nbpw aXhpw Htc cwKØv ÿm\-ap-d-∏n-®-XmWv ]iv\w A]-cn-lm-cyhpw k¶o¿W-hp-am-°n-Øo¿ØXv.kzm`m-hn -I-ambpw BkvXn -I-hm-Zn -Iƒ°p-]cn \mkvXn -I-hm-Zn -Iƒ°mWv CØcw kn≤m-¥-ßƒ ]tbm-P-Io-`-hn-°p-∂Xv. Cß-s\-bp≈ \nc-h[n kn≤m-¥-ß-fpsS Ncn-X-L-´-ßƒ F√m aX-Øn\pwIgn-™p-t]m-bn-´p≠v. `mc-X-Øn¬ \nc-h[n Zm¿i-\nI ]ÿm-\-ßƒDS-se-Sp-Ø-Xmbn NcnXw tLmjn-°p∂p. bp‡nsb aX-Øn-te°vhen-®n-g-®-t∏m-gmWv AØcw hn`n∂ ]ÿm-\-ßƒ DS-se-Sp-ØXv.aXw imkvX-a√. aXsØ imkvX-Øns‚ taJ-e-bn-te°v hen-®n-g-°p-∂Xv A]-I-S-I-c-amWv. tUm Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥- F-gp-Xp∂p:

""aXw imkvX-a√. imkvX-Øn-te°v IS-∂p-sN-√p-∂Xv aX-Øn\vA]-I-S-I-c-amWv. In. ap. 4004-˛¬ Hcp Znhkw cmhnse GXm≠vH≥]Xp aWn°v Xnaq¿Øn-bmb ssZhw a\p-jys\ krjvSn®p F∂p_nj∏v sse‰v ^q´v (Bishop Light Foot) 1618 ¬ Hcp ]kvXm-h\ Cd°n.Aßs\ At±lw A\m-h-iy-ambn ]Ir-Xn-im-kvX-Øn¬ IS-∂p-ssI-h-®-t∏mƒ hna¿i-\sØ £Wn-®p-h-cp-Øp-I-bmWv sNbvXXv.''5


BI-bm¬ XXz-im-kvX-Øn-s‚bpw ]Ir-Xn-im-kvX-Øn-s‚bpwthZn-I-fn-te°v aXsØ _em-XvImcw hen-®n-g-°p-I-sb-∂Xv aX-Øn\vtZmjta sNøp-∂p≈q. ]t£, F√m aX-ÿcpw Gd-°psd B tZmjwhcp-Øn-sh-®n-´p≠v. AXn-\m¬ Hcp ]pcm-X\ aX-Øns‚ Aù-XnIk¶-ev]-ßƒ Kln-°p-∂-Xn\v XXz-imkvX IrXn-Iƒ hmbn-°p-∂-Xnepw t`Zw AXnse ]mNo-\-km-ln-Xy-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw.

thZ-Ønse ssZh-k-¶ev]wC≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m¿°v Hcp-]mSv ]pcm-X\ aX-K-Ÿ-ß-fp-s≠∂pw

A°q-´-Øn¬ G‰w ]mNo-\-am-bn-´p-≈Xv thZ-km-ln-Xy-am-sW∂pw\mw apºv kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. thZ-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ ]mam-Wn-Ihpw]mNo-\-hp-am-bn-´p-≈Xv EtKz-Z-kw-ln-X-bsX. EtKzZw Hcp Zm¿i-\nIKŸ-a√. F¶nepw AXmWv sslµ-h-Z¿i-\-ßƒ°m-[m-c-ambn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.

EtKz-Z-Ønse ssZh-k-¶¬]-sØ-∏‰n BZy-ambn Btem-Nn°mw.BZn-bn¬ C°m-Wp∂ temI-ß-sfm∂pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. F√mwA]-Xy-£hpw Ahy-‡hpw Ahy-Xn-cn-‡-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. A\-¥cw]]©w ]Xy-£o-`-hn®p. Hcp ]cm-i-‡n-bpsS krjvSn-bmWv AXv.B ]cm-i‡n BZyta D-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXmWv ]]-©-Øns‚ aqeImcWw. B ]cm-i-‡nsb thZw hnizI¿amhv, lnc-Wy-K¿`≥, ]Pm-]Xn F∂n-ßs\ hnfn-®n-cn-°p∂p.

""lnc-Wy- K¿`x ka-h¿Ø-XmtK

`qXky PmXx ]Xn-tcI BkoXv

kZm-[mc ]rYnhow, Zymap tXamw

Ikvssa Zmhmb lhnjm hnt[a.''6

(lnc-Wy-K¿`≥ aptº D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah-\mWv k¿∆ `ph-\-ß-fp-tSbpw A[o-im-[n-]Xn. BIm-i-`q-an-Isf Ah≥ [mcWw sNbvXp.kpJ-kz-cq-]-\mb Ahs\ \mw \an-°pI.)

Cu a¥-Øn\v io. Zbm-\µ kc-kzXn \evInb `mjyw IqSp-X¬ A¿Y-kv^p-S-amWv:

""krjvSn°p apºv tXtPm-a-b-ß-fmb kqcymZn kIe temI-ß-fp-tSbpw DXv]-Øn-ÿm-\hpw B[m-c-hp-am-bn-cp-∂Xv GsXmt∂m,CXn\v apºp-≠m-bn-´p-≈Xpw C\n D≠m-Ip-∂-Xp-amb kIe ]Zm¿Y-ß-fp-tSbpw XnIm-e-Ønse kzman GsXmt∂m, AXp k¿∆-tem-I-ß-tfbpw \n¿Ωn®p c£n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p. kpJ-kz-cq-]-\mb B]c-am-flm-hns\ Rßƒ `‡n-]q¿hw \an-°p∂p.''7

CtX kwKXn bPp¿th-Z-Ønepw hnh-cn-®n-´p≠v. AXv C]-Im-c-amWv:


""Inw kznZm-ko-Z-[n-jvTm-\-am-cw-`Ww IX-a-’znXv IYm-koXv

btXm `qaowP\-b-\zn-izI¿Ωm hn Zym-au¿tWm≥ aln\mh n i z - N -

£mIx''8

(Cu krjvSn-bpsS A[n-jvTm\w GsXm-∂m-bn-cp∂p? temIm-cw-`-Øn¬Cu krjvSn-bpsS D]m-Zm\ ImcWw F¥m-bn-cp∂p? AsX-ß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p? Cu hnim-e-kr-jvSnsb P\n-∏n®, hniz-I¿am-hmb ]Pm-]Xn `qan-tbbpw A¥-co-£m-Zn-I-tfbpw cNn®v Ah-sb-sb√mw kz¥wi‡n-bn¬ s]mXn-™p-h-®n-cn-°p∂p.)9

EtKz-Z -Ønse "krjvSn -KoXw' AYhm "\mk-Zob kq‡w']kvXpX BZ¿isØ IqSp-X¬ hy‡-am-°p∂p:

""\mk-Zm-kot∂m kZm-ko-Ø-Zm\ow

\mko-ZtPm t\m thymam ]tcm-bXv

Inam-h-cohx Ipl Iky i¿Ω˛

∂w`x Inam-koZv Kl\w Kòcw. 1

\ arXyp-cm-ko-Z-arXw \ X¿ln

\ cmXym -Alv\ BkoXv ]tIXx

B\oZ-hmXw kz[bm XtZIw

Xkvam-≤m-\y∂ ]cx InwN-\mk. 2

Xa Bko-Ø-akm Kqfvl-atK f-]tIXw kenew k¿∆am CZw

Xpt—y-\m-`z-]n-lnXw bZmko˛

Ø]-k-kvX\valn\m Pmb-ssXIw. 3

Ima-kvX-ZtK ka-h¿Ø-Xm[n

a\-tkm- tcXx ]Yaw bZm-koXv

ktXm-_-‘p-a-kXn \n¿hn-µ≥˛

lrZn ]Xojym Ihtbm a\ojm. 4

Xnc-›ot\m hnXtXm civan-tcjm

a[x- kzn-Zm-ko-Zp-]cn kznZm-koXv

tctXm[m Bk-\va-ln-am\ Bk¥v˛

kz[m Ah-kvXmXv ]bXnx ]c-kvXmXv. 5

tIm A≤m thZ I Cl ]thm-NXv

IpX BPmXm IpX Cbw hnkrjvSnx

A¿∆m-KvtZhm Aky hnk¿÷-t\\m˛

Ym tIm thZ-bX B_-`qh. 6

Cbw hnkr-jvSn-cyX B_-`qh


XZn hm Zt[ bZn hm \

tbm Akym-[y£x ]cta thyma¥v

tkm AwK- thZ bZn hm \ thZ.''10 7

(1. At∏mƒ AkØpw kØp-an-√m-bn-cp∂p, hmbp-a-fiew C√; AXn-\p-]cn KK-\-hp-an√. Fs¥m-∂mWv AXv? Fhn-sS-bmWv AXv aqSn-°n-S-∂-Xv? GsXm-∂mWv c£-\¬In-bXv? AhnsS Aw`- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂pthm ˛ Kl-\hpw Kwò-c-hp-amb Pe-∏-c∏v?

2. acWw A∂n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Aa-c-am-bn-´p-≈Xpw C√. Zn\-cmXhyXymkw Ipdn-°p-∂-Xp-an√. izmk-an-√msX AXv (_lvaw) kzta-[bm izkn®p. A√msX bmsXm∂pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.

3. Ccp-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cu ]Ir-Xn- BZnbn¬ Ccp-fn¬ ad™v,Ahy-‡hpw Aaq¿Ø-hp-ambn InS∂p. iq\y-X-bn¬ AXv aqS-s∏-ń-cp∂p. B H∂v (Pohm-flmhv) Dujvam-hns‚ alm i‡n-bm¬ kwPm-X-ambn.

4. H∂m-a-Xmbn C—-bp-≠mbn, am\-knI ssNX-\y-Øns‚ ]Ya_oP-amb C—. Ihn-Iƒ (Ejn-am¿) Xß-fpsS lrZ-b-Øn¬ ÿnXnsNøp∂ _p≤n-sIm≠v Ak-Øn\v kØp-am-bp≈ _‘w Bcm-™-dn™p.

5. Ah-bpsS (_lvaw, Pohm-flmhv, ]IrXn F∂n-h-bpsS) hn`-P-\-tc-J-Iƒ hne-ßs\ h¿Øn-°p∂p. Xmsg-sb-¥mWv? tase-sb-¥mWv? _oP-hm-ln-\n-I-fpw h≥]n® i‡n-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Hcp`mKØv kzX-¥-I¿Ωhpw adp-`m-KØv C—m-i-‡nbpw!

6. Cu B›cy krjvSn Fhn-sS-\n-∂p-≠mbn, Fhn-sS-\n∂p hcp∂pF∂p kXy-ambn B¿ Adn-bp∂p; B¿°p ]d-bm≥ Ignbpw? CXns‚DXv]-Øn-°p-ti-j-amWv tZh-∑m-cp-≠m-bXv. At∏mƒ B¿°-dnbmw, GXn¬\n-∂mWv CXp-≠m-b-sX∂v?

7. bmsXm-cp-h-\m¬ Cu hnNnX krjvSn kwPm-X-amtbm, Ah≥AXp-≠m-°n-btXm, A√tbm? k¿thm-∂-X-amb temIØv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ k¿thm-∂-X-\mb ⁄m\n°p amXw AXv Adnbmw; As√-¶n¬ Adn-bm-Xn-cn°mw.)

krjvSn-k-¶¬]wta¬ kq‡-Øn¬ ][m-\-ambpw aq∂p Imcy-ß-sf-bmWv h¿Æn-

®n-´p-≈-sX∂v `mjy-Im-c-∑m¿ ]kvXm-hn-°p∂p: (1) ]c-_lvaw, (2)Pohm-flmhv. (3) Ahy-‡-]-IrXn. BZn-bn¬ ]c-_lvaw AYhmCuiz-c≥ A√msX as‰m-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. ""B\o-X-hmXw kz[-bm -X-tZIw'' (B H∂v ]mW-hm-bp-t]m-ep-an-√msX kzta-[bmizkn®p) F∂p ]d-™Xv Cuiz-c-s\-∏-‰n-bmWv. Cuiz-c≥ amX-amWvBZn-bn¬ \ne-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv. as‰m∂pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. Pohm-flm-


hn-s\-∏‰n ]d-bp∂p, "tctXm[m BkoXv.' AXm-bXv hocysØ,ssNX-\ysØ hln-°p∂ AXv D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂v. ]]-©-sØ-∏‰n ]d-bp∂p: "A]-tIXw, kenew CZw k¿∆w.' AXm-bXv, ]]-©-sa√mw A⁄m-Xhpw Aaq¿Øhpw Ahy-‡-hp-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v.Npcp-°-Øn¬ krjvSn°p apºv Cuiz-c≥ amX-am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX-∂sX EtKz-Z-Øns‚ A[ym-]\w. Ckvemw, PqX-aXw, ssIkvX-h-aXw apX-emb aX-ßfpw AXp-X-s∂-bmWv ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.

ssZhw ]]-©-krjvSn C—n®p. ChnSw apX-emWv krjvSn-]-InbBcw-`n-®Xv. Aßs\ Pohm-flmhpw ]Ir-Xnbpw Ah-\m¬ \ne-hn¬h∂p. F∂m¬ Pohm-flm-hns‚ Imcyw thZw Jfin®p ]d-bp-∂n√. ssZhw AXp krjvSn-®tXm, At√ F∂p tNmZn®p hnSp-I-bmWv sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Ckvemw aX-]-hm-N-I\pw Bflm-hn-s\-∏‰ntNmZyw h∂-t∏mƒ GXm≠v CtX -\bw Xs∂-bmWv kzoI-cn-®Xv.At±lw hy‡-ambn H∂pw ]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn√. Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp-∂Xp t\m°pI:

""Ah¿ Xm¶-tfmSv Bflm-hn-s\-∏‰n tNmZn-°p∂p. ]d-bpI:Bflmhv Fs‚ d∫ns‚ Imcy-amWv. \nßƒ°v Aev]-amb Adn-hp-am-Xta \¬I-s∏-ń-´p≈q.''11

CXbpw ]d-™-Xn¬\n∂v temtIm-Xv]-Øn-sb- w-_-‘n®][m\ aX-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw k¶ev]w GXm≠v H∂p-X-s∂-bm-sW∂vhy‡-am-bt√m. CXn-s\-∏‰n cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Fgp-Xp∂p:

""]]©w kzbw ]q¿W-a-s√∂pw AXv AXo-X-amb Hcp ssNX-\ysØ Bi-bn®p \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p-sh-∂p-amWv aX-K-Ÿ-ß-fnse]Xn-cq-]-hm-Iy-ß-fpsS hnh£. ]]©w kzbw ]cym-]vX-a√;AXns‚ D¤hw AXn-kq-£va-amb Hcp cl-ky-amWv. AXv hni-Z-am-°p-hm≥ AXn\v ]n∂n¬ AXn-a-l-Ømb _p≤ni‡nbpw Dt±-iy-hp-ap-s≠∂ \nK-a\w IqSntb Xocq.''12

]]-©-Øn\v Hcp I¿Øm-hn-s√∂ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ ]Ir-Xn-im-kvX-Øns‚ hni-Ie\w kmam\y a\- ns\ Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bn√. Cu hkvXpX Ko°v kmln-Xy-Im-c-\mb Acn-tÃm-s^-bn‚ vXs‚ The Clouds F∂ \mS-I-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-®-Xmbn cm[m-Ir-jvW≥D≤-cn-°p∂p:

""kvsS]vkn-b-Unkv F∂ Hcp hr≤≥ tkmI-ó-kn-t\mSp tNmZn-°p∂p: "ag s]øn-°p-∂-Xm-cmWv? CSn apg-°p-∂-Xm-cmWv?' B X-Xz-⁄m-\n-bpsS adp-]Sn: "AsX√mw sNøp-∂Xv knb-kv tZ-h-\√, taL-ß-fmWv.' hr≤≥ ho≠pw tNmZn-°p∂p: "taL-ßsf ASn®p ]d-∏n-°m≥ knb-kn-\-√msX B¿°p Ignbpw?' tkmI-ókv: "Aß-s\-b√. AXp hmbp-a-fi-e-Ønse Hcp Npg-en-bmWv.' "Npg-entbm?knbkv acn-®Xpw aI≥ Npgen B ÿm\-Øv `cWw XpS-ßn-bXpw


Rm≥ Adn-™n√' F∂p hr≤≥ X∂-Øm≥ ]d™p.''13

Npg-en-°m‰v ]⁄-bp≈ Hcp kXz-am-sW∂p [cn®v, B hr≤≥kwXr-]vXn-b-S™p. ]⁄-bp≈ Hcp kXz-Øn-\-√msX Cu ]hn-im-e-amb ]]-©sØ \nb-¥n-°m-\m-hp-I-bn√ F∂mWv kmam-\y-_p≤n kn≤m-¥n-°p-∂Xv. a\p-jys‚ ss\k¿KnI t_m[-amWv AXv.AXns\ Ah-K-Wn®p ]m]-©nI ]Xn-`m-k-ßƒ°v bp‡n-]-c-ambhymJym-\-ßƒ \¬Im≥ ]pd-s∏-´m¬ Fhn-tSbpw FØp-I-bn√.]K¤ imkvX-Im-c-\mb k¿ tPwkv Po≥kn (Sir James Jeans) s\D≤-cn®p cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Fgp-Xp∂p:

""tPymXn-»m-kvX-⁄-∑m-cpsS ZrjvSn-bn¬ ]]©w Hcp Iq‰≥b¥-a√, Hcp _rl-’-¶-ev]-amWv. AXns‚ I¿Ømhv Hcp bm¥n-I-\√, KWn-X-im-kvX-⁄-\mWv. F√m-‰n-s‚bpw ]n∂n¬ Hcp al-Ømb a\- p-≈-Xmbn tXm∂p∂p.''14

AXm-bXv, t_m[tam Adnthm C√mØ Hcp bm¥nI i‡n°v]]-©sØ sIm≠p \S-Øm-\m-hn√. ""BZn-bn¬ hN-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p... hN\w ssZh-am-bn-cp∂p'' F∂p tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-ti-j-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p.15 Npcp-°-Øn¬ BZn-bn¬ GI-ssZ-h-amWp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv F∂ Bibw F√m ][m\ aX-ßfpw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p≠v.

krjvSn-bpsS Bcw-`-sØ-∏‰n ""A]-tIXw kenew CZw k¿∆w''F∂mWv EtKzZw ]d-bp-∂Xv. AXm-bXv, ]]-©-a-Jnew Ahy-‡hpw hyman-ihpw Acq-]hpw iq\yhpw A‘-Im-c-a-bhpw A⁄m-X-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. CtXBi-b-amWv DXv]-Ønbpw ]Im-in-∏n-®n- p-≈Xv: ""`qan ]mgmbpw iq\y-ambpwCcp∂p.''16 Jp¿-B-\nepw CXn-t\m-S-SpØ Hcp ssien-X-s∂-bmWv kzoI-cn-®n- p-≈Xv: ""BIm-i- q-an-Iƒ Ahn-—n-∂-am-bn-cp∂p. A\-¥cw Ahsb \mwhnt—-Zn®p F∂p≈ kwKXn Ahn-iz-kn-®-h¿ I≠n-√tbm?''17 BZn-bn¬]]©w Ahy-Xn-cn-‡hpw iq\y-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw A\-¥cw AXns\cq]-s∏-SpØn D◊-bn-te°v hcp-Øn-bXv Cuiz-c-\m-sW-∂p-asX ]kvXpXhN-\-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw Xm¬]cyw.

krjvSn-IawFß-s\-bmWv krjvSn-bp-≠m-bXv? Cu ]iv\-Øn\v DØcw \evIp-

∂-Xn¬ ss__nfpw sslµ-h-km-ln-Xy-ßfpw Jp¿-B-\p-sa√mw tbmPn-®p-Im-Wp∂p. Pe-amWv aqe-]-Zm¿Y-sa-∂mWv Ah ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂Xv. B]kvXmhw hnhn[ ]tbm-K-ssi-en-I-fn-em-sW-∂p-amXw. ss__nƒ]d-bp∂p: ""ssZh-Øns‚ Bflmhv sh≈-Øn-\p-aosX ]cn-h¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p.''18 tIw_n-UvPv ss_-_nƒ Cß-s\-bmWv CuhN\w hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv: ""ssZh-ssN-X\yw Pe-∏-c-∏n-\p-ap-I-fn¬ k©-cn®p.''19 `mc-Xob aX-Ir-Xn-Iƒ kzoI-cn® ssienC]-Im-c-amWv: ""AXn\v apºv bmsXmcp hkvXp-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.Poh-iq-\y-am-bn-cp∂p k¿∆X.... AXv (_lvaw) Bfl-bp-‡-ambn,


ki-co-cn-bm-bn-Øo-c-W-sa∂p \n›-bn®p. AXv C—n®p. ]kvXpXC—-bn¬\n∂p Pe-ap-≠mbn. Pe-Øns‚ Iam-\m-IrXn hep-Xmbn-h∂p.Aßs\ `qan-bp-≠mbn.''20 Jp¿-B≥ Cu Bibw ]Im-in-∏n®ssien ImWpI:

""Ahs‚ knwlm-k\w Pe-Øn\v aosX-bm-bn-cp∂p.''21 AXm-bXv,BZn-bn¬ Pe-am-Wp-≠m-bXv. AXn-\m¬ At∏mƒ ssZhm-[n-]XywPe-Øn-t∑¬ amX-amWv \S-∂n-cp-∂Xv.

]]-©-Øns‚ DXv]Øn Pe-Øn¬\n-∂m-sW∂v ta¬ hmIy-ßƒHcp-t]mse Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS DXv]-Øn-sb-∏‰nJp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p:

""Poh-\p≈ F√m Hmtcm hkvXp-hn-s\bpw Pe-Øn¬\n-∂mWv\mw D≠m-°n-bn-´p-≈Xv. Ah¿ C\nbpw hniz-kn-°n-√tbm?''22

Npcp-°n-∏-d-™m¬ ssZh-k-¶-ev]-Øn-se-∂-t]m-se-Øs∂krjvSn-I-a-Øns‚ hnh-c-W-Ønepw \ne-hn-ep≈ an°-a-X-ßfpwtbmPn-°p-∂p≠v. Cu hnh-c-W-Øn¬ Hmtcm aX-K-Ÿhpw cq]-Im-Xn-i-tbm-‡n-]-c-amb ]tbm-K-ß-fmWv kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂p amXw.sslµ-h-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ Nne-t∏mƒ as‰mcp ssien kzoI-cn-®-Xmbn ImWmw: ""Cuiz-c-ssN-X\yw AS-bn-cp∂p.'' CXpw ta¬]-kvXm-hn® XXz-Øn¬\n∂v `n∂-a√. kmcmw-i-Øn¬ H∂p Xs∂-bmWv. cm[m-Ir-jv-W≥ Fgp-Xp∂p:

""CXn-s‚-Øs∂ as‰mcp cq]-amWv "Pe-Øn\p aosX AS-bn-cp∂p'F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv. "D]-tbm-K-c-ln-Xhpw iq\y-hp-amb H∂n¬ CuizcssNX-\yw AS-bn-cp∂p, ]Im-i-tØbpw Poh-t\bpw krjvSn®p.' AS-bn-cn-°pI F∂ ]XoIw ]]©-kr-jvSn-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ sFXn-ly-Øn¬\n∂v FSp-Ø-XmWv. AXn¬ temIsØ Hcp Afi-Øn-t\mSpwssZhsØ AXn-t∑¬ AS-bn-cn-°p∂ ]£n-tbmSpw D]-an-®n-cn-°p∂p.Cuiz-cs‚ Xm]-\-i-‡n-bmWv Poh-s‚bpw shfn-®-Øn-s‚bpw DXv]-Øn°p ImcWw. D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnepw ssZhw _lvam-fi-Øn\vaosX AS-bn-cp∂p F∂ cq]-Im-e-¶mcw ImWmw.''23

CXbpw hnh-cn-®-Xn¬\n∂v ssZh-k-¶¬]-Ønepw krjvSn-I-a-hn-h-c-W-Ønepw sslµh, ssIkvXh, PqX, Ckvemw aX-ßƒhfsc ASpØp \n¬°p-∂p-sh∂v hy‡-am-bt√m. CXp bmZr-—n-I-am-sW∂p ]d-™p-IqSm.

Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ1. aXw ]uc-kvXy-˛-]m-›mXy cmPy-ß-fn¬ (hn-h¿Ø-I): AºmSn C°m-h-Ω,

t]. 91, 922. Jp¿-B≥ 35: 243. Ibid 10: 474. _Zv-D¬ Aamen


5. aXw ]uc-kvXy˛ ]m›m-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ t]. 916. EtKzZw a. 10, kq. 121, E. 17. EtKz-ZmZn `mjy-`q-anI˛ hnh¿Ø\w, thZ-]-cyS\w by \tc-µ-`q-j≥ t]. 538. bPp¿thZw A[ymbw 17, a¥w 189. thZ-]-cy-S\w t]. 8610. EtKzZw a. 10, kq. 12911. Jp¿-B≥ 17: 8512. aXw ]uc-kvXy-˛-]m-›m-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ t]. 92, 9313. Ibid P. 93

14. Ibid P. 94

15. tbml-∂m≥ 1: 116. DXv]Øn 1:1 t\m°pI.17. Jp¿-B≥ 21: 3018. DXv]Øn 1: 219. Genesis-Cambridge Bible for Schools & Colleges

20. _rl-Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-jØv A[ymbw 1, _mlvaWw 2, a¥w 121. Jp¿-B≥ 11: 722. Ibid 21: 3023. aXw ]uckvXy˛ ]m›mXy cmPy-ß-fn¬ t]. 94, 95

A[ymbw Ccp-]-Øn-\mev

aXhpw bp‡n-Nn-¥bpw

bp‡n-bp-sSbpw aX-Øn-s‚bpw hnlm-c-km-am-Py-ßƒ hmkvX-h-Øn¬ c≠m-sW-¶nepw aXw bp‡n hncp-≤-am-sW∂v AXn-\¿Y-an√.aXw bp‡n-t_m-[-Ønt\m, imkvX-Ønt\m Hcn-°epw FXn-c√. Nne-t∏mƒ aX-X-Xz-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p t]mepw bp‡n-Nn¥ Bh-iy-ambn hcp-sa∂ hkvXpX \mw ]tXyIw Ku\n-t°-≠-XmWv.

ùXnI imkvX-kn-≤n-I-fn¬ G‰hpw alØpw B[p-\n-I-hp-ambH∂m-Wt√m tKmfm-¥-c -bmX. 1969˛-mam≠n-emWv a\p-jys‚ Nnc-Im-e-kz-]v\-am-bn-cp∂ B e£yw km£m¬°-cn-®Xv. Nmµ-bm-Xn-I-cmb imkvX-⁄≥am¿ ssZh-\n-tj-[n-Itfm aX-\n-tj-[n-ItfmA√m-bn-cp∂p. adn®v, ssZh-`-‡≥am-cm-bn-cp∂p. At∏m-tfm -]-¥-≠nse NmµnI bmX-°m¿ bmX Bcw-`n -°p-∂-Xn\p apsºssZhsØ ]m¿Yn®p. Iam-≠¿ ^m¶v-_m¿a≥ temI-P-\-X°v km¿h-Xn-I-amb kam-[m\w Biw-kn-®p-sIm≠v Inkvakv BtLm-jn®p.At±lw ]m¿Yn®p.

""ssZhta, a\p-jy\v Fs¥ms° hogvN-Iƒ kw`-hn-®n-´p-s≠-¶nepw temI-Øn¬ kvt\lw ImWm-\p≈ ImgvN Rßƒ°p \¬tI-Wta! Rßƒ A⁄≥amcpw Zp¿_-e-∑m-cp-am-sW-¶nepw, \ns‚ al-


Xz-Ønepw \≥a-bnepw hniz-kn-∏m-\p≈ i‡n Rßƒ°v ]Zm-\w-sN-bvXmepw! km¿∆-Xn-I-amb kam-[m-\-Øns‚ Zn\w ssIh-cp-∂-Xn\v Rßƒ°p F¥p-sN-øm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v ImWn®p Xtc-Wta!''1

At∏mtfm bmXn-I-\mb FUzn≥ BƒUn≥ Nµ-t\m-S-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ ssZhsØ ]m¿Yn-®-Xmbn At±lw Xs∂ temIsØ Adn-bn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.2 Cuiz-c-hn-izm-khpw imkvX-a-\ pw XΩn¬iXp-Xz-an-s√-∂mWv CXp -sX-fn-bn-°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬ Cuiz-c-t\bpwaX-tØbpw \ntj-[n-°p∂ ]h-W-X-bmWv C∂sØ bp‡n-hm-Zn-I-fn¬ s]mXpth \mw ImWp-∂Xv. bp‡n-t_m-[-Øn-s‚bpw imkvXo-b-hn-⁄m-\-Øn-s‚bpw A\n-hmcy XmXv]-cy-am-W-sX∂v tXm∂pw,Ah-cpsS Cu \ne-]mSp ImWp-tºmƒ. CtX-∏‰n kzev]w Btem-Nn-°p-∂Xv ChnsS Akw-K-X-am-hn-s√∂p tXm∂p∂p.

a\x-imkvX hnZ-Kv[≥am-cpsS \nK-a\w]sØm-ºXmw iX-I-Ønepw Ccp-]Xmw iX-I-Øns‚ Bcw-`-

Ønepw a\x-im-kvX-Im-c≥am-cn¬ ]ecpw aXsØ ]s‰ X≈n-°-f-™n-cp∂p. 1856˛-1939 ImeØv Pohn® knKva≠v t^mbvUv aXsØHcp anYy-mk-¶¬]-am-bpw _me-Nm-]-ey-am-bp-amWv ho£n-®n-cp-∂Xv.Cu am¿K-Øn¬ B[p-\n-I-im-kvX-Im-c≥am¿ Iptd Zqcw k©-cn®p.F∂m¬, B ho£Ww icn-b-s√∂pw aXw a\p-jy\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-sW-∂p-amWv AXym-[p-\nI a\-kvX-Xz-hn-Z-Kv[≥am-cpsS aXw.Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse Hcp ]apJ a\x-im-kvX-]-fin-X-\mbn KWn-°-s∏-Sp∂ bpßn (Jung)s‚ \nK-a\w ImWpI:

""kzm`m-hn-I-amb Hcp aXm-fl-I-L-SIw a\p-jy≥ Dƒs°m-≈p∂p.Ahs‚ am\-kn-Im-tcm-Kyhpw NnØ-ÿn-c-Xbpw˛ a‰p ]h-W-X-I-sf-t∏m-se-Øs∂ B aXm-fl-I-tNm-Z-\-Isf ]Im-in-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-sImt≠ \ne-\n¿Øm-\m-hp-I-bp≈q. aXsØ an[ym-k-¶-ev]-ambpw, bmYm¿Yy-Øn¬\n-∂p≈ Hfn-t®m- -ambpw, _me-Nm-]-ey-ambpw ho£n-°p-∂-Xn\v hncp-≤-ambHcp \n-e-]m-SsX CXv. \ΩpsS Ncn-X-Øn¬ aX-ßƒ hln-®n- p≈ ]¶pwDW¿Øn-hn´ hnIm-tcm¿Phpw Iem-kr-jvSn-Iƒ°pw hn⁄m-\-ßƒ°pwBXp-c-ip-iq-j°pw ku[ \n¿am-W-Øn\pw Ah \evInb oa-amb i‡n-bpw a\- n-em-°m-sX-bm-bn-cp∂p ]kvXpX ho£Ww. F¶nepw AXn\phep-Xmb hym]-IXzw e`n-®n- p≠v.'' 3

bp‡n-t_m-[-Øn\v hncp-≤-a-s√-¶nepw AXn-\-Xo-X-amb H∂mWv aXwF∂p bpßv ka¿Yn-°p∂p. F∂m¬ aX-t_m-[-Øn\v ][m-\-ambpw B[m-c-ambn h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv A¥x-I-c-Wm-\p-`q-Xn-bsX. CXn-\mWv imkvX-⁄≥-am¿ Intuition F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv. aX-Ønepw ssZh-Ønepw hniz-kn-°m≥ a\p-jys\ t]cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv ]kvXpX A¥-t›m-Z-\-am-Ip∂p. bp‡n-tb-°mƒ Bi-bn-°m≥ ]‰n-b-XmWv A¥x-I-c-W-m\p`q-Xn. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ bp‡n-bn¬ t_m[-a-\- ns‚ ]h¿Ø\w amX-ta-bp-≈q. A¥x-I-


cWØn-em-hs´, t_m[-a-\- n-t\m-sSm∏w, bpKm-¥-c-ß-fmbn a\p-jy≥kam-l-cn®p h∂ ⁄m\-hn-⁄m-\-ß-fpsS `fim-Im-c-amb At_m-[-a-\- ns‚ ]h¿Ø\w IqSn-bp≠v. aX-]-c-amb F√m-‰n-s‚bpw km[p-Xz-Øn\v \nZm\w Iptd-sbms° ]kvXpX A¥xIc-Wm-\p-`q-Xn-bm-Ip∂p. ]t©-µn-b-ß-fpsS \nth-Z-\-ß-fm-Wt√m bp‡n-°m-kv]Zw.A¥x-I-c-Wm-\p-`q-Xn°v as‰mcp Cµn-b-Øns‚˛ At_m-[-a-\- ns‚˛IqSn ]n≥_ew e`n-°p∂p. ""aXhpw Cuiz-c\pw GXp ap-Xn¿∂a\p-jy∂pw imkvX-⁄∂pw A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-Øo-cp∂ kµ¿`-ap-≠mhpw. aXw acn-°p-I-bn√; Cuiz-c≥ ]pdw X≈-s∏-Sp-I-bp-an√.''4

imkvX-Øns‚ ]cn-anXna\p-jy-hn-⁄m-\-Øns‚ F√m-amWv imkvX-sa∂v Bsc-¶nepw

[cn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ B [mcW A_-≤-am-sW∂v ]d-bmsX Xc-an√.imkvX-co-Xn°v Hcp ]cn-[n-bp≠v. XnI®pw ]cn-an-X-amb ]cn[n. Bkoa-°-∏pdw hnl-cn-°p-hm≥ imkvX-Øn\v km[y-a√. AXns‚ho£Ww hkvXp-\n-jv-T-amWv. ]Zm¿Y-tem-I-Øn-\-∏pdw t]mhm≥imkvXw i‡-a√. G‰hpw D∂-X-io¿j-cmb imkvX-⁄≥am¿CXp Xpd∂pkΩ-Xn-°p-∂p≠v. Cu \q‰m-≠nse ]apJ ùXn-I-im-kvX-Im-c-\mb sF≥ssÃ≥ Xs‚ Out of my later years F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ (Ah-km\ A[ymbw) Fgp-Xp∂p:

""hkvXp-°ƒ Fßs\ _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p, Hmtcm∂pw Fßs\cq]s∏- n-cn-°p∂p F∂-Xn-\-∏pdw imkvX kº-Zm-b-Øn-s\m∂pw ]Tn-∏n-°m-\m-hn√. a\p-jy≥ Cu cwK-Øm¿Pn®, hotcm-Nn-X-amb t\ -ßsf eLq-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv Rm≥ sNøp-∂-sX∂v A¿Y-am-°-cpXv. a\p-jy-I-gn-hn\v]m]n-°m-hp∂, ]c-tam-∂-X-amb taJ-e-bn-te°v hkvXp-\n-j-vT-amb]kvXpX hn⁄m\w FØn-bn- p≠v. ]t£, "F¥mWv' F∂Xp kw_-‘n® Adnhv "F¥m-hWw' F∂ Adn-hns‚ IhmSw Xpd-∂p-X-∂n-ń-s√-∂Xpw AX-Xs∂ ]I-S-amWv. F¥mWv F∂Xv kw_-\v-[n®, ]q¿Whpwkphy-‡-hp-amb Adn-hp-t\-Sm≥ Ign-bp-sa-¶nepw a\p-jy-e£yw F¥m-h-W-sa∂v Kln-∏m≥ imkvX-Øn\p Ign-hp-≠m-bn- n√. GXm\pw e£y-ßƒt\Sn-Ø-cm≥ ]‰nb, kpi-‡-amb D]-I-cWw amX-amWv hkvXp-hn-⁄m-\obw. F∂m¬ ]c-a-e-£yhpw AXv ]mtbm-KnIam°m-\p≈ Xzcbpw a‰ptkmX- p-I-fn¬\n∂p htc-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p!''5

sF≥ssÃ≥ kqNn-∏n® a‰p tkmX- p-sIm-≠p≈ hnh-£- Zn-hy-sh-fn-]mSp aptJ\ e`y-am-Ip∂ ⁄m\-k-cn-Ø-pIƒ, AYhm aX-K-Ÿ-ßƒBbn-cn-°Ww. Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]c-a-amb e£y-sa-s¥∂pw, AXv km£m-XvI-cn-°m≥ bp‡-amb am¿K-ß-tf-h-sb∂pw \ap°v Adnhv Xcp-∂Xv Ah-bm-Wt√m. Npcp-°n-∏-d-™m¬ ]mZm¿YnI hn⁄m-\obw a\p-jy-tN-X-\sb]q¿W-X-bn-te-s°-Øn-°p-∂n√. Pohn-X-Øns‚ AXyp-XvIrjvS taJ-e-bn-te°v a\p-jys\ \bn-°p-∂Xv aXhpw Cuiz-c-\p-amWv. ssZhn-I-sh-fn-]m-


Sns‚ AkvXn-hm-c-Øn-t∑¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb hn⁄m-\-km-K-c-Øn¬apßn-Ø-∏msX am\-h-cm-in-bpsS ]c-a-e£yw Ic-K-X-am-°m≥ km[y-a√.

d ¬ ]`p-hns‚ Cuiz-c≥B[p-\nI bp‡n-hm-Zn-I-fpsS Hcp alm-Nm-cy\pw ùXnI XXz-

Nn-¥-I≥am-cpsS A\n-tj[y \mb-I-\p-ambn hnNm-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂_¿Sm≠v d -ens‚ Cu hnj-b-I-amb \ne-]mSv ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂XvCØ-cp-W-Øn¬ IuXp-I-am-bn-cn°pw. BIm-c-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h\pw]m]-©n-I-K-Xn-bn¬ btYjvSw ssII-S-Øp-∂-h-\p-amb Hcp ssZh-ap-s≠∂ hmZsØ d ¬ FXn¿Øn-´p-≈Xv icn-bmWv. F∂m¬At±lw tIh-e -ssZ-h-hn-izm-ksØ FXn¿°p-∂n-s√∂pw ssZh-sØ-°p-dn® Nne aX k¶¬]-ßsf amX-amWv \ntj-[n-°p-∂-sX-∂p-amWv a\- n-em-Ip-∂Xv. Fs¥-∂m¬, ]Zm¿Y-ß-tfbpw i‡n-I-tfbpwPoh-Pm-e-ß-tfbpw `cn-°p-Ibpw \nb-¥n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp \nb-a-tØbpw A\p-c-RvP-\-i-‡n-tbbpw At±lw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p≠v.At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ ]kvXpX \nb-a-ß-fp-sSbpw A\p-c-RvP-\-i-‡n-bp-sSbpw t]cmWv Cuiz-c≥! ssZh-hn-izm-kn-bmb tkma¿t^¬Uv F∂ imkvX-⁄\v d ¬ Ab® Hcp IØn¬ C°mcyw hy‡-am-°n-bn- p≠v. AXn¬ ]d-bp∂p:

""kmIm-c\pw, C—m-\n-—-Iƒs°mØv ]m]-©n-I-K-Xn-bn¬ CS-s]-Sp-∂-h\pw tkzOm-[n-]-Xn-bp-amb Hcp Cuiz-c-\n¬ Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂n√. ]]-©-]-Zm¿Y-ß-tfbpw Poh-Pm-e-ß-tfbpw cn-°p-Ibpw \nb-¥n-°p-IbpwsNøp∂ k\m-X-\-\n-b-a-ßƒ°pw A\p-c-RvP-\-i-‡n-Iƒ°p-ap≈ t]cmWvCuiz-c≥.''6

F∂m¬ kmIm-c\pw, k¿h-Im-cp-Wn-I-\p-amb Hcp ssZh-sØ-°p-dn®k¶ev]w a\p-jy\v Bizm-khpw klm-bhpw \evIp-∂p-s≠∂ hkvXpXAt±lw kΩ-Xn-®n- p≠v.7 BI-bm¬ ]m]-©nI ]Xn- m-k-ß-fpsS ]nd-In¬ GtXm Hcp AZr-iy-i-‡n-bpsS ]h¿Ø\w \S-°p-∂p-sh∂ hkvXpXùXn-I-ho-£-mKXn AwKo-I-cn-®-h¿°pw \ntj-[n-°pI km[y-a√.

Jp¿-Bs‚ ho£WwCuiz-c-t\bpw aX-tØbpw kw_-‘n® imkvX-Øns‚ km£m¬

\ne-]m-sS-s¥∂p \mw I≠p-I-gn™p. C\n aXw ]]-©sØ ImWp-∂-sX-ß-s\-bm-sW∂p t\m°mw. Jp¿-Bs‚ ho£-W-Øn¬, imiz-Xhpwk\m-X-\-hp-amb Hcp \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn-®mWv ]]-©hpw AXnse Ft∏¿s∏´hkvXp-°fpw \ne-hn¬h-∂Xpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xpw. Hmtcm ]m]-©nIhkvXp-hn\pw AXn-t‚-Xmb krjvSn˛ÿnXn˛ kwlmc \nb-a-ß-fp≠v. B\nb-a-ßsf Hcn-°epw AXv AXn-ew-Ln-°p-I-bn√. AXn-s\-bmWv Jp¿-B≥ "kp∂-Øp√m' (ssZhnI \S-]-Sn-Iaw) F∂pw, "^nXvd-Øp√m' (ssZh-Øns‚ ]IrXn \nbaw) F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂Xv. ]kvXpX hyh-ÿ°v Hcn-


°epw am‰tam t`Z-K-Xntbm kw`-hy-a√. Jp¿-B≥ H∂n-e-[nIwXhW C°mcyw Bh¿Øn-®p-d-∏n-®-Xmbn ImWmw.8

]]-©-hpw AXnse hkvXp-°fpw i‡n-Ifpw Poh-Pm-e-ßfpw]kvXpX k\m-X-\-\n-b-a-ßƒ k\n-jvI¿jw ]men-®p-h-cp-∂-Xn-\m-emWvAh-bv°n-S-bn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw s]mcp-Ø-t°tSm kwL- -\tam \mw ImWm-ØXv. ]c-am-h[n cRvPn-∏nepw tbmPn-∏n-ep-amWv ]m]-©n-I-L-S-I-ßƒÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv. Aßs\ ]]-©-I¿Øm-hns\ Ah -tNmZyw IqSmsXA\pk-cn-°p∂p. GsX-¶n-ep-samcp hn[-Øn¬ Ah\v Iog-S-ßmØ bm-sXm∂pw ]]-©-Øn-en√. AXmWv as‰m-cn-SØv Jp¿-B≥ DW¿Øp-∂Xv:

""BIm-i-ß-fnepw qan-bn-ep-ap-≈-h-sc√mw Ah\v Iog-S-ßn-bn- p≠v. -a\x-]q¿h-ambpw \n¿_-‘n-X-ambpw!''9

Cu hmIy-Øns‚ icn-bmb s]mcpƒ Kln-°-W-sa-¶n¬ ssZh-Øns‚c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≈ \nb-a-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-I-sf-∏‰n Aev]-sam∂v ]Xn-]m-Zn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.

ssZhnI \nb-a-hy-h-ÿnXn c≠p-hn[wJp¿-Bs‚ ZrjvSn-bn¬, ssZh-Øn\v c≠p-hn[w \nb-a-hy-h-kvY-I-fp≠v.

H∂v, ]m]-©nI hyhÿ; a‰Xv km≥am¿KnI hyhÿ. ]m]-©nI \nb-a-hy-h-ÿsb Hmtcm ]m]-©n-I-h-kvXphpw ]men-®p-h-cp-∂p≠v. bmsXm∂pwAXn-s\- A-Xn-ew-Ln-°p-Itbm Ih-®p-sh-°-pItbm sNøp-∂n√. AYhmAXv kw -hy-a√. ]kvXpX hyhÿ A\p-k-cn-∏m≥ k¿hXpw \n¿_-‘n-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. C°m-cy-Øn¬ a\p-jy\pw CXc hkvXp-°fpw XΩn¬A¥-c-an√. ssZh- -‡\pw ssZh-\n-tj-[n-bp-sa√mw ssZh-Øns‚ ]m]-©nIhyh-ÿ-b-\p-k-cn-®mWv \ne-sIm-≈p-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ Cu A\p-k-c-WhpwIogvh-W-°-hp-sa√w ]mc-X-¥y-tØmSp IqSn-bp-≈-XmWv. AXm-bXv, a\p-jy≥ Dt±-in-®mepw ]kvXpX hyhÿ sX‰n-\-S-°m≥ km[y-a√. AXmWv]kvXpX Jp¿-B≥ hN-\-Ønse \n¿_-‘nX Iog-S-°w-sIm≠v hnh-£n-°-s∏- Xv.

F∂m¬ ]m]-©nI hyh-ÿnXn IqSmsX as‰mcp \nb-a-hy-h-ÿbpwssZh-Øn-\p≠v. ]hm-N-I≥am¿, Ejn-am¿, aXm-Nm-cy-≥am¿ F∂n-ßs\]e t]cp-I-fn¬ Adnb-s∏-Sp∂ alm ]pcp-j≥am¿°v shfn-]mSp aptJ\\¬I-s∏-Sp∂ \oXn-hy-h-ÿ-bm-WXv. CXn\v ssZh-Øns‚ km∑m¿KnIhyhÿ Ft∂m aXw Ft∂m ]d-bp∂p. Cu hy-hÿ a\p-jysc amX-amWv _m[n-°p-∂Xv. AXp ]men-°p-hm≥ bmsXmcp a\p-jy-t\bpw ssZhw_em¬°mcw sNøp-∂n√. AXn-\m¬ AXv a\p-jy\v btYjvSw A\p-k-cn-°m\pw [n°-cn-°m\pw Ign-bp∂p. a\p-jys‚ D∂-Xn°pw ]ptcm-K-Xn°pwth≠n-bp≈ Cu hyh-ÿnXn ]m]-©n-I-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-tbmSv XnI®pw s]mcp-Ø-s∏-´-XmWv. AXn-\m¬ AXv AwKo-I-cn®p \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-∂-Xns\Bi-bn-®mWv a\p-jys‚ km£m¬ al-Xzhpw ap‡nbpw \ne-sIm-≈p-∂Xv. Cu hmkvXhw Kln® kmXzn-I-≥am¿ ssZh-Øns‚ km≥am¿§n-I-


hy-h-ÿ-IqSn AwKo-I-cn®v, Ah\v Iog-Sßn Pohn-°p∂p. ]t£, h√_e-]-tbm-Khpw sIm≠√, kz¥w a\x-km-£n-bpsS t]c-W-sIm-≠p- am-X-amWv Ah¿ Aßs\ sNøp-∂Xv. CXsX ]kvXpX Jp¿-B≥ hN-\-Øn¬ kqNn -∏n® a\x -]q¿h-amb Iog-S -°-Øns‚XmXv]cyw. GXm-bmepw GsX-¶n-ep-samcp hn[-Øn¬ ssZhsØA\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-∏m≥ bmsXm-cmƒ°pw ChnsS km[y-a√. Npcp-°-Øn¬, ]]-©-am-I-am\w a\x-]q¿∆-amtbm \n¿_‘n-X-amtbm ssZh-Øn\v Iog-S-ßp∂p; AXp-hgn Ahs‚ al-Xzhpw AP-ø-Xbpw]Io¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. AXmWv Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp-∂Xv:

""Ggm-Im-i-ßfpw `qanbpw Ah-bn-ep≈ k¿hcpw Ahs\]Io¿Øn-°p∂p. Ahs‚ kvtXmX-Io¿Ø\w ]mSmØ Hscm‰hkvXp-hp-an√. ]t£, B Io¿Ø\w \nßƒ Kln-°p-∂n-s√∂pamXw!''10

"A¬lJv'Jp¿-B-\nse A¿Y-kw-]p-jvS-amb Hcp kmt¶-XnI kw⁄-bmWv

"A¬lJv.' kXyw, [¿aw, k\m-X\w, kpÿncw Fs∂ms° Ad-_n-bn¬ AXn-\¿Y-ap≠v. F∂m¬ Jp¿-B-\n¬ hn]p-ehpw al-Ø-c-hp-amb Nne Bi-b-ß-sf-bmWv B ]Zw ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂Xv.ssZhsØ "A¬lJv' F∂v ]te-S-ß-fnepw hnti-jn-∏n-®-XmbnImWmw.11 ssZhn-I-km-∑m¿Kn-I-hy-h-ÿn-Xnsb Jp¿-B≥ "A¬lJv'F∂p hnfn-®n-cn-°p∂p.12 Jp¿-B-s\-Ø-s∂bpw B t]-cn¬ hn-fn-®-Xmbn ImWmw.13 C]-Imcw ]]©w krjvSn -°-s∏-ń -´p -≈Xv"A¬lJn's‚ ASn -ÿm-\-Øn-em -sW∂v ]e ÿe-ß-fnepwBh¿Øn-®p-d-∏n-®-Xmbpw \mw ImWp∂p.14 A¬l-Jns‚ hn]-co-X-]-Z-amWv "A¬_m-Xzn¬.' \n∂pw Ccp-∂pw -In-S∂pw ssZh-sØ [ym\n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ _p≤n-a-Xn-Iƒ°v ]]-©-krjvSn "_mXzn-en's‚ASn-kvYm-\-Øn-e√ D≠m-bn- p-≈-sX∂v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-sa∂v Hcn-SØv Jp¿-B≥ kqNn-∏n-®n- p≠v.15

ta¬ hmIy-ßsf ka-K-ambn ho£n-°p-tºmƒ a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv CXmWv: ]]-©-kr-jvSn -B-I-kvan-I-a√, Bkq-Xn-X-amWv. Dt±-iy-c-ln-X-a√, Dt±-iy-]q¿h-am-bn- mWv. k\m-X-\hpw imiz-X-hp-amb Hcp hyh-ÿ°v hnt[-b-am-bn- mWv ]]©w Nen-°p-∂Xv. kpÿn-chpw kpÿn-X-hp-amb B hyh-ÿ°v am‰-an√. Cßs\ hn]p-ehpw Kwò-chpw kpµ-c-hp-amb At\Iw Bi-b-ßsf ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ Hcp hm°mWvA¬lJv. AXns‚ A¿Yw kv pcn-°p∂ Hcp ]Zw mj-bn¬ C√.

thZ-Ønse "EXw'Jp¿-B-\nse A¬l-Jn-t\mSv XnI®pw kmZr-iy-ap≈ Hcp ]Z-amWv

`mc-Xo-b-th-Z-Ønse "EXw.' CXns‚ A¿Y-sØ-∏‰n thZ-hym-Jym-Xm-°ƒ°vhyXykvX A n-]m-b-am-Wp-≈Xv. h≈-tØm-fns‚ EtKzZ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚


Bap-J-Øn¬ k¿Zm¿ sI.Fw. ]Wn-°¿ Fgp-Xp∂p:

""EtKz-Z-Ønse G‰hpw ][m-\-amb Hcp ]Z-amWv EXw. AXn\vkXyw, Pew, ]tPm-Xv]m-Z\w, tcX v, b⁄w Fs∂m-s°-bmWvbmkv°s‚ A¿Yw. kmb-W≥ CXnepw hym]-I-am-bn-´mWv EX-sØ-hym-Jym-\n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.''16

F∂m¬ temI-[¿aw, AYhm ]Ir-Xn-hy-hÿ F∂ Bi-b-amWv B ]Zw ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂-sX∂v io. sI.hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\m≥ ]d-bp∂p:

""temI-Øn\v Hcp imizX [¿a hyh-ÿ-bp≠v. B hyh-ÿ-sX‰n \S-°m≥ tZh≥am¿°pw a\p-jy¿°pw ]mSn√; sX‰n \S-°p-hm≥ km[y-hp-a√. Cßs\ Hcp hnizmkw EtKz-Z-Øn¬ hf¿∂p-h-cp-∂-Xmbn \mw ImWp∂p. Cu k\m-X\ [¿a-Øn\v Ejn-am¿ "EXw'F∂ t]cp sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu EXw-X-s∂-bm-Ip∂p kXyw.CXn\p hn]-co-X-am-bn-´p-≈-XmWv "A\rXw', As√-¶n¬ AkXyw.injy≥am-cpsS Pohn-X-Ncy EX-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®m-Ip∂p.''17

Jp¿-B-\nse A¬lJpw thZ-Ønse EX-i-_vZhpw GXm≠v HtcBi-b-Øn-emWv ]tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈-sX∂v a\- n-em-Ip∂p. ]m]-©nIhyhÿ, AYhm ]IrXn \nbaw; AXn -\-\pk-cn® PohnXNcy˛CXmWv ]kvXpX Bibw.

GI-Xzhpw \m\m-XzhpwC\n \ap°v ssZh-k-¶-ev]-Øns‚ GIXz˛\m\m-Xz-ß-sf-∏‰n

Aev]w Nn¥n°mw. Nne¿ ]e hkvXp-°-fnepw ssZhXzw Btcm-]n-°p∂p. a‰p Nne¿ ssZh-Øns‚ GI-Xz-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°p∂p. GI-Xz-k-¶ev]-amWv G‰hpw ]ptcm-K-an-®Xpw tijvT-hp-amb Nn¥-sb-∂-Xn¬ ]fin-X≥am¿-°n-S-bn¬ X¿°-an√. Jp¿-B\pw ss__nfpwGI-ssZ-h-Xz -kn-≤m-¥-sØ-bmWv D]-tZ-in -°p-∂-sX∂ Imcyw\nkvX¿°-amWv. `mc-Xo-b-th-Z-ß-fpsS \ne-]m-Sn-s\-∏‰n hyXykvX\nK-a-\-ß-fmWv \ncq-]I ]fin-X≥am¿°p-≈Xv. CXn\p ImcWwthZ-ß-fn¬ kvXpXn-°-s∏-ń-´p≈ tZh-\m-a-ß-fsX. EtKz-Z-Ønse Hcpa¥-Øn¬ ImWp∂p:

""cn]p-I¿i-\-∑m-cmb tZh-∑mtc, a\p-hn\v bP-\o-b-cmb \nßƒap∏-Øn-aq∂p t]cpw C]-Imcw kvXpXn-°-s∏-Sp∂p.''18

""Cµ≥, A·n, tkma≥, hmbp, kqcy≥, anX≥, hcp-W≥,hnjvWp, Dj v, Aizn-\≥am¿ (c≠v), ]qjmhv, cpZ≥, ]Pm-]Xn,ba≥, ]¿P-\y≥, Acy-amhv, acp-Øp-°ƒ, _rl-kv]Xn, kc-kzXn,AZnXn, BZn-Xy≥am¿, EXp-°ƒ, Cfm-Xz-jvSmhv, khn-Xmhv, CµmWn,hcp-Wm\n, At·bn, hkp-°ƒ, amX-cn-izmhv, sshizm-\-c≥, mcXn.''19

Ch-bsX thZ-Ønse kp]-[m\ tZh-\m-a-ßƒ.

]Y-a-Zr-jvS-Øn¬ Cuizc \m\m-Xz-kn-≤m-¥-sØ-bmWv thZw Ah-


X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂p tXm∂pw. F∂m¬ AXnse a‰p Nne a¥-ßƒGI-Xz-kn-≤m-¥sØ ]Imin-∏n-°p∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Hcp a¥wImWpI:

""Cµw, anXw, hcp-W-a-·n-amlp˛

ctYm Znhy- p-]¿tÆm Kcpflm≥

GIw kZzn]m _lp[m hZ˛

¥y·nw baw amX-cn-izm-\-amlp!''20

(At±-lsØ Cµ-s\∂pw anX-s\∂pw hcp-W-s\∂pw A·n-sb∂pw]d-bp∂p; hm\Øp hSn-hn¬ ]d-°p∂ Kcp-U\pw At±lw Xs∂;H∂ns\ ta[m-hn-Iƒ ]e-Xm-°n-∏-d-bp-I-bmWv. sshZyp-Xm·n, ba≥,hmbp F∂n-hcpw At±-l-asX!)

Cu sshcp[yw ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xns\ Bi-bn-®mWv `mc-Xob thZ-a-X-Øns‚ bmYm¿Yyw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv. C∆n-j-b-I-ambn GtIm-]n® Hcp \ne-]m-S√ thZ-hn-Øp-I-fmb ]fin-X≥am¿°p-≈Xv. Nne¿GI-Xz-k-¶-ev]-Øn\v ap≥K-W\ Iev]n-°p-tºmƒ, a‰p Nne¿ \m\m-Xz-k-¶-ev]-Øn-\mWv ap≥K-W\ Iev]n-°p-∂Xv. `mc-Xob P\-X-bpsS]mc-º-cy-am-Is´, HSp-hn-esØ k¶-ev]-Øn\v Dt]m-Zv_-e-I-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p-Xm\pw. hnK-l-]q-P-I-cm-bn-´m-Wt√m C∂-hsc \mw ImWp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ EtKzZw bmsXmcp BƒssZ-h-tØbpw Bcm-[n-°p-hm≥ B⁄m-]n-°p-∂n-s√∂pw, AXnse tZh-∑m¿ ]Ir-Xn-bpsSHmtcm ]Xn-cq-]-ß-fm-sW∂pw lnµp-°-fn∂v Bcm-[n-°p∂ tZh-∑m-c-s√∂pw io. hn.hn.sI. hmeØv ]d-bp∂p.21 EtKz-Z-Ønse NnehN-\-ß-fp-≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v io. \mcm-b-W-`-´-Xn-cn -k-a¿Yn-°p-∂XvAXn¬ Cuizc \m\m-Xz-hn-izm-k-an-s√-∂mWv. Xs‚ "thZm¿∞ hnNm-c'-Øn¬ At±lw Fgp-Xp∂p:

""GIw kZzn]m _lp[m hZ¥n'22 (kØ-bmb H∂ns\hnZzm≥am¿ ]e hm°p-IƒsIm≠pw ]d-bp∂p F∂p Xm¬]cyw);"GIw k¥w _lp[m I¬]-b¥n'23 (kØ-bmb H∂ns\ Adn-hp-≈-h¿ ]e ]Im-c-Øn¬ I¬]n-°p-∂p); "tbm tZhm\mw \ma[m GIGh'24 (tZh≥amcpsS \ma-ßƒ [cn® hy‡n H∂p Xs∂-bm-Ip∂p).Cu aq∂p a¥-ßƒ sIm≠v thZ-ß-fn¬ Cuizc \m\m-Xz-an-s√∂vkv]jvS-am-Ip∂p.''25

GI-Xz-a-X-Øn-emWv C¥y≥ thZ-ßƒ Du∂n-\n¬°p-∂Xv.F∂m¬ GI-\mb ssZh-Øn\v hnhn[ KpW-ß-fp≠v. B KpW-ßƒ]Xn-^-en-∏n-t°-≠-Xn-\mbn Ihn-`m-h\ hnhn[ cq]-ßfpw `mh-ßfpwk¶ev]n®p. AX-\p-k-cn®p ssZhsØ Hmtcm \ma-Øn¬ hnfn®ph¿Wn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ckvem-anse kq^n Ihn-Ifpw Cßs\hnhn[ cq]-`m-h-ßƒ \evIn A√m-lpsh h¿Wn-®n-´p≠v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn, In. 1180-˛1235 ImeØv Pohn®, CuPn-]vXp-Im-c-\mb Da-dp-_v\p¬


^mcnfv Xs‚ Hcp Imhy-Øn¬, A√m-lpsh Iman-\n-bmbpw Imap-I-\mbpw k¶¬]n-®n-´p≠v. At±lw ]mSnb Nne hcn-I-fpsS kmcmwiwImWpI:

""Ah-fn¬\n∂pw cmXn-bn¬ k©-cn-°p∂ Hcp hS-°≥ Im‰v]pe¿°m-e-th-f-bn¬ hoip-tºmƒ AXns‚ Ipfp¿a Fs‚ Bfl-mhn\v Ah-sf-°p-dn® kvacW \evIp∂p; ]q¿hm-lv\-Øn¬ ]£n-Iƒ hr£-in-J-c-ß-fn-en-cp∂p ]mSp-Ibpw Nne-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒFs‚ kvacW DW¿Ø-s∏-Sp∂p; kmbm-lv\-Øn¬ an∂¬ ]Im-i-ßƒ Ah-fpsS kuµ-cy-Øns‚ Zriy-ßƒ Fs‚ IÆn-se-Øn-°p-tºmƒ \b\w k¥p-jvS-am-Ip∂p.''26

Cu hcn-I-fn¬ Ihn A√m-lp-hns\ Hcp Iman-\n-bm-bn-´mWvk¶¬]n-®n-´p-≈-sX-¶n¬ a‰p Nnte-S-ß-fn¬ Imap-I-\mbpw k¶¬]n-®n-´p≠v. DZm-l-c-Ww:

""At±lw t]mbn-°-gn-™mepw Fs‚ Hmtcm Ah-b-hhpw Hmtcmat\m-RvP-X-bnepw emh-Wy-Ønepw kuµ-cy-Øn-epw -A-t±-lsØZ¿in-°p∂p˛ ipXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb Bem-]\-Øn-\n-W-ßn-t®¿∂ hoW-bp-sSbpw thWp-hn-s‚bpw kwKo-X-Øn¬, Ipfn¿km-bm-lv\-Ønepw]`m-X-Ønepw am≥t]-S-Iƒ ta™p-\-S-°p∂ ]®-Øm-gvh-c-I-fn¬,ap‰nb taL-ßƒ, Hcp ]pjv]-]-c -h-Xm-\n -bn¬ Ah-bpsS aghogvØp∂ Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬, ]pe¿°m-e-th-f-bn¬ Cfw-Im‰v AXns‚a[p-c-amb ]cn-a-f-ssXew sIm≠p-h-cp∂ kµ¿`-ß-fn¬, kpJ-\n-jy-µn-bmb XW-en¬ Rm≥ IqP-bpsS hmb -Npw-_n®v a[p-a™p \pI-cp∂ ka-b-ß-fn¬!''27

CØcw `mh-\m-_-‘p-c-amb h¿W-\-Iƒ Ihn-Iƒ°-\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-´-h-bm-sW-∂sX s]mXp-hmb kmln-Xy-aXw. ]t£, hnZzm-≥amcpwkmam-\y-P-\-ß-fp-sam-cp-t]mse hmbn-°p∂ aX-K-Ÿ-ß-fn-em-Ip-tºmƒ ]e sX‰mb hnizm-k-ßƒ°pw A_≤ [mc-W-Iƒ°pw AXvhgn-sh-t®°pw. C∂v `mc-Xo-b-X-bpsS aX-hn-izm-khpw Bcm-[\mkº-Zm-bhpw XnI™ \m\m-Xz-k-¶¬]-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-ambn \mwImWp∂p. CXns‚ Hcp ][m\ ImcWw ]kvXpX h¿W-\-Ifpw`mh-\-I-fp-a-s√-∂mcp I≠p?

b⁄w AYhm bmKwC\n thZ-Im-esØ Bcy≥am-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-co-Xn-sb-∏‰n Aev]w

Btem-Nn°mw. "b⁄w' AYhm bmKw F∂mWv ]kvXpX Bcm-[\mkº-Zm-bsØ hnfn-°p-∂Xv. Hcp bmK-ime D≠m-bn-cn°pw. GXm\pw ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿ tN¿∂v thZ-a-¥-ßƒ Dcp-hnSpw. "EXzn°p' Isf-∂mWv kmam-\y-ambn Ahsc hnfn-°pI. Hcp AKv\n-Ip-fihpw k÷-am-°n-bn-cn°pw.AXn¬ ]ip, Imf, IpXnc, BSv apX-emb Pohn-Isf sIm∂p tlman°pw.IqSmsX "tkmaw' F∂p ]d-bp∂ Hcp eX IpØn-∏n-gn™v \osc-SpØv,Acn®v, £ocw, ssXcv apX-em-b-hbpw tKmX-ºp-amhpw a‰pw tN¿Øv ]pfn-


∏n® Hcp ]m\o-bhpw tZh≥am¿°¿∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂p. CXn\v "tkma-bmKw' F∂p t]¿.

CØcw Bcm -[\m kº-Zm -b -ßƒ ]pcm -X\ ImesØCdm≥Imcnepw \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn Kth-j-I-≥am¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p."AhkvX' bmbn-cp∂p Cdm≥Im-cpsS BIm-i-KŸw. Ah-kvXbpwEtKz-Zhpw ]Tn-°p-Ibpw KmV-amb Kth-jWw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≈ hn≥Uvjvam≥(Windisch Mann) Xs‚ Story of Media28 F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ Cu hkvXp-X-bn-te°v hnc¬ Nq≠n-bn-´p≠v. Cdm≥Im-cpsS`mj-bn¬ tkmasØ "tlma' F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv.

A·n BZn-bn¬ Hcp "Jn_ve'(Zni) F∂ \ne-bv°m-hWw, Bcm-[-\-bn¬ ÿew-]n-Sn-®Xv. ]t£, ]n∂o-SXv Hcp tZh-\mbn Iev]n-°-s∏´p. tkmahpw Hcp tZh-\maw Xs∂. AKv\nsb kvXpXn-°p∂ a¥-ßƒ thZ-Øn¬ \nc-h-[n-bp≠v. A·nsb kvXpXn-®p-sIm-≠mWvEtKzZw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xp-Xs∂. AXnse HºXmw afiew apgp-h≥tkma-th-Z-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-≈-XmWv. BI-bm¬ AKv\n°pw tkma-Øn\pwthZw \¬In-bn-´p≈ ]m[m\yw koam-Xo-X-asX. bmK-k-º-Zmbwss__n-fnepw ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv. Ckvem-anepw arK-_en Hcp ]pWy-I¿a-amWv. ]t£, GI-\mb A√m-lp-hn\v amXta Ckvem-anIkn≤m-¥-a-\p-k-cn®v _en-b¿∏n-°mhq.

ssZh-amWv F√m-‰n-s‚bpw A[n-\m-Y≥ssZhsØ AJne Ncm-N-c-ß-fpsS A[n-\m-Y-\m-bn-´mWv thZw

ImWp-∂Xv. IrjvW-b-Pp¿t∆-Z-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xp ImWpI:

""NXp-∏p-\n-e-ß-fp-tSbpw \S-h-gn-I-fp-tSbpw ImSn-t‚bpw \mSn-t‚bpw Be-I-fp-tSbpw Be-b-ß-fp-tSbpw Ip∂n-t‚bpw Ip≠n-s‚bpw hn]n\ (ImSp)ßfp-tSbpw Kpl-bp-tSbpw Pem-i-b-ß-fp-tSbpwXpln\ (a™v, \nemhv) Ønt‚bpw i–-Øn-t‚bpw [qfn-bp-tSbpwNp≈n-s°m-ºn-t‚bpw sNSn-I-fp-tSbpw `qan-bp-tSbpw ]pf-s®m-gp-Ip∂\Zn-I-fp-tSbpw ac-Ønse ]®n-e-I-fp-tSbpw aÆn¬ sImgn™ Ce-I-fp-tSbpw \mY-\mb Aß-bv°-`n-hm-Z\w!''29

CXp-t]m-ep≈ ssien-Iƒ Jp¿-B\pw Ahn-S-hnsS kzoI-cn-®-Xmbn ImWmw. temI-ß-fpsS \mY≥, BIm-i-ß-fp-tSbpw `qan-bp-tSbpw A¥-cm-f-ß-fp-sSbpw \mY≥, tNmXn-\-£-X-Øns‚ \mY≥,DZb ka-b-Øns‚ \mY≥, AkvX-ab ka-b-Øns‚ \mY≥, Baµn-c-Øns‚ \mY≥, Fs‚ \mY≥, Rß-fpsS \mY≥, \ns‚ \mY≥,\nß-fpsS \mY≥, Ahs‚ \mY≥, Ah-cpsS \mY≥, AXns‚\mY≥, Ah-bpsS \mY≥ apX-emb ]tbm-K-ßƒ DZm-l-cWw.

ssZhw kI-e-⁄≥ssZhw k¿h-⁄\m-sW∂pw \tΩmSv G‰hpw ASp-Ø-h-\m-


sW∂pw thZw DZvt_m-[n-∏n-°p∂p. AY¿h thZ-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p:

""B¿Xs∂ \n∂mepw \S-∂mepw cl-ky-ambn Nncn-®mepw InS-∂mepw Fgp-t∂-‰mepw hcp-W≥ AXv Adn-bp∂p. c≠p hy‡n-IƒXΩn¬ Ipip-Ip-ip-°p-∂-Xm-bmepw A[o-i-\mb At±lw Adn-bp∂p.AhnsS At±lw XrXo-b-\mWv.''30

Jp¿-B≥ GI-ssZ-h-Øns‚ KpW-ßƒ h¿Wn-®-Xn-t\mSv A\¬]-amb kmZriyw ChnsS \mw ImWp∂p. Jp¿-B-\n¬ Hcn-SØv Cßs\]d-bp∂p:

""BIm-i-ß-fnepw `qan-bn-ep-ap-≈-sX√mw A√mlp Adn-bp-∂p-sh∂ hkvXpX \o ImWp-∂nt√? aq∂p-t]¿ Ipip-Ip-ip-°p-tºmƒ\mem-a-\mbn Ah-\p-≠m-Ip∂p. A©p t]¿ Ipip-Ip-ip-°p-tºmƒBdm-a-\mbn Ah-\p-≠m-Ip∂p. Ipd-™mepw A[n-I-am-bmepw Ah-scm-∂n®v Fhn-sS-bm-sW-¶nepw Ah-\p-≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°n√.''31

as‰m-cn-SØv A√mlp ]d-bp∂p:

""a\p-jys\ \mamWv krjvSn-®n-´p-≈Xv. Ahs‚ a\ v a¥n-°p-∂Xv \mw Adn-bp∂p. Ahs‚ IWvT-\m-Un-tb-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ ASp-Øm-Ip∂p \mw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv.''32

Ckm-tb¬ kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ btlmh Ah-cpsS amXw ssZh-sa∂ \ne-bn-emWv ss__n-fn¬ NnXo-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬, kz¥w ktlm-Z-c-∑m-tcm-S-√msX CX-c-∑m-tcmSv \oXn ImWn-∏m≥ Ah¿ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-∂n√. AYhm B \ne-°mWv aX-[m¿an-I-\n¿tZ-i-ßƒ hym-Jym-\n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂Xv. tamk- ns‚ ]ØpIev]-\-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ H∂v CXsX:

""Iq´p-Im-cs‚ t\sc I≈-km£yw ]d-b-cpXv; Iq´p-Im-cs‚ `h-\sØ tamln-°-cpXv; Iq´p-Im-cs‚ `mcy-tbbpw Ahs‚ Zmk-t\bpwZmkn-tbbpw Ahs‚ Imf-tbbpw Igp-X-tbbpw Iq´p-Im-c-∂p≈bmsXm-∂n-t\bpw tamln-°-cpXv.'' 33

F∂m¬ `mc-Xob thZ-ßƒ Cu hnth-N-\sØ A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂n√. Ahsb D≤-cn®p io. IrjvW-ssN-X\y Fgp-Xn-bXv t\m°pI:

""hcp-W≥ a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS ssZh-amWv; Hcp h¿K-Øns‚ amXw ssZh-a√. Cu hnime ho£-W-Øn¬ k¶p-Nn-X-amb h¿Ko-b-\o-Xn-t_m[w km[y-a√. A]-cn-Nn-X-t\mSv Im´p∂ A[¿a-ßƒ ]cn-Nn-X-t\mSv Im´p∂ AX-Xs∂ sX‰mWv. "Rßƒ Rßsf kvt\ln-°p∂ Hcp hy‡n-tbmSv sX‰psNbvXn- p-s≠-¶n¬, Hcp ktlm-Z-c-t\mtSm, Nßm-Xn-tbmtSm, Ab¬°m-c-t\m-tSm, hntZ-in-tbmtSm A[¿aw Imń-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬ tl hcp-W-tZh,Rßsf B A]-cm-[-Øn¬\n∂p tamNn-∏n-®mepw!''34

\oXn-]m-e-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ CXn-t\-°mƒ hnim-e-X-c-amWv Jp¿-B-\n-I-ho-£Ww. kvt\ln-°p-∂-h-tcmSv amX-a√, iXp-°-tfm-Sp-t]mepw\oXn ]men-°p-hm-\mWv Jp¿-B≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂Xv.


""kXy-hn-izm-kn-Itf, \nßƒt°m amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒt°m ASpØIpSpw-_-_-‘p-°ƒt°m tZmj-am-bn-cp-∂mepw sIm≈mw, \oXn-]m-e-I-∑mcpw ssZh-Øn-\p-th≠n km£yw hln-°p-∂-h-cp-am-IpI!''35

""kXy-hn-izm-kn-Itf, ssZh-Øn\v th≠n \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-hcpw\oXn°p km£yw hln-°p-∂-h-cp-am-IpI. Hcp P\-X-tbm-Sp≈hntZzjw \oXn ImWn-∏m-Xn-cn-°m≥ \nßsf t]cn-∏n-®p-IqSm. \oXn]men-∏n≥. AXmWv `‡n-bp-ambn G‰hpw ASp-Øn-´p-≈Xv. ssZh-`-‡-cm-hpI.''36

BI-a-Wm-h-k-c-Øn-e-√msX as‰m-cn-°epw hna-X-ÿ-cp-ambnkulr-Z-Øn¬ h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xnt\m, Ah¿°v \∑bpw kpIr-XhpwsNøp-∂-Xnt\m Ckvemw XS- -a√. aX-Øns‚ t]cn¬ BI-a-Ww-\-S-Øn-b-h-cp-ambn ssa-Xo-_‘w ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xp-am-Xta ssZhw XS-bp-∂p≈q. Cu Imcyw A¿-Y-i-¶-°nSw \evImØ hn[w, Jp¿-B≥shń-Øp-d∂p ]Jym-]n-®n-´p≠v:

""aX-Øns‚ t]cn¬ \nß-fp-ambn bp≤w \S-Øp-Itbm, \nßsf\nß-fpsS `h-\-ß-fn¬\n∂p ]pd-Øm-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-ń-√mØ hna-X-ÿ≥-am¿°v \∑-sN-øp-∂Xpw Ah-tcmSv \oXn-]q¿hw h¿Øn-°p-∂Xpw A√mlp XS-bp-∂n√. \oXn-\n-jvT-∑m-sc-bmWv A√mlp CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. aX-Øns‚ t]cn¬ \nßsf BI-an-°p-Ibpw \nß-fpsS`h-\-ß-fn¬\n∂v \nßsf ]pd-Øm-°p-Ibpw \nßsf _ln-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≈-hsc anX-ß-fm°n hbv°p-∂tX A√mlp \ntcm-[n-°p-∂p≈q. Chsc h√-hcpw anX-ß-fm-°n-bm¬ Ah¿ AI-an-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv.''37

CXbpw ]d-™-Xn¬\n∂v `mc-Xob thZ-ß-fnepw Jp¿-B-\nepwhnh-cn-®n-´p≈ ssZhn-I-Kp-W-ßƒ XΩn¬ ASpØ kmZr-iy-ap-s≠∂vhy‡-ambn. ]t£, `mc-Xo-b-th-Z-ßƒ Ihn-`m-h-\-Ifpw ]Xo-Im-fl-I-ssi-en-Ifpw \nd-™-h-bm-I-bm¬ Ah-bnse B[ym-flnI XXz-ßƒ D∂X mh-\m-k-º-∂-cmb hnZzm-∑m¿°-√msX a\- n-em-°p-hm≥]bm-k-am-sW∂v amXw!

Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ1. D≤-cWw: amXr-`qan hm¿jn-I-∏-Xn∏v (1972), t]. 502. The Hindu, August 22-1969

3. An Introduction to Jung's Psychology p. 69

4. D≤-cWw: amXr-`qan hm¿jn-I-∏-Xn-∏v 1972 t]. 505. D≤-cWw: Ibid P. 496. D≤cWw: Ibid P. 49 t\m°pI.7. D≤-cWw: Ibid t]. 49 t\m°pI.8. DZm-l-c-W-ambn, A. 17, kq. 77; A. 33, kq. 62; A. 30, kq. 30 t\m°pI.

9. Jp¿-B≥ 3: 83

10. Ibid A. 17, kq. 44


11. DZm-l-c-W-ambn A. 22, kq. 62; A. 10, kq. 3212. DZm-l-c-W-ambn A. 2, kq. 147; A. 10, kq. 10813. DZm-l-c-W-ambn A. 28, kq. 53; A. 35, kq. 31; A. 57, kq. 1614. A. 6, kq. 73; A. 15, kq. 85; A. 16, kq. 315. A. 3, kq. 190, 19116. BapJw t]. 1017. temI-N-cnXw hm. 1, t]. 13518. EtKzZw a. 8, kq. 30, E. 219. temI-N-cnXw hm. 1, t]. 13420. EtKzZw a. 1, kq. 164, E. 4621. EtKz-Z-Øn-eqsS t]. 12522. EtKzZw a: 1, kq. 165, E. 4623. Ibid a. 10, kq. 114, E. 5

24. Ibid a. 10, kq. 82, E. 3

25. thZm¿Y hnNmcw t]. 33

26. Ad_n kmlnXyNcnXw by IrjvW-ssN-X\y t]. 221

27. Ibid P. 22128. t]. 118-˛121 t\m°pI.

29. IrjvW bPp¿thZw, A[ymbw 4, a¥w 6˛9

30. AY¿∆ thZw Imfiw 4, h¿§w 16, a¥w 8

31. Jp¿-B≥ 58: 7

32. Ibid 50: 16

33. ]pd-∏mSv 20: 16, 17

34. kwkvIrX kmlnXy NcnXw hm. 1, t]. 126

35. Jp¿-B≥ 4: 135

36. Ibid 5: 837. Ibid 60: 8, 9

A[ymbw Ccp-]-Ø©v

I¿a ImWvUw

C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cpsS apJy-amb Bcm-[-\m-coXn bmKw AYhmb⁄w Bbn-cp∂p. bmK-hn-[n-Ifpw AXn¬ a¥-ß-fpsS ÿm\hpwhnh-cn-°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv thZ-`m-K-amb _mlva-W-ß-fpsS Imcy-ambtPmen. _mlva-Ww F∂m¬ _lvasØ (Cuiz-cs\) kw_-‘n-°p-∂Xv F∂m-W¿Yw. _m-lva-W-ß-fpsS A\p-_-‘-ßfpw ]cn-in-jvS-ß-fp-amWv Bc-Wy-I-ßƒ. AcWy(h\)Øn¬ h®p \S-Øp∂a\-\-am¿§-ß-sf-bmWv Ah D]-tZ-in-°p-∂Xv. hm\-]-ÿm-iaw kzoI-cn®hsc Bc-Wy-I-ßƒ a\-\-am¿Kw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂p.

_mlva-W-ßsf "I¿a-Imfiw'F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂p. EIv,bPp v, kmaw, AY¿hw F∂o \mep thZ-kw-ln-X-I-tfmSpw _‘-


s∏-Sp∂ _mlva-W-ßfpw Bc-Wy-I-ß-fp-ap-s≠-∂mWv hbv]v.F∂m¬ GXm\pw _mlva-W-ßfpw Bc-Wy-I-ßfpw amXta C∂v\ne-hn-ep≈q.

sshZnI kmlnXyw F∂p ]d-™m¬ kwln-X-Ifpw _mlva-W-ßfpw Bc-Wy-I-ß-fp-amWv. Hmtcm C\-Ønepw hnhn[ kam-l-mc-ß-fp≠v. _mlva-W≥am¿°n-S-bn¬ DZv`-hn® A`n-]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ß-fpsS e-am-bn-´mWv hn`n-∂-amb CX-b-[nIw kmln-Xy-ßƒ D≠m-bXv. io. cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Fgp-Xp∂p:

""sshZn-I-km-ln-Xy-Øn-t‚bpw I¿a-Im-fi-Øn-t‚bpw kwc-£-I-∑m-cmb _mlva-W≥am¿ XΩn-ep≈ A`n-]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ\nanØw hn`n-∂-h¿K-ß-fp-≠mbn. Ch-sb-bmWv "imJ-Iƒ' F∂p]d-bp-∂Xv. Hmtcm imJ°pw kz¥-amb kwln-X-Ifpw _mlva-W-ßfpw Bc-Wy-I-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn, ssXØ-cobimJ°v ssXØ-cob kwln-X-Ifpw ssXØ-cob _mlva-WhpwssXØ-cob Bc-Wy-I-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. C∂v \nc-h[n imJ-I-fpsSkwln-X-Ifpw _mlva-W-ßfpw Bc-Wy-I-ßfpw D]-e-_v[-a√.''1

BZn -B-cy-≥am-cpsS Bcm-[\m kº-Zm-b-ß-sf-∏-‰n -bmWv_mlvaW-ßƒ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-sX∂v kqNn-∏n-®p-ht√m. \nc-h[nb⁄-am¿K-ßƒ Ah-bn¬ hnh-cn-®p-ImWmw. ip¢ bPp¿th-Z-tØmSp_‘-s∏´ "iX-]-Y-_m-lvaWw' IqSp-X¬ ]am-W-tbm-Ky-ambn Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂p. CXns‚ Ah-km\ Imfi-Øn-\mWv "_rl-Zm-c-WyIw'F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv. _rl-Zm-c-WyIw Hcp]\n-jØp IqSn-bmWv.F∂m¬ F√m Bc-Wy-I-ßfpw D]-\n-j-Øp-I-f-√. \qdp am¿KwF∂mWv iX-]Yw F∂-Xns‚ A¿Yw.

_mlva-W-ß-fn¬ hnkvX-cn-°-s∏´ b⁄-ß-fp-tSbpw bmK-ß-fp-tSbpw coXn ChnsS hnh-cn-°p-hm≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂n√. F∂m¬, iX-]-Y-Ønse H∂p c≠p bmK-co-Xn-I-sf-∏‰n A¬]-sam∂v hnh-cn-°p∂p.C≥tUm˛Bcy≥am-cpsS ]mNo-\m-Nm-c-ß-sf-°p-dn® GXm-s≠mcpNnXw AXn¬\n∂p a\- n-emIpw.

Aiz-ta[ bmKwtkma-bmKw, kuXm-a-Wn-bmKw, ]ufi-coIw, Aiz-ta-[-bmKw

XpSßn \nc -h[n Bcm -[ -\m -k- º-Zm -b -ß-fp -≠m -bn -cp∂pC≥tUm˛Bcy≥am¿°v. C°m-eØv Ah-bpsS ]m[m\yw XptemwIpd-™n-cn-°p∂p. Aiz-ta-[-bmKw hºn® ]W-s®-ehpw hn]p-e-amb]cn-]m-Sn-bp-ap≈ Hcp aX-N-S-ßm-bn-cp∂p. £Xnb cmPm-°≥am¿iXp-°-fp-am-bp≈ bp≤-Øn¬ hnPbw hcn-®m¬ \S-Øn-h-∂n-cp∂Hcp bmK-am-WnXv. bp≤-Øn¬ Nne-t∏mƒ _m-lvaW PmXn-bn¬ s]´-hsc h[n-s®∂p hcpw. alm-]m-]-ß-fn¬ s]Sp∂p Cu _mlvaW-lXy. CΩm-Xncn ]m]-ßƒ s]mdp-∏n-°m-\p≈ Hcp -]m-b-›nØw


IqSn-bm-Ip∂p Aiz-ta[w. CXns‚ NS-ßp-Iƒ Hcp sIm√w apgp-h≥\o≠p-\n¬°pw. B bmK-]-cn-]mSn kzev]-sam∂p hnh-cn-°p∂p.

BZy-ambn Hcp b⁄-I-hmSw \n¿an-°p-Ibpw bmKw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v t\XrXzw sImSp-°p∂ _mlva-Wsc \nb-an-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.tlmXmhv, A[zcyp, _lva≥, DZvKm-Xmhv F∂n-ßs\ \mep-Xcw]ptcm-ln-X-k-aq-l-ap-≠m-bn-cn°pw. Hmtcm kaq-l-Øn\pw kp\n-›nXIrXy-ß-fp≠v. Chsc s]mXpsh "EXzn°p'Iƒ F∂p-hn-fn-°p∂p.A\-¥cw e£-W-samØ Hcp AizsØ Xnc-s™-Sp°pw. ]ptcm-ln-X≥am¿°v Bbncw ]iphpw \qdp ]ew kz¿Æhpw hoXw Z£n-W-\-evIWw. bmKw sNøn-°p∂ Bƒ˛Ct±-lsØ "bP-am-\≥'F∂p hnfn-°p∂p˛ \J-in-Jm-Zn-Iƒ apdn®v, icocw hrØn-bm°n,]pXp-h-kvX-a-Wn™v, bmK-im-e-bn¬ ]th-in-°p∂p. XZ-h-kcw bP-am-\s‚ ]Xv\n-am¿, ]pXn-am-cp-tSbpw ]cn-Nm-cn-I-am-cp-tSbpw AI-º-Sn-tbm-Sp-IqSn AhnsS ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂p. cmPm-hn\v, \mep-hoXw `mcy-am-cp-≠mhpw: alnjn (apJy-`mcy), hmhmX (CjvS-`mcy), ]cn-hr‡(Ah-K-WnX `mcy), ]mem-Ken (iqZ-Pm-Xn-bn-ep≈ `mcy). Ch¿ bYm-Iaw ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂p. Chsc AI-ºSn tkhn-°p-∂-Xn\v \m\q-tdmfw kvXoIƒ thtd-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cn°pw. ]ptcm-ln-X≥am¿ b⁄-I-hm-S-Øns‚ \mep hi-ß-fn-embn \nev]p-d-∏n°pw. Hmtcm ]ptcm-ln-X-k-aq-l-Øn-t‚bpw kao-]-Ømbn cmPm-°-∑m¿, Kma-]-am-Wn-am¿apX-emb ]apJ hy‡n-Iƒ ÿew ]nSn°pw. Aßs\ Aiz-ta-[mizw bmK-im-esb ]Z-£nWw shbv°p∂p. ]ptcm-ln-X-hrµwAiz-Øns‚ ta¬ Xo¿Yw Xfn°pw. A\-¥cw a[p-a-Ø-\mb HcmƒHcp ]ńsb De-°-sIm≠v ˛kn[Iw F∂mWo De-°-bpsS t]¿˛ASn-®p-sIm-√Ww. ]ns∂ AizsØ sh≈-Øn-en-d°n, h[n-°-s∏´]ń-bpsS ihw IpXn-c-bpsS Iogn-eqsS Nqc¬sIm≠v Ipcp°n Hgp-°Ww. tijw IpXn-csb bmK-im-e-bn¬ sIm≠p-h∂v AXns‚ ta¬Nne Blp -Xn -Iƒ \S -Øp∂p. ]p√p -sIm≠p \n¿an® HcpIbdpsIm≠v IpXn-csb _‘n®p, a¥-ßƒ Dcp-hn´v Xo¿Y-m`n-tjIwsNøpw. bP-am-\≥ IpXn-c-bpsS sNhn-bn¬ Cßs\ a¥n°pw: ""tZh-∑mtc, ZnIv]m-e≥amtc! Cu AizsØ c£n-∏n≥!'' Aßs\ IpXn-csb cmPyw Np‰m≥ Agn-®p-hn-Sp∂p.

IpXn-c-bpsS k©m-c-th-f-bn¬ AXn-t\m-sSm∏w Bbp-[-[m-cn-I-fmb c£n-Ifpw aq∂p CjvSn-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cn°pw. CjvSn-Iƒ cmPm-hns‚ A]-Zm-\-ßƒ Io¿Øn®p KmY-Iƒ ]mSpw. s]Ïp-X-nc-bp-ambn kº¿°w ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xnt\m sh≈-Øn-en-d-ßp-∂-Xnt\m Aiz-ta-[m-izsØ A\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bn√. AXns‚ k©m-c-Im-eØv bmK-im-e-bn¬ h®pw cmPm-hns\ kvXpXn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Km\m-em-]-\-ßfpwa‰pw \S°pw. Znh-tk\ kmbw ImeØv "[rXn' F∂p t]cp≈


tlmahpw \S-Ø-s∏Spw. tlmXmhv, A[zcyp F∂o ][m\ ]ptcm-ln-X≥am¿°v A°m-eØv [mcmfw Z£nW \evI-s∏Spw.

h¿jw XnI-bp-tºmƒ AizsØ Xncn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-cp∂p. A\-¥c Znh-k-ß-fnse NS-ßp-I-fmWv G‰hpw ][m\w. BZysØZnhkw A\-h[n Pohn-Iƒ h[n-°-s∏Spw. bmK-im-e-bn¬ Ccp-]-sØm∂p kvXw`-ßƒ \mń-bn-cn°pw. Hmtcm tZh-s‚bpw t]cn¬ ]e-Xcw P¥p-°ƒ Blp-Xn-sN-ø-s∏Spw. C°q-´-Øn¬ ]ip-°-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂Xv ]tXyIw ]kvXm-hy-amWv. alm-`m-cX-Øn¬bp[n-jvTn -cs‚ Aiz-ta-[sØ h¿Wn-®n-SØv ]d-bp∂p: ""]ip-°sfs°m¬h-Xn-\p-a¥w I≠o-e-Xn¬ P\w!'' (Ip™n-°p-´≥ Xºp-cms‚ hnh¿Ø\w t\m°pI.)

c≠mw Znh-k-Ønse NS-ßp-I-fmWv G‰hpw A]-lm-k-I-c-ambntØm∂p-∂Xv. A∂v Aiz-ta-[m-izsØ thsd aq∂p IpXn-c-I-tfm-sSm-∂n®vcY-Øn¬ ]qń, AXn¬ bP-am-\\pw ][m\ ]ptcm-ln-X-\mb A[z-cyphpwIb-dn-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ Pem-i-b-Øn¬ Cd-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. cYwbmK-im-e-bn¬ Xncn-s®-Øp-∂-tXmsS cmP-]-Xv\n-amcpw ]cn-Nm-cn-I-amcpw]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂p. ] -a-lnjn Aiz-Øns‚ ap≥`m-KØpw, hmhm-Xmhv a[y-`m-KØpw, ]cn-hr-‡mhv ]n≥`m-KØpw shÆ ]pc´pw. CØ-cp-W-Øn¬]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿ EtKzZ kq‡-ßƒ sNm√n AizsØ kvXpXn°pw.2

A\-¥cw Xd-bn¬ Z¿ -∏p√pw Iw_-fhpw hncn®v AXn¬ Hcp kz¿W-°-jW-an´v IpXn-csb AXn≥ta¬ InSØn izmkw apń®v sIm√p∂p.cm⁄n-am¿ "KWm-\mw Xzm' F∂p-cp-hn v CS-Øp-\n∂v he-tØm´pw "]nb\mw Xzm' F∂p-®-cn®v he-Øp-\n-∂n-S-tØm- pw, "\n[o\mw Xzm' F∂p sNm√nho≠pw CS-Øp-\n∂p he-tØm´pw \S-°p∂p. Cßs\ aq∂p ]mhiywBh¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. XZ-h-kcw Xß-fpsS hkvXm-©ew sIm≠vIpXn-csb hoip-Ibpw thWw. CØ-cpW-Øn¬ cm⁄n-am¿ Xß-fpsS he-Xp-h-isØ Xe-apSn taevt]m v sIń-sh®v, CS-Xp-h-iØp Agn-®n-Sp-IbpwsNøWw.3

Poh≥ t]mbn-°-gn-™m¬ bP-am\≥ Xs‚ aln-jnsb IpXn-c-bpsState°v "kz¿Kob kpJw A\p- -hn-®p-sIm-≈pI' F∂p-®-cn®p X≈n-bn-Sp-Ibpw A[z-cyp -A-hsc Iw_fw hen®p aqSp-Ibpw sNøpw. "CXp-X-s∂-bmWv kz¿K-temIw...' F∂p ]d™v alnjn IpXn-c-bp-ambn kwt`m-K-Øn-te¿s∏Spw.4 CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ ]ptcm-ln-X≥amcpw cmP-]-Xv\n-am-cpsS ]cn-Nm-cn-I-amcpw XΩn¬ A«oe hmIvk-acw \SØpw.

A[zcyp ] -a-ln-jnsb t\m°n ]dbpw: ""Ipamco, lsb lsb, Ipamco!bImfkIu iIp-¥nIm!'' CXn\p adp-]-Sn-bmbn ]´-a-ln-jn -]-dbpw:"A[ztcym, lsb lsb, A[ztcym! btImfkIu iIp-¥nI!''5

A\¥cw as‰mcp ]ptcm-ln-X-\mb _lva≥ Ipam-cnsb t\m°n"alnjo; lsb lsb, alnjo! \ns‚ A—-\-Ω-am¿ apf-®p-h-cp∂ hr£-


Øns‚ AK-ß-fmWv' F∂p- hn-fn®p ]dbpw. Ipam-cn°v \qdp cP-]p-Xn-am¿ ]cn-Nm-cn-I-am-cm-bp-≠m-bn-cn°pw. Ch¿ _lvas\ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn®p adp-]Sn ]dbpw: ""_“≥, lsb, lsb, _lva≥! \nß-fpsS A—-\-Ω-am¿ IoUn-°p∂ hr£-Øns‚ apI-fn-esX!'' 6

CXn-\p-tijw thsdmcp ]ptcm-ln-X-\mb DZvKm-Xmhv ]´-a-ln-jn-bpsS k]-Xv\n-bmb hmhm-Xm-hns\ t\m°n ]dbpw: ""hmhm-Xmth,lsb lsb, hmhm-Xmth! Cu bP-am\ ]Xv\n-bpsS ...!''7 Ch¿°v\qdp £Xn-b-kvXo-Iƒ ]cn-Nm-cn-I-am-cm-bp-≠mhpw. Ch¿ DZvKm-Xm-hns\ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn®p adp-]Sn ]dbpw: ""DZvKm-Xmth, lsb lsb,DZvKm-Xmth! Aßv IpXn-c-bpsS...8

]ns∂mcp ]ptcm-ln-X-\mb tlmXmhpw aln-jn-bpsS as‰mcp k]-Xv\n-bmb ]cn-hr-‡m-hns\ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn®p CtX ]Imcw Dcp-hnSpw.Ch¿°v ]cn-Nm-cn-I-am-cmbn \qdp kqX Kma-Wn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cn°pw.Ah¿ tlmXm-hn\v adp-]-Sn-sb-t∂mWw ta¬ ]Imcw A«o-tem-‡n-Iƒ Dcp-hnSpw. £Ømhv ]mem-K-en-tbmSpw C]-Imcw A«o-tem-‡n-Iƒ ]dbpw. Ah¿°v £Xn-b-Pm-Xn-bn¬s]´ \qdp sh∏m-ń-Iƒ ]cn-Nm-cn-I-am-cm-bp-≠m-bn-cn°pw. Ch¿ £Øm-hn-t\mSpw ta¬]-Imcw adp-]Sn ]dbpw.9

Ah-km-\-ambn F√m kvXoIfpw tN¿∂v, cmP-]-Xv\nsb ]nSn-s®-gp-t∂-ev]n-°p∂p. Cø-h-k-c-Ønepw \n¿Zn-jvS-amb a¥-ßfpw]m¿Y-\-Ifpw Dcp-hn-Sm-\p≠v. ]n∂oSv IpXn-csb apdn-°p∂ NS-ßmWv.]´-a-lnjn kz¿W-°-Ønbpw hmhmX sh≈n-°-Ønbpw ]cn-hr-‡ -C-cp-ºp-I-Ønbpw D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv "h]' (ta[ v) FSp-t°-≠Xv.EXznIv h] ]mIw sNøpw. Cu IrXy-Øn\v apºv _mlva-W-cmb]fin-X≥am¿ B[ym-flnI Imcy-ß-sf-∏‰n hmZ-]-Xn-hmZw \S-Øp∂as‰mcp NS-ßp-ap≠v. AXn\v "_lvtamZyw' F∂p ]d-bp∂p.

ta[ v tlman-®p-I-gn-™m¬ bP-am-\≥ knwl-Øn-s‚tbm ]pen-bp-sStbm tXmen¬ D]-hn-jvS-\mIpw. At±-l-Øns‚ inc- n¬ HcpIjWw kz¿Æw sh®v, Xe-°p-ap-I-fn¬ Imf-tØm¬ ]nSn®v, lhym-h-injvSw sNmcn-bp∂p. CtXmsS c≠mw Znh-ksØ ]cn-]mSn Ah-km-\n°pw.

aq∂mw Znh-k-amWv bP-am-\s‚ "Ah-`r-Y-kv\m\w' F∂ NSßv.]nwK-e-h¿W-ap≈ IÆpw D¥nb ]√pw Ij-≠n-Ø-ebpw ]mfip-ap≈ Hcmƒ sh≈-Øn¬ apßpw. Abm-fpsS Xe°p aosX "Pw_pIkzmlm' F∂p ]d-™p-sIm≠v Hcp _en-b¿∏n°pw. CXsX Aiz-ta-[-bm-K-Ønse Ah-km\ NSßv.10

Cu I¿a-ßƒ \S-°p-tºm-sgms° ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cmb _mlva-W-∑m¿°v Z£n-W-Iƒ [mcm-f-ambn \¬I-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh-∂Xv ]tXyIw]kvXm-hy-amWv. H∂m-asØ Znh-khpw aq∂m-asØ Znh-khpw bP-


am-\≥ EXzn-°p-Iƒ°v Bbncw ]ip-°ƒ hoXw \¬IWw. IqSmsXbp≤-Øn¬ iXp-°-fn¬\n∂p ]nSn-s®-SpØ kzØp-°fpw Ah¿°vhoXn-®p-sIm-Sp-°Ww. Ing-°≥ Zn°p-I-fnse [\w tlmXm-hn\v;sX°≥ Zn°p-I-fn-teXv _lvam-hn\v; ]Sn-™m-d≥ Zn°p-I-fn-teXvA[z-cyp-hn\v; hS-°≥ Zn°p-I-fn-teXv DZvKm-Xm-hn\pw!11

NcnX]cXCØcw bmK-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ ]mNo\ mc-X-Øn¬ \S-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂

Imcy-Øn¬ NcnXw kwi-bn-°p-∂n√. EtKzZw H∂mw afi-e-Ønse162˛Dw 163˛-Dw kq‡-ßƒ Aiz-ta-[-bm-K-sØ-bmWv h¿Wn-®n-´p-≈Xv.F∂m¬, thZ-Øn¬ ImWp∂ Cu bmK-Øn\v AXy-Km-[hpw AXn-K-l-\-hp-amb B¥-cm¿Y-ß-fm-Wp-≈-sX∂pw _mlym¿Y-Øn¬AsX-Sp-°p-∂Xv icn-b-s√∂pw C∂v Nne `mc-Xob ]fin-X-\vam¿hmZn-°p∂p. ]t£, \njv]£ \ncq-]-I-∑m¿ Cu hmZw AwKo-I-cn-∏m≥ k∂-≤-c√. ta¬ ]kvXm-hn® Xc-Øn-ep≈ aX-N-S-ßp-Iƒ a‰pNnte-SØpw \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn Ncn-Xm-t\z-j-I-∑m¿ sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v.DZm-l-c-W-ambn, bqtdm-∏ns‚ Nne `mK-ß-fn¬ Aiz-ta-[-bmKw \S-∂n-cp-∂p-htX. Vision of India F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p:

""bqtdm-∏ns‚ hS-°p-`m-K-ß-fn-ep≈ Nne ÿe-ß-fn¬ Aiz-ta-[-bmKw \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xn\v sXfn-hp≠v. lnµp-°-fpsS Nne BNm-c-I¿a-ßƒ enXzm-\n-bm-bn¬ Ct∏mgpw \S-∂p-h-cp∂p. C¥y-bnse Nne \Zn-I-fp-tSbpw a‰pw t]cp-Ifpw Cµ≥, hcp-W≥, ]pcp F∂o tZh-\m-a-ßfpw AhnsS cq]m-¥-c-s∏´p ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv.''12

arK-hp-am-bp≈ ssewKn-I-k-º¿°w ]mIrX kap-Zm-b-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]pcm-X-\-Im-eØv aX-N-S-sß∂ \ne-bn¬ \S-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbpw sXfn-bn-°-s∏-ń-´p≠v. slkv\m¿Un (Hesnard)s\ D≤-cn®v dÃwPn. taØ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xp ImWpI:

""slkv\m¿Uns‚ A`n-]m-b-a-\p-k-cn®v, ]mIrX h¿K-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ arK-hp-am-bp≈ ssewKn-I-tN¿® \S-∏p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. DZml-c-W-Øn\v sNdp-∏-°m¿ BZy-ambn \mbm-Sn-s°m-√p∂ arK-ß-fp-ambnssewKn-I-hrØn BN-cn-°p∂ kº-Zmbw B^n-°-bpsS Nne `mK-ß-fn¬ \S-∂n-cp∂p.''13

CXp-]-Imcw ]mNo\ CuPn-]vXn¬ BSp-Ifpw Imf-I-fp-ambnkvXoIƒ kwt`mKw \S-Øp∂ aX-N-S-ßp-Iƒ BN-cn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p-hsX. Ko°p-N-cn-X-Im-c-\mb sltdm-tUm-´-kn-t\bpw (In. ap.484˛-425) a‰pw D≤-cn®p taØ Fgp-Xp∂p:

""CuPn-]vXnse sawUkv (Memdas) F∂ ÿeØv BSp-I-fp-ambnkvXoIƒ kwt`m-Kw-\-S-Øp∂ aX-N-Sßv BN-cn-°-s∏- n-cp-∂-Xmbn Ncn-X-Im-c≥am-cmb sltdm-tUm- kpw vfp´m¿°pw ]d-™n- p≠v. saw^nkv(Memphis) F∂n-SØv Hcp hnip≤ Imfsb Cu Bh-iy-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-


Kn-®p-h-∂n-cp∂p. IdpØ \ndhpw s\‰n-bn¬ shfpØ ]p≈nbpw Hcp`mKØv Nµ-°-ebv°v Xpey-amb AS-bm-fhpw D≈ Hcp ImfsbtXSn-∏n-Sn®v, BtLm-j-]q¿hw tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h∂p, \mev]-Xp-Zn-hkw sIń-bnSpw. Cu ImeØv kvXoIƒ°p amXta AXns\kao-]n-°mhq. Ah¿ AXn\v Xo‰-sIm-Sp-°pI amX-a√, kzi-co-csØka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.''14

C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cpsS Aiz-ta-[-bm-K-tØmSv GI-tZiw kmay-ap≈ Hcp aX-I¿a-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. CXbpw ]kvXm-hn-®-Xn¬\n-∂vN-cn-X-]-c-amb as‰mcp hkvXpX sXfn-bp∂p. C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cpsSktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ CuPn-]vXnepw a‰pw IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xm-WXv. At£m-bvIp-am¿ aPpw-Zm¿ Xs‚ "ln≥Up-ln-Ãdn' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p:

""Bcy-∑m¿ Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ ]›n-ta-jym-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿-°p-∂-Xn¬ ssha-\kyw ]I-Sn-∏n®p. AXn\p apºv Ah¿_m_n-tem-Wnb, A o-cnb, CuPn]vXv F∂o cmPy-ß-fn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øn-cp∂p.''15

Igp-X-bmKwAiz-ta-[w-t]mse Igp-X-bmKw Fs∂mcp aX-N-Sßpw ]mNo-\m-

cy-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ \S-∏p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. bmKw Zo£n-°p∂ bP-am-\≥_lva-Nm-cn-bmbn h¿Øn-°-W-sa-∂mWv hn[n. AYhm _lva-Ncyw]ng-®p-t]m-bm¬ AXns‚ ]mb-›n-Ø-ambn Igp-X-bmKw \S-ØWw.16

CXn\p Xpey-amb Nne- B-Nm-c-ßƒ a[y-]u-c-kvXy-cm-Py-ß-fn¬]mNo\ ImeØv \S-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Ncn-X-K-th-j-I≥am¿ ]d-bp∂p. Nnte-S-ß-fn¬ hy`n-Nm-cn-Wn-I-fmb kvXoIsf in£n-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv Igp-Xsb D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv. Ah-sc-s°m≠v Igp-X-bp-ambn kwt`mKw sNøn-®n-cp∂p. dÃw Xs∂ ]d-bs´:

""]mNo\ Ime-ß-fn¬, Iºm-\nb (Campania) bnse Iyqam°v(Cumac) F∂n-SØv hnti-jn®pw, hy`n-Nm-c-°p‰w sNøp∂ kvXoIsfin£n-°p-∂-Xn\v Igp-X-Isf D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p. em‰nbw (Latium)F∂n-SØv Ip‰-°m-cn-bmb `mcy-sb-s°m≠v, Hcp in£ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Igp-X-bp-ambn kwt`mKw sNøn-®p-h-∂n-cp∂p.''17

BI-bm¬ P¥p-°sf sIm∂p bmKw \S-Øp∂ NS-ßp-Ifpw arK-ß-sf-s°m≠v kwt`m-Kw -sN-øn -°p∂ kº-Zm -bhpw ]mNo\Bcy≥am¿°n-S-bn¬ \S-am-Sn-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXn-sem´pw AZv`p-X-Øn-\-h-Im-i-an√. AØcw Bcm-[-\m-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ C¥y-bn¬ amX-a√, Bcy-h¿K-ßƒ IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Ø a‰n-S-ß-fnepw \S-am-Sn-bn-cp∂p.arK-_-en-bm-sW-¶n¬ C∂pw ]e aX-hn-`m-K-ß-fnepw ]pWy-I¿a-ambnBN-cn-®p-h-cp-∂p≠v.


kuXm-aWn bmKwip¢-b-Pp¿t∆-Zob iX-]Y _mlva-W-Øn¬ \n¿Zn-jvS-amb

thsdmcp bmK-amWv "kuXm-aWn' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.tkma-bm-K-Øn-\p-tijw kuXm-a-Wn-bmKw \S-Ø-W-sa-∂mWv thZ-hn[n. kpπ≥ k¿tP-b-t\mSv tkmaw ]mI-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°p∂ am¿K-am-cm-™-t∏mƒ At±lw ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-Ø-XmWv tkma-]mI hn[n-sb∂v iX-]Yw ]d-bp∂p.18

Cu tkma-bmK-sØ-∏-‰nbpw B[p-\nI mc-Xob ]WvUn-X-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ X¿°-ap≠v. AsXmcp el-cn-]-Zm¿Y-am-sW∂p Nne¿; As√∂pa‰p- Nn-ecpw. \ap°o X¿°-Øn¬ ]tXyI XmXv]-cy-sam-∂p-an√.F∂n-cp-∂mepw kXym-hÿ Bcm-tb-≠Xv Ncn-X-hn-Zym¿Yn-bpsS IS-a-bm-Wt√m. AXn-\m¬ c≠p I£n-I-fp-sSbpw hmZ-ßfpw sXfn-hp-Ifpw ChnsS ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xv bp‡-am-sW∂p Icp-Xp∂p.

kuXm-a-Wn-bm-K-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb tkma-sØ-∏‰n iX-]Y_m“Ww 12˛-mw ImWvUw 8-˛mw _mlvaWw 2-˛mw ]]m-T-I-Øn¬hnh-cn-°p-∂p≠v. AXns‚ Hcp kw£n]vX cq]w NphsS ImWn-°p∂p.

tkmaw ]¿h-X-ß-fnse ]md-s°-´p-I-fn-emWv hf-cp-∂-sX∂vbPp¿thZw ]d-bp∂p.19 ChnsS sNdp-hSn F∂¿Y-ap≈ "imjv]w'F∂ hm°mWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈Xv. AXn-\m¬ tkmaw kky-h¿§-Øn¬ s]´-Xm-sW∂p a\- n-em°mw. CXp ]dn-®p-sIm-≠p-h∂v ip≤-P-e-Øn¬ Znh-tk\ apΩq∂p ]mhiyw Igp-In-sb-Sp-°Ww. HmtcmZnh-khpw ]ip-hn≥]m-en¬ aq∂v XhW ip≤n-sN-bvIbpw thWw.A\-¥cw Ac-®p-I-e°n ]mI-s∏-SpØpw. CXp ]m\w-sN-bvXm¬hocyw h¿[n-°p-sa-∂mWv iX-]Yw ]d-bp-∂Xv.

tkma-eX ]dn-®p-sIm-≠p-h∂v cmXn-bn¬ ip≤-P-e-Øn¬ C´p-sh-°Ww. ]n‰-∂mƒ ImeØv AsX-SpØv Igp-IWw. Cu H∂m-asØip≤n°v "Bizn\w' F∂p ]d-bp∂p. C]-Imcw c≠m-asØ cmXnbpwsh≈-Øn-en-´p-sh-°Ww. ASpØ Znhkw a[ym-lv\-Øn-se-SpØp Igp-IWw. Cu c≠mw ip≤n°v "kmc-kzXw' F∂p-t]¿. aq∂m-asØcmXn-bnepw sh≈-Øn-en´v, ASpØ ]I-en¬ FSpØp Igp-IWw.Cu aq∂mw ip≤n°v "sFµw' F∂p ]d-bp∂p.

ip≤n-bpsS c≠m-asØ Bh¿Ø\w ]ip-hn≥ ]men-em-bn-cn-°-Ww. BZysØ Znhkw Hcp ]ip-hn-s‚bpw c≠m-asØ Znhkw c≠p]ip-°-fp-tSbpw aq∂m-asØ Znhkw aq∂p ]ip-°-fp-tSbpw ]men-emWv ip≤n sNtø-≠Xv. Cu ip≤n-I-fm¬ tkma-eX Pemw-i-ap-≈-Xm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p-sh∂pw CXmWv kuXm-aWn bmK-Øn-\p-Nn-X-ambtkma-sa∂pw iX-]Yw ]d-bp∂p:

""Cu hn[ ip≤n-I-fm¬ tkmaw Pemw-i-ap-≈-Xm-bn-Øo-cp∂p;


tkma-s\-t∏m-se-bm-hp∂p. CXmWv kuXm-a-Wn-bm-K-Øn¬ DNn-X-am-bn-´p≈ tkmaw. F√mw ss\a-b-ambn hn-°p∂p; AXp-Xs∂ ]Xy-£- tkm-a-cq]w ]m]n-°p∂p. CXp-X-s∂-bmWv a[p!''20

Cu h¿W-\-Øn¬\n∂p tkmaw BZn-bn¬ Pemw-i-c-ln-X-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ip≤n-Iƒ aqe-amWv AXv Pemw-i-ap-≈-Xm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-sX∂pw a\- n-em-Ip∂p. AXn-\m¬, Nne¿ Duln-°p-∂Xv ]¿h-X-ß-fn¬ hf-cp∂ H∂mw-Xcw I©m-hmWo tkma-e-X-sb-∂sX.21

BI-bm¬ tkma-ckw Hcp el-cn-]m-\o-b-am-sW∂p hnNm-cn-°Ww. CXn-te-°p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amWv AXv tkhn-®m¬ hocy-h¿[-\-hp-≠m-Ip-sa∂ thZ-hmIyw.22 "F≥jy‚ v lnÃdn Hm^v C≥Uy'F∂- Ir-Xn-bn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""C¥y≥ P\X s]mXp-hn¬ aZy-]m-\n-I-f√; F∂m¬ bmKm-Zn-I¿a-ßƒ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-h¿ [mcm-f-ambn aZy-]m\w sNbvXn-cp∂p.''23

bmKw sNøn-°p∂ bP-am\\pw sNøp∂ EXzn-°p-Ifpw tkma-ckw \pI¿∂n-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an√. iX-]Yw ]d-bp∂p:""CXp sh≈-Øn¬ Ie°n bmKw sNøn-°p∂ bP-am-\≥ H‰-°n-cp∂p `£n-°p∂p; F√m EXzn-°p-Ifpw tkmaw `£n-°p∂p.''24

""A[z-cyp-°ƒ F∂ EXzn-°p-Iƒ Bizn-\-hpw, tlmXm-hv, _“≥,ssaXm-h-cp-W≥ F∂o EXzn-°p-Iƒ kmc-kz-Xhpw bmKw sNøn-°p∂ bP-am-\≥ sFµhpw £n-°p-∂p. X\n°pw Xs‚ ÿm\-Øn\pw th≠n bP-am-\≥ AXp £n-°p-∂p.''25

Npcp-°-Øn¬ tkma-ckw Hcp el-cn-]-Zm¿Y-am-sW∂ \nK-a-\-amWvicn-bmbn tXm∂p-∂Xv. F∂m¬ ]WvUn-X\pw "thZm¿Y-hn-Nm-c'-Øns‚I¿Øm-hp-amb io. hn.sI.F. \mcm-bW -Xn-cn-bpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬tkmaw Hcp el-cn-]-Zm¿Y-a√. At±lw ]d-bp∂p:

""tkma-]m-e\-Øn-emWv b⁄-XXzw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv. el-cn-bp-≠m-°p∂ Nne eX-Iƒ CSn-®p-]n-gn™p IpSn-°pI Bcy≥am-cpsS b⁄-Øn¬][m-\-am-bn-cp∂p.'' CØ-c-Øn-emWv tkma-]m-e-\-sØ-°p-dn®p ]m›m-Xy¿hymJym-\n-°p-∂Xv. C∂p bmK-ß-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ tkma Hcp el-cn-]-Zm¿Y-a√. EXzn-°mbn c≠p XhW tkma-]m-\w-sN-øm≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠mbF\n°v tkmaw Hcp el-cn-]-Zm¿Y-a-s√∂p A\p- -h-s∏- n- p≠v.''26

C°m-esØ tkma-sb-∏-‰n -bmWv At±lw ]d-™Xv. CXp-sIm≠v ]mNo-\ -B-cy-∑m¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ tkma el-cn-]-Zm¿Y-a-√m-Xm-h-W-sa-∂n√. tIc-f-Øn¬ \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿ \S-Øn-h-cp∂ tkma-bm-K-Øn\v tkmaw \evIp-hm≥ _m[y-X-s∏-´-h¿ sXs° ae-_m-dnsesIm√-t¶mSv \ºn-Sn-am-cm-sW∂pw, Ah¿ XZm-h-iym¿Yw, "tkma-eX'F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp sNSn \´p-h-f¿Øn hcp-∂p-s≠∂pw tIƒ°p∂p.27

CXv km£m¬ tkmaw Xs∂-bmtWm F∂-dn-™p-IqSm.

EtKz-Z-Ønse HºXmw aWvUew apgp-h≥ tkmakvXp-Xn-]-c-amWv.


thZ-Ønse tkma Hcp eX-b-s√∂pw, ]XypX Bflm-hmWv hnh-£-sb∂pw io. `´-Xncn ]d-bp∂p:

""tkma F∂ i_vZ-Øn\v Da-tbm-Sp-IqSn h¿Øn-°p-∂-sX∂pwA¿Y-ap≠v. Da F∂m¬ amb-bm-sW∂p tIt\m-]-\n -j-Øn¬ImWp∂p. amb-bm-Ip∂ D]m-[n-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb Bflm-hp-X-s∂-bmWvtkma-sb∂p hnNm-cn°mw. bmK-ß-fn¬ tkma-e-Xsb CSn®p ]ngn-™-cn®v, ]m¬ apX-embh tN¿Øp kwkvI-cn-°m-dp≠v. Cßs\kwkvI-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ Xm¬]cyw Hmtcm Pohm-flm-hn-ep-ap≈ ambm-_-‘sØ kwkvImcw aqew th¿s]-Sp-Ø-W-sa-∂m-Ip∂p. At∏mƒtkmam-lpXn, tkma-]m\w F∂p-≈-Xn-s‚-sb√mw apJy Xm¬]cywBfl-km-£m-¬°m-chpw AXn-\p≈ ia-hp-am-Ip∂p. Bfl-km-£m-¬°m-c-Øns‚ D]m-b-ß-fpsS A`n-\-b-amWv tkma-bm-K-sa∂vNpcp°w.''28

Cu hymJym\w BI¿j-I-am-bn-cn°mw. ]t£, tkma-]m\w HcpNcn-X-h-kvXp-X-b-s√∂v CXp-sIm≠p hcp-∂n√.

kpc-]m\w]mNo-\m-cy-∑m¿°v tkma-]m\w t]mse, kpc-]m-\hpw ]Xn-hm-

bn-cp∂p. "kpc' Hgn-®p≈ aZy-ß-sfm∂pw _mlva-W¿ Ign-®p-IqSmF∂v KuX-a≥ ]d-™-Xmbn t_m[m-b-\≥ Xs‚ [¿a-kq-X-Øn¬\n¿tZ-in-®n-cn-°p∂p.29 CXn¬\n∂v kpc Hcp aZy-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂vhywKy-¥-tcW kn≤-am-Ip∂p. kuXm-a-Wn-bm-K-Øn-emWv Cu ]m\o-bhpw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂v iX-]Y _m“-W-Øn¬\n∂p a\- n-em°mw.

""kpc-sIm≠p ]cn-ip≤n hcp-Øp∂p; kpc-X-s∂bpw ]cn-ip-≤-am-bn-´p-≈-Xm-Wt√m. ]cn-ip-≤-amb kpcsb sXfn-sb-SpØv th¿Xn-cn-°p∂p. CXv a\- n-em°n kuXm-a-Wn-bmKw sNbvXp.''30

thZ-`m-jy-Øn¬ kmb-W≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""kpc F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ aZyw D≠m°n Hgn-®p-sh® tijw sXfn-sb-SpØv, _m°nDt]-£n-t°-≠-XmWv.'' BI-bm¬ kpc Hcp-Xcw "hmjm'sW∂p a\- n-em-Ip∂p.

_m“-W-ßƒ H‰-t\m- -Øn¬Bcy-th-Z-ß-fn¬ _mlva-W-ßƒ°p≈ ÿm\w hep-Xm-bn-

cn°mw. F∂m¬ kwln-X-I-fp-ambn Xń-®p-t\m-°p-tºmƒ XnI®pw`n∂-amb Hcp A¥-co-£-amWv Ah-bn¬ \mw ImWpI. _mlva-W-ßƒ \n¿Po-h-amb aX-N-S-ßp-I-sf-bmWv apJy-ambpw ]Xn-\n-[m\wsNøp-∂Xv. io. sI.hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\m≥ Fgp-Xn-bXp ImWpI:

""thZ-kq-‡-ßƒ kmam-t\y\ \nd™ lrZ-b-Øn¬\n∂p Ihn-s™m-gp-Ip∂ Ihn-Xm-]-hm-l-am-Ip∂p. _mlva-W-ß-fn-te°p IS-


°p-tºm-tg°v A¥-co£w Xosc amdp∂p. AhnsS lrZ-b-Øn\pÿm\-an√. A¿Yw Adn-b-W-sa-∂n√. D®m-c-W-Øn\pw Inb-Iƒ°p-ambn ]m[m\yw. aXw \n¿Po-h-amb Hcp NS-ßm-bn-Øo¿∂p. EtKz-Z-Im-eØv ]utcm-lnXyw Hcp ]tXyI hrØn-bm-bn-cp-∂n√. HmtcmKrl-Ønepw Krl-ÿ≥ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p ]ptcm-ln-X≥. _mlvaWIme-ß-fn¬ ]utcm-lnXyw Hcp D]-Po-h-\-hr-Øn-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p.sshZnI I¿a-ß-fpsS FÆhpw NS-ßp-Ifpw h¿≤n®p. Cu I¿a-ßƒ sIm-s≠¥pw ˛ Aa-c-Xzhpw sFµ-]-Z-hnbpw IqSn˛ km[n-°m-sa-∂mbn. "_mlva-W≥ `qtZ-h-\mbn. _mlva-W-Im-e-ß-fn¬ PmXn-hy-hÿ ]q¿W-ambn. h¿Æm-ia [¿a-ß-tfbpw am\-h-[¿Ω-ß-tfbpwhyh-ÿ-s∏-SpØn. Cu h¿Wm-i-a-[¿a-]-Imcw PohnXw \mem-i-a-ß-fmbnhn -Pn®p: (1) _“-Ncyw. CXp hnZym- ym-k-Im-e-am-Ip∂p. (2) Krl-ÿm-iaw. 3. hm\-]-ÿw. Cu ImeØv hX-ßƒ apX-em-bXp Ign®p Cuiz-cs\ Nn¥n-®p-sIm≠p Imew Ign-°Ww. (4) k\ym-km-iaw. Cu ImeØvhnj-b-ß-fn¬\n∂p hn v tIhew Bfl-⁄m-\-Øn-\mbn ]cn-i-an®p Ign-™p-Iq-SWw.''31

Aßs\ Imem-¥-tcW Bcy-aXw tIhew \n¿Poh NS-ßp-I-fmbnamdn; as‰√m aX-ß-tfbpw t]mse-Øs∂.

Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ1. hniz-Z¿i-\-ßƒ t]. 5442. EtKzZw 1˛ afi-e-Ønse 162˛Dw 163˛Dw kq‡-ßƒ Aiz-kvXp-Xo-]-c-ß-fmWv.3. hniz hn⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 1, t]. 654 t\m°pI.

4. bPp¿th-Zob i]-Y-_m-lvaWw, Imfiw 13, _mlvaWw 3, ]]m-TIw 4,JWvUnI 1

5. Ibid Im. 13, _m. 3, ]. 4, J. 4

6. Ibid Im. 13, _m. 3, ]. 4, J. 5

7. _m°n mKw Ak-t`ym-‡n-I-fm-I-bm¬ hnSp-∂p.

8. i.]. _mlvaWw Im. 13, _m. 3, ]. 4, JfinI. 6

9. Ibid Im. 13, _. 3, ]. 4, J. 7, 8

10. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 1, t]. 655 t\m°pI

11. Ibid hm. 1, t]. 665

12. D≤-cWw: C¥y-bnse h¿Æ-k-acw t]. 57, 58

13. Scientific Curiosities of Sexual Life - by Restom G. Metha P. 68

14 Ibid P. 68

15. Hindu History by Akshoy Kumar Majumdar P. 78

16. B]-kvXw_ [¿a-kqXw (\h-a-]iv\w)t\m°pI.

17. Scientific Curiosities of Sexual Life P. 29

18. iX-]Yw Im. 12, _. 8, ]. 2, J. 3 t\m°pI.

19. D≤-cWw: C¥y-bnse h¿W-k-acw t]. 62


20. iX-]Yw Im. 12, _. 8, ]. 2, J. 15

21. C¥y-bnse h¿W-k-acw t]. 62, 63 t\m°pI.

22. iX-]Yw Im. 12, _m. 8, ]. 2, J. 16

23. Ancient History of India P. 139

24. iX-]Yw Im. 12, _m. 8, ]. 2

25. Ibid Im. 12, _m. 8, ]m. 2, J. 22˛ 23

26. thZm¿Y-hn-Nmcw t]. 71

27. C¥y-bnse h¿W-k-acw t]. 61, 62 t\m°pI.

28. thZm¿Y-hn-Nmcw t]. 69, 70

29. t_m[m-b\ [¿a-kqXw 1, 1, 10

30. iX-]Yw Im. 13, _m. 8, ]. 1, J. 16

31. temI-N-cnXw hm. 1, t]. 139

A[ymbw Ccp-]-Ømdv

D]-\n-j-±m¿i-\n-I≥am¿

`mc-X-Øn¬ ]n¬°m-eØv hf¿∂p-h∂ Zm¿i-\n-I-Nn-¥-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂ Hcp ]tXy-I-Xcw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fmWv D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ.D]-\n-j-±¿i\w "thZm¥w' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. C∂p \ne-hn-ep≈ ][m\ D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ ]eXpw thZ-`m-K-amb _mlva-W-ß-fpsS, As√-¶n¬ Bc-Wy-I-ß-fpsS Ah-km\ `mK-ØmWvImWp-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠m-h-Ww, thZm¥w (th-Z-Øns‚ Ah-km-\w)F∂ t]¿ Ah°v kn≤n-®-sX∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂p. D]-\n-jØv IrXn-Iƒ \qdp-I-W-°n-\p≠v. t_mws_-bnse "\n¿Wb kmK¿ ] p'Im¿112 D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p≠v. F∂m¬ F√m D]-\n-j-Øp-Ifpw Hcpt]mse kzoIm-cy-ß-f√. cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xym-bs‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬, ]Xn-aq-s∂Æw IqSp-X¬ ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂p. Cuim-hmkyw, OmtµmKyw, _rl-Zm-c-WyIw, sFX-tcbw, ssXØn-cobw,]iv\w, tI\w, ITw, apWvUIw, amWvUqIyw, Iujo-XIn, ssaXn,tizXm-iz-Xcw F∂n-h-bm-Wh. Ch-bn¬ an°-Xn\pw io. i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ `mjyw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≠v. ]eXpw `mj-bn¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-ń-´p-ap≠v.

D≈-S°w ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ tIhew kzX-¥-Ir-Xn-I-fm-bmWv ImWpI. ]t£, Ah thZ-ß-fpsS A\p-_-‘-ßfpw,]cn-in-jvS-ßfpw BsW-∂sX amaq¬ aXw. thZ-ß-fn¬ apJy-ambpwI¿a-Im-WvU-sØ-∏-‰n-bmWv ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fm-h-s´, I¿a-Im-WvUsØ Ah-K-Wn-°p∂p. Z¿i-\-]-chpw XXz-im-kvX-]-c-hp-amb hnNn-¥-\-ß-fmWv Ah-bpsS D≈-S°w. NneXv I¿a-Im-


WvUsØ AYhm lnwkm-]-c-amb bmK-]-cn-]m-Sn-Isf hna¿in-°pIt]mepw sNøp∂p. BI-bm¬ ⁄m\Im-WvU-sØ-bmWv D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ ]Xn-\n-[m-\w-sN-øp-∂Xv.

Kpcp ASp-Øn-cn-°p∂, A¿l-cmb injy≥am¿°v D]-tZ-in-®p-sIm-SpØ _lva-c-l-ky-sa-∂mWv D]-\n-j-sØ∂ kmt¶-XnI ]Z-Øns‚A¿Yw. D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ NneXv ]Zy-cq-]-Ønepw NneXv ]Zy-an-i-amb KZy-cq-]-Øn-ep-amWv. BZna D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-sem-∂mbn Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ Cutim-]-\n-jØv ip¢-b-Pp¿th-Z-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬\mev]Xmw A[ym-b-am-bn-´mWv \n_-‘n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. ]Xn-s\´v ]Zy-ß-fm-W-Xn-ep-≈Xv. Omtµm-Kyw, _rl-Zm-c-WyIw F∂nh an°-hmdpwKZy-cq-]-Ønepw injvSw D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ KZy-]Zy kΩn-i-cq-]-Øn-ep-amWv.

temIw, Bflmhv, _lvaw, ]p\¿P∑w, tam£w F∂o Kl-\-hn-j-b-ß-sf-∏‰n D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂p. F∂m¬, Ah-sb√mw Htc ho£m-K-Xn-b√ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. Nne Ejn-am¿AssZz-X-th-Zm-¥sØ Du∂n-bp-d-∏n-°p-tºmƒ, a‰p Nne Ejn-am¿ ssZz-XhmZsØ ]n¥m-ßp∂p. thsdmcp ]£-am-Is´, _“-Øn-s‚bpwPK-Øn-s‚bpw ico-c-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ AssZz-X-`mh-sØ-bmWv AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv. io. kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Fgp-Xp-∂Xp t\m°pI:

"D]-\n-j-Ønse ⁄mXcpw A⁄-mX-cp-amb Zm¿i-\n-I-∑m¿ ]c-kv]cw A`n-]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ap-≈-h-cmWv. Ah-cn¬ Nne¿ Bcp-Wn-tbbpw At±-l-Øns‚ injy-\mb bm⁄-h¬Iy-t\bpw t]mse,AssZz-X-hn-⁄m-\-hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. a‰p-≈-h¿ ssZzX-hm-Zn-I-fp-am-bn-cp∂p. aq∂m-a-sXmcp Iq´¿ ico-c-cq-]-Øn¬ _lva-Øn-s‚bpw PK-Øn-s‚bpw AssZz-X-`m-hsØ kzoI-cn®p. CØcw Zm¿i-\n-I-∑m-cpsSNn¥-Isf Ah-cpsS injy-∑mcpw imJ-Ifpw Kln®v, ASpØ Xe-ap-d°v D]-tZ-in-®p-h-∂-Xns‚ kwK-l-amWv D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ.''1

"BI-bm¬ apkvenw-I-fn¬ ]n¬°m-eØv hf¿∂p-h∂ Zm¿i-\n-I-]-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS \ne-]mSpw ÿm\-hp-amWv D]-\n-j-±¿i-\-ßƒ°p-≈Xv. F∂m¬, Hcp hyXym-k-ap≠v. apkvenw-I-fn-ep-S-se-SpØ Hmtcm"aZvl_n' (Zm¿i-\nI am¿Kw) s‚bpw BNm-cy-∑m-cpsS NcnXw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnse alm-Nm-cy≥am-cpsS Poh-N-cnXw t]mepw C∂p-]-e-_v[-a√.

apI-fn¬ ]d™ D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS I¿Øm-°-∑m-tctbm, Ah-cpsS Ncn-X-tØtbm, Ime-tØtbm ]‰n B¿°pw kq£va-ambn Adn-™p-IqSm. In. ap. 700˛\pw 100˛\pan-S-°m-hWw Ah \ne-hn¬ h∂-sX∂p \ncq-]-I≥am¿ A\p-am-\n-°p∂p. ]kvXpX IrXn-I-fn¬ Nne-B-Nm-cy-∑m-cpsS t]cp-Iƒ ImWm-sa-¶nepw Ah-cmcpw h√ IrXnbpwcNn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn Adn-bp-∂n√. C°q-´-Øn¬ Xs∂ Omtµm-Ky-Ønepw


_rl-Zm-c-Wy-I-Ønepw Iujo-X-In-bnepw ssaXn-bnepw ]d™t]cp-Iƒt° Ncn-X-]-c-amb Fs¥-¶nepw ]m[m-\y-ap≈q. Ch¿ Ipcp-]m-©me cmPysØ cmPm-°-∑mtcm ][m\ hnZzm≥amtcm Bbn-cp∂p.F∂m¬ a‰p-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ ÿew-]n-Sn® BNm-cy-\m-a-ßƒ°v Ncn-X-Øn¬ bmsXmcp FØpw ]nSnbpw ImWp-I-bn√.

Ncn-X-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏´ Nne D]-\n-j-±m¿i-\n-I-cpsS ÿnXn-K-Xn-I-sf-∏‰n CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ kzev]-sam-∂m-tem-Nn-°p-∂-Xp-Nn-X-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v Icp-Xp∂p. D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬\n∂pw a‰pw e`n® kqN-\-I-fmWv Cu hnh-c-W-Øn-\m-[mcw.

]hm-lW ssPhenPoh-es‚ ]pX-\mb ]hm-l-W≥ F∂mWv Cu t]cns‚ A¿Yw.

In. ap. 700˛\pw 600˛\pw CS-°mWv Ct±-l-Øns‚ Ime-sa-∂-\p-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp∂p. Ct±lw Hcp £Xnb cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p. ]©m-_nse cptl¬-°WvUpw CØm-hbpw AS-ßp∂ ]tZ-i-Øn\v ]m©mew F∂m-bn-cp∂pap≥Im-esØ t]¿. ]m©mew cn-®n-cp∂ Hcp cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p ]hm-lWssPhen. Ct±-l-Øn¬\n-∂mWv _mlva-W¿ CZw-]-Y-a-ambn _lva-hnZy,AYhm D]-\n-j-±¿i\w A`y-kn-®-sX∂p ImWn-°p∂ Hcp IY Omtµm-Ky-Ønepw _rl-Zm-c-Wy-I-Ønepw ImWmw. AXns‚ Npcp°w:

D±m-eI Bcp-Wo-Ku-X-a≥ Hcp _mlvaW ]WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp∂p. kz]p-X-\mb tizX-tI-Xp-hns\ At±lw _mlvaW Nn -]-Imcw hnZy-b- y-kn-∏n®p. Aßs\ Ct±lw Hcp alm ]WvUn-X-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p. Hcn-°¬ tizX-tIXp ]hm-l-W-ssP-h-en-bpsS ]cn-j-Øn¬ sN∂p. XZ-h-kcw ]hm-l-W≥ tNmZn®p: ""tizX-tItXm, A—≥ h√Xpw Xm¶sf ]Tn-∏n-®n- pt≠m?''tizX-tIXp ]Xn-h-Nn®p: ""D≠v, tZhm.''

A\-¥cw ssPhen tizX-tI-Xp-hn-t\mSp Nne tNmZy-ßƒ tNmZn®p.F√mw Bfl-⁄m\ kw_-‘n-bm-bn-cp∂p. H∂n-s\-¶nepw adp-]Sn \¬Ip-hm≥ tizX-tI-Xp-hn\v km[n-®n√. "Adn-™p-IqSm' F∂mWv At±lw ]d-™Xv. CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ cmPmhv tizX-tI-Xp-hns\ H∂p Ii°n: ""]ns∂F¥mWv Xm¶ƒ ]Tn-®Xv? CØcw Imcy-ß-sfm∂pw Adn-™p-Iq-SmØHcmƒ Fßs\ kpin-£n-X-\mhpw?''

tizX-tIXp e÷n-X-\mbn. aS-ßn-s®∂p kz]n-Xm-hn-t\mSv ]d™p:""tZh≥ -Fs∂ Ain-£n-X≥ F∂p hnfn®p Ifn-bm°n. Aßv bmsXm∂pw]Tn-∏n-°msX Xs∂ ]Tn-∏n-s®∂p ]d™p. cmP-\y-_‘p(£Xn-b≥)Ft∂mSv A©p tNmZy-ßƒ tNmZn®p. H∂n\pw DØcw sImSp-°m≥F\n°p Ign-™n√.''

]kvXpX tNmZy-ß-tfm-tcm-∂mbn tizX-tIXp ]nXm-hn\v hnkvX-cn®psImSpØp. BcpWn ]d™p: ""Cu ]iv\-ßƒ°p≈ DØcw \n\°pamX-a√, F\n°pw \n›-b-an√. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Rm≥ \ns∂ ]Tn-∏n-°m-Xn-cp-∂Xv. Adn-bp-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Rm≥ Xo¿®-bmbpw ]Tn-∏n-t®s\.'' A\-


¥cw Bcp-Wo-Ku-X-a≥ ssPh-ensb kao-]n®p. cmPmhv \nb-a-]-Imcw B _m“-W-]-WvUn-Xs\ kzoI-cn®p. "am\p-j-hnØw Bh-iy-s∏-SpI, X-t∂°mw' F∂p ]hm-l-W≥ ]d™p. (B\, kz¿Ww,]ip, IpXnc, Zmkn-am¿, hkvX-ßƒ apX-em-b-h-bmWo am\p-j-hn-Ø-sa∂p _rl-Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-j-Øn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-´p≠v). BcpWn]d™p: ""cmPmth, am\p-j-hnØw Atß-°p-X-s∂-bn-cn-°s´. Rm\n-t∏mƒ [\-Zm\w tNmZn-∏m-\√, tizX-tI-Xp-hn-t\mSp tNmZn® ]iv\-ß-fpsS DØcw tIƒ°m-\mWv h∂n-´p-≈Xv.''

ssPhen hnj-a-Øn-embn. F¶nepw Ah-km\w At±lw AXp]d-™p-sIm-SpØp. ChnsS \ΩpsS i≤°v IqSp-X¬ hnj-b-am-hp-∂Xv Hcp apJ-hp-c-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ ssPhen B _m-lvaW ]WvUn-X-t\mSv ]d™ hm°mWv: ""A√tbm KuXa, \nßƒ Bh-iy-s∏Ću Imcyw A-Xy¥w hnj-a-I-c-amb H∂m-Ip∂p. Cu hnZy \nßƒ°papºp≈ _m“-W≥am¿°v Ae-`y-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWvtemIw apgp-h≥ £Xn-b-∑m¿ Cu hnZy-bn¬ D]-tZ-jvSm-°-fmbn \ne-sIm-≠Xv.''2

_lva-hnZy A_m-lva-W-cpsS IpØ-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw,A°mew hsc _mlva-W-∑m¿°v AsX-∏‰n bmsXmcp ]nSn-]m-Sp-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ta¬ kw`-h-Øn¬\n∂pw hy‡-am-hp∂p. D]-\n-j-±¿i\w thZ-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬\n-∂pSse-Sp-Øp-sh-∂mWv C∂sØs]mXp-[m-c-W. CXv icn-bm-bn-cp∂p-sh-¶n¬ thZ-km-ln-XysØ \nc-¥cw ssIImcyw sNbvXp-h∂ _mlva-W-]-WvUn-X≥am-cm-Ip-am-bn-cp∂p AXns‚ D]-⁄m-Xm-°-∑mcpw BZn-Zm¿i-\n-I≥amcpw.F∂m¬ NcnXw t\sc adn-®mWv \sΩ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬,D]-\n-j-±¿i\w thZ-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬\n-∂p-d-sIm-≠-X√ F∂ B[p-\n-I-\n-co£-I-∑m-cpsS A`n-]m-b-amWv IqSp-X¬ bp‡n-k-l-am-bn-tØm-∂p-∂Xv. BZn-bn¬ _mlva-W-]-WvUn-X≥am¿°v A⁄m-X-am-bn-cp∂p Cu hnZy. ]n¬°m-eØv Ah-cXv Ic-ÿ-am-°n-sb-¶nepwA_m-lva-W-cn¬\n-∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Ncn-X-h-kvXpX ]tXyIwkva¿Ø-hy-asX. ]hm-l-W-ssP-h-en-bn¬\n∂p D±m-eI BcpWn]Tn-®Xv ]©m-lpXn, tZh-bm\w, ]nXr-bm\w F∂o Hu]-\n-j-XnIXXz-ß-fmWv.3

D±m-eI BcpWo KuX-a≥kmwIr-Xym-bs‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬, Ct±-l-Øns‚ Imew In. ap.

650 BWv. Ipcp-]m-©m-e-Ønse _mlva-W-\m-bn-cp∂p Ct±-l-sa∂piX-]-Y-_m-lva-W-Øn¬\n∂p a\- n-em°mw. ]m©m-e-cm-Pm-hmbssPh-en-bm-bn-cp∂p Bcp-Wn-bpsS Hcp Kpcp F∂pw \mw apI-fn¬I≠t√m. A\-¥cw tIIb cmPm-hmb Aiz-]-Xn-bn¬\n∂pw NnX-Km¿Kym-b-W-\n¬\n∂pw At±lw Z¿i-\-in-£Ww t\Sn. Aiz-]-Xn-


bn¬\n∂v BcpWn _lva-hnZy Ic-ÿ-am-°nb IY Omtµm-Ky-Øn-ep≠v. AXns‚ kw£n-]vX-cq]w:

]mNo-\-ime Hu]-a-\y-h≥, kXy-b-⁄-]u-epjn, Cµ-Zypav\`m√-th-b≥, P\-i¿°-cm-£y≥, _pUne Aiz-Xm-cizn F∂o alm-ssh-Zn-I-cmb A©p _mlva-W≥am¿ Nn¥n®p, Bflm-hpt≠m_lva-apt≠m F∂v. D±m-e-I-B-cp-Wo-Ku-X-as\ kao-]n-®m¬]kvXpX ]iv-\-ßƒ°p-Øcw e`n-°p-sa∂ ]Xo-£-tbmsS Ah¿At±-l-Øns‚ ASp-Øp-sN∂p. BcpWn hnNm-cn®p: Cu _mlva-W-]-WvUn-X≥am¿ ]Xm-]n-Ifpw alm sshZn-I-cp-amWv. Ch-cpsSF√m ]iv-\-ßfpw ]cn-l-cn-°p-hm≥ Fs∂-s°m-≠m-hn√. AXn-\m¬,as‰m-cmsf \n¿tZ-in-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xmhpw \√Xv. At±lw B_mlvaW≥am-tcmSp ]d™p: ""tZh-∑mtc, tIIb cmPm-hmb Aiz-]Xn sshizm-\-cm-flm-hn-s\-∏‰n ]T\w \S-Øp-I-bmWv, \ap°v At±-lsØ kao-]n°mw.''

Ch-sc√mw tN¿∂v Aiz-]-Xnsb I≠p. cmPmhv Ahsc acym-Z-]q¿hw k¬°-cn®p. A\-¥cw ]d™p: ""Fs‚ \mń¬ XkvI-ct\maZy-]m-\ntbm Ahn-Zzmt\m A·n-tlmXw \S-Øm-Ø-ht\m kvXoe-º-St\m hy`n-Nm-cn-Wntbm ep_v[t\m C√. Rm≥ I¿a-a-\p-jvTn-°p∂p. Chn-sS-bp≈ ]ptcm-ln-X≥am¿°p \evIp-∂X Zm\w\nßƒ°pw Xcmw. ChnsS Xma-kn-®mepw!'' Ah¿ ]d™p: ""a\p-jys‚ Pohn-X-e£yw ]d-™p-X-cnI. AXv Adn-bm-\m-Ip∂p Rßƒh∂n-´p-≈Xv. \nßƒ Ct∏mƒ sshizm-\-cm-flm-hn-s\-∏‰n A[y-b\w\S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wt√m. sshizm-\-cm-flmhv F¥m-sW∂pwRßsf Adn-bn-®mepw!'' ""icn, ]d-™p-Xcmw'' ˛cmPmhp kΩ-Xn®p.

]ns‰-∂mƒ ]q¿hm-lv\-Øn¬ injy-Xz-kzo-I-cW Nnlv\-ambkanØpw Iøn-se-SpØv Ah¿ Aiz-]Xn ssItI-bs\ kao-]n®p.At±-l-a-hsc D]-\-b-\w-sN-bvXn√; Nn´-]-Imcw injy-∑m-cm-°n-b-Xp-an√. Fs¥-∂m¬, _mlva-W¿°v A_m-lva-W≥ hnZy-b-`y-kn-∏n-°p-I-sb-∂Xv A°m-esØ BNm-c-I-a-Øn\p hncp-≤-am-bn-cp∂p.F¶nepw At±lw Ah-cn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Ø\pw D]m-k-\-sN-øp∂ Bflm-hn-s\-∏‰n At\z-jn-°p-Ibpw AXv hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-IbpwsNbvXp. Ah-km\w ]d™p: ""\nß-sf-√m-hcpw sshizm-\-cm-flm-hns\ Adn-bp∂p, `qansb F∂-t]mse!''4

CXn¬\n∂pw Bcp-Wo-Ku-X-a≥ ]m©m-e-cm-Pm-hmb ]hm-l-W-\n¬\n-s∂-∂-t]mse, tII-b-cm-Pm-hmb Aiz-]-Xn-bn¬\n∂pw_lva-⁄m\w A`y-kn-®p-sh∂p a\- n-em-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. Xv[ew,kn‘p F∂o \Zn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬, Xmgv∂ lnam-eb ]tZ-iØv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ cmPu-cn-°-Sp-Øm-bn-cp∂p tIIb cmPyw.

C]-Imcw Xs∂ BcpWn, NnX-Km¿Kym-bWn F∂ al¿jn-bn¬ \n∂pw Bfl-⁄m\w kºm-Zn-®-Xmbn Iujo-X-In-bn¬\n∂pw


sXfn-bp-∂p≠v. Ncn-X-Øn¬ H∂m-asØ _mlva-W-Zm¿i-\n-I≥Bcp-Wn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]d-™p-ht√m. At±lw kz¥-amb HcpZ¿i-\-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xm-hmbn kz]p-X-\mb tizX-tI-Xp-hn\v AXp-]-tZ-in®p. PKØpw _-lvahpw XΩn-ep≈ At`-Z-hmZw AYhm"XØz-ako' (AXv \obmWv) F∂ kn≤m¥w At±-l-amWv BZy-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-®Xv. Cu kn≤m¥w ]ptcm-K-an®v Ah-km\w Ass-ZzX-th-Zm-¥-ambn cq]m-¥-c-s∏´p.

bm⁄-h¬Iy≥bm⁄-h¬Iy≥ F∂ al¿jn ]pwK-hs‚ cmPyw GXm-sW∂v

\ncq-]-I≥am¿°v Xo¿®-bn√. tUm. io[c -sh-¶n-tSi tIXv°-dpsS"alm-cm-jvSob hn⁄m\ tImi'-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv, bm⁄-h¬Iy≥hntZ-l-cm-Py-°m-c-\m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂mWv. Fs¥-∂m¬ hntZl cmPm-hmb P\-Is‚ Kpcp-hm-bn-cp∂p At±lw. F∂m¬, kmwIr-Xym-b≥Cu \nK-a\w AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n√. Ipcp-]m-©me \nhm-kn-bm-bn-cp∂pbm⁄-h¬Iy≥ F∂sX At±-l-Øns‚ \nK-a\w.5

bm⁄-h¬Iys‚ IY-bn¬\n∂p a\- n-em-Ip-∂Xv At±lw HcpGI-]-Xv\o-h-X-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂mWv. ImØym-b\n, ssatX-bn -F-∂n-ßs\ c≠p ]Xv\n-am-cp-≠m-bn-cp∂p Cu Ejn°v. F∂m¬,k¥-Xn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ssatXbn `¿Øm-hn-s\-t∏mse _“-hmZn\nbm-bn-cp∂p. ImØym-b\n kmam\y kvXobpw. bm⁄-h¬Iy≥ ]cn-hPy(k\ymkw) kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥ Dt±-in-®-t∏mƒ Xs‚kº-sØ√mw ]Xv\n-am¿°n-S-bn¬ hoXn-°p-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n®p. ]t£,ssatXbn kº-Øn¬ XXv]-cb-√m-bn-cp∂p. `¿Øm-hn-s\-t∏msetemI-]-cn-Xym-K-Øn\v apXn-cp-I-bmWv Ah¿ sNbvXXv. Aßs\`¿Øm-hn¬\n∂v _lva-hnZy A`y-kn-°p-Ibpw k\ym-kn-\n-bm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

_rl-Zm -c -Wy-I-Øn¬ aq∂p ]I-c -W-ß-fn -embn bm⁄-h¬Iys‚ Zm¿i-\nI Nn¥-Iƒ tImUo-Ir-X-am-bn-cn-°p∂p. aq∂pkw`-h-ßƒ AXn¬ hnh-cn-®n-´p≠v. H∂v, P\-I-cm-Pm-hns‚ ]cn-j-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØv imkvX-N¿®-\-S-Øn-bXv; c≠v, P\-I-\p-ambn IqSn-°m-gvN-\-SØn _lva-⁄m\w D]-tZ-in-®Xv; aq∂v, kz]Xv\n ssatX-bn-°p-]-tZiw \evIn-bXv. B kw`-h-ß-tfm-tcm∂pw ChnsS Npcp°nhnh-cn-°p∂p:

P\-Is‚ b⁄-]-cn-j-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØv hmZ-]-Xn-hmZw \S-ØnbIY ck-I-c-amWv. P\-I-cm-Pmhv hfsc Z£nW \¬In b⁄w \S-Øn-°p∂ Hcp [¿an-jvT-\m-bn-cp∂p. Ipcp-]m-©me-Ønse _mlva-W-]-fin-X≥am¿ Hcn-°¬ At±-l-Øns‚ k`-bn¬ kw_-‘n®p.B ]fin-X≥am-cn¬ G‰hpw tij-vT-\mb ⁄m\n- B-sc∂v ]co-£n-∏m≥ cmPmhv Xocp-am-\n®p. Bbncw ]ip-°sf Hcp ÿeØv


\n¿Øp-Ibpw H∂ns‚ Ccp-sIm-ºp-I-fn¬ ]Xp-∏Øp "Zi-]mZw' F∂\mWbw sIń-bn-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±lw ]d™p: ""tZh≥amtc,\nß-fn¬ k¿h tijvT-\mb ]WvUn-X≥ Cu ]ip-°sf sIm≠p-t]m-Is´.''

_mlvaW ]fin-X≥amcmcpw Ahsb sIm≠pt]mIm≥ ss[cy-s∏-Sp-∂n-s√∂v I≠-t∏mƒ bm⁄-h¬Iy≥ kzin-jy-\mb tkma-i-h-t\mSp Iev]n®p: ""B ]ip-°sf sXfn-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-hpI.''At±lw Aßs\ sNbvXp. _m“W ]WvUn-X≥am¿°v Acniw]nSn-®p. ""Cbmƒ Fß-s\-bmWv \Ω-sf-°mƒ tijvT-s\-∂-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂Xv'' ˛Ah¿ ]d™p.

cmPm-hns‚ a¥-]p-tcm-ln-X-\m-bn-cp∂p Aiz-e≥. At±lwtNmZn®p: ""A√tbm bm⁄-h¬Iy, Xm¶ƒ Rß-tf-°mƒ _lvan-j-vT-\mtWm?'' ""Rm≥ _lvan-jvTs\ \a-kvI-cn-°p∂p. F\n°v ]ip-°-sf-bm-Wm-hiyw''˛ bm⁄-h¬Iy≥ ]d™p. Aiz-e≥ I¿a-Im-fi-sØ-∏‰n hfsc tNmZy-ßƒ tNmZn®p. sshZn-I-I¿a-Im-fi-Øn¬AKm-[-]m-finXyw t\Snb Bfm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ bm⁄-h¬Iy\vAiz-es\ \n»-_vZ-\m-°m≥ ]bm-k-ap-≠m-bn√. ]n∂oSv B¿Ø-`m-K≥, `pPyp¿√m-lym-b\n, DjkvXn ]mIm-b-W≥, Iujo-X-tI-b-I≥,Km¿Kn-hm-N-Iv\hn, hnZ-Kv[-im-I-ey≥, BcpWn apX-em-b-hcpw tNmZy-ßƒ D∂-bn®p. Ch¿s°√mw Xr]vXn-I-c-amb adp]Sn sImSpØp.(C°q-´-Øn¬ BcpWn tNmZy-ßƒ tNmZn-®p-sh-∂Xv Akw-K-X-am-sW∂pw BcpWn bm⁄-h¬Iys‚ ]Xn-Zz-µn-b√, Kpcp-hm-sW∂pwNne \ncq-]-I-∑m¿ ]d-bp∂p. Km¿Kn-hm-N-Iv\hn Hcp h\n-X-bmWv.h\n-X-Ifpw A°m-eØv _lva-hn-Zym-]-c-amb hmZ-]-Xn-hm-Z-Øn¬kw_-‘n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn Cu kw`hw sXfn-bn-°p∂p). Aßs\ kIe_mlva-W-hn-Zzm≥am-tcbpw hnZp-jn-I-tfbpw AXn-P-bn-°p∂ alm-⁄m-\n-bm-Wv Xm-s\∂v bm⁄-h¬Iy≥ hmZ-]-Xn-hm-Z-Øn-eqsSsXfn-bn®p.

kZ v ]ncn™ tijw bm⁄-h¬Iy≥ P\-I-\p-ambn kzImcyIqSn-°m-gvN-\-S-Øp-Ibpw P\-I\v _lva-hn-Zym-kw-_-‘n-bmb D]-tZ-i-ßƒ \evIp-I-bpw-sNbvXp. _rl-Zm-c-Wy-I-Ønse \memw A[ym-b-Øn¬ Cu IqSn-°mgvN hnh-cn-®n-´p≠v.

Bÿm-\-a-WvU-]-Øn¬ P\-I≥ Ccn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. bm⁄-h¬Iy≥ At±-lsØ sN∂p-I≠p. ""F¥n-\mWv h∂Xv, ]ip-°sf sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-hmt\m, h√ kq£va-X-Xzhpw D]-tZ-in-°p-hmt\m?'' P\-I≥tNmZn®p. ""c≠n-\p-amWv'' bm⁄-h¬Iy≥ XpS¿∂p: ""a‰m-sc-¶nepw D]-tZ-in-®n- p-s≠-¶n¬ AXp tIƒ°p-hm\pw.'' XZ-h-kcw ]e ]WvUn-X-∑mcpwD]-tZ-in® XXz-ßƒ P\-I≥ tIƒ∏n®p. bm⁄-h¬Iy≥ Ah-bpsS hni-Zo-I-cWw Adn-bn®p.


thsdmcp XhW sN∂-t∏mƒ P\-I≥ ]d™p: ""\a-kvImcw!bm⁄-h¬Iy, F\n°v D]-tZiw \evIpI.'' bm⁄-h¬Iy≥ ]Xn-h-Nn®p: ""Zo¿L-bm-X-°m-c≥ cY-Øntem tXmWn-bntem k©-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Cu D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ (XtXzm-]-tZ-i-ßƒ) Aß-bpsS Bflm-hn\v A`bw \evIn-bn-cn-°p-I-bmWv.'' XpS¿∂p \evInbD]-tZ-i-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ At±lw ]d™p: ""Bflmhv Kln-°m-\m-hm-ØXpw en]vX-am-hm-Ø-Xp-am-Ip∂p. P\-I-cm-Pmth, Aß-°n-t∏mƒ A`bw e`n-®n-cn-°p∂p!'' P\-I≥ ]-Xyp-Øcw \evIn:""\nßƒ°mWv A`bw e`n-®Xv. A`-b-sØ-∏‰n F\n°v Adnhp\evIn-bXv \nß-fm-Wt√m. \a-kvImcw! Cu cmPyhpw Rm\pw, \nß-fp-tS-XmWv!''

aq∂m-a-sXmcp Xh-Wbpw P\-I\pw bm⁄-h¬Iy\pw XΩn¬⁄m\-N¿® \SØn. Xs‚ tNmZy-ßƒ°v Xr]vXn-I-c-amb adp-]Sne`n-®-t∏mƒ cmPmhv ]d™p: ""Bbncw B\-I-tfbpw Imf-I-tfbpwXcp-∂p≠v.'' Cßs\ bm⁄-h¬Iy≥ A°m-esØ G‰hpw henbZm¿i-\n-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v sXfn-bn-°-s∏´p.

_rl-Zm-c-Wy-I-Øn¬ bm⁄-h¬Iys‚ Z¿i-\-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n® as‰mcp ]›m-Øew CXmWv: At±lw k\ym-km-iaw kzoI-cn-°m-\p-t±-in-®-t∏mƒ kz]Xv\n ssatX-bn-tbmSp ]d™p: ""Rm≥]cn-hPy kzoI-cn -°p-hm≥ t]mI-bmWv. Rm≥ ImØym-b-\n -bn¬\n∂p \ns∂ th¿s]-Sp-Øp-Ibpw \ns‚ kzØp hnlnXw \evIp-Ibpw sNømw.'' _lva-hm-Zn-\n-bmb ssatXbn tNmZn®p: ""`K-h≥,kº¬kar-≤-amb Cu temIw apgp-h≥ Ft‚-Xm-bn-Øo¿∂m¬F\n°p Aa-cXzw ]m]n-°mtam?'' ""C√, ssatXbn, kº-∂≥am-cpsS PohnXw t]mse-bm-bn-Øocpw \ns‚ Pohn-Xhpw'' -˛`¿Ømhv.""F\n°v Aa-cXzw ]m]n-°m≥ klm-b-I-a-√mØ H∂p-sIm≠vF¥p≠v t\´w? `K-h≥, F\n°p th≠Xv ]d-™p-X-∂mepw''˛ssatXbn. ""Fs‚ ]nb-Xa G‰hpw ]nb-¶-c-amb H∂mWv Bh-iy-s∏-´-Xv. AXv Rm≥ ]d-™p-Xcmw.'' Aßs\ bm⁄-h¬Iy≥Ah¿°v _“-⁄m\w D]-tZ-in®p sImSpØp. BI-bm¬ P\-I\pwssatX-bnbpw bm⁄-h¬Iys‚ injy-K-W-Øn¬ s]Sp∂p. D±m-eI Bcp-Wo-Ku-X-a-\m-bn-cp∂p bm⁄-h¬Iys‚ Kpcp-`q-X-s\∂papºp kqNn-∏n-®p-ht√m.

kXy-Ima Pm_m-e≥kmwIr-Xym-bs‚ \nK-a-\-Øn¬ kXy-Ima Ejn-bpsS Imew In.

ap. 650˛mam-≠n-t\m-S-Sp-ØmWv. Omtµm-Ky-Øn-emWv At±-l-Øns‚Z¿i\w ImWp-∂Xv. AXnse \mem-a-[ym-b-Øn¬\n∂v Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kwK-Xn-Iƒ a\- n-em°mw:

kXy-Im-a\v _lva-Ncyw A\p-jvTn-°m≥ tamlw P\n®p. amXm-


hmb Pm_m-e-tbmSv At±lw Bh-iy-s∏´p: ""F\n°v _lva-N-cy-a-\p-jvTn-∏m-\m-Kl-ap≠v. Fs‚ tKmX-ta-sX∂p ]d-™p-X-∂mepw!''Pm_me ]d-™p: ""Rm≥ buh-\m-h-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ hfscAXn-Yn-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn k©-cn-°p-Ibpw tkh-\-Øn¬ \nc-X-bm-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. B Ah-k-c-Øn-emWv \ns∂ e`n-®Xv. \ns‚-tKmXw F\n-°-dn-™p-IqSm. \ns‚ t]¿ kXy-Im-a≥ F∂pw Fs‚t]¿ Pm_me F∂p-amWv. AXp-sIm≠v kXy-Ima Pm_m-e≥ F∂\maw kzoI-cn-t®mfq.''

kXy-Im-a≥ lcn-Zp-aX ]pX-\mb KuX-as‚ ASpØv hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v sN∂-t]-£n®p. ""tZh, Rm≥ Aß-bpsS ASpØv _lva-Nm-cn-bmbn hkn-°p-hm≥ BK-ln-°p∂p. F\n°v injyXzw \evIn-bmepw!'' BNm-cy≥ tNmZn®p: ""h¬k, \ns‚ tKmX-ta-XmWv?''kXyIm-a≥ ]Xyp-Øcw sNbvXp: ""hnt`m, AXv F-\n-°-dn-™p-IqSm.AΩ-tbmSp tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ ]d-™Xv A[nIw AXn-Yn-I-sfm-∂n®ptkh-\-Øn-te¿s∏-´-t∏m-gmWv X\n-s°s∂ Inń-b-sX∂pw, tKmXwAdn-bn-s√∂pw kXy-Ima Pm_m-e≥ F∂ t]¿ kzoI-cn-®p-sIm-≈p-I-sb-∂p-amWv.'' KuX-a≥ ]d™p: ""A_m-lva-W¿°n-ßs\ ]d-bp-hm≥ Ign-bn√. h¬k, kanØv sIm≠p-h-cnI, Rm≥ \ns∂ D]-\-b\w sNøn°mw. \o kXy-Øn¬\n∂p hyXn-N-en-®n-ń√.''

timjn®p ]c-h-i-s∏´ \m\qdp ]ip-°sf G¬]n-®p-sIm≠v KuX-a≥ kXy-Im-a-t\mSp ]d™p: ""Chsb sIm≠p-t]mbn tabv°pI;Bbncw XnI-™n-´-√msX Xncn-®p-h-c-cpXv.'' injy≥ Iptd h¿j-ßƒA\y ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn®p. ]ip-°ƒ Bbncw XnI™p. Hcp-\mƒ Hcp Ej`w (Imf) kXy-Im-as\ Adn-bn®p: ""Rßƒ BbncwXnI-™n-cn-°p∂p. Rßsf BNm-cy-Ip-e-Øn-te°v Xncn-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-bmepw!....'' ]n‰-∂mƒ k‘y-bm-b-t∏mƒ ]ip-°sf hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n¿Øn a[y-Øn¬ kXy-Im-a≥ Xo°qń. A·n-tZ-h≥]Xy-£-\mbn; Nne -D-]-tZ-i-ßƒ \¬In.

kXy-Im-a≥ ]ip-°sf BNm-cy-Ip-e-Øn-te°v sIm≠p-t]mbn.BNm-cy≥ kXy-Im-as\ t\m°n-∏-d™p: ""kXy-Ima, \ns∂-°-≠m¬_lva-⁄m-\n-sb-t∏mse tXm∂p-∂p-ht√m. BcmWv \n\-°p-]-tZiw\¬In-bXv?'' ""a\p-jy-cm-cp-am-bn-cp-∂n√. Aßp Xs∂ Fs‚ BK-l-Øn-s\m-Ø-hn[w D]-tZ-in-®p-X-∂mepw! BNm-cy-\n¬\n∂p In´p∂⁄m\w amXta ap‡n t\Sn-Ø-cn-I-bp≈q F∂m-Wt√m Aß-sb-t∏m-ep≈ alm-flm-°-fn¬\n∂pw tIń-´p-≈Xv'' ˛injy≥. ""At∏mƒH∂pw Xs∂ hn´p-t]m-bn-ń-√t√m'' ˛BNm-cy≥. Aßs\ lcn-Zp-aX]pX-\mb KuX-as‚ injy-Øn-embn kXy-Im-a-Pm-_m-e≥ _lva-⁄m-\n-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p.6

kXy-Im-a≥ ]n∂oSv Hcp BNm-cy-\m-hp-Ibpw injy≥am¿°v


_t“m-]-tZiw \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. D]-tIm-k-e-I-a-em-b-\≥ Pm_m-es‚ in-jyXzw kzoI-cn®p Pohn-°p∂ Hcp _“-Nm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p.]¥-≠p-h¿jw Kpcp-]q-Pbpw A·n-]-cn-N-c-Whpw \SØn. F∂m¬,kXy-Im-a≥ a‰p in-jy≥amsc kam-h¿Ø\w sNøn-®p-sh-¶nepw, D]-tIm-k-es\ kam-h¿Ø-\w sNøn-®n√. XZ-h-kcw kXy-Im-a-t\mSvXs‚ `mcy Pb tNmZn®p:

""_lva-Nm-cn-bmb D]-tIm-k-e≥ X]- p-sNbvXp. \√ t]mseAKv\n-]-cn-N-cWw \SØn. F∂n´pw Abmsf kam-h¿Ø\w sNøn-®n√. F¥mWv ImcWw?'' kXy-Im-a≥ adp-]-Sn-sbm∂pw ]d-bmsXhntZi k©m-c-Øn\p ]pd-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv sNbvXXv.

D]-tIm-k-e≥ ZpxJm¿Ø-\mbn, \ncm-lm-c-hXw A\p-jvTn®p.BNm-cy-]Xv\n At±-l-tØmSv At]-£n®p: ""_lva-Nmco, `£WwIgn°q, F¥mWv H∂pw Ign-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.'' D]-tIm-k-e≥ ]Xn-h-Nn®p: ""Cu ]pcp-j-\n¬ \m\m-X-c-Øn-ep≈ A`n-em-j-ß-fp≠v. am\-kn-I-ambn hym-[n°pw B[n°pw Cc-bm-bn-cn-°p-I-bmWv Rm≥.kz¥w ico-csØ \in-∏n-°p-hm-\mWv hnNm-cn-°p-∂Xv.''

]n∂oSv D]-tIm-k-e≥ _lva-⁄m-\n-bmb IY OmtµmKyw ]d-bp-∂Xv C]-Im-c-amWv: Xm≥ tkhn® AKv\n-I-sf√mw D]-tIm-k-e-t\mSv D]-tZ-in®p: ""]mW-\mWv _lvaw. ]mWs\ BIm-i-sa∂pwhnfn-°p∂p. BZn-Xy-\nse Bflmhv Rm\m-Ip∂p. AXp-X-s∂-bmWvRm≥! Nµ-\nse Bflmhv Rm\m-Ip-∂p. AXp -X-s∂-bmWv Rm≥!sshZyp-Xn-bnse Bflmhv Rm\m-Ip-∂p. AXp-Xs∂-bm-Ip∂p Rm≥!''A·n-Iƒ XpS¿∂p: ""D]-tIm-ke, Cu hnZy \o Rß-fn¬\n∂pKln-°pI. _m°n-bp-≈-sXms° BNm-cy≥ Xs∂ \n\°p ]d-™p-Xcpw!''

Aßs\ D]-tIm-k-e≥ _lva-⁄m-\n-bmbn. BNm-cy≥ Xncn-®p-h∂p. injy-s\- t\m°n tNmZn®p: ""A√tbm D]-tIm-ke, \ns‚apJw _lva-⁄m-\n-bp-tS-Xp-t]m-en-cn-°p-∂p-ht√m. BcmWv \n\-°p-]-tZ-in-®Xv?'' ""hnt`m, F\n-°m¿ D]-tZ-in-°m≥˛'' injy≥. Pm_m-e≥ ho≠pw Xnc°n. D]-tIm-k-e≥ kw`hw hnkvX-cn®p. kXy-Ima≥]d™p: ""h’, \n\°v Ah¿ temI-ß-sf -∏‰n amX-amWv]d™pX∂n-´p-≈Xv. Rm≥ \n\°p ⁄mt\m-]-tZiw \evImw. AXvAdn-bp-∂-hsc Xma-c-bn-e-bn¬ Pe-IWw \nev°m-Ø-Xp-t]mse ]m]wkv]¿in-°p-I-bn√.'' ""`K-hm≥ ]d™p X-∂mepw!'' D]-tIm-k-e≥.7

""IÆp-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ Cu ]pcp-j-\mWv Bflmhv. Aar-Xhpw A`-bhpw _lva-hp-asX AXv'' ˛kXy-Im-a≥. Cßs\ Bflm-hpwPKØpw _lva-hp-sa√mw hmkvX-h-Øn¬ H∂p-X-s∂-bm-sW∂AssZzX thZm¥w D]-tIm-k-e≥ Kln®p.

kbp-Kzm-ssc-Iz≥


kmwIr-Xym-bs‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ BZysØ D]-\n-j-±m¿i-\n-I-∑m-cn-sem-cm-fmWv kbp-Kzm-ssc-Iz≥. Hcp Bflob hmZn-bm-bn-cp-∂n√,ùXn-I-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp∂p At±lw F∂mWv kmwIr-Xym-b≥ ka¿Yn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Imf-h≠n sXfn®v A¿[-`m-¥-\mbn Np‰n-Øn-cn-b-em-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ apJy-tPmen. kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Fgp-Xp∂p:

""Nµ-Kp]vX aucys‚ knwlm-k-\m-tcm-lW ImeØv acn®Ko°nse Utbm-P-\okv (Diogenes, B.C 412˛-322)F∂ Zm¿i-\n-I\pwC]-Imcw Hcp k©m-c-]n-b-\m-bn-cp∂p. Xs‚ kv\m\Kmc (Ipfn-apdn)Øn¬ Ccp-∂n-´mWv At±lw D]-tZiw \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xv. C¥y-bn¬ CØcw k©m-cn-Iƒ kn≤≥amcpw alm-flm-°-fp-am-bn-´mWvIcp-X-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Ah-cpsS Nn¥-Iƒ auen-I-ßtfm, A√m-Ø-htbmF∂ t\m´-an√. _“-⁄m\n Hcp _me-I-s\-t∏mse Ccn-°-W-sa∂bm⁄-h-evIys‚ D]-tZiw kbp-KzmsscIz-s\-t∏m-se-bp-≈-h-cpsSs]cp-am‰w I≠v BIrjvS-\mbn ]d-™n-´p-≈-Xm-sW∂v thWw Icp-Xp-I. F∂m¬, kbpKzmhv B[y-fl-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp-∂n√; ùXnI hmZn-bmb Zm¿i-\n-I-\m-bn-cp∂p. temI-Øns‚ aqtem-]-Zm\w (aqe-Im-cWw)bm⁄-h¬Iys‚ ka-Im -eo -\ -\mb A\-I vkn -ta -\n - ns\(Anaximanes) t∏mse hmbp-hm-sW∂v At±lw kn≤m-¥n®p.''8

OmtµmKyw \memw A[ym-b-Øn-emWv sscIzs‚ Z¿i\w Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂Xv. AXn\v Hcp-°nb ]›m-Øew Cß-s\-bmWv: Pm\-ipXn ]uXm-b-W≥ (P\-ip-Xn-bpsS ]pXs‚ ]uX≥)F∂ cmPmhv A\-h[n Zm\-ßƒ \evIn-s°m≠v AXn-Yn-Isf hnizm-k-]q¿∆w BZ-cn-®n-cp∂p. F√m-bn-S-ß-fnepw [¿a-im-e-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw Ah aptJ\ A∂-Zm\w \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. Hcn-°¬ Xs‚ hni-a-Kr-l-Øn¬ Ccp∂v At±lw Bin®p, F√m-hcpwXs‚ A∂w `£n-°-W-sa∂v. Hcp cmXn c≠p lwk-ßƒ (Ac-b-∂-ßƒ) ]d-°p-∂-Xp-I≠p. Ah XΩn¬ Cßs\ Hcp kw`m-jWw\S∂p: Hcp lwkw a‰-Xn-t\mSp ]d™p: ""A√tbm `√m£, Pm\-ip-Xn-]u-Xm-b-Ws‚ ]` ChnsS ]I¬sh-fn-®w-t]mse hym]n-®n-cn-°p∂p. sXm´p-t]m-I-cptX; s]m≈n-t∏mhpw.'' Pm\-ipXn ]uXm-b-W≥ CXp tIƒ°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. XZ-h-kcw as‰ Ac-b∂w]d™p: ""Iºc, \o ]pI-gvØp∂ Cbmƒ kbp-Kzm-ssc-Iz-s\-t∏m-se-bmtWm?'' ""kbp-Kzm-ssc-Iz≥ Fß-s\-bp≈ BfmWv?''˛ H∂m-asØ Ac-b∂w. ""tPXm-°-fpsS ASp-tØ°v Xmgv∂ ]Sn-bn-ep≈Bfp-Iƒ sN√pw-t]mse P\-ßƒ sNøp∂ kZv]-hr-Øn-I-fpsS]pWy-êw h≠n-°m-c-\mb sscIzs‚ kao-]-tØ°v sN√p∂p.''

A⁄m-X-\mb Cu sscIz-\n¬ cmPm-hn\v Xm¬]cyw P\n®p.At±lw cmhnse Fgp-t∂‰v kz¥w kNn-h-∑m-tcmSv tNmZn®p: ""kbp-Kzm-ssc-Iz-s\-∏‰n h√Xpw Adn-bptam?'' ""C√. BcmWv At±lw?


F¥mWv hn-tijw?'' kNn-h-∑m¿. ""hntP-Xm-°-fpsS kao-]-tØ°vXmgv∂-]-Sn-bn-ep-≈-h¿ t]mIpw t]mse F√m kXvI¿a-ß-fp-tSbpw]pWy-êw At±-l-Øns‚ kao-]-tØ°p t]mhp∂p˛'' Pm\-ipXn.

kNn-h-∑m¿ sscIzs\ At\z-jn®p ]pd-s∏´p. Is≠-Øn-bn√.Xncn-®p-sN∂p ]d™p: ""I≠n√, Xncp-ta\o.'' Pm\-ipXn B⁄m-]n®p: ""_mlva-Wsc ImWm≥ Ign-bp∂ hnP\ ÿe-ß-fn-se√mwAt\z-jn-°pI.'' Aßs\ kNn-h-∑m¿ ho≠pw Xnc°n. Ah-km\wHcp h≠n-bpsS Xmsg-bn-cp∂v sNmdn am¥n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp_mlva-W-s\- I-s≠Øn. cmP-tk-h-I-∑m¿ tNmZn®p: ""tZhm, Aßp-∂mtWm kbp-Kzm-ssc-Iz≥?'' ""AsX, Rm≥ Xs∂, F¥p-thWw?''sscIz≥. kNn-h≥am¿ cmPm-hns\ hnh-c-a-dn-bn®p. Adp-\qdp ]ip-°-sfbpw kz¿W-lm-c-ß-sfbpw Igp-X-Isf ]qńb cY-ß-sfbpwsIm≠v Pm\-ipXn ]uXm-b-W≥ sscIzs\ kao-]n®p.

""sscIzm, CXm Adp-\qdp ]ip-°fpw kph¿W-lm-c-ßfpw cY-ßfpw. Ch Aßp∂v kzoI-cn-®mepw! tZhm, Aßv D]m-k\ sNøp∂tZh-s\-°p-dn®p F\n°v D]-tZiw X∂mepw!''

""Oo, amdn-\n¬°q, iqZ! ]ip-°fpw kz¿W-ap-Z-Ifpw \n\-°p-X-s∂-bn-cn-°s´''˛ al¿jn-bpsS ]Xn-I-c-Ww.

Pm\-ipXn ]uXm-b-W≥ aS-ßn. A\-¥cw Bbncw ]ip-°ƒ.kz¿W-lm-c-ßƒ, cY-ßƒ F∂n-h-tbm-sSm∏w kz¥w I\yI ]pXn-sb-°qSn sIm≠p-t]mbn sscIz-t\mSp ]d™p: ""CXm, Bbncw ]ip-°fpw kz¿W-lm-c-ßfpw cY-ßfpw Cu `mcy-bpw. Cu Kmaw Xs∂Aß-bp-tS-Xm-Ip-∂p. D]-tZiw X∂m-epw.''

sscIz≥ B I\y-Im-c-Xv\-Øns‚ apJw ]nSn-®p-s]m°n t\m°n,F∂n´p ]d™p: ""Cu apJw Imc-W-ambn amX-amWv F∂n¬\n∂pwD]-tZiw e`y-am-Ip-∂Xv. a‰p-≈-sX√mw sIm≠p-t]mhq.'' At±lwD]-tZiw \evIn-bXv C]-Im-c-amWv:

""hmbp-hsX aqe-am-bn-´p-≈Xv. A·n im¥-am-hp-tºmƒ hmbphn¬ebn-°p∂p; kqcy≥ AkvX-an-°p-tºmƒ hmbp-hn¬ ebn-°p∂p;Nµ≥ AkvX-an-°p-tºmƒ hmbp-hn¬ ebn-°p∂p. sh≈w h‰n-t∏m-Ip-tºmƒ hmbp-hn¬ ebn-°p∂p. hmbp-hmWv Ch-sbsb√mw hebwsNbvXn-cn-°p-∂Xv. A[n-tZ-h-X-sb-°p-dn-®mWv CXbpw ]kvXm-hn-®Xv. B[ym-fl-nI-ZrjvSym t\m°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ ]mW≥ F∂ aqe-h-kvXp -i-co-c-Øn¬ Ah-ÿn-X-am-bn-cn-°p∂p. ]pcp-j≥ kpjp-]vXnbn(Dd-°-Øn¬)encn-°p-tºmƒ hmWnbpw N£p pw timXhpw a\- p-sa√mw ]mW-\n¬ ebn-°p∂p. At∏mƒ c≠p aqe-I-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv: tZh-∑m-cn¬ hmbphpw Cµn-b-ß-fn¬ ]mW\pw.''

]kvXpX D≤-c-W-Øns‚ tijw kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Fgp-Xp∂p:""Aß-s\ ùXn-I-P-K-Øn-s‚bpw B[ym-flnI temI-Øn-s‚bpw


aqem-[m-c-am-bn-´p-≈Xv hmbp-hm-sW-∂sX sscIzs‚ Z¿i\w.''9

Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ1. hniz-Z¿i-\-ßƒ t]. 5592. OmtµmKyw A[ymbw 5, JWvUw 3 t\m°p-I.3. Ibid A. 5, J. 3-˛9 t\m°pI.4. Ibid A. 5, J. 11˛-18 t\m°pI.5. hniz-Z¿i-\ßƒ t]. 6616. OmtµmKyw A. 4, J. 4-˛9 t\m°pI.7. Ibid A. 4, J. 10-˛16 t\m°pI.8. hniz-Z¿i-\-ßƒ t]. 682

9. Ibid P. 685

A[ymbw Ccp-]-tØgv

D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnse GI-Xz-Z¿i\w

`m-cX-Øn¬ D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS Imew-sXm-´mWv "Z¿i\w' AYhmXXz-Nn¥ Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv. D]-\n-jXv ImesØ a\o-jn-Iƒ ]m]-©nI ]Xn-`m-k-ß-fpsS ]nd-In¬ h¿Øn-°p∂ i‡n-hn-ti-j-sØ-∏‰n ]cn-Nn-¥\w \S-Øp-hm-\p-Zy-an®p. Aßs\ hnhn[ Z¿i-\-ßfpwZm¿i-\nI ]ÿm-\-ßfpw \ne-hn¬ h∂p; Ckvem-an-I-N-cn-X-Øn¬"C¬ap¬Iemw' AYhm XXz-Nn-¥m-]-ÿm\w hf¿∂p-h-∂-t]mseXs∂. ]t£, C¬ap¬Iemw DS-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\p kl-km-_vZ-ßƒ°p apºmWv, C¥y-bn¬ Zm¿i-\n-I-]-ÿm-\-ßƒ hf¿∂p-h-∂-sX∂ hkvXpX ChnsS kva¿Ø-hy-amWv.

thZhpw D]-\n-jØpwJp¿-B\pw C¬ap¬I-emapw XΩn-ep≈ Xmc-X-ay-sat¥m, AXp-

X-s∂-bmWv thZhpw D]-\n-jØpw XΩn-ep-≈Xv. Jp¿-B-\n¬ NneAZr-iy-Im-cy-ß-fn-te°p shfn®w hoin. ]t£, Xosc Ahy-‡hpwA\n¿h-N-\o-b-hpamb hn[-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p AXnse ]Xn-]m-Z\w.apkvenw "apX-I-√n-ap-Iƒ' (XXz-Nn-¥-I≥am¿) B AZr-iy-Im-cy-ßsfhni-Zo -I-cn -°p -hm\pw \n¿h-Nn -°p -hm\pw DZy -an®p. Aßs\C¬ap¬Iemw F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp ]tXyI hn⁄m-\-imJ cq]w-sIm≠p. CtX ]Imcw thZ-ß-fnepw ]]-©-Øns‚ ]nd-In¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ AZr-iyhpw A\n¿h-N-\o-b-hp-amb i‡n-hn-ti-j-sØ-∏‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cp∂p. AXns‚ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ Is≠-Øm-\p≈


iaw ]n¬°m-eØv \S∂p. AXn¬\n-∂mWv Z¿i-\hpw Zm¿i-\n-I-]-ÿm-\-ßfpw \ne-hn¬ h∂Xv. io. cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Fgp-Xn-bXv ImWpI:

hniz-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-ń¬ F¥mWv, N©-e-amb ]]-©-Øn\p]n∂n¬ AN-©-e-amb h√-Xp-apt≠m, hniz-Øns‚ DZv`hw Fß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ ]iv\-ß-fpsS Hc-hy‡ cq]w EtKz-Z-Ønse "\mk-Zob' kq‡-Øn¬ Z¿i-\o-b-amWv: (thZ-Ønse B`mKw Cß-s\-bmWv:)

""A°m-eØv kØtbm Ak-Øtbm D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. A¥-co-£tam AXn¬\n∂p hn`n-∂-amb thymatam D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. BcmWvF√m-Øn-t\bpw aqSn-bXv? Fhn-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv? BcmWv F√m-Øn-t\bpw c£n-®n-cp-∂Xv? AKm-[hpw Kwò-c-hp-amb Pe-am-bn-cp-∂pthm AhnsS? A∂v ac-Wtam Aa-c-Xztam D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.cmXnbpw ]Iepw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. GIhpwkzmin-X-hp-amb i‡n-bm¬ AXv (_lvaw) kzbw izkn®p. AX-√m-tXtbm, AXn-\p-]-cn-bmtbm bmsXm∂pw C√m-bn-cp∂p. AhnsSA‘-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Bcw-`-Øn¬ AXv A‘-Im-c-Øm¬ aqS-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp∂p. Ahn-`m-Pyhpw, Pew t]mse ]hm-l-cq-]-Øn¬ KXn-a-b-hp-am-bn-cp∂p hniz-a-Jnew. iq\y-X-bnepw Ahy-Xn-cn-‡-X-bnepwAXv Hfn-™p-In-S∂p. AXv kzi-‡n-bm¬ hnI-kz-c-ambn. Aßs\G‰hpw BZy-ambn "Imaw' (C—) Df-hmbn. A¥¿`m-K-Øp≈ a\- ns‚ ]mcw` _oP-am-Ip∂p C—. Ejn-am¿ kzlr-Z-b-Øn¬ At\z-jn®v Ak-Ø-bn¬ kØ-bpsS kwtbm-P-\-_‘w I≠p-]n-Sn®p...bmsXm-∂n¬\n∂v Cu temIw kwPm-X-am-tbm, B aqe tkmX vD≠m-°s∏-´tXm AY-hm, AIr-Xtam? k¿thm-∂-X-amb Zutem-I-Øn¬ \n∂v CXns\ `cn-°p∂ k¿∆-km-£n-bmb \mY≥ amXtaAXv Adn-bp-Itbm Adn-bm-Xn-cn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂p≈q.''1

""ta¬ D∂-bn® ]iv\-ßƒs°√mw kam-[m\w e`n-°p-∂XpsXm´mWv Z¿i-\-ßƒ Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv.''2

BI-bm¬ thZ-Ønse Ahy-‡-amb XXz-h-N-\-ßƒ°v bp‡n-bpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ hymJym\w \evIp-hm-\p≈ ia-Øn¬ \n∂mWvC¥y-bn¬ Z¿i-\-]-Inb DS-se-Sp-ØXv. B Z¿i-\-ßƒ D]-\n-j-Zq-]-Øn¬ tImUo-Ir-X-ß-fmbn. C\n \ap°p D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnse][m-\-amb ]Xn-]m-Zy-ß-sf-∏‰n Btem-Nn°mw.

_lvahpw BflmhpwD]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnse G‰hpw apJy ]Xn-]m-Z\w _“-tØbpw

Bflm-hn-t\bpw ]‰n-bmWv. GI\pw \ncm-Im-c\pw AZzn-Xo-b-\p-amb]c-ta-iz-cs\ D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ "_lvaw' F∂p hnfn-°p∂p. ssZhwF∂-t]mse _lvahpw Hcp \]pw-k-I-enw-K-amWv. Cu ]Z-Øns‚


A¿Y-sØ-∏‰n kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""\]pw-k-I-enw-K-amb_lvaw hym]m-c-]-[m-\-amb Ime-Øp-≠mb D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬tZh≥am-cpsS tZh-\mbpw, AZzn-Xo-bhpw \ncm-Im-c-hp-amb Hcp i‡n-hn-ti-j-ambpw ImW-s∏-Sp∂p.... \]pw-k-I-enw-K-amb _lva-i-–-Øn\v t`mP\w, t`mP-\-Zm\w, kma-KoXw, AZv`p-X-i-‡n-bp≈ a¥w,b⁄-]q¿Øn, Km\-Z -£nW, ]ptcm-ln -Xs‚ at¥m-®m-cWw,alm≥am¿ F∂n-XymZn A¿Y-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv.''3

_lvaw F∂ t]mse-Øs∂ "Bflmhv' F∂pw D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ ]c-ta-iz-cs\ hnfn-°m-dp≠v. F∂m¬, Bflm-hn\v Cu A¿YwthZ-Im-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂p a\- n-em-hp∂p. EtK-zZ-Im-esØEjn-am¿ a\ v, ]mW≥ F∂o A¿Y-Øn-emWv Bfl-i–w ]tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Xs∂ ]d-bs´: "sshZn-I-Im-esØ Ejn-am¿ Bflmhv ico-c-Øn¬\n∂v `n∂-amb Hcp kØ-bm-sW∂p hniz-kn-®n-cp∂p. EtKz-Z-Ønse Hcp a¥-Øn¬ hr£-ßƒ, kky-ßƒ,A¥-co£w, kqcy≥ F∂n-h-bn¬\n-∂mWv AXv \ΩpsS ASp-°-te°v h∂n´p-≈-sX∂p ]d-bp∂p.... EtKz-Z-Øn¬ a\ v, Bflmhv,Akp (]mW≥) F∂n-h-sb√mw Pohs‚ ]cym-b-ß-fmWv. F∂m¬,Bflmhv F∂v s]mXp-hmbn ]d-bp-∂Xv ]mW-hm-bp-hn-s\tbm, ico-c-sØtbm BIp∂p.''4

]t£, D]-\n-j-XvIm-eØv Bfl-i-–-Øn\v AXn-Kw-ò-chpw \nKq-V-hp-amb A¿Yw Iev]n-°-s∏´p. ]c-_-lva-Øns‚ ]cym-b-am-bn-Øo¿∂p AXv. AXn-\m¬, _lva-hnZy alm-]-WvUn-X≥am-cpsSIpØ-I-bm-bn-Øo¿-∂p. AXp kmam\y P\-Øn\v Adn-bn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mepw D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ \ntcm-[n-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. Omtµm-Ky-Øn¬]d-bp-∂Xp t\m°pI: ""]nXmhv aqØ ]pX∂pw BNm-cy≥ tbmKy-\mb injy∂pw amXta _lva-X-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®v D]-tZiw \¬Imhq.a‰m¿°pw Xs∂ AXv D]-tZ-in-°-cpXv. CXns‚ t]cn¬ kap-Z-Øm¬Np‰-s∏´, [\-k-ar-≤-amb Cu `qtemIw apgp-h≥ \evIn-bmepw icn,Aßs\ sNø-cpXv, CXmWv AXn-s\-°mƒ tijvTw; CXmWv AXn-s\-°mƒ tijvTw!''5

`mc-X-Ønse km[m-c-W-°m¿°v ap≥Im-eØv \njn-≤-am-bn-cp∂p_lva-sØ-°p-dn® ⁄m\-sa∂p CXn¬\n∂p Kln°mw. CuAdnhv D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-emWv Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬,D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS ]Xn-]m-Z-\-ssien Zp¿K-l-am-bn-Øo¿∂-Xn¬A¤p-X-an√. `mc-Xo-b-]-fin-X≥am¿°p t]mepw D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpsSD≈-S°w a\- n-em-°-W-sa-¶n¬ \nc-h[n Imew X]- -\p-jvTn-°Ww.At∏mƒ ]ns∂ kmam-\y-P-\-ß-fpsS Imcyw ]d-tb-≠-Xpt≠m?CXn¬\n∂p as‰mcp kwK-Xn-IqSn hy‡-am-hp-∂p≠v. `mc-Xob kmln-Xy-ß-fn¬ GIXzZ¿i\w ÿew ]nSn-®n-cp-∂n´pw, `mc-Xob P\X\m\m-Xz-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ ASn-bp-d-®p-t]m-b-Xns‚ bYm¿Y Imc-W-am-


WXv. hnZz¬ P\-Øns‚ tem`-a-t\m-`m-h-am-bn-cp∂p B ImcWw.Ah¿ GI-ssZ-h-Xz-kn-≤m¥w P\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Ign-bp-∂X ad-®p-]n-Sn-®n-cp∂p. X∂n-anØw P\-ßƒ A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-fnepw Dulm-t]m-l-ß-fnepw AI-s∏-´p-t]mbn.

_lvaw AZzn-XobwkØ-sIm≠pw KpWw-sIm≠pw ]c-_lva ]c-am-flmhv AZzn-Xo-

b-am-sW∂p D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ Xpd∂p]d-bp∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn,OmtµmKyw ]d-bp-∂Xp ImWpI: ""A√tbm ]nb, AXv apºv AZzn-Xo-b-amb Hcp `mh-cq]w amX-am-bn-cp∂p. AXn-s\-Øs∂ AZzn-Xo-b-amb Hcp A`m-h-cq]w amX-ambpw Nne¿ hymJym-\n®p. Aßs\Ak-Ø-bn¬\n∂v kØ-bp-≠mbn. F∂m¬ AsX-ßs\ kw`-hy-amWv? Ak-Ø-bn¬\n∂p kØ-bp-≠m-Ip-∂-sX-ß-s\-bmWv? AXn-\m¬ AXv AZzn-Xo-b-amb Hcp `mh-cq]w amX-am-bn-cp∂p. AXvC—n®p, Rm≥ _lp-cq-]-am-bn-Øo-c-s´-sb-∂v. AXv tXP- ns\krjvSn-®p. ]kvXpX tXP v C—n®p, Rm≥ _lp-cq-]-\m-bn-cn-°s´F∂v.... AXp PesØ krjvSn®p....''6

CXn¬\n∂pw ]c-ta-iz-c≥ AZzn-Xo-b\pw GI-\p-am-sW∂p hy‡-am-Ip-∂p-≠t√m. ssZh-Øn\v c≠p-Xcw KpW-ß-fp-s≠∂pw H∂v mhm-fl-I-ßfpw (Positive attributes) a‰Xv A`m-hm-fl-I-ßfp(Negativeattributes)amsW-∂pw \mw apsºm-cn-SØv kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. ssZhsØXs‚ `mhm-fl-I-Kp-W-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn®v "kXv' Bbpw A`m-hm-fl-I-Kp-W-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn®v "AkXv' Bbpw Iev]n-°p∂p. Omtµm-Ky-Ønse Ejn-bpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ A`m-hm-flI KpW-ß-fn¬\n-∂√`mhm-flI KpW-ß-fn¬\n-∂mWv hnizw kw`-hy-am-bXv. CXm-bn-cn-°Ww ]kvXpX hmIy-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ. GXm-bmepw _lvaw AZzn-Xo-b-am-sW∂p OmtµmKyw Xo¿Øp ]d-bp∂p.

Jp¿B\n¬ "A√mlp GI-\mWv' F∂pw "Ah\v Xpey-ambnbmsXm-∂p-ans√'∂pw ]d-™-Xns‚ as‰mcp ]Xn-]m-Z-\-ssi-en-bm-WnXv. Cu hmIy-ßƒ°v Ckvem-anI ]fin-X≥am¿ hni-Zo-I-cWw\¬In-b-Xp-t]mse Xs∂-bmWv D]-\n-j-Ønse Ejn-am¿ _lva-Øns‚ AZzn-Xo-bX ka¿Yn-®n-´p-≈Xv. Ckvem-anI ]fin-X≥am-cpsShni-Zo-I-cWw Camw A_p¬ lk-\n¬ Aiv-Acn Cßs\ D≤-cn-°p∂p: ""A√mlp GI-\mWv. Ah\p Xpey-ambn bmsXm-∂p-an√;Ah≥ ico-c-a√, \ng-e√, ]nfi-a√, cq]-a√, `mh-a√, amwk-a√,c‡-a√, Zhy-a√, KpW-a√, \nd-a√, ck-bp-‡-\√, K‘-bp-‡-\√,kv]¿io-b-\√, NqtSm XWpt∏m ]in-atbm ipjvI-Xtbm D≈-h-\√....''7

Cßs\ t]mIp∂p A√m-lp-hns‚ A`m-hm-flI KpW-ß-fpsS\o≠ ]ńI. Ahs‚ AZzn-Xo-b-Xbpw \nkvXp-e-X-bp-amWv ChnsS


hni-Zo-I-cn-®Xv. C\n CtX XXzw _rl-Zm-c-WyIw hni-Z-am-°nbssien -Im-WpI:

""AXv ÿqe-a√, kq£va-a√, lkz-a√, Zo¿L-a√, sNat∏m,kv\nKv[-Xtbm D≈-X√, Inc-W-bp-‡hpw A‘-Im-c-a-b-hp-a√, hmbp-h√, BIm-i-a√, \ng-e√, kao-]-ÿtam Zqc-ÿtam A√, hnIm-c-bp-‡tam, ck-bp-‡tam K‘-bp-‡tam A√, IÆnt\m sNhnt°ma\- nt\m ]mWt∂m hnj-b-a√, B¥-ctam _mlytam A√, AXvbmsXm∂pw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂n√, AXns\ Bcpw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂p-an√....''8

Cu D≤-c-Wn°p tijw kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""_lva-Øns‚ KpW-ßƒ°p Ah-km-\-an√. "t\Xn-t\Xn' (CsXm-∂p-a√)F∂ hnti-jWw _lva-Øn\v BZy-ambn e`n-®Xv A°m-e-ØmWv.''9

]t©-µn-b-ßƒt°m a\- nt\m ]mWt∂m hnj-b-am-hmØH∂mWv _lva-sa∂v tIt\m-]-\n-jØv hy‡-am-°p∂p.

"\ \X N£p-K¿—Xn \ hm§-—-Xnt\m a\x

\ hnZvtam \ hnPm-\otam bssY-X-Z-\p-in-jymZv.''10

(AXns\ t\XmZn Cµn-b-ßƒt°m hm°nt\m a\- nt\m hnj-b-am-°m-\m-hn√; AsX-ß-s\-bp-≈-Xm-sW∂p Rßƒ Adn-bp-∂n√.AXn-s\-∏‰n ]Tn-∏n-t°-≠-sX-ß-s\-sb∂pw Rßƒ°-dn-™p-IqSm.)

ssZh-k-Ø-bpsS A\n¿h-N-\o-b-X-sb-∏‰n H∂mw Jeo^ A_q-_-Ivdn- n-±oJv ]d-bp∂p:

(AXv Adn-bpI Akm-[y-am-sW∂p Adn-b-emWv bYm¿Y ⁄m\w!)11

CtX Bibw as‰mcp ssien-bn¬ tIt\m-]-\n-jØpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p:

""bkym-aXw Xky-aXw aXw bky \ thZ kx

Ahn-⁄mXw hnPm-\Xmw hn⁄m-Xa hnPm-\Xmw.''12

( _lvasØ Adn -bpI km[y -a√ F∂p hnNm -cn -°p -∂-h≥_lvasØ Adn-™p-sh∂p ]dbmw. _lvasØ Adn-™p-sh∂pIcp-Xp-∂-h≥ hmkvX-h-Øn¬ AXns\ Adn-™n-ń√. Adn-s™∂vhnNm-cn-°p-∂-h\v Adn-bm-ØXpw Adn-bn-s√∂p Icp-Xp-∂-h\v Adn-™-Xp-amWv _lvaw.)

BI-bm¬ A√m-lp-hn-s\-∏‰n Ckvemw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw _lva-sØ-∏‰n ]mNo\ D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw GXm-s≠m-∂p-X-s∂-bmWv. ]t£, Ckvemw hcp-∂-Xn\v kl-km-_vZ-ßƒap≥]mWv D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS Imew.

_lvaw krjvSn-I¿Ømhv


C\n temtIm-Xv]-Øn-sb-∏‰n D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS \ne-]mSvt\m°mw. _lvaw amX-amWv BZn-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX∂pw PK-’r-jvSn°v Imc-W-am-bn-´p-≈Xv AXm-sW∂pw D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ ]d-bp∂p:

""_lvaw amX-amWv apºp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. AXv kzbw Adn™p,"Rm≥ _lva-amWv' F∂v. AXn¬\n∂v F√mw D≠mbn.'' 13

ùXn-I-X-Xz-ß-fn¬ ]Y-a-am-bp-Zv`-hn-®Xv Pe-am-sW∂v _rl-Zm-c-WyIw kqNn-∏n-°p∂p:

""ap≥]p a‰p bmsXm-∂pw-X-s∂-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. Poh-iq-\y-am-bn-cp∂p k¿hX. hni-∏p-sIm≠v AXv aqS-s∏-ń-cp∂p. hni∏v ac-W-amWv. (AXm-bXv, ]]©w A`m-hm-h-ÿ-bn-emWv ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp-∂-sX-∂¿Yw). AXp-sIm≠v AXv (_lvaw) Bfl-bp-‡-ambn,ki-co-c-am-bn-Øo-c-W-sa∂p \n›-bn®p. AXv C—n®p. Cu C—-bn¬\n∂p Pe-ap-≠mbn. Pe-Øns‚ Iam-\m-IrXn hep-Xm-bn-h∂p.Aßs\ `qan-bp-≠mbn.''14

Pe-amWv ]Ya ùXnI XXzw F∂ Bi-b-Øn-te°v Jp¿-B\pwkqN\ \evIn-bn- p≠v. ""BZn-bn¬ ssZh-Øns‚ knwlm-k\w Pe-Øn\vaosX-bm-bn-cp∂p.''15 AXm-bXv, BZn-bn¬ Pe-am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv; AXn-\m¬, Ahs‚ B[n-]-Xyhpw A[n-Im-chpw AXn≥ta¬ ÿm]n-X-am-bn-cp∂p F∂¿Yw. IqSmsX Pe-Øn¬\n-∂mWv Poh hkvXp-°-sf-√m-ap-≠m-°n-b-sX∂pw Jp¿-B≥ ]Jym-]n-®n- p≠v.

""F√m Hmtcm Poh-h-kvXp-hn-s\bpw \mw Pe-Øn¬\n∂v D≠m°n.Ah¿ C\nbpw hniz-kn-°n-√tbm?''16

Ko°v Zm¿i-\n-I-\mb sYbn¬kv hn`m-h-\-sN-bvXn-cp-∂Xpw Pe-amWvùXn-I-X-Xz-ß-fn¬ ]Y-a-am-b-sX-∂mWv.17

temI-krjvSn km[n-®-Xn-s\-∏‰n sFX-tc-tbm-]-\n-j-Øn¬ aln-ZmksFX-tc-b≥ ]d-bp∂p:

""BZn-bn¬ Cu Bflmhv (]c-_-lva-]-c-ta-iz-c≥) amX-am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. thsd H∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. temI-krjvSn \S-Ø-W-sa∂v AXv(]c-ta-iz-c≥) Cu£Ww sNbvXp (C—n®p). Aßs\ Ah≥ Aw` v,acoNn, acw, B]x F∂o temI-ßsf krjvSn®p. kz¿K-Øn¬ ]Xn-jvT-tbm-Sp-IqSn ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ taL-tem-I-asX Aw` v. (as‰mcp hymJym-\-a-\p-kcn®v kz¿K-Øn\pw apI-fn-embn \ne-sIm-≈p∂ alx, P\x, X]x,kXyx F∂o temI-ßfpw Ah°v B[m-c-ambn ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Zyptem-Ihpw tN¿∂ A©p temI-ß-fpsS t]cmWv Aw` v). civan-I-fpsS temI-asX acoNn. (CXn¬ kqcy\pw Nµ\pw Xmc-ß-fp-apƒs∏-Sp∂p. ]rYznhn(`qan) F∂ temI-amWv acw. (acW-Øn\v hnt[-b-ß-fm-Wt√m qtem-I-Ønse Poh-Pm-e-ßƒ. AXn-\m-esX AXn\v acw [acn-°p-∂Xv] F∂ hnti-jWw e`n-®Xv.) ]rYzn-hn-bpsS ASn-bn-embn ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ temIw (]m-


Xmfw) BIp∂p B]x. AXn\p tijw AXv (]c-_lva ]c-am-flmhv) C—n®p, temI kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn temI-]-cn-]m-e-I∑msckrjvSn-°-W-sa∂v. Aßs\ Pe-Øn¬\n∂v ]pcp-js\ (Pohs\)AwtKm-]mw-K-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn krjvSn®p. AXv (_lvaw) X]- p-sNbvXp. (AXm-bXv, ]pcp-js‚ hf¿®sb Imw£n-®p-sh-∂¿Yw).X]- ns‚ ê-ambn X]vX-amb ]kvXpX ]nfiw ]£n-bpsS ap´-s]m-´p-∂-Xp-t]mse s]mń. Aßs\ ]pcp-j\v apJhpw hmb-bp-ap-≠mbn. apJ-Øn¬\n∂p hmKn-µn-bhpw hmKn-µn-b-Øn¬\n∂pw(hmKvtZ-h-\mb) AKv\nbpw Bhn¿`q-X-ambn. \mkn-Im-Zzm-c-ßƒ DZv`-hn®p. B Zzmc-ß-fn¬\n∂v ]mW\pw ]mW-\n¬ \n∂p hmbp-tZ-h\pw Df-hmbn. t\X-ß-fm-hn¿`-hn®p. t\X-ß-fn¬ \n∂p Z¿i-t\-µn-bhpw Z¿i-t\-µn-b-Øn¬\n∂p, (AXns‚ tZh-X-bmb) kqcy\pwkwPm-X-ambn. I¿W-Zzm-c-ß-fp-f-hmbn. I¿W-Zzm-c-ß-fn¬\n∂v ih-tW-µn-bhpw ih-tW-µn-b-Øn¬\n∂p Zni-Ifpw (Zn°p-Iƒ) DXv]-∂-ambn. N¿aw DZv`-hn®p. N¿a-Øn¬\n∂p tcmam-h-en-Ifpw tcmam-h-en-I-fn¬\n∂p Huj-[n-Ifpw (kky-e-Xm-Zn-Iƒ) Bhn¿`-hn®p. lrZ-b-ap-≠mbn. lrZ-b-Øn¬\n∂pw a\ pw a\- n¬\n∂v (AXns‚ tZh-\mb) Nµ-\p-ap-≠m-bn. \m`n ]I-S-am-bn. \m`n-bn¬\n∂v A]m-\-hm-bphpw A]m-\-\n¬\n∂v (A-Xns‚ tZh-\m-b) arXyphpw Bhn¿`-hn®p. P\-t\-µnbw DZv`-hn®p. P\-t\-µn-b-Øn¬\n∂p tcX pw tcX- n¬\n∂p Pe-hp-ap -≠mbn. (Hcp hymJym-\-a -\p -k-cn®p tcX- n¬\n∂p ]Pm-]Xn F∂ tZh≥ D≠mbn.)''18

temtIm-Xv]-Ønsb kw_-‘n® Cu NnXo-I-c-W-Ønepw ]pcp-j≥ (Poh≥) kwPm-X-am-bn-´p-≈Xv Pe-Øn¬\n-∂m-sW∂p ka¿Yn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Cßs\ PK-Øns‚ DXv]-Øn°p ImcWw ]c-_-lva-]-c-am-flm-hm-sW∂p F√m D]-\n-j-Øp-Ifpw Xo¿Øp-]-d-bp∂p.F∂m¬ GXp hn[-Øn-emWv _lvaw PK-’r-jvSn-bpsS Imc-W-am-bn-´p-≈Xv? Cu ]iv-\-sØ-°p-dn®v A¬]w Nn¥n-°m-\p≠v. ImcWwc≠p hn[-Øn-ep≠v. H∂v \nan-Ø-Im-cWw, AYhm I¿Ømhv. IpS-Øns‚ \n¿am-W-Øn\v Ipi-h≥ Imc-W-am-Ip-∂-t]mse. at‰Xv D]m-Zm-\-Im-cWw, As√-¶n¬ D]-I-cWw. IpS-Øn\v aÆp Imc-W-amhpwt]mse. D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ NneXv ]c-_-lvasØ hniz-Øns‚ \nan-Ø-ambn NnXo-I-cn-°p∂p. Jp¿-Bs‚ ho£-Whpw Aß-s\-bm-Wt√m. F∂m¬, a‰p NneXv hniz-Øns‚ D]m-Zm\ Imc-W-am-bmWv_lvasØ h¿Wn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. BZysØ k¶¬]-a-\p-k-cn®vPKØpw _lvahpw c≠m-sW∂pw I¿Ømhpw IrXnbpw XΩn-ep≈_‘w amX-amWv c≠n\pw XΩn-ep-≈-sX∂pw hcpw. c≠m-asØk¶¬]-a-\p-k-cn®p PKØpw _lvahpw XΩn¬ bYm¿Y-Øn¬ `n∂-X-bn-s√∂pw, c≠pw hmkvX-h-Øn¬ H∂m-sW∂pw hcpw. ]kvXpXc≠p k¶¬]-ß-fn¬\n-∂mhmw `mc-Xo-b-Z¿i-\-Øn¬ ssZzX-hm-Zhpw


AssZz-X-hm-Zhpw D¤-hn-®-sX∂p tXm∂p∂p.

ssZzXhpw AssZz-XhpwD]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ NneXv ssZzX-hm-ZsØ ]n¥p-W-°p-tºmƒ a‰p

NneXv AssZz-X-kn-≤m-¥sØ klm-bn-°p∂p. ssXØn-cotbm]\n-jØvAssZz-X-hm-Z-sØ-bmWv ]n≥Xm-ßp-∂Xv. krjvSn-]-In-b-sb-°p-dn-®p≈AXns‚ ]Xn-]m-Z\w t\m°pI:

""Cu PKØv BZn-bn¬ "AkXv' (Ahy-‡hpw Ahy-Xn-cn-‡hpw) Bbn-cp∂p. AXn¬\n-∂mWv "kXv' (PU-tN-X-\m-fl-I-amb ]Xy-£-P-KØv) DZv -hn-®Xv. ]c-_-lvam-flmhv kzbw Xs∂ PU-tN-X-\m-fl-I-cq]w ssIs°m-≠p. AXp-sIm≠p hnizsØ "kpIrXw' (\√-Xmbn \n¿an-°-s∏- Xv) F∂p]d-bp∂p.''19

_lvaw Xs∂-bmWv PK-Ømbn cq]m-¥-c-s∏- -sX-∂sX ta¬ ]d-™-Xns‚ kmcw. X∂n-anØw PK-Øns‚ D]m-Zm-\-Im-cWw amX-am-bn-Øo-cp∂p_lvaw. _lvaw PK-Øm-bn-Øo¿∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂p ssXØn-cobw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p: ""Rm≥ _lp-cq-]-ambn Xoc-W-sa∂p AXv hnNm-cn®p. AXvX] p sNbvXp. (AXm-bXv, Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS I¿a-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®pkrjvSn \S-Ø-W-sa∂p k¶-ev]n®p). Aßs\ Cu ImWp-∂Xpw tIƒ°p-∂-Xp-amb PKØp apgp-h≥ kwPm-X-ambn. A\-¥cw AXv (_lvaw)AXn¬ (PK-Øns‚ km¶¬]nI cq]-Øn¬) ]th-in®p. ]th-in® tijwAXv "kØpw' "XyØpw' (AXm-bXv aq¿Ø-hpw- A-aq¿Ø-hp-amb cq]-Øn¬)Bbn-Øo¿∂p. \ncp-‡hpw (ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw) A\n-cp-‡hpw (ImW-s∏-Sm-ØXpw) Bbn. \ne-b-\hpw (Bibw \¬Ip-∂Xpw) A\n-e-b-\hpw(Bibw \¬Im-ØXpw) Bbn. hn⁄m-\hpw Ahn-⁄m-\hpw kXyhpwAk-Xy-hp-ambn.''20

F∂m¬ a‰p-Nne D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ _“-sØ- Im-Wp-∂Xv PK-Øns‚ \nan-Ø-Im-c-Whpw D]m-Zm\ Imc-W-hp-am-bmWv. F´p-Im-en-bpsS DZm-l-c-W-Øn-eqsS ]kvXpX c≠p `mh-ß-fp-amWv apfi-tIm-]-\n-jØv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. ""F´p-Imen a‰p Imc-W-sØ-sbm∂pw At]-£n-°msX X∂n-ep≈ X¥p-°-fm¬ he s\bvsX-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse, `qan-bn¬ kky-ßƒ apf-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse, a\p-jy-\n¬ tIihpw tcmam-h-en-Ifpw kwPm-X-am-hp-∂-Xp-t]mse A£-c-Øn¬ (Ahn-\m-in-bmb _“-Øn¬) \n∂v Cu hniz-ap-≠mbn.'' 21

Nne-¥n-h-e-bpsS \nan-Ø-Im-c-Whpw D]m-Zm-\-Im-c-Whpw Nne-¥n-X-s∂-bm-Wt√m. AXp-t]m-se-bmWv _“-Øn¬\n∂p hniz-ap-≠m-b-sX∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ hniz-Øns‚ \nan-Øhpw D]m-Zm-\hpw _lvawXs∂-bm-sW∂p A¿Y-am-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. Cu Bibw as‰m-cp-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw apfiIw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p≠v:

""XtZ X’Xyw bYm kpZo-]vXm-Xv]m-h-ImZv hnkv^p-enwKmx

kl-k-ix-]-`-ht¥ kcq]mx


XY-m£-cmZv hnhn[x tkmay `mhmx

]Pm-bt¥ XX ssNhm-]n-bm¥n.''22

(AwKn-ckv al¿jn ]d-bp∂p: ""]nb-s∏´ iu\I, Rm≥ \n-\°vBZyw ]c-_-lva-Øns‚ kzcq]w h¿Wn-®p-X-∂Xv kXy-am-Ip∂p.ho≠pw AXv Kln-∏n°mw; F]-Imcw Bfn-°-Øp∂ A·n-bn¬\n∂v ]e cq]-h¿W-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb Bbn-c-°-W-°n\p kv^penw-K-ßƒ \mep ]mSpw NnX-dp-∂pthm, AXp-]-Imcw Ahn-\m-in-bmb_lva-Øn¬\n∂pw krjvSn-Im-eØv \m\m ]Im-c-Øn-ep≈ `mh-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn, aq¿Øhpw Aaq¿Ø-hp-amb hkvXp-°ƒ DZv`-hn-°p-Ibpw ]f-b-Im-eØv ho≠pw AXn¬Xs∂ eo\-am -hp -IbpwsNøp∂p.)

cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Fgp-Xp∂p:

""Aßs\ apfi-I-Øns‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ _lvaw PK-Øns‚\nan-Øhpw D]m-Zm-\-hp-amb Imc-W-am-Ip∂p. _lvahpw PKØpwXΩn¬ ico-chpw ico-cnbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-am-Wp-≈-sX∂p AXpIcp-Xp∂p. F¶n-epw kØ-sb-∏‰n ]d-bp-tºmƒ Poh≥, _lvaw,]IrXn F∂n-ßs\ aq∂n-t‚bpw AkvXn-XzsØ AXv AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. krjvSn-bpsS DXv]m-Z-\-Øn¬ ]Ir-Xnsb `n∂-ambn Icp-Xp-∂n√. F´p-Im-en-bpsS DZm-l-cWw CXmWv ImWn-°p-∂Xv.''23

Aßs\ D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ _lvahpw PKØpw XΩn-ep≈_‘sØ hyXykvX ho£m-K-Xn-bn¬IqSn t\m°n-°m-Wp-IbpwhymJym-\n-°p-I-bp-amWv sNøp-∂Xv. Pohm-flm-hn-t\bpw ]c-am-flm-hn-t\bpw c≠m-bn-Øs∂ apfiIw ImWp∂p. Pohm-flm-hmWv I¿a-êw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂Xv; ]c-am-flmhv AXv t\m°n-bn-cn-°p-t∂-bp≈q.]t£, c≠pw Htc ico-c-Øn¬ Xs∂ \ne-sIm-≈p∂p. Cu kwKXnHcp-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-eqsS apfiIw hy‡-am-°p∂p.

""Zzm kp]¿Æm kbpPm kJmbm

kam\w hr£w ]cn-j-kz-PmtX

Xtbm-c-\yx-]n-∏ew kzmZzØy˛

\iv\-∂t\ym A`n-Nm-I-ioXn''24

(kwbp-‡cpw kJm-°-fp-amb c≠p ]£n-Iƒ [Pohm-flmhpw ]c-am-flmhpw] Htc hr£-Øn¬ [ico-c-Øn¬] H∂n®p \nh-kn-°p∂p. Ah-bn¬ H∂v [Pohm-flmhv] hr£-Øns‚ êw, AYhm I¿a-êwBkz-Zn-°p-Ibpw a‰Xv []c-am-flmhv] H∂pw A\p-`-hn-°msX I≠p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.)

_lvahpw Pohm-flmhpw XΩn-ep≈ ssZzX-`m-h-sØ-bmWv Cua¥-hpw Ipdn-°p-∂Xv. Cu Imcyw tIt\m-]-\n-jØv IqSp-X¬ Du∂n-∏-d-bp∂p:


""A\y-tZh XZzn-Zn-Xm-ZtYm Ahn-Zn-Xy-Z[n

CXn ipipa ]q¿t∆jmw tb \kvX-Zz-ym-N-N-£ntc.''25

(Adn-b-s∏-´-Xn¬\n∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xn¬\n∂pw XnI®pw `n∂-am-bn-´p-≈-Xm-Ip∂p _lvaw. CXmWv AXns\ hymJym-\n®p X∂ BNm-cy-∑m-cn¬\n∂pw Rßƒ tIń-´p-≈Xv.)

F∂m¬ k¿∆-Øn\pw km£m¬ Imc-W-ambn h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv_lva-asX. tI\w ]d-bp∂p:

""BcpsS km∂n[yw sIm≠mtWm timX-Øn\v tIƒhnbpw a\- n\v a\-\i-‡nbpw hmKn-µn-b-Øn\v kwkm-c-I-gnhpw ]mW\v Ne\i‡nbpw t\tX-µn-b-Øn\p Z¿i-\-I-gnhpw D≠m-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xv,AXmWv ]c-am-flmhv. _p≤n-am≥am-cmb Bfp-Iƒ AXp a\- n-em°n, timXmZn Cµn-b-ß-fn¬\n∂v Bflm-hns\ th¿Xn-cn®dn™v,Cµnb Pohn-X-Øn¬\n∂p hnc-an®v, ac-W-c-ln-X-amb Ahÿ ]m]n-°p∂p.''26

tIt\m-]-\n-j-Øns‚ Ah-km\ `mK-Øn¬ PK-Øns‚ ]n∂n¬\nKq-V-ambn h¿Øn-°p∂ A]-cn-tab i‡n-sb-∏-‰n-bmWv h¿Wn-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂p ]tXyIw ]kvXm-hy-amWv.

_lva-Øns‚ KpW-\m-a-ßƒ]c-_-lva-Øns‚ KpW-ßfpw \ma-ßfpw D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬

h¿Wn-®n-´p≠v. Ah an°-hmdpw Jp¿-B-\nse ssZh-Kp-W-ß-fp-ambntbmPn-°p∂p. ItTm-]-\n-jØv _lvasØ h¿Wn-°p-∂Xp ImWpI:

""Cµn-b-ß-tf-°mƒ DXvIr-jvS-ß-fmWv hnj-b-ßƒ. hnj-b-ß-tf-°mƒ DXvIr-jvS-amWv a\ v. a\- n-t\-°mƒ DXvIr-jvS-amWv_p≤n. _p≤n-tb-°mƒ DXvIr-jvS-asX Bflmhv (al-XXzw). al-X-Xz-tØ-°mƒ DXvIr-jvS-am-Ip∂p Ahy-‡-amb aqe-]-IrXn. Ahy-‡-amb aqe-]-Ir-Xn-tb-°mƒ DXvIr-jvS-amWv ]pcp-j≥ AYhm_lvaw. ]pcp-j-t\-°mƒ ]c-a-ambn bmsXm∂pw Xs∂-bn√. ]c-a-Im-jvTbpw ]ca e£y-hp-am-Ip∂p AXv.''27

Jp¿-B-\nse "A¿d-∫p¬ AAvem' (]c-tam-XvIr-jvS-\mb Cuiz-c≥) F∂ ssZh-hn-ti-j-W-Øns‚ Bibw Xs∂-bmWv ta¬ a¥wDƒs°m-≈p-∂Xv. CXp-t]mse A√m-lp-hns‚ "A¬Jp-±qkv (]cn-ip-≤≥), "A z-aZv' (kI-e¿°pw Bi-b-ap-≈-h≥), "A¬Akokv'(AP-ø≥), "A¬ l-øp¬Jøqw' (A\-izc tNX\≥), "A¬ _mJn'(imiz-X≥) F∂o KpW-hn-ti-j-ßƒ ItTm-]-\n-j-Ønepw ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv. AXn¬ Hcn-SØv ]d-bp∂p:

""apI-fn¬ thcpw Xmsg imJ-I-fp-ap≈ Hcp Aiz∞ hr£w (Ac-bm¬) t]mse-bp-≈Xpw A\m-Znbpw k\m-X-\-hp-am-WnXv. ]cn-ip-≤-sa∂pw_lva-sa∂pw Aar-Xsa (acW clnXw)∂pw AXns\ hnfn-°p∂p. kIe


temIhpw AXns\ Bi-bn®p \n¬°p∂p. bmsXm∂pw Xs∂AXns\ AXn-I-an-°p-∂n√. AXsX B Bflmhv.''28

ae-°p-Ifpw as‰√m hkvXp-°fpw A√m-lpsh `b-s∏´v Ahs‚A\p-im-k-\-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v kz¥w IrXy-ßƒ \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp-∂p-≠t√m. AXp-t]mse ItTm-]-\n-jØv ]d-bp∂p:

"`bm-Z-kym-·n-kvX-]Xn `bm-Ø-]Xn kqcyx

`bm-Zn-µ› hmbp-› -ar-Xyp¿[m-hXn ]©ax''29

(AXn-s\-°p-dn® `b-Øm¬ AKv\n-tZ-h≥ X]n-°p∂p; AXn-s\-°p-dn® `b-Øm¬ kqcy-tZ-h≥ X]n-°p∂p; AXns\ `b-s∏-´p-sIm≠pXs∂ Cµ≥, hmbp, A©m-a-\mb arXyp F∂o tZh≥amcpw kzhym-]m-c-ß-fn¬ hym]r-X-cm-hp∂p.)

""A√mlp \qdp- -am-hmØn h¬ A¿Zn'' (BImi `qan-I-fpsSshfn-®-amWv A√mlp) F∂p Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p. ItTm-]-\n-jØpwCtX Bibw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p:

""AhnsS kqcy≥ ]Im-in-°p-∂n√; Nµ\pw \£-X-ßfpw Cuan∂-ep-Ifpw ]Im-in-°p-∂n√; ]ns∂ A·n-sb-∏‰n ]d-bm-\pt≠m!AXns‚ (_lva-Øns‚) ]Im-i-sØ-Øp-S¿∂mWv Ch-sb√mw]Im-in-°p-∂Xv. AXns‚ shfn-®-amWv Ah-s°√mw shfn®w \evIp-∂Xv.''30

Jp¿-B-\n¬ A√m-lp-hns\ "amen-Ip¬ap¬Iv' (cmP-Xz-Øns‚ ]c-a-amb DSa) F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-®-t]m-se-Øs∂ _rl-Zm-c-Wy-I-Øn¬_lvasØ kI-e- Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fp-tSbpw cmPm-hmbn h¿Wn-®n-cn-°p∂p.

"F√m Poh-Pm-e-ß-fp-sSbpw cmPm-hm-Ip∂p Bflmhv AYhm_lvaw. cY-N-I-Øns‚ A®p-X-≠n-te°v F√m Bc-ßfpw LSn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xp-t]mse _lva-Øn¬ k¿h-`q-X-ßfpw (aqe-X-Xz-ßƒ) tZh-≥amcpw temI-ßfpw Pohm-flm-°fpw ka¿∏n-X-am-bn-cn-°p∂p.''31

Jp¿-B≥ 112˛-mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ A√m-lp-hns\ hnti-jn-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv Cß-s\-bm-Ip∂p: ""Ah≥ P\-It\m PmXt\m Bbn-ń√.''CtX ]Imcw _lvasØ ItTm-]-\n-jØv h¿Wn-®n-cn-°p∂p:

""\ PmbtX anbtX hm hn]›n˛

∂mbw IpX-›n∂ _`qh I›nXv

AtPm \nXyx imiz-tXmfbw ]pcmtWm

\ l\ytX l\y-amt\ icotc.''32

(⁄m\-kz-cq-]-\mb Cu Bflmhv [_lvaw] P\n-°p-Itbm acn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂n√. CXv as‰m-∂n-\m¬ D≠m-b-X√; CXn¬\n∂vbmsXm∂pw P∑-sa-Sp-Øn-´p-an√. DXv]-Øntbm \mitam C√m-ØXpw


\nXyhpw imiz-Xhpw A\m-Znbpw A\-¥hpw Bb Cu Bflmhvicocw \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmgpw \in-°p-∂-X√.)

Jp¿-B-\n¬ A√m-lp-hn-s\-∂-t]m-se-Øs∂ D]-\n-j-Øn¬_lva-Øn\pw ihWw, Z¿i\w, hN\w, ⁄m\w, i‡n apX-embKpW-ßƒ ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p∂p. ssXØn-co-tbm-]-\n-j-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p:""Aßs\ AXv hmIv]-Xnbpw N£p-jv]-Xnbpw timX-]-Xnbpwhn⁄m-\-]-Xn-bp-am-sW∂p ImWmw.''33

tiz-Xm-iz-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Ønse ssZh-KpW h¿W\w t\m°pI:

""Cuiz-c-∑m-cpsS atl-iz-c\pw tZh-∑m-cpsS ]c-a-tZ-h\pw, kjvSm-°-fn¬h®v ]ca kjvSmhpw c£-I-∑m-cpsS c£m-I¿Ømhpw `ph-t\-iz-c\pw kvXpXy\p-amb B ssZhsØ \mw Adn-bWw. Ah\vImcy-Im-c-W-ßƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂n√. Ah\v Xpey-ambn Bcp-an√. Ah-\p-]-cn-bmbn as‰m∂pw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂n√. B ]c-ta-iz-cs‚ _ew,⁄m\w, Inbm-tijn F∂nh \m\m ]Im-c-Øn¬ tIƒ°-s∏-Sp∂p.''34

Jp¿-B-\n¬ A√m-lp-hns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fmbn D≤-cn® "d∫p¬aem-CIx', "d∫p¬ Be-ao≥', "Alvk-\p¬ Jmen-Io≥' apX-embKpW-ß-fpsS kmcmwiw Xs∂-bmWv Cu h¿W-\-bnepw \mw ImWp-∂Xv. Cßs\ GI-ssZ-h-Øns‚ kuµ-cy-sØbpw Kmwò-cy-sØbpw]cn-]q¿W-X-sbbpw al-Xz-sØbpw kv]jvS-ambn h¿Wn-®n-´p≈[mcmfw a¥-ßƒ D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpƒs°m-≈p∂p. amXr-I-°mbnGXm\pw D≤-cn-s®-∂p-amXw!

Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ1. EtKzZw a. 10, kq. 129 t\m°pI.2. hniz-Z¿i\w t]. 554, 555

3. Ibid P. 551

4. Ibid P. 5525. OmtµmKyw A. 3, J. 11, a. 5, 66. OmtµmKyw A. 6, J. 27. aJm-em-Øp¬ Ckvem-an-øo≥ t\m°pI.8. _rl-Zm-c-WyIw A[ymbw 3, _m“Ww 8, a¥w 89. hniz-Z¿i-\-ßƒ t]. 58510. tI\w Jfiw 1, a¥w 311. Clvbm hm. 4, t]. 36212. tI\w J. 2, a. 313. _rl-Zm-c-WyIw A[ymbw 1, _m“Ww 4, a¥w 1014. Ibid A. 1, _m. 2, a. 1

15. Jp¿-B≥ A. 11, kq. 7

16. Jp¿-B≥ A. 11, kq. 3017. hniz-Z¿i-\-ßƒ t]. 586


18. sFX-tcbw A. 1, J. 1, a. 1-˛4 t\m°pI.19. ssXØn-cobw, _lvam-\-µ-h√n, A\p-hmIw 7, a. 1

20. Ibid _lvam-\-µ-h√n, A\p. 6, a. 4

21. apfiIw 1, Jfiw 1, a¥w 722. apfiIw 2, J. 1, a. 123. hniz-Z¿i-\-ßƒ t]. 61224. ap. 3, J. 1, a. 125. tI\w Jfiw 1, a¥w 426. Ibid J. 1, a. 227. ItTm-]-\n-jØv A[ymbw 1, h√n 3, a¥w 10, 1128. Ibid A. 2, h. 6, a. 129. Ibid A. 2, h. 6, a. 330. Ibid A. 2, h. 5, a. 1531. _rl-Zm-c-WyIw32. ItTm-]-\n-jØv A. 1, h. 2, a. 1833. ssXØn-cobw, in£m-h√n, A\p-hmIw 6, a¥w 334. tizXm-iz-Xcw A. 6, a. 7, 8

A[ymbw Ccp-]-sØ v

Bflmhv

Hcn-°¬ apl-ΩZv \_n-tbmSv Nne PqX≥am¿ Bfl-X-Xz-sØ-∏‰ntNmZn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬ ]hm-N-I\v ssZh-Øn-¶¬\n∂vshfn-]m-Sp-≠mbn:

""Ah¿ Xm¶-tfmSv Bflm-hn-s\-∏‰n tNmZn-°p∂p. ]d-bpI:Bflmhv Fs‚ \mYs‚ Imcy-Øn¬ s]´-XmWv. Adn-hn¬ Aev]wamXta \nßƒ°v \¬In-bn-´p≈q.''1

Bflm-hns‚ bmYm¿Yy-sØ-°p-dn® Adnhv a\p-jy¿°p \¬I-s∏-ń-ń-s√∂pw Bfl-XXzw \n¿h-Nn-°m≥ B¿°pw -km-[y-a-s√-∂p-amWv taep--≤-cn® hN-\-Øn¬\n∂pw apkvenw ]fin-X≥am-cn¬ hen-sbmcp hn`mKw a\- n-em-°p-∂Xv. ]pcm-X\ ]fin-X≥amcpw Bfl-X-XzsØ \n¿h-Nn-®n-cp-∂n√. F∂m¬ ]n¬°m-esØ hn⁄m-\-Ip-Xp-In-I-fmb kq^n ]fin-X-∑m¿ Bfl-c-lkyw Is≠-Øp-hm≥ian®p. Ah¿ Bflm-hn\v \n¿h-N\w \¬In. Camw K men C°q-´-Øn-sem-cm-fmWv. At±lw Xs‚ "Clvbm'bn¬ Bfl-X-XzsØ\n¿h-Nn®p ]d-bp∂p:

""dqlv (Bflmhv) F∂ hm°v c≠¿Y-ß-fn¬ hyh-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p: H∂v, Hcp kq£va-Zhyw. PUm-fl-I-amb lrZ-b-Øns‚A¥¿`m-K-ØmWv AXns‚ tIµw. AXns‚ i‡n ico-c-Øns‚F√m `mK-ß-fn-te°pw \mUo-hyq-l-ß-fn-eqsS hym]-cn-°p∂p. ico-


c-Øn-\-IØv AXv Nen-°p-∂-Xn-t\bpw AXn¬\n∂v Poh≥, t_m[w,Z¿i\w, ihWw, LmWw apX-em-b-h-bpsS ]Im-i-ßƒ AXXpAh-b-h-ß-fn-te°v ]k-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\bpw \ap°v Hcp Zo]-\m-f-Øns‚ Ne-\-tØmSpw ]k-c-tØmSpw D]-an°mw. Hcp `h-\-Øns‚hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ Nen-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Zo]-Øns‚ shfn®w FØp∂CS-ß-sf√mw ]Im-i-am-\-am-bn-Øo-cp∂p. AXp-t]mse Bflm-hns‚]k-chpw ico-c-sØ-bm-I-am\w ]Im-i-am-\-am-°p∂p. Bflmhv]kvXpX Zo]w t]mse-bm-Ip∂p. Poh-\m-Is´ `h-\-Øns‚ `nØn-I-fn¬ ]Xn-°p∂ shfn®w t]msebpw. ico-c-Øn-\-IØv BflmhvNen-°p-∂Xv Krl-Øns‚ A¥¿`m-K-ß-fn¬ Nen-∏n-°p∂ Zo]-Øns‚Ne-\-Øn\p Xpey-am-Ip∂p. C\n Bflm-hns‚ c≠m-asØ A¿Yw]dbmw: a\p-jy-\nse ⁄m\nbpw Imcy-Km-ln-bp-amb kq£vahkvXp-hm-WXv, lrZ-b-Øn\p \mw hnh-cn® c≠¿Y-ß-fn-sem-∂sXCXv.2 ta¬ kqNn-∏n® Jp¿-B≥ kq‡-Øn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°-s∏-ń-´p≈"dqlv' CXm-Ip∂p. AXy¥w A¤p-X-mh-lhpw Znhy-hp-amb Hcpi‡n-hn-ti-j-am-WnXv. Cu dqlns‚ bYm¿Y XXzw an°-h¿°pwKln-°mt\m a\- n-em-°mt\m Ign-bp-I-bn√.''3

Nne hninjvS hy‡n-Iƒ°v Bfl-c-lkyw Kln-°p-hm\pw a\- n-em-°p-hm\pw Ign-bp-sa-∂mWv K m-en-bpsS ta¬ ]kvXm-h-\-bpsS [z\n. F∂m¬, Bfl-c-lkyw ssZh-Øn-\-√msX B¿°pwAdn-bn√ F∂mWv a‰p ]e-cp-tSbpw hmZw. GXm-bmepw ]n≥Km-an-I-fmb kq^n-]-fin-X≥am¿ Bfl-c-lkyw Is≠-Øp-hm-\p≈ iaw\S-ØpI Xs∂ sNbvXp. Aßs\ Ah¿ hyXy-kvX-amb \nK-a-\-ß-fn-seØn. Nne¿ Bflmhv AIr-X-am-sW-∂p-t]mepw hmZn®p.4

F∂m¬ A[nI ]fin-X-∑mcpw Cu hmZsØ Xnc-kvI-cn-°p∂p.Bflmhv AIr-X-am-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂-h-cpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ c≠p-Xcw temI-ß-fp≠v. H∂v krjvS-temIw. CXn\v "Be-ap¬ J¬Jv'F∂p ]d-bp∂p. a‰Xv Akr-jvS-temIw. CXn\v "Be-ap¬ Awdv'F∂pw "Be-ap¬ ae-IqØv' F∂pw ]d-bp∂p. Bflmhv Akr-jvS-tem-I-Øn¬ s]´-Xm-WsX. apI-fn¬ D≤-cn® Jp¿-B≥ hmIy-Øn¬""Bflmhv Fs‚ d∫ns‚ Awdn¬s]-´-XmWv'' F∂p ]d-™-Xns‚Xm¬]-cyhpw AXm-Wp-t]m¬. kq^n-I-fn¬ ]ecpw Bflmhv A\m-Znbpw A\-iz-c-hp-am-sW∂p kn≤m-¥n-®n-´p≠v.5

Bflmhv mc-Xo-b-km-ln-Xy-ß-fn¬Bfl-XXz-sØ-°p-dn® `mc-Xob kmln-Xy-ß-fpsS \ne-]mSp ]cn-

tim-[n-®mepw hyXykvX A`n-]m-b-ß-fmWv ImWm≥ Ign-bpI. EtKz-Z-Im-esØ Ejn-am¿ AXv IrX-sat∂m AIr-X-sat∂m Xocp-am-\n-°msX, ]c-ta-iz-c\p amXta AXn-s\-∏‰n Adnbq F∂p ]d-s™m-gn-bp-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. krjvSn-Ko-X-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xp t\m°pI:


""hmkvX-h-Øn¬ B¿°-dnbpw, ChnsS B¿°v ]d-bm≥ Ignbpw,Fhn-sS-\n∂v AXp-≠mbn F∂pw, Fhn-sS-\n∂p Cu hnhn[ krjvSn-Iƒ DZv`-hn®p F∂pw? CXns‚ DXv]-Øn°p tij-amWv tZh-∑m¿(ae-°p-Iƒ) D≠m-bXv. At∏mƒ B¿°-dnbmw, GXn¬\n∂p CXp-f-hms-b∂v? bmsXm-∂n¬\n∂p Cu temIw kwPm-X-amtbm B aqe-tkm-X v IrXtam, AYhm AIr-Xtam? k¿thm-∂-X-amb kz¿K-tem-I-Øp-\n∂pw CXns\ \nb-¥n-°p∂ k¿h-km-£n-bmb \mY-\p-am-Xta AXp Adn-bp-Itbm Adn-bm-Xn-cn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂p≈q.''6

PK-Øns‚ krjvSn-c-l-kyhpw Bflm-hns‚ bmYm¿Yyhpw a\p-jy\v Adn-bm≥ km[y-a-s√∂ \ne-]m-SmWv thZw ChnsS kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv. Jp¿-B≥ kzoI-cn® AtX \ne-]m-Sp-Xs∂. F∂m¬, D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS Ime-am-b-t∏mƒ BXva-XXz-sØ-∏‰n hn]p-e-ambtXmXn¬ ]cy-th-£-W-ßƒ \S-Ø-s∏´p. F∂n-cp-∂mepw GtIm-]n®Hcp \nK-a-\-Øn¬ A∂sØ Nn¥-I≥am¿°v FØn-t®-cm≥ Ign-™n-√. apkvenw ]fin-X-∑m-sc-t∏m-se-Øs∂ Ahcpw hyXykvXA`n-]m-b-°m-cm-bn-Øo-cp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv.

£pZm-ImiwC\n \ap°v D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnse Bfl-Z¿i-\-sØ-∏‰n Hcp hnl-

K-ho-£Ww \SØmw. OmtµmKyw Hcp £pZ-mIm-isØ h¿Wn-°p∂p. _mly ]]-©-tØmSv ]e-hn-t[-\bpw Hu]ay-ap≈ Hcp B¥-c-]-]©w a\p-jy-\n¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p≠v. AXn\v "£pZm-Imiw'F∂p ]d-bp∂p. OmtµmKyw ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂Xv ImWpI:

""lrZ-b-Ønse £pZ-mIm-i-Øn¬ _t“m-]m-k\ sNø-W-sa∂v]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. _“-]-c-amb ico-c-Øn¬ Hcp ]pfi-co-I-Kr-l-ap≠v.(AXm-bXv, Xma-c-sam-´p-t]m-esØ lrZbw). AXn-\-IØv Hcp £pZm-Im-i-ap≠v. AXns‚ A¥¿`m-K-Øp≈ hkvXp-hn-s\-bmWv At\z-jn-t°-≠Xv. AXns\ amXw BK-ln-°p-Ibpw thWw. ]pd-ta-bp≈BImiw t]mse-X-s∂-bmWv lrZ-bm-¥¿`m-K-Øp≈ BIm-ihpw.AXns‚ a[y-Øn¬ \£-X-tem-Ihpw `qanbpw \ne-sIm-≈p∂p.A·n, hmbp, kqcy≥, Nµ≥, taL-tPym-Xn v, \£-X-ßƒ˛Aßs\ Cu temI-Øp-≈Xpw C√m-Ø-Xp-amb F√mw AhnsSÿnXn-sN-øp∂p.''7

_mly-tem-I-sØ-t∏m-se-bp≈ Hcp B¥-c-temIw a\p-jys‚AI-Øp-s≠∂ Cu Iev]\ Hcp Ad-_n-°-hnbpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p≠v.

(sNdn-sbmcp ]nfi-am-sW∂p \o ]d-bp∂p. al-Ømb temI-amWv\n∂n¬ A¥¿eo-\-am-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv.)


a\ vD]-\n-jXv I¿Øm-°-∑m-cmb Ejn-am-cpsS ZrjvSn-bn¬ a\ v

Bflm-hn¬\n∂p `n∂-amb Hcp ]Zm¿Y-am-Ip∂p. AXp-sIm≠v a\- ns\ Ah¿ "A∂-ab'sa∂p h¿Wn-°p∂p. A∂-Øm¬ ]cn-]p-jvS-am-Ip-∂-sX∂p XmXv]cyw. OmtµmKyw ]d-bp∂p:

""`£n-°-s∏-Sp∂ A∂w aq∂p hn[-Øn¬ ]cn-W-an -°p∂p.AXns‚ ÿqe-[mXp "]pcnj' (ae-aq-XmZn amen\yw) ambn-Øo-cp∂p.hnN-e-am-bXv amwkhpw, AXn-kq-£va-am-bXv a\- p-ambn `hn-°p∂p.a\ v A∂-a-b-amWv. ssXcp Ie-°n-bm¬ AXnse kq£vamwiwapI-fn-te°v s]m¥n-h-cn-Ibpw shÆ-bm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xp-t]mse, `£n-°-s∏´ A∂-Øns‚ kq£vamwiw apI-fn -te°ps]mßnhcn-Ibpw a\- m-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNøp∂p.''8

a\ v A∂-a-b-am-sW∂ Cu Bibw apkvenw-kq-^n-Ifpw hywKy-¥-tcW AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p≠v. kq^n-I-fpsS hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ Imaw,tIm[w, aZw, tamlw, am’cyw, tem`w XpS-ßnb Zp¿hn-Im-c-ß-fpsSCcn-∏nSw a\ v AYhm "\^vkv' BIp∂p. AXn-\m¬, \^vkn-s\-Xn-cmb kacw \nc-¥cw \S-Ø-W-sa∂v Ah¿ Blzm\w sNøp∂p.\^vkv A∂-Øm¬ ]cn-]p-jvS-am-bn-Øo-cp-sa∂pw Ima-tIm-[mZn Zp¿∆n-Im-c-ßsf t]mjn-∏n-°p-∂Xv A∂-am-sW∂pw Hcp kq^n Ihn-bmbid-^p-±o-\n¬ _qkqcn (In. 1213-1295?) Xs‚ "_p¿Z' F∂ Imhy-Øn¬ ka¿Yn-®n-´p≠v.

(A∂w Xs∂-bmWv AXym-k-‡s‚ ImasØ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.)

kp]vXm-hÿD]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnse Zm¿i-\n-I-∑m¿°v a\p-jys‚ \nZm-hÿ hen-

sbmcp cl-ky-am-bn-cp∂p. BXvaX-Xz-tØbpw _“-XXz-tØbpw hnh-cn-°p-hm≥ ]kvXpX Ah-ÿ-sbbmWv Ah¿ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. KmV-amb \nZm-h-ÿ-bn¬ a\p-jy≥ bmsXm∂pw Adn-bp-∂n√. kz]v\-Z¿i\w t]mep-ap-≠m-Ip-∂n√. F¥p-sIm-≠m-WnXv? _rl-Zm-c-Wy-I-Øn¬]d-bp∂p:

""KmV-\n-Zm-h-ÿ-bn¬ ]pcp-j≥ (Pohm-flmhv) bmsXm∂pw Xs∂ Adn-bp-∂n√. lrZ-b-Øn¬\n∂v "]pco-XØn'te°v t]mhp∂ Fgp-]-Øn-c-≠m-bncw "lnX' F∂p t]cmb \mUn-I-fp≠v. Ah hgn-bmbn Ahn-sS-sbØnAXv (]pcp-j≥) Dd-ßp∂p. inipthm, alm-cm-Pmthm, alm-_m-“-Wt\mkpJ-\n-Z-sIm-≈p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-Øs∂.''9

(lrZ-b-Øn-\-IØv, As√-¶n¬ AXns‚ ]rjvT-Z-WvU-Øn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Hcp NI-sØ-bmWv ChnsS ]pco-XXw F∂p ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv.


kz]v\m-h-ÿ-bnepw KmV-\n-Zm-h-ÿ-bnepw Poh≥ Ahn-sS-bmWvt]msbm-fn-°p-∂Xv.)

CtX kwKXn Omtµm-Ky-Ønepw h∂n-´p≠v: ""Dd-ßp∂ BƒB\-µ-a-·-\mbn kz]v\w-t]mepw Adn-bmsX ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬, AXv lnXm-\m-Un-I-fn¬°qsS kp]vXm-hÿ ]m]n-°p∂p.'' ho≠pw ]d-bp∂p: ""]pcp-j≥ Dd-ßp-tºmƒ _“-hp-ambnGIo-`mhw ]m]n-°p∂p. kzbw kwtbm-K-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v CXn\v"kz]nXn' F∂p ]d-bp∂p.''

Omtµm-Ky-Øns‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ ]pcp-j≥ kz]v\w t]mepwAdn-bmsX KmV-\n-Z-bn¬ ebn-°p-∂Xv _“-k-am-Kaw sIm≠mWv.At∏mƒ Hmtcm -a-\p-jy\pw Zn\w]Xn ]c-ta-iz-c-\p-ambn k‘n-°p∂p. F∂m¬, F¥p-sIm≠v Abm-fXv Adn-bp-∂n√? OmtµmKywDØcw ]d-bp∂p:

""ÿew Adn-bm-Ø-h¿ Hfn-™p-In-S-°p∂ kph¿W Ipw`-ß-fpsS apIƒ`m-K-Øp-IqSn \S-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Ah¿°v]kvXpX \n[n e`n-°p-∂n√. AXp-t]mse P\-ßƒ Zn\w ]Xn _“-tem-I-Z¿i\w sNøp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw _“-]-Z-]m-]vXn°v A¿l-cm-bn-Øo-cp-∂n√. Fs¥-∂m¬, Ak-Xy-Ømepw A⁄m-\-Ømepw AXvad-bv°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p.''11

kpjp-]vXm-h-ÿ-bn¬ Bflmhpw ssZhhpw XΩn-ep≈ A\n-X-c-km-[m-c-W-amb _‘-sØ-∏‰n Jp¿-B\pw kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. AXvCß-s\-bmWv: ""A√mlp Bflm-°sf Ah-bpsS acWka-bØvGs‰-Sp-°p∂p; ac-W-a-S-bmØ Bflm-°sf Ah-bpsS \nZm-h-k-c-Ønepw (Gs‰-Sp-°p∂p). F∂n´v acWw hn[n-®n´p≈ Bflm-°sfAh≥ ]nSn-®p-sh-°p-Ibpw a‰p-≈-hsb kp\n¿Wn-X-amb Hcp Imem-h[n htc-°mbn hn´-b-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Nn¥n-°p∂ P\-X°vCXn¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw sXfn-hp-I-fp≠v.''12

kpjp-]vXm-h-ÿ-bn¬ Bflm-°ƒ ssZh-Øns‚ kao-]-Øm-sW∂pw, XZ-h-kcw Ah-\p-ambn Akm-[m-c-W-_‘w ]pe¿Øp-∂p-s≠∂pw ta¬ hmIyw Ipdn-°p∂p. Ejn-amsc kw_-‘n-t®-S-tØmfwkz]v\m-h-ÿbpw KmV-\n-Zm-h-ÿbpw FX-amXw ][m-\-ß-fm-bn-cp∂psh∂v Omtµm-Ky-Ønse Hcp al¿jn-bmb D±m-e-I -B-cpWnkz]p-X-\mb tizX-tI-Xp-hn-t\m-Sp-]-tZ-in-®-Xn¬\n∂pw a\- n-em°mw: ""kz]v\-Øn-\p-≈n-ep≈ Imcy-ßƒ Adn-bpI. \q¬Ø-e-∏n¬ kp_-≤-amb ]£n Hmtcm Zn°n-te°pw ]d∂v, Fßpw ÿewIn´msX HSp-hn¬ _‘-\-ÿm-\-sØ-Øs∂ Bi-bn-°p∂p. AXp-t]mse a\ v hnhn[ Zn°p-I-fn-te°v HmSn, hni-a-ÿm\w e`n-°msXHSp-hn¬ Bflm-hn-te-°p-Xs∂ Xncn-®p-h-cp∂p. a\- ns\ _‘n-°p-∂Xv ]mW-\sX.''13


Bflm-hns‚ Ah-ÿm-¥-c-ßƒD]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ Bflm-hns‚ hyXy-kvX-amb Ah-ÿ-Iƒ hni-

Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v _lv-a-hp-am-bp≈ AXns‚ _‘w ÿm]n-°p∂p.amWvUq-tIym-]-\n-j-ØmWv C°mcyw Ipsd-°qSn hni-Z-ambn N¿®sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv. AXnse Bi-b-ßƒ Npcp-°-Øn¬ ChnsS ]Im-in-∏n°mw:

Bflm-hn\v aq∂v Ah-ÿm-¥-c-ß-fp≠v. H∂v PmK-Xm-hÿ; c≠vkz]v\m-hÿ; aq∂v kpjp-]vXm-hÿ. PmK-Xm-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ Bflm-hns\"sshizm-\-c≥' F∂pw, kz]v\m-h-ÿ-bn-ep-≈-Xns\ "ssXP-k≥' F∂pw,kpjp-]vXm-h-ÿ-bn-ep-≈-Xns\ "]m⁄≥' F∂pw hnfn-°p∂p. C\n C∏-d™ aq∂v Bflm-°-fp-tSbpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ImWpI:

PmK-Xm-h-ÿ-bn-en-cn-°p∂ sshizm-\-cm-flmhv X∂n¬\n-∂-\y-ambhnj-b-ß-fn-te°v hym]-cn-°p-Ibpw ]⁄-sIm≠v _mly-amb ÿqe-h-kvXp-°sf Adn-bp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. AXn-\m¬, AXns\ "ÿqe- pIv' F∂phnfn-°p∂p. kz]v\m-h-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cn-°p∂ ssXP-km-flmhv _mly-tem-I-Øp≈ bmsXm∂pw Adn-bp-∂n√. F∂m¬, a\- n-\-IØv kam-lr-X-am-bn-°n-S-°p∂ hmk-\-Isf ]Zm¿Y-ß-fpsS cq]-Øn¬ AXv Z¿in-°p∂p.CXsX kz]v\-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ bmYm¿Yyw. BI-bm¬ ssXP-k≥ AXns‚]⁄-sIm≠v hym]-cn-°p-∂Xv A¥x-I-c-W-Øn-ep≈ kq£va-]-Zm¿Y-ß-fn¬ amX-amWv. AXn-\m¬, AXns\ "A¥x-]-⁄≥' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂p. KmV-\n-Zm-h-ÿ-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ ]m⁄≥ _mly-tem-ItØm B¥-c-tem-ItØm D≈ bmsXm∂pw Xs∂ Adn-bp-∂n√;bmsXmcp hym]m-chpw \S-Øp-∂n√. kz]v\w t]mepw Z¿in-°p-∂n√.KmV-\n-Z-bn¬ ebn-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-WXv. ka-kvX- hm-k-\-Ifpw X∂n¬Xs∂ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]m⁄s\ "]⁄m-\-Lv\≥'F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂p. CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ AXn\v Htc-sbmcp t`mPy-ta-bp≈q˛B\µw! \nZm-h-ÿ-bn¬ Bflmhv ]c-am-\µw A\p-`-hn-°p∂p.

PmK-Xm-h-ÿ-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ sshizm-\-c≥ X∂n¬ \n∂-\y -amb hnj-b-ß-fn¬ hym]-cn -°p -∂p -sh∂p ]d-™p-ht√m.]sØm≥]Xp apJ-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv AXv hnj-b-K-lWw sNøp-∂Xv. A©p _mtly-µn-b-ßƒ, A©p B¥-tc-µn-b-ßƒ, A©p -]m-W-∑m¿ (]mW≥, hym\≥, A]m-\≥, kam-\≥, DZm-\≥ F∂o-hm-bp-°ƒ), IqSmsX a\ v, NnØw, _p≤n, Al-¶mcw F∂n-h-bmWv]kvXpX apJ-ßƒ. Cu ]sØm≥]Xp D]m-[n-I-tfmSp IqSn-b-√msXPmK-Xm-h-ÿ-bn¬ Bflm-hn\v hym]-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-X√. AXn-\m¬, sshizm-\-cs\ "GtIm-\-hnw-i-Xn-ap-J≥' (]sØm≥]Xp apJ-ap-≈-h≥) F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂p. CXp-t]mse AXn\v Ggw-K-ßfpwIev]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. inc v, t\Xw, ]mW≥, icocw, ae-aqX


hnk¿P-\-ÿm\w, ]mZw, apJw F∂n-h-bmWv B Ggw-K-ßƒ. AXn-\m¬ "k]vXmw-K≥' (Ggw-K-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h≥) F∂pw sshizm-\-c≥ hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂p. BI-bm¬ PmK-Xm-h-ÿ-bn¬ Bflmhv]sØm≥]Xp apJ-tØmSpw Ggw-K-tØmSpw _mly ]⁄-tbmSpwÿqe-`p-‡n-tbmSpw IqSn-bmWv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv. Cu Ah-ÿ-bn-ep≈ sshizm-\-cs\ _“-Øns‚ ]Y-a-]m-Z-ambn k¶¬]n-®n-cn-°p∂p. 14

kz]v\m-h-ÿ-bn-en-cn -°p∂ ssXP-k\pw ]⁄-sIm-≠mWvX∂n¬ A¥¿eo-\-am-bn-cn-°p∂ hmk-\-Iƒ A\p-`-hn-°p-∂Xv. at\m-a-WvU-e-Øn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ hmk-\-I-fm-Ip∂ AWp-°ƒssXP-ks‚ ]Im-i-Øn¬ hnI-kn®v, ]Zm¿Y-ß-fpsS cq]w ]m]n-°p∂p. CXmWv kz]v\w. AXn-kq-£-va-ambn ]Zm¿Y-ß-fn¬ hym]-cn-°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv ssXP-ks‚ kz`mhw. sshizm-\-c-s\-t∏msessXP-k∂pw ]sØm≥]Xp apJ-ßfpw Ggp AwK-ß-fp-ap≠v.]t£, Ah AXy¥w kq£-va-ß-fmWv. sshizm-\-c\v ÿqe ]Zm¿Y-ß-fn¬ amXta hnl-cn-°m≥I-gnbq. ssXP-k-∂m-Is´ kq£va]Zm¿Y-ß-fn¬ amXhpw. AXn-\m¬, kq£va-`p-°mWv ssXP-k≥.CXv _“-Øns‚ ZznXo-b-]m-Z-ambn Iev]n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p.

kpjp-]vXm-h-kvY-bn-en-cn-°p∂ ]m⁄\v ÿqe-]-Zm¿Y-ß-fntemkq£v-a-]-Zm¿Y-ß-fntem hym]m-c-an√. AXn-\m¬, ]m⁄≥ bmsXm∂pwAdn-bp-∂n√. H∂n-s‚bpw ]Xo-Xn-bn√. AXn\v NnØ-am-Ip∂ Htc-sbmcpapJ-ta-bp≈q. ]m⁄-s\- w-_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw \m\m-Xz-t_m-[-an√.B\µw amX-amWv AXns‚ t`mPyw. as‰m-cp-]m-[n-bpsS At]-£-bn√.kzbw B\-µ-a-b-\m-Ip∂p ]t⁄-b≥. CXns\ _“-Øns‚ XrXo-b-]m-Z-ambn Iev]n-°p∂p.

CXbpw hnh-cn-®Xv Bflm-hns‚ KpWm-fl-I-amb Ah-ÿm-¥-c-ß-fmWv. C\n Bflm-hn\v \n¿Kp-Wm-fl-I-amb Hc-hÿ IqSn-bp≠v. AXm-Ip∂p Bflm-hns‚ NXp¿Y-]mZw. Cu NXp¿Y-]m-ZsØ "Xpco-b≥' F∂phnfn-°p∂p. Xpco-bs\ bmsXmcp hn[-Ønepw h¿Wn-°mt\m \n¿h-Nn-°mt\m km[y-a√. AXn\v mhm-flI KpW-ßtfm e£-W-ßtfm C√.h√ KpWhpw AXn-\p-s≠-¶n¬ A`m-hm-fl-I-KpWw amX-amWv. AXn-\m¬,amWvUqIyw Xpco-bs\ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv: ""AZr-jvSa hyh-lm-cya Kmlya e£-Wa Nn¥ya hy]-tZ-iy-ta-Imfl...''15 (AXm-bXv, Xpco-bs\ bmsXmcp ZrjvSn-sIm≠pw ImWm≥ km[y-a√. GsXmcp hn[-Ønepwhyh-l-cn-°m≥ hø. AXn-\m¬, AZr-jvShpw Ahy-h-lm-cy-hp-amWXv. AXvH∂p-sIm≠pw Kln-°-s∏-Sp-∂n√. AXn\v bmsXmcp e£-Whpw ]d-bm-h-X√. a\- n¬ k¶¬]n-°phmt\m _p≤n-sIm≠v A\p-am-\n-°p-hmt\mhm°p-sIm≠v \n¿tZ-in-°p-hmt\m hø. AXv GI\pw AZzn-Xo-b-\p-am-Ip∂p.)

CXp-]-Imcw A£-c-ß-fpsS Iq -Øn¬ aqs∂-Æ-ap≠v: A.D.a. Ch


aq∂pw tN¿∂ HmwImcw _“-Øns‚ t]cmWv. CXns\ "]Whw'F∂p-hn-fn-°p∂p. ]kvXpX h¿W-ß-tfm-tcm∂pw Bflm-hns‚Hmtcm Ah-ÿsb AYhm, ]mZsØ ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂p.AImcw sshizm -\-c -t\bpw DImcw ssXP-k-t\bpw aImcw]m⁄t\bpw tZymXn-∏n-°p∂p. A. D. a. F∂n-hsb amX-I-sf∂p]d-bp∂p. Hmtcm amXbpw Bflm-hns‚ Hmtcm ]Z-sØ-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-sX-∂¿Yw. Ch IqSmsX HmwIm-c-Øn\v \mem-a-sXmcp amX-IqSnbp≠v. AXn\v Aam-X-amX F∂p t]¿. AXmWv \mem-asØ]Z-amb Xpco-bs\ ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn -°p-∂Xv. amWvUq-Iy-Øns‚hymJym-Xm-hmb ⁄m\m\µ kc-kzXn Fgp-Xp∂p:

""]W-thm-®m-c-W-Øn¬ A. D. a. F∂o aq∂p h¿W-ßfpw Ah-km-\n®v, ]n∂oSv tijn-°p∂ kzcsØ, As√-¶n¬ \mZ-sØ-bmWvAam-X-amX F∂p -]-d-bp-∂Xv..... AXmWv ]W-h-Øns‚ (HmwIm-c-Øns‚) NXp¿Y-amX. NXp¿Y-am-X-bn¬ A`n-[m-\m-`n-t[-b-ß-fmb hm°pw a\ pw ebn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ C∂ ]Im-c-Øn-ep-≈-XmWvF∂p ]d-bm≥ hø. AXn-\m¬ Ahy-h-lm-c-amWv.''16

BI-bm¬ Ah-km\ hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ ]c-ta-iz-cs‚ bYm¿Ykzcq]w A\n¿h-N-\o-bhpw Ahy-h-lm-cy-hp-am-sW∂ Xocp-am-\-Øn-emWv amWvUq-Iyhpw FØp-∂Xv.

Bflm-hns‚ Ah-ÿ-mXbw Jp¿-B-\n¬"\^vkn's‚, As√-¶n¬ Bflm-hns‚ aq∂v Ahÿm hnti-j-

W-ßƒ Jp¿-B\pw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p≠v. ]t£, Ahsb h¿Wn-®n-´p-≈Xv D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-te-Xp-t]m-se-b√; as‰mcp Xc-Øn-emWv. H∂v,"\^vkv AΩmd' (Xn∑-t]-c-Im-flmhv); c≠v, "\^vkv e∆max' (kzbwBt£-]n-°p∂ Bflmhv); aq∂v, "\^vkv apØva-C∂' (im-¥X]m]n® Bflm-hv). Ima-tIm-[mZn Zp¿hn-Im-c-ß-fpsS XmXv]-cy-ßƒ°vXnI®pw hiw-h-Z-am-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw Xn∑ sNøp-∂-Xn¬ BthiwsIm≈p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Ah-ÿ-bn-en-cn-°p-tºm-gmWv Bflm-hns\,AYhm a\- ns\ "\^vkv AΩmd' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.CXmWv kmam\y a\- p-I-fp-sS-sb√mw ]IrXw. AXp-sIm-≠mWvHcp alm-flm-hmb bqkp^v \_n-t]mepw Cßs\ ]d-™-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ D≤-cn-®Xv:

""Fs‚ a\ v \nc-]-cm-[n-bm-sW∂v Rm≥ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂n√.ImcWw, a\ v Xo¿®-bmbpw Xn∑-t]-c-I-am-Ip∂p.''17

F∂m¬ DNn-X-amb in£-W-io-e-\-ßƒaqew a\- ns‚ Cu\ne°v am‰w hcp-Øm≥ Ignbpw. Aßs\ AXv ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsStkm]m-\-Øn-te°v Itc-dn-s°m-≠n-cn°pw. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Nne-t∏m-sgms° Ima-tIm-[mZn Zp¿hn-Im-c-ßƒ AXns\ ]nSn-Iq-Sn-sb∂phcpw. Aßs\ ]e sX‰p-Ip-‰-ßfpw AXv ]h¿Øn-t®°pw. ]t£,


XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬ Ip‰-t_m-[hpw A\p-Xm-]hpw AXns\ Akz-ÿ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw AXv X∂-Øm≥ i]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Cø-h-ÿ-bn¬, ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Bflm-hns\ "\^vkv e∆ma' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂p. BZyw- ]-d™ Ah-ÿ-tb-°mƒ DXvIr-jvS-amWv CuAhÿ. AXn-\m¬, \^vkv e∆m-asb ap≥\n¿Øn A√mlp kXyw-sN-bvXn-´p≠v.18

F∂m¬, a\p-jym-flmhv Ahn-sSbpw \n¬°p-∂n√. ho≠pw ]ptcm-K-an -°p∂p. Aßs\ ]c-a-]Zw ]m]n-°p∂p. CØ-cp-W-Øn¬bmsXmcp Zp¿hn-Im-chpw AXns\ AXn-P-bn-°p-∂n√. AXn\p ]cn-]q¿W-amb im¥-Xbpw, ]cn-]q¿W-amb kam-[m-\hpw ssIh-cp∂p.Cu Ah-ÿ-bn-se-Øp∂ Bflm-hns\ "\^vkp -ap-Øva-C∂' F∂phnti-jn-∏n-°p∂p. CØcw Bflm-hns\ A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXp-sIm≠v Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p:

""A√tbm im¥X ]m]n® Bflmth, kwXr-]vXn-bm¿∂pwkwXr-]vXn°p ]mX-ambpw sIm≠v \ns‚ \mY-\n-te°p Xncn-®p-h-cnI!''19

CXn¬ \n∂pw Hcp hkvXpX sXfn-™n-´p≠v: Bflm-hns‚ ]c-a-amb e£yw AXns‚ \mY-\mWv. Ahn-tS-°mWv AXv ]ptcm-K-an-°p-∂Xv. C°mcyw ]te-S-ß-fnepw Jp¿-B≥ hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p≠v.

Pohm-flmhpw ]c-am-flmhpw XΩn-ep≈ kam-KawPohm-flmhv Ah-km\w ]c-am-flm-hn¬ hnebw ]m]n-°p-sa∂v

D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ NneXv kqNn-∏n-°p∂p. ]ivt\m-]-\n-jØv ]d-bp-∂Xv ImWpI:

""kap-ZsØ e£y-am°n Hgp-Ip∂ Cu \Zn-Iƒ kap-ZsØ]m]n-°p-∂-tXmsS AXn¬ hnebw ]m]n-°p-Ibpw B \Zn-I-fpsS\mahpw cq]hpw AkvX-an-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. At∏mƒ kapZwF∂p amXw ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. AXp-t]mse ]c-am-flm-hns\ e£y-am-°p∂ k¿h-km-£n-bmb ]pcp-j≥ (Pohm-flmhv) ]c-am-flm-hns\]m]n-°p-tºmƒ ]Xn-\mdp Ie-Ifpw \in®v, \ma-cq-]-ßƒ AkvX-an®v, AXn¬ hnebw ]m]n-°p-Ibpw ]pcp-j≥ F∂p amXw ]d-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Pohm-flmhv Ie-I-fn-√m-ØXpw ac-W-c-ln-X-hp-ambn `hn-°p∂p.''20

(ChnsS kqNn-∏n® ]Xn-\mdp Ie-Iƒ sXm´p-ap-ºp≈ a¥-Øn¬hni-Z-am-°n-bn-´p≠v. ]mW≥, i≤, BImiw, hmbp, A·n, Pew,`qan, ]t©-µn-b-ßƒ, a\ v, A∂w, hocyw, X] v, a¥-ßƒ, I¿aw,temI-ßƒ, \maw F∂n-h-bm-WXv.)

]kvXpX Ah-ÿ-°mWv "ap‡n' F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv. ap‡n-]m-]n® alm-]p-cp-j-∑m-cpsS alna apWvU-tIm-]-\n-jØv h¿Wn-°p-∂Xvt\m°p-I: ""Hgp-In-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ \Zn-Iƒ Ah-bpsS \ma-cq-]-ßƒ

349]Z-\m-a-kqNn

XyPn®v, kap-Z-Øn¬ ebn-®p-tNcpw t]mse ⁄m\n-Iƒ \ma-cq-]-c-ln-X-cmbn ]cm-Xv]c Znhy-]p-cp-j-\mb ]c-am-flm-hn¬ \neo-\-cmbn`hn-°p∂p. GsXm-cmƒ ]c-_-“sØ icn°v Adn-bp-∂pthm, AbmƒAßs\ _lvaw Xs∂-bm-bn-Øo-cp∂p. Ahs‚ hwi-Øn¬ BcpwXs∂ _lvasØ Adn-bm-Ø-h-cmbn ImWp-I-bn√. F√m Xc-Øn-ep≈ timI-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Nn¥-I-fn¬\n∂pw k¿hYm Ah≥AI∂v Pohn-°p-∂p. F√m ]m]-ß-fn¬\n∂pw ]q¿W-ambpw ap‡-\mbn `hn-°p∂p. F√m kwi-b-ßfpw Al-¶m-c-ßfpw hnj-bm-k-‡n-Ifpw thtcmsS \in®v Aa-c-\m-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNøp∂p!''21

CXbpw hnh-cn-®-Xn¬\n∂pw Bflm-hns‚ A¥na e£yw ]c-ta-iz-c-\m-sW∂p D]-\n-jØpw Jp¿-B\pw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p-s≠∂kwKXn Xptemw hy‡-am-bt√m.

A¥y-\mƒD]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ Hcp "]cm-¥-Imew' (G‰hpw A¥y-am-b-Imew)

hn`m-h\ sNø-s∏-ń-´p≠v. Ckvemw "buap¬ BJn¿' F∂ t]cn¬]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ A¥y-\mƒX-s∂-bm-WXv. B ImeØv alm-]p-cp-j-∑m¿ Znhy-amb _lva-k-t¶-X-Øn¬ ]th-in-°p-Ibpw XnI®pwhnap-‡cpw Aar-X-cp-ambn `hn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. CsX-∏‰n apfi-I-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xp ImWpI:

""thZm¥ hn⁄m\ kp\n-›n-Xm¿Ymx

k∂ym-k-tbm-Km-Zy-Xbx ip≤-kØzmx

tX _lva-tem-tIjvS ]cm-¥-Imte

]cm-arXmx ]cn-ap-Ny¥n k¿th.''22

(thZm-¥-⁄m\w aptJ\ kp\n-›n-Xm¿Y-cmb []c-a-]p-cp-js\\∂mbpw ZrV-ambpw a\- n-em-°nb] bXn-h-cy-∑m¿ [almflm-°ƒ]Ah-cpsS k∂ym-k-tbm-Kw-aqew, G‰hpw A¥n-a-Im-eØv ip≤-X-Xz-∑m-cmbn ]c-_-lva-Øns‚ Znhy-k-t¶-X-Øn¬ ]th-in-°p-∂-XmWv.Ah¿ F√m hnt[-\bpw ap‡n t\Sp-Ibpw Aar-XXzw ]m]n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.)

CtX Bibw as‰mcp ssien-bn¬ Jp¿-B\pw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. kØp-°-fmb `‡-≥am¿ k¿h-i-‡n-am-\mb cmPm-hns‚(A√m-lp-hns‚) k∂n-[m-\-Øn-ep≈ "aJv-A-Zp-knZvJn'(kXy-]o-Tw)emWv ÿnXn-sN-øpI F∂p Jp¿-B≥ ]tLm-jn-°p∂p.23

kq^n-I-fpsS "^\m'bpw "_Jm'bpwPohmfl˛]c-am-flm-°-fpsS ]c-kv]c kam-K-a-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ D]-

\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS \ne-]mSp \mw I≠p. \ΩpsS kq^n-Ifpw CØcwHcp Ah-ÿ-sb-∏‰n h¿Wn-®p-Im-Wp∂p. Ah-cpsS kmt¶-XnI `mj-bn¬ ]kvXpX Ah-ÿ°v "^\m' F∂pw "_Jm' F∂p-amWv t]¿.]kn≤ kq^n-t\Xm-hmb A_q-k-Cu-Zn¬ J¿dmkv ]d-bp∂p: ""]c-a-k-Ø- (ssZhw) hnebw ]m]n-°-emWv "^\m.' ]ca kØ-bpsSIqsS-bp≈ km∂n-[y-amWv "_Jm.'24


AA°m-Unb 119, 190At°-b≥am¿ 206A·n-tZ-h≥ 163, 232, 233, 272, 277, 298, 300,

323, 336APm-X-iXp 164As©-kv-˛-F≥-˛-A-sa≥(-Cu-Pn-]vXnse dm-

Wn) 256AY¿hw 71, 74, 269AZr-iy-bm-Ym¿Yyw(-ssK-_v) 37, 38AZv\m≥ 136AtZm-ay¿ 203AssZz-X-hmZw 333, 348, 349A\Ivkn ta\n v 324A¥y-\mƒ 347A^vKm-\n-ÿm≥ 100, 101, 115A_p¬l-k-\n¬ Aiv-Acn 330A_p¬l-k≥ akqZn 16, 130A_q-_-Ivcn- n-±o-Jv(-J-eo- ) 331A_vZp-√m-ln_v\p A∫mkv 132A_-lmw(-C-_vdmlow \_n) 86, 90, 124, 125,

148, 149, 176, 177, 180, 188, 192, 193, 198,220, 254

Aam-en-°-hwiw 188Ata-cn-°-\n-¥y≥ mj-Iƒ 88Atam-kokv ]`p 205Atam-cy¿(-A-a-ssd-‰p-Im¿) 191, 194, 214Aam-s^¬ 124, 125, 192Acm-ay¿ 178, 179,181, 209Acmw 177, 178, 179, 181, 256, 262, 263Acm-dmØv ]¿hXw 84, 112, 129, 131, 143Acn-tÃm-s -bn‚ v 288A¿Pp-\≥ 23, 24, 25A¿ao-\nb 143, 185"A¿d-∫p¬ AAvem' 336Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ 217, 218"A¬-A-d-_p¬ _mbnZx' 187, 264"A¬Jp-±qkv' 336A¬P-_vl¿ 18A¬_o-dq\n 31, 32, 34, 71A√mlp 283, 284, 285, 299, 301, 302, 330, 331,

336, 337, 346"A¬lJv' 296, 297A¬ lnPv¿ 247, 248, 250Ah-Xmck¶¬]w 26, 27, 28"AhkvX' 269, 300Ah-ÃnIv 269Aiv-Acn hn`mKw 285A»q¿ 177, 178

Aiz-]Xn cmPmhv 319Aiz-ta-[-bmKw 305˛309Ajq¿ _m\n-]m¬ 117, 118, 129, 135, 215Ako-cnb 115, 117, 119, 128, 135, 177, 186, 215,

221, 225, 309Akp-c≥am¿ 107, 122, 134, 135, 136"A z-aZv' 336Al-tcm≥(-lm-dq≥) 204Alp-c-akvZv 90, 135, 283AlvJm^v 225, 263, 264Alvdo-am≥ 90"Alvep¬ InXm_v' 90At≈m-]-\n-jØv 74, 156Ad-_n-Iƒ 119, 133, 134, 136, 176, 178, 187, 188,

190, 203, 209, 211, 214, 215, 224, 240, 243,248

Atd_y 65, 133, 134, 179, 182, 185, 186, 190, 194,206, 209, 214, 223, 235, 237, 239, 240, 244,247, 263, 264

BBWn-sb-gpØv 253Bflmhv 328, 329, 339˛348BZw 62, 63, 66, 83BZw ae 62BZp hwiw 178˛182, 187, 188, 194,223˛234, 237, 239, 242, 248˛251, 256, 263˛265BZp-km-\n-b(-c-≠m-asØ BZv) 237, 242, 245,

264, 265B[ym-fl-cm-am-bWw 77B\n 244, 245Bt¥m-t]m- yq-bnkw 284Bt¥m-t]m-tam¿^nkw 284B]-kvXw-_≥ 229B^n° 185, 186, 309Baq¿ 130BbØv 27Bc-Wy-I-ßƒ 69, 73˛76, 151, 152, 304"Bcn_' 187Bcy-˛-Z-kyp-]iv\w 102, 103, 104, 153Bcy≥`mj 87, 134, 181Bcy≥am¿ 16, 68, 70, 72, 79, 92, 102˛104, 107˛110,

119, 128, 133˛135, 137, 145, 146, 151˛157,160, 165, 171˛182, 184˛186. 193, 214, 221,223, 225˛230, 232˛234, 247, 251˛263, 266-˛275, 285, 300, 304, 305, 309˛311

Bcy-`-S≥ 18, 134"Bcy-k-Xy-ßƒ' 178Bcym-h¿Øw 66, 178"Be-ap¬ Awdv' 340

]Z-\m-a-kqNn

351]Z-\m-a-kqNn

"Be-ap¬ J¬Jv' 340"Be-ap¬ ae-IqØv' 340"B¬ -s_‰v' 209Bd¬ IS¬ 62

CCXn-lm-k-ßƒ 69, 77C≥tUm-˛-C-dm-\n-b≥ tZh-X-Iƒ 254C≥tUm-˛-bq-tdm-]y≥ h¿Kw 253Cµ≥ 103-˛108, 134, 137, 163, 174-˛176, 180, 190,

211, 226, 232, 233, 254, 255, 264, 266, 271,272, 274, 277, 298, 308, 336

C_m-ZØv 29C_v\p-_mP 18C_v\p-ko\m 18C_v\p-dpjvZv 18C_vdmlow \_n(-A-_lmw t\m°p-I)Camw K men 339, 340Ccpºv 104, 105, 273Ccpºv bpKw 57"C¬ap¬ Iemw' 327C¬bm-kv(-G-en-b) 136Ckvam-tb¬ 176Ckvemw 36, 82, 290Ckvdm-tb¬ (bm-t°m_v t\m°p-I)Cdw 178˛181, 233, 234, 249, 256, 262, 265CdmJv 100, 101, 115, 116, 140, 142, 173, 188, 189,196Cdm≥ 64, 90, 100, 180, 214, 215, 262, 263, 269CuPn]vXv 65, 116, 128, 176, 187˛189, 194, 196,197, 201-˛205, 208, 244, 255, 272, 309CuPn-b≥am¿ 212, 213, 214CuÃv C¥ym Iº\n 237

DDK-tk-\≥ 22D±m-eI BcpWn KuX-a≥ 157, 158, 160, 164,

317˛322, 343D]-tIm-k-e-I-a-em-b-\≥ 323, 324D]-\n-j-Øp-°ƒ 69, 73-˛76, 151, 152, 155, 156,

160, 161, 163, 164, 166, 315, 316, 327˛329,333, 341

Da-dp-_v\p¬ JØm-_v(-J-eo-^) 90Da-dp-_v\p¬ mcn-fv(-kq- o-I-hn) 299D¬]Øn 288˛290"D m' 65Ddp-°m-Kn\ 120, 121, 174, 189Du¿]-´Ww 123, 191, 198

EEtKzZw 28, 70- 74, 102, 103, 156, 172, 269, 270˛272,

275, 277, 278, 285, 297, 299"EXw' 297

EXzn-°p-Iƒ 108, 300, 305, 308, 311

FFUn≥ BƒUn≥ 292F´p-Imen 334"F≥en≥' 120˛122F_m-b-hwiw 189, 193, 198, 202, 204Fh-dÃv 61Fdm-‰-kvX-\okv 240Ftd°v \Kcw 173, 174, 190GI-ssZ-hXzw 38, 39, 131, 132, 136, 143, 145,146, 148, 163, 164, 233, 268, 298, 299, 301,327, 329, 330G_¿(-ti-ans‚ ]pX≥) 193, 198Gem-ssa-‰p-Im¿(-G-em-ay¿) 184, 191, 194, 214,

260Gemw(-t\m-l-bpsS ]uX≥) 184, 214Gen-b(-C¬bmkv t\m°p-I)Gimhv 177Gjym-ssa-\¿ 84, 175, 176, 206, 221, 254, 259,266

HHm°iv 173, 174, 190Hm°ven 58

"Hmw' 145, 146, 345

II]¿Zn-Iƒ 206I∏¬t£Xw 143I_o¿ 28Iam-≠¿ ^m¶v _m¿a≥ 292Iwk≥ 22Icn-¶-S¬ 62"I¿a-am¿Kw' 155Ien-bpKw 66, 67I¬°n 27I¬l-W≥ 69I¬_vtKmXw 132Igp-X-bmKw 309Im¬Unb 130, 225Im¿tØPv 209, 210Imkv]n-b≥ 62Ip¥n 23Ipcp-t£-X-bp≤w 23Ipfw 94, 95, 147, 149Ipfn-apdn 17, 94˛96, 146, 147, 149, 212, 231, 324IrXbpKw 66IrjvW≥(-A-kp-c-cm-Pm-hv) 104˛106ssI_¿ Npcw 62tImavSv Un tKm_n-t\mkv 79tImc-kv(-ssk-dkv t\m°p-I)Iu¿aw 27Io‰v 142, 212, 213, 225


InkvXym-\n-Iƒ 89, 90, 140£Xn-b≥ 81, 158˛160, 317£pZm-Imiw 341

¢mh¿ 97

JJX-_m-\n-b≥kv 240JlvXm≥ 136"Jn_ve' 147, 148, 300Jp¿-B≥ 75, 223, 224, 270, 277, 278, 289, 295˛298,

301, 302, 327, 331, 333, 335, 336, 345Jpkvdp(-Io-Jp-kvdp) 215Jpssd-in-Iƒ 224

KK_n-tb¬ amem-J(-Pn-_vco¬ t\m°p-I)KwK 153, 154Km¿Ky≥ 164Kme-]m-tKm-kvZzo]v 46Kn¬K-tajv NcnXw 118, 119, 129KpUnb cmPmhv 123ssK_v(-A-Zr-iy-bm-Ym¿Yyw t\m°p-I)tKmhv(-]ip t\m°p-I)Ko°p-Im¿ 127, 213, 214, 220•mh-ssa-tX-b≥ 161

NNµ-Kp-]vX-au-cy≥ 324NmXp¿h¿Wyw 81, 103, 146NnX-Km¿Kym-bWn al¿jn 319No\m- m-j-Iƒ 88No\m- nØn 218

PP\-I-cm-Pmhv 320, 321Pcm-k-‘≥ 22Pe-]-f-bw(-a-lm-P-e-]-fbw t\m°p-I)Pdq-kew 215Pm\-ipXn ]uXm-b-W≥ 324, 325Pmhm-a-\p-jy≥ 48, 51Pn_vco¬ 27, 219PqZn ]¿hXw 143ssP\-aXw 99, 166"⁄m\-am¿Kw' 153, 154

SSb¿(-tkm¿) 208˛210Sn¿tl-\n-b≥am¿ 206SpWo-jy(-Xp-\o-kv) 210Sptd-\n-b≥ mj-Iƒ 87Sq´≥Km-a≥(-^-tdm-h) 256ssSKokv 112, 114, 115, 117, 128, 129, 142, 189

tSmfan 182

UUam-kvIkv 147, 178Utbm-P-\okv 324"Umcn≥]mkv' 218Um¿hn≥ 46, 47, 50UnUm-e-kv(-Io‰v imkvX-⁄≥) 213tUhnUvk≥ªm-°v, s]m^. 48, 49tUmk≥ 58

X"XØz-akn' 319, 348Xma-bpKw 57Xmeq-Øv(-iu¬ t\m°p-I)Xncp-bm-^nYv 111, 112, 130Xp¿h-i≥ 206Xp¿j≥am¿ 206tXmakv lIvken 50XnXz-hmZw 38Xn]n-S-I-ßƒ 166tXXm-bpKw 66, 67"XzmKqØv' 29

YsYbn¬kv(-Ko°v Zm¿i-\n-I≥) 332

ZZbm\-µ-k-c-kzXn 72, 73, 171, 234, 286Z¿i-\-kqXw 69, 78Zkyp-°ƒ 102˛105, 107˛110, 133, 137, 145, 153,

154, 156, 157, 227, 271Zkyp-kw-kvImcw 151, 153, 154, 156, 165, 166Zm\n-tb¬ \_n 219Zmcn-bkv H∂m-a≥ 220, 221Zmi-cm-⁄-bp≤w 153, 154, 165"Zo≥' 25Zptcym-[-\≥ 23"Zp¬J¿ss\≥' 216˛220tZhIn 22Zua-Xp¬ P≥Z¬ 132Zmhn-U≥am¿ 16, 110˛112, 130, 142, 149, 225˛227Zmhn-U-`mj 88, 110, 111Zzm]-c-bpKw 66, 67ssZzX-hmZw 148, 333

\\_m-Øn-b≥kv 248"\_n' 32"\^vkv AΩmd' 345, 346"\^vkv apØvaC∂' 345, 346"\^vkv e∆ma' 345, 346

353]Z-\m-a-kqNn

\cIw 159\c-knwlw 27, 174\cmw-kn≥I¿ 174, 175, 191\ho\ inem-bpKw 57, 63, 64\kvdv 132, 133, 135\mk-Xy≥am¿ 175, 176, 254, 255, 286\nwdqZv 124, 180, 188\nbm-≠¿Xmƒ a\p-jy≥ 49, 50, 51\nln-Ωmhv 30\otKm 88, 89, 260\q^n¿ 130s\_p-°Uv \kv¿(-_pJvXv \kv¿) 215, 216"t\Xn-t\Xn' 330ss\¬ \Zn 128t\mt_mkv sIm´mcw 212t\ml(-\q-lv) 15, 83˛85, 90, 111, 112, 118, 119,

129, 130, 132, 133, 142˛146, 148, 149, 177,184, 195, 198, 225, 226

t\ml-bpsS I∏¬ 83, 84, 129, 143

]"]Wn-Iƒ' 137, 211, 212]c-tem-I-hn-izmkw 39, 40]c-ip-cm-a≥ 27"]cn-jØv' 157]ip 211, 212, 273, 300, 305, 310, 317, 320, 322,325]m°n-ÿm≥ 92]m©men 24]mXmfw 159, 332]mao¿ 172, 258]n]p 104, 106]p\¿P≥a-k-¶¬]w 39, 40, 159, 160]pcm-W-ßƒ 77]qWn-I-bp≤w 210s]°nßp a\p-jy≥ 48, 49, 51s]dp kwkvIcw 128]ue-kvXy¿ 206"]Xv\ Hm°kv' 173, 174, 190]hm-N-IXzw 26˛28, 42, 282, 283]mNo-\-in-em-bpKw 57, 63, 64

^"^÷p-∂mJx' (H- -I-Øns‚ ae-bn-Sp-°v) 248"^\m' 348ê-kvXo≥ 86, 87, 135, 198^tdm-h(-^n¿-Hu≥) 188, 194, 196, 198, 201˛204,

249"^mØnl' 278"^nXvd-Øp√m' 295

^n\o-jy¿ 137, 208˛211, 214, 225

__I-Zm-ev`y≥ 161, 164

"_Jm' 348_¿Sm≠v d ¬ 294_e-cm-a≥ 27_eq-Nn-ÿm≥ 140_en 152, 213, 234, 300_lp-ssZ-hXzw 131, 143, 232, 233, 252, 298, 329_lp-`m-cyXzw 276, 277_m_n-tem-Wnb 116, 118˛120, 122˛124, 129, 135,

140, 180, 187, 188, 194, 215, 216, 221, 309_m≥‰p mj-Iƒ 88_m¬tZ-h≥ 135, 137, 210, 211_oZ_ 18, 134_p≤≥ 71, 74, 77, 178, 229, 271_p≤-aXw 99, 166, 271s_d-kqkn 130, 188t_¬i- ¿ 216ss__vƒ 223, 224, 289, 298, 301t_mLm-kvtImbv 175, 252˛256, 266, 271_“w˛ 162, 163, 283, 287, 288, 290, 304, 319,

324, 328-˛337, 341, 342, 347, 348_m“-W-ßƒ 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 151, 152,

304, 305, 312_m“-W¿ 81, 108, 148, 157, 158, 159, 160, 164,

229, 230, 270, 277, 304, 305, 312, 313, 317,318, 325

_mlzn hn`mKw 110

``K-h-ZvKoX 24, 77`c-X≥ 65`c-Zzm-P≥ 251`mK-hXw 28`mK-h-X-aXw 166, 167`n£p-°ƒ 165

a"aP√Xp epJvam≥' 245aPq-kn-Iƒ 89, 90"aJv-A-Zp-knZvJn' 347aKm≥ \Kcw 175aZvl_v 316a\ v 341˛344, 346a\p (ssh-h-kz-X-a\p t\m°p-I)abn≥ 241, 242abo≥Im¿(-sa-tbm-\y¿) 213ac-Wm-\-¥c PohnXw 281a¿ZqIv tZh≥ 115, 120, 121ae-°p-Iƒ(-am-em-J-am¿) 26, 27, 37, 63, 121, 336,

348"aiolv' 216, 221alm-P-e-]-fbw 66, 83, 84, 85, 111, 118, 119,

129˛131, 142, 144, 145alm-`m-cXw 69, 77


"alm-aZ' 28"alm-ime' 156, 157am\o-tØm≥ 197, 198an´m-Wn-Iƒ 176, 254˛256anUnb kmamPyw 220anX≥ 175, 176, 233, 254, 255, 266, 272, 277, 298anZym≥ (a-Zvb≥) 176, 204, 248, 255, 266anZym-\y¿(-an- m-Wn-Iƒ ImWp-I)an\m-bn-b≥kv 240, 241, 265ankbnw 206apA-van-\p-Iƒ 89, 90apB-hnb 237"ap‡n' 347"ap‡n-am¿Kw'(⁄m-\-am¿Kw t\m°p-I)apKƒ kmamPyw 68apX-I-√n-ap-Iƒ 327apivcn-°p-Iƒ 89, 90apl-ΩZv \_n 28, 42, 43, 82, 193, 219, 245, 288,

339saskm-s]m-t´-anb 54, 65, 97, 101, 110, 114˛122,

124, 125, 127-˛132, 135, 140, 142, 143, 145,146, 173, 178, 186-˛191, 208, 214, 231, 255,272

ssat\mkv 213ssakq¿ 64, 119tamk- v(-aq-km-\-_n) 36, 124, 176, 192, 193, 204,

205, 224, 249, 255, 301taml≥P-Zmtcm 92-˛101, 110, 114, 115, 119, 131,

145, 146, 230, 268, 271

b"bDuJv' 132, 133, 135"bKqYv' 132, 133, 135b⁄w 72, 107, 108, 152, 211, 300, 304, 305bPp¿thZw 71, 74, 269bZp 81, 180, 226, 264bap\ 153, 154ba≥ 238, 239, 240, 264bh-\≥am¿ 100, 136bi-ømhv 30, 216bl-kvtI¬ 30blq-Z≥am¿ 80, 85, 86, 89, 111, 119, 136, 177,

198, 201, 204, 205, 215, 216, 219, 221, 254,301, 339

bmt°m-_v(-C-km-tb¬) 176, 177, 198bm⁄-h-evIy≥ 71, 164, 319, 320, 321, 322, 324bmPqPv˛am-PqPv 216, 217bmZ-h-hwiw 22, 24, 180bmZz¿ 181bm^nYv 16bms^Øv 85, 86, 111, 226bnc-aymhv 30bpMv 293

bqPn≥ Zp_m-bv, tUm. 48bq^-ókv 112, 114, 115, 117, 128, 129, 142, 189tbip-InkvXp 36, 108, 193tbmtk^v (bq-kp-^v\-_n) 176, 197, 198, 196,

201, 346

cc≠m-asØ BZv(-BZp km\nb t\m°p-I)cXv\n-tZ-h≥ 273"cmP-X-cw-KnWn' 69cmam-bWw 69, 77

cmh-W≥ 245

ee£va-W≥ 245e¶m-Zzo-]v(-kn-tem¨) 62epJvam-\p¬ lIow 242, 243˛246, 264epK¬ HmIvkn cmPmhv 173, 174, 190epK¬ kmlnkn cmPmhv 173, 174, 189, 190

temØv(-eq-Øv) 192

hh±v 132, 134h¿K-kn-≤m¥w 79, 80, 82h¿W-ta-[m-hnXzw 81h¿[-am-\-a-lm-ho-c≥ 166hcp-W≥ 107, 163, 175, 176, 233, 234, 254, 255,

266, 272, 277, 298, 302, 308he≥tZ-h≥ 137, 211hj-j≥am¿ 206hkn-jvT≥ 107, 108, 227, 229, 274hkp-tZ-h≥ 22"hlvbv'(ssZ-hnI shfn-]mSv) 26, 280, 296"hmZn¬Jpdm' 247, 265hm\-]ÿw 313hm\-c≥ 46, 47, 48hma\w 27hmcmlw 27hmkp-tZh IrjvW≥ 166hn≥Ã≥ N¿®n¬ 52hnth-Im-\-µ-kzman 72, 224hnizm-an-X≥ 274, 276hnjvWp 21, 174"hpkq¬' 348hrX≥ 134thZw 69, 70, 75, 151, 152, 160, 164, 166, 272, 277,

278, 285, 302, 312, 315, 327, 328thZmw-K-ßƒ 78thZ-hym-k≥ 134, 270, 271"sshX-cWn' 139sshh-kz-X-a\p 66, 129, 130, 131, 142sshiy≥ 81, 159, 160

355]Z-\m-a-kqNn

ii±mZv cmPmhv 180, 197, 242i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ 348iap-th¬ 30"ilm-ZØv' 37inem-bpKw 50, 57inh≥ 99, 133, 134, 272ioYv 15, 90, 148ip\x-ti-]≥ 234, 276ipjvW≥ 104, 106, 137iqZ≥ 33, 81, 102, 146, 159, 160, 229, 230iw_-c≥ 104, 105si_m 239tiw 85, 86, 111, 177, 181, 184, 261tiay-h¿K-°m¿(-sk-an-‰nIv h¿Kw t\m°p-I)iu¬(-Xm-eqØv) 227ioIr-jvW≥ 21˛25, 27, 52, 66, 67iocm-a≥ 27, 67, 74tizX-tIXp 157, 164, 317

jjI¿j≥am¿ 206jamkv 121jm^vlukv s]m^. 49, 50

kkXy-Im-a-Pm-_m-e≥ 322, 323, 324kaqZv 179, 180, 187, 247˛252, 255, 256, 265˛267kbp-Kzm-ssc-Iz≥ 324, 325, 326kc-Xp-jvS-a-X-°m¿(-a-Pq-kv) 90k¿tKm¨ H∂m-a≥ 174, 191, 194, 212, 214k¿hw JmeznZw _“w 348km_n-aXw 15, 17, 146˛149, 213km_n-b≥am¿ 17, 90, 112, 146˛149, 239kma-thZw 71, 72, 74, 269kmw 185kmap-h¬ ebnwKv 186kn‹≠v t^mbnUv 293knXn-b≥am¿ 218kn‘p-XSw 17, 92, 97, 110, 114, 115, 127, 128, 130,

131, 133, 145, 146, 151, 231, 268, 271knkn-e-b≥am¿ 206"kndmØv' 139koX 245"kp∂-Øp√m' 295kpta-cn-b≥am¿ 97, 110˛112, 114, 116-˛120, 129,

130, 132, 133, 139, 141˛143, 173, 174, 189,191, 195, 209, 214, 225, 226, 249

kpta-cn-b≥ kwkvImcw 116, 118, 120kpc 312kpsse-am≥ \_n(-tkm-f-a≥ cmPm-hv) 239"kphmAv' 65, 132, 133, 134

kq^n-Iƒ 299, 339, 340, 342, 348kqcy-tZ-h≥ 163kvarXn-Iƒ(-[¿a-im-kvXw) 69, 76, 77, 102, 151krjvSn-]qP 38skan-‰nIv mj-Iƒ 87skan-‰nIv h¿Kw 184-˛196, 201, 203, 205, 206,

208, 209, 221, 223- 225, 249, 255, 256, 260,262, 268

ssk‘-h≥am¿ 96˛98, 100, 110, 125, 127, 128,131, 132, 139, 141, 148, 231, 268

ssk‘h kwkvImcw 17, 101, 119, 148, 149,212, 268, 271, 272

sskdkv NI-h¿Øn(-tIm-c-iv) 215˛221tkmI-ókv 289tkmaw 270, 273, 277, 300, 310˛312tkma¿ t^¬Uv 295kuXma-Wn-bmKw 310˛312kzbw-`p-h-a\p 66, 67kzmenlv \_n 249˛252, 265kvs]bn≥ 210, 225

ll÷v 142lZvd-auØv 181, 182, 237, 240, 264l\p-am≥ 74laq-dm_n 123˛125, 191˛194, 209, 212, 214lwZm≥ 133lc∏ 92-˛95, 98-˛101, 110, 119, 131, 140, 145, 147,

230, 268, 271l¿dm≥ 17l∆ 83lman-‰nIv 87, 206lmw 85, 111lmdq≥(-A-l-tcm≥ t\m°p-I)lnPmkv 136"lnµv' 64, 65lnam-ebw 62, 112, 131, 319lnc-Wy-K¿`≥ 285, 286ln‰ve¿ 79, 80lns‰-‰p-Im¿(-ln-Xy¿)176, 177, 253, 254, 256,

266lp_v¬ 136lqZv\_n 179, 195, 225-˛227, 230-˛232, 235, 237,

239, 264, 265lqdn-b¿ 255slIvtkmkv h¿Kw 201˛204, 228, 241,255, 260tlmtc_v ]¿hXw 204

ddbw-kokv c≠m-a≥ 205døm-\p-_v\p¬ heoZv (^-tdm-h) 205tdm_¿´v sF≥sÃ≥ 80tdmw 210


Ah-ew-_-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

Advanced History of India

Ancient History of India

An Introduction to Jung's psychology

Artic Home in Vedas - Balagangadhara Thilak

Encyclopedea of Religion and Ethics Vol.5

Encyclopedea of Britannica Vol. 2, 11

Genesis- Cambridge Bible for Schools & Colleges

Hindu Civilization - Jayaswalal

Hindu History- Akshoy Kumar Majumdar

History of Civilization of Ancient India - R.C. Dutt

History of Sanskrit Literature, Vedic Period - C.V. Vaidya M.A

Indian Phylosophy- Dr. Radhakrishnan

Influence of Islam on Indian Culture- Dr. Thara Chand

Religion of Rigveda- Arrow Smith

Rgvedic India and Rgvedic Culture- Abinas Chandra Das

Sacred Books of the East Vol. 1- Maxmuller

Scientific Curiosities of Sexual Life- Restom G. Metha

The Hindu Aug. 22, 1969

United Nations Bullettin Vol.ix No.3

Veda and Vedanta- Homees

What Happend in History - Gorden Child.

AY¿h-thZw

A¬_n-dq\n I≠ C¥y A_q-d-bvlm≥ apl-Ω-Zp¬ _odq\n

B]-kvXw_ [¿a-kqXw

Bcy-`m-cXw Fw. cma-Ir-jvW≥ \mb¿

C¥y-bnse h¿W-k-a-cw˛ Sn.-sI. Ko^nØv

C¥y-bpsS Bflm-hv˛ sI. Zmtam-Z-c≥

C¥ysb Is≠-Ø¬˛ Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp

C_v\p J¬Zqs‚ Ncn-X-K-Ÿw

CuPn-]vjy≥ kmln-Xy-N-cnXw IrjvW-ssN-X\y

EtKzZw


EtKzZw h≈-tØmƒ hnh¿Ø-\ BapJw˛ k¿Zm¿ sI.-Fw. ]Wn-°¿

EtKz-Z-Øn-eqsS ˛ hn.-hn.-sI. hmeØv

Ha¿ Jømw ˛ Ipkp-aØv

Ien-bpKw ˛ t]m™n-°c dm^n

ItTm-]-\n-jØv ae-bmf hnh¿Ø\w ˛ hnth-Im-\µ kzman-Iƒ

Imhy-Z¿i\w ˛Fw.-]n. t]mƒ

IrjvWb-Pp¿thZw

tIt\m-]-\n-jØv

Jp¿-B≥

KZy-ssI-cfn ˛ ]n. Zmtam-Z-c≥ ]n≈

Omtµm-tKym-]-\n-jØv

]mWn-\ob alm-`mjyw

]mNo\ enJn-X-ßƒ ˛ hn.-B¿. ]c-ta-iz-c≥]n≈

_rl-Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-jØv

ss__nƒ

`K-h-ZvKoX

`hn-jy-]p-cmWw

`mc-X-∏-g-a˛ tUm. F. Aø-∏≥

`mc-X-_r-l-®-cnXw hm. 1˛ B¿.-kn. aPpw-Zm¿, F®v.-kn. dmbv Nu[-cn,

Imfn-In-¶¿ZØ

`mc-Xob XØz-Nn-¥˛ tZho-]-kmZv Nt´m-]m-[ymb

`mc-Xob kmwkvIm-cnI kmamPy Ncn-Xw˛ ]n. tXmakv

aXw ]uc-kvXy˛]m›mXy cmPy-ß-fn¬ tUm. Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥,

hnh: AºmSn C°m-hΩ

a\p-kvarXn

alm- m-cXw

saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmln-Xy-N-cnXw sltdm-tUm-´kv

bPp¿thZw

blqZ kmlnXy Ncn-Xw˛ IrjvW-ssN-X\y

bm°q-_n-bpsS Ncn-Xw hm. 1 C_v\p hmknlv bm°q_n

temI NcnXw hm.1 sI.-hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\m≥

temI-N-cnX kwKlw F®v. Pn. sh¬kv

hnth-Im-\-µ-kzm-an-I-fpsS Fgp-Øp-Iƒ

hniz-N-cnX kwKlw Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp

hniz-Z¿i-\-ßƒ˛ cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xym-b≥

hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 1˛6, 10


thZ-]-cy-S\w ˛ \tc-µ-`q-j≥

thZm¿Y-hn-Nmcw ˛ hn.-sI.-F. \mcm-bW `´-Xncn

iXm-_vZ-ßƒ°∏p-d-Øp-\n-∂p≈ i_vZ-ßƒ ˛ Sn.-kn. i¶-c-ta-t\m≥

i_vZ-Xm-cm-h-en˛ ioI-WvtT-izcw Pn. ]fl-\m-`-]n≈

kwkvIrX kmlnXy Ncn-Xw˛ IrjvW-ssN-X\y

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adiyozukkukal 2 - WordPress.com...`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ASn-sbm-gp- p-Iƒ 171 A_n-\mkv N{µ-Zmkv F∂ as‰mcp ]WvUn-Xs‚ A`n-{]mbw CXs{X: ""k]vX-kn-‘p-hn¬ Dd-sIm≠ kwkvImcw