Apostila Ingl-Instrumental 2008

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Albert EinsteinMATERIAL DE APOIO DE INGLS INSTRUMENTAL

CURSOS: TECNOLOGIA EM REDES DE COMPUTADORESMaterial organizado pelas professoras:

Adriana Soeiro Pino

Chafia Laszkiew

Silvana Vieira Elias Satyro

Verusca Praciano de Paula

Yara Marisol Contipelli

2008APRESENTAO DO CURSO O que ingls instrumental? Como surgiu?

English for Specific Purposes (E.S.P), que em portugus quer dizer: Ingls com Objetivos Especficos, tambm chamado de ingls instrumental ou tcnico, ou seja, a habilidade de entender textos em lngua inglesa usando estratgias especficas de leitura.

Surgiu com a necessidade de comunicao rpida e eficaz em vrios contextos mundiais. Como por exemplo: durante a guerra, os soldados precisavam aprender o idioma do inimigo para sobreviverem, este vocabulrio bsico era visto no avio, navio, nos campos de batalha.

Com o passar do tempo, outros contextos sociais foram surgindo, como: a necessidade de leitura de livros, revistas, catlogos, instrues operacionais, manuais escritos em ingls que precisavam ser compreendidos pelos usurios, etc. Sendo assim, torna-se necessrio uma abordagem especfica da lngua Inglesa, que atenda as necessidades profissionais dos estudantes, que so leitura e compreenso de livros.

E assim, o Ingls Instrumental possui o objetivo de desenvolver a habilidade de leitura, isto , de compreenso de textos de diversas reas do conhecimento escritos em lngua inglesa, utilizando para isso estratgias de leitura, a fim de tornar o aluno capaz de compreender um texto da sua rea de estudo.

Nesse enfoque, a leitura conta com o conhecimento prvio dos leitores. O ingls instrumental consiste no treinamento instrumental dessa lngua, em que as habilidades tm por objetivo extrair conhecimentos para reas especficas de estudo.

Vale lembrar que o ingls instrumental ou tcnico pode ou no visar a comunicao oral em ingls, entretanto, para os cursos de WEB e REDES sua principal habilidade a ser trebalhada ser a leitura e o estudo de gramtica, restringindo-a a um mnimo necessrio, ou seja, associando-a ao texto.

Mtodo

Desenvolve a leitura ("reading") de forma limitada a um objetivo especfico, atravs da habilidade de manipular textos em lngua inglesa, tentando assimilar a compreenso geral e inferir informaes especficas. A gramtica ensinada de forma contextualizada a um objetivo especfico.

Traduo os textos

Para nosso curso no h traduo, porm outros mtodos so utilizados como, por exemplo: deduo, contexto semntico, reconhecimento de afixos, cognatos e vocabulrio da rea.

Como sero as aulas?

As aulas sero ministradas em portugus, pois no curso no sero trabalhadas as habilidades da fala, de compreenso oral e de escrita.

No haver traduo literal, outras estratgias sero utilizadas como por exemplo, deduo, cognatos, familiares, dicas tipogrficas e outros.

Muitos exerccios de leitura e compreenso de textos, os quais vocs podero aplicar as estratgias de leitura que sero ensinadas.

O ingls instrumental poder abrir seus horizontes de leitura e assim voc se manter mais informado e prximo ao mundo globalizado

TESTE: COMO EST O SEU INGLS?Leia atentamente o texto abaixo e assinale a opo correta para cada questo.

1 A computer is a programmable machine that stores and retrieves data and performs high-speed logical and mathematical operations. However, it is not able to think. It accepts data and instructions as input, and after processing them, it outputs the results.

4 When we talk about computers, we have to consider the hardware and the software. The hardware consists of all the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system, and the software is the collection of data and programs needed to solve problems with a computer.

QUESTES DE 1 A 11

1) O melhor ttulo para o texto seria:

a) The history of Computers

b) What is a computer?

c) Hardware x Software

2) uma idia presente no texto:

a) o computador resolve problemas atravs do seu prprio raciocnio.

b) o hardware mais importante para o computador do que o software.

c) o processamento de dados composto de trs etapas.

3) Do texto, podemos inferir que:

a) o computador se presta a diversas aplicaes por causa da sua versatilidade.

b) o computador est se tornando cada dia menor e mais barato.

c) o computador a inveno humana que mais evoluiu nas ltimas dcadas.

4) (...) the software is the collection of data and programs needed to solve problems with a computer. A idia contida na orao acima est associada a:

a) It basically consists of the systems analysts, the programmers, the operators and the technical managers.

b) It is the collection of man-written solutions, as well as all documents to guide the operation of a computer.

c) It consists of several units: the CPU, the main memory, and the peripherals known as input and output devices.

5) No trecho selecionado para a questo 4, a palavra programs pode ser entendida como:

a) canais

b) jogos

c) instrues

6) A pergunta que pode ser respondida com base nas informaes contidas no texto :

a) Quem inventou o computador?

b) O que significa software?

c) O que um dispositivo de entrada?

7) A opo na qual a palavra computer exerce a funo de modificador :

a) computer (I. 1)

b) computers (I. 4)

c) computer (I. 5)

8) O melhor pargrafo para finalizar o texto seria:

a) Fourth-generation computers are rather faster than third-generation computers and can complete thousands of instructions at a time.

b) On the backside of the computer, there are several slots into which we can connect a wide range of peripherals.

c) In only a short time, the computer has changed the way in which many jobs are done and has become part of our everyday lives.

9) De acordo com o texto e com as informaes abaixo faa a correspondncia entre as palavras ( esquerda) e as definies ( direita)

a) computer game ( ) The study and development of computer systems, hardware and software.

b) computer graphics ( ) All of the hardware and software that can interact with a particular computer.

c) computer science ( ) Charts, graphs, diagrams, or pictures produced with the aid of a computer.

d) computer security ( ) A computer program designed for amusement or instruction.

e)computer system ( )The process of protecting a computer system from access by virus or unauthorized persons.

10) Os fatos abaixo esto relacionados com a histria do computador. Numere-os de 1 a 5, partindo do mais antigo para o mais recente.

( ) In the 17th and 18th centuries, many ways of calculating were invented.

( ) The first analog computer was used in World War II.

( ) The primitive calculating device was the fingers of a mans hands.

( ) Howard Aiken invented the first digital computer, called Mark 1.

( ) The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820.

11) Identifique as partes componentes do computador abaixo:

Monitor Screen Keyboard Mouse CD-Rom Drive Disk Drive Scanner Printer CD-Rom - Floppy Disk/Diskette

12) Complete a coluna de exemplos da tabela com as partes identificadas na figura:TypeDescriptionExample

Storage devicesProvide permanent storage for data and programs.a) _________________________

Input devicesEnable data to go into the computers memory.b) _________________________

c) _________________________

Output devicesEnable users to extract information from the system.d) _________________________

e) _________________________

13) A orao que melhor resume as idias contidas no texto, na figura e na tabela :

a) Most computers are equipped with data communication facilities.

b) Computers are also used in education and business.

c) A computer is not only a machine but also a system.

ABILITIES AND OTHER FACILITATORS Cognates: so palavras de origem grega ou latina bem parecidas com as do portugus.

Ex. different diferente, infection infeco.

Obs.: Ateno com os falsos cognatos. Ex. pretend no significa pretender, mas sim, fingir; importante observar se a palavra se encaixa no contexto.

Repeated words: se uma palavra aparece vrias vezes no texto, isto significa que ela importante para a compreenso do mesmo.

Typographical Evidences: so smbolos, letras maisculas, negrito, itlico, etc., que do dicas teis sobre o texto.

Selectivity: leitura seletiva, isto , selecionar os trechos onde se quer encontrar uma determinada informao (pargrafos, por exemplo).

Dictionary: o dicionrio deve ser utilizado como ltimo recurso para se descobrir o significado de uma palavra ou expresso desconhecida. Isso para que a leitura no seja lenta demais, e para que o leitor no desanime tendo que parar toda vez que encontrar algo desconhecido.ESTRATGIAS DE LEITURA

Skimming: leitura rpida para ter-se uma idia central do texto.

Scanning: leitura com objetivo de encontrar algumas informaes especficas no texto.

Prediction: significa inferir o contedo de um texto atravs de seu conhecimento prvio sobre o tema (background); atravs do contexto semntico (palavras de um mesmo grupo, por exemplo: hospital, nurse, doctor, ambulance); contexto lingstico (pistas gramaticais); contexto no-lingstico (gravuras, grficos, tabelas, nmeros, etc.); conhecimento sobre estrutura do texto (lay out, ttulo, subttulo, diviso de pargrafos, etc.).

Vale ressaltar a importncia do conhecimento prvio do leitor e das suas expectativas e dedues em relao ao texto.

COGNATOS

Muito comuns na Lngua Inglesa, os cognatos so palavras de procedncia grega ou latina, bastantes parecidas com as da Lngua Portuguesa, tanto na forma, como no significado.

Os cognatos podem ser: Idnticos:

Exs.: radio, piano, hospital, hotel, sofa, nuclear, social, total, particular, chance, camera, inventor, etc.

Bastante parecidos:Exs.: gasoline, banks, inflation, intelligent, population, revolution, commercial, attention, different, products, secretary, billion, dramatic, deposits, distribution, automatic, television, public, events, models, etc.

Vagamente parecidos:Exs.: electricity, responsible, explain, activity, impossible, lamp, company, etc.

PALAVRAS FAMILIARES (ESTRANGEIRISMOS) Familiares so palavras conhecidas pela maioria das pessoas que vive em um pas altamente influenciado pela cultura dos pases de Lngua Inglesa. No tm a mesma origem das palavras da Lngua Portuguesa.

Alguns exemplos de Familiares:SoftwareWindowsHot dogDiet

Fast foodVideo gameCredit cardMouse

DeliveryDollarMarketingLight

ShowsMoto/Office BoySiteDrive-thru

HamburguerPlayDVD / CDRecord

COGNATOS

Leia os segmentos abaixo e selecione todas as palavras que se paream com o Portugus e aquelas que so usadas da mesma forma tanto na Lngua Inglesa como na Lngua Portuguesa.

a. Computers are electronic machines that process information. They can perform complex operations in a fraction of time. But, they cant think.

b. Computers are divided into two parts: hardware and software. Hardware refers to the actual equipment and software refers to the programs that control and coordinate the activities of the computer.

c. The CPU is the part of a computer that executes the arithmetic and logic operations. It controls all the computer activities.

d. Memory is the storage area where a computer saves or retrieve data. It is expressed as quantities of K. For example, each K is equal to 1,024 bytes and each byte is equal to 8 bits.

e. A mouse is a device that has a ball underneath. It is used to point the cursor at different parts of the screen or at specials symbols called icons.

f. There are many different high-level languages. Each one has its advantage or disadvantage. COBOL, BASIC, FORTRAN, ALGOL and PASCAL are examples of high-level languages.

g. Data put into a computer is INPUT. The input is processed according to the program that is being used. The results of processing are called OUTPUT.

h. Film transparent de qualit suprieure. Faites de votre imprimante couleur HP Deskjet une machine fabriquer ls transparents pour rtroprojecteur. (Hewlett Packard)

SKIMMING

Leia os segmentos abaixo e utilizando os cognatos e familiares identifique o assunto abordado em cada um deles:

1) One of the most impressive sights in Paris, this construction was built in the second half of the 19th century as an ornament, presumably to show the possibilities of steel, and to allow Parisians to see their own city from above. Now a major tourist attraction for visitors from all over the world and a site for TV and radio transmissions. It is linked in the worlds mind with the image of France and Paris.

- ____________________________________________.

2) In computer science, a popular pointing input device, used mostly for playing computer games but used for other tasks as well. It usually has a square or rectangular plastic base to which is attached a vertical stem. Control buttons are located on the base and sometimes on top of the stem. The stem can be moved to control the movement of an object on the screen.

- ____________________________________________.

3) A computer peripheral that puts text or image on paper or on another medium, such as a transparency. They can be categorized in any of several ways. The most common distinction is impact x, non impact. Impact physically strike the paper and are exemplified by dot-matrix; non impact include every other type of print mechanism including laser, ink-jet and thermal.

- ____________________________________________.

4) Alcoholic drink produced originally in Scotland, Ireland and USA, by fermenting certain cereal grains and then distilling to produce a light-colored liquid containing about 40% alcohol. It is drunk with or without ice, soda or according to taste.

- ____________________________________________.

5) A common pointing device. Its basic features are a casing with a flat bottom, designed to be gripped by one hand; one or more buttons on the top; a ball on the bottom; and a cable connecting it to the computer. By moving it on a surface, the user typically controls a cursor. To select items or choose commands on the screen, the user presses one of the buttons, producing a click._________________________________.

Scanning

Complete the chart using the information from the texts below:

1. Czechoslovakias minister of Finance, 2. Last week Mexican poet and

Vaclav Klaus, an advocate of free-market essayist Octavio Paz, 76, was

economic reforms, has emerged as his awarded this years Nobel Prize

countrys fastest-rising politician. At a in Literature. A day after the

recent congress of the Civic Forum, the announcement, Paz met with

the coalition that toppled the Communist Newsweeks Sarah Crichton in

regime, Klaus was elected chairman, over- New York.

whelming the candidate supported by

President Vaclav Havel. Last week in

Prague, Klaus, 49, talked with News-

Weeks Andrew Nagorski about the

Significance of his upset victory.

3. Chilean novelist Isabel Allende, 48, a 4. Jean-Luc Godard, 60, is widely

niece of the late President Salvador considered one of the worlds great

Allende, is one of the most celebrated film directors. A founder of the

authors writing in Spanish. While visiting French New Wave film movement,

Rome to promote the release of her latest along with Franois Truffaut and

book, Stories of Eva Luna, she talked to Eric Rohmer, Godard has directed

Newsweeks Anne Whaley. such modern classics as Contempt

Starring Brigitte Bardot and others.

His latest film, New Wave features

Alain Delon. Recently, Godard spoke

with Newsweeks Benjamin Iury at

at his office in Rolle, Switzerland.

NameAgeNationalityOccupation

Isabel Allende

76

Czech

Film Director

PREDICTION Correspondncia

a) Suponhamos que voc acaba de receber um carto-postal de um amigo que est viajando. O carto pegou chuva e algumas palavras desapareceram. Tente descobrir que palavra foi apagada em cada lacuna atravs da previsibilidade fornecida pelo contexto.

Querido_________________________,

A viagem est sendo __________________ .Tenho____ divertido bastante por aqui. H muitas ______________ para fazer durante a noite: vrios bares, restaurantes, cinemas e teatros e _______________ variedade de shows. A cidade ________________ bonita, com uma geografia encantadora. Ontem __________o Po de Acar com meus primos. A subida do bondinho d um __________na barriga, mas vale a pena vencer o medo. A _________ l do alto do morro fantstica!

Espero ________ tudo esteja bem a com vocs. Volto __________ uma semana. Um grande abrao e at a ________________

b) Como voc descobriu as palavras que faltavam? ______________________________________

c) Apesar de o nome da cidade visitada pelo seu amigo no estar mencionada no carto, ela pode ser facilmente reconhecida. Que meios voc utilizou para a deduo? _____________________

d) De que modo seu conhecimento de mundo pode ajud-lo a fazer inferncias? _______________

______________________________________________________________________

1- Quais os diferentes tipos de texto que voc conhece?

______________________________________________________________________

2- Que estratgias voc utiliza para deduzir o assunto de um texto nas seguintes situaes:

a) Voc encontra um grupo de amigos conversando e descobre que perdeu metade da conversa.

______________________________________________________________________

b) Voc liga a televiso e ouve a notcia que lhe interessa pela metade.

______________________________________________________________________

c) Voc chega atrasado ao cinema e perde os primeiros minutos do filme.

___________________________________________________________________

Parte inferior do formulrio

What is a browser, and what browsers are available?

A browser is a software program used to access and display pages and files on the web. Browsers require a connection to the Internet (e.g., through a cable modem, a direct Ethernet connection, or a modem).

Popular web browsers include the following: Mozilla Firefox, Netscape, Internet Explorer, and Safari

Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Netscape, and Safari are graphical web browsers that can access text, graphics, sound, and other media. These browsers offer a graphical user interface in which you use a mouse to navigate. Firefox, Internet Explorer, and Netscape are available for both Windows and Macintosh computers; Safari is available only for Mac OS X.

Firefox is available to Indiana University users in all of the Student Technology Centers (STCs). Netscape and Internet Explorer are available in the Windows STCs; Safari is available in the Macintosh STCs. All are available via IUware at: http://iuware.iu.edu/

1) O que um Browser e para que usado? (Resposta em portugus)

____________________________________________________________________________________

2) De acordo com o texto, quais so os Browsers mais populares? (Resposta em portugus)

____________________________________________________________________________________

3) O que estes browsers oferecem?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4) Para onde o Firefox est disponvel? ___________________________________________________

5) Para onde o Safari est disponvel? ____________________________________________________

6) Qual o tipo de texto?_______________________________________________________________

7) Circule todas as palavras cognatas no texto.

8) Relacione todas as palavras familiares do texto e d a traduo.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

FALSOS COGNATOS Tambm chamados de falsos amigos, os falsos cognatos so palavras normalmente derivadas do latim, que tm portanto a mesma origem e que aparecem em diferentes idiomas com ortografia semelhante, mas que ao longo dos tempos acabaram adquirindo significados diferentes.

Abaixo est a tabela de falsos cognatos.

EM INGLSSIGNIFICA EM PORTUGUSMAS PARECE SERQUE EM INGLS

ACTUALREALATUALPRESENT

ACTUALLYNA VERDADEATUALMENTENOWADAYS, TODAY

ADVERTISEANNCIO ADVERTIRWARN

ALUMNUSEX-ALUNOALUNOPUPIL

AMASSACUMULARAMASSARWRINKLE, DENT, CRUSH

APPLICATIONINSCRIOAPLICAOINVESTMENT

APPOINTMENTHORA MARCADAAPONTAMENTONOTE

ARGUMENTDISCUSSOARGUMENTOREASONING

ASSISTAJUDARASSISTIRATTEND

ATTENDFREQUENTARATENDERANSWER, SERVE

AUDIENCEPLATIA, PBLICOAUDINCIACOURT APPEARENCE

AVAILABLEDISPONVELAVALIAREVALUATE

BALCONYSACADABALCOCOUNTER

BARRACSQUARTELBARRACAHUT, TENT

BATONBATUTA, CACETETEBATOM LIPSTICK

BEEFCARNE DE GADOBIFESTEAK

BONDLAO, LIGAOBUNDESTREERCAR, TRAM

CAFETERIAREFEITRIOCAFETERIACOFFEE SHOP

CAMERAMQ. FOTOGRFICACMARACHAMBER, TUBE

CARTONCAIXA DE PAPELOCARTOCARD

CASUALTYFATALIDADECASUALIDADECASUALLNESS

CIGARCHARUTOCIGARROCIGARETTE

COLLARGOLA, COLARINHOCOLARNECKLACE

COLLEGEFACULDADECOLGIOHIGH SCHOOL

COMMODITYARTIGO, MERCADORIACOMODIDADECOMFORT

COMPASSBSSOLACOMPASSOA PAIR OF COMPASSES

COMPETITIONCONCORRNCIACOMPETIOCONTEST

COMPREHENSIVECOMPLETO, TOTALCOMPREENSIVOUNDERSTANDING

CONDUCTORCOBRADORCONDUTORDRIVER

CONTESTCOMPETIO, CONCURSOCONTEXTOCONTEXT

CONVENIENTPRTICOCONVENIENTEAPPROPRIATE

CONVICTCONDENADOCONVICTOCERTAIN

COSTUMEROUPA, FANTASIACOSTUMECUSTOM, HABIT

DATADADOS, INFORMAESDATADATE

DECEPTIONLOGRO, FRAUDEDECEPODISAPPOINTMENT

DECORATEDECORAR(ORNAMENTAR)DECORAR(SABER DE COR)MEMORIZE

DEFENDANTRUDEFENDERDEFEND

DESIGNPROJETO, CRIAO, ESTILODESIGNARAPPOINT

DISGUSTNUSEADESGOSTOGRIEF

DIVERTDESVIARDIVERTIRENJOY

EDITORREDATOREDITORPUBLISHER

EDUCATEDINSTRUDOEDUCADOPOLITE

EMISSIONDESCARGAEMISSOISSUE

ENROLLALISTAR-SEENROLLARWIND, CURL

ESTATEPROPRIEDADE, IMVELESTADOSTATE

EXCITINGEMPOLGANTEEXCITANTETHRILLING

EXITSADAXITOSUCCESS

EXPERTPERITOESPERTOSMART

EXQUISITEAPURADOESQUISITOWEIRD

FABRICTECIDOFBRICAFACTORY

FAMILIARCONHECIDOFAMILIARMEMBER OF THE FAMILY

FILEARQUIVOFILALINE, QUEUE

GRIPAGARRAR FIRMEGRIPECOLD

INCOME TAX RETURNDECLARAO DE IMPOSTO DE RENDADEVOLUO DE IMPOSTO DE RENDAINCOME TAX REFUND

INGENIOUSCRIATIVO, ENGENHOSOINGNUONAIVE

INGENUITYENGENHOSIDADEINGENUIDADENAIVETY

INJURYFERIMENTOINJRIAINSULT

INJURYFERIMENTOINJURIAINSULT

INSCRIPTIONRAVAO EM RELEVOINSCRIOAPPLICATION

INTENDPRETENDERENTENDERUNDERSTAND

INTOXICATIONEMBRIAGUEZINTOXICAOPOISONING

INTRODUCEAPRESENTARINTRODUZIRINSERT

JOURNALPERIDICOJORNALNEWSPAPER

JUSTNUM DADO MOMENTO, APENASJUSTO(APERTADO - DE JUSTIA)TIGHT - FAIR

LAMPLUMINRIALMPADALIGHT BULB

LARGEGRANDELARGOWIDE

LECTUREPALESTRALEITURAREADING

LEGENDLENDALEGENDASUBTITLE

LIBRARYBIBLIOTECALIVRARIABOOKSTORE

LUNCHALMOOLANCHESNACK

LUXURYLUXOLUXRIALUST

MAGAZINEREVISTAMAGAZINEDEPARTMENT STORE

MANAGEADMINISTRAR, CONSEGUIRMANEJARHANDLE

MAYORPREFEITOMAIORBIGGER

MOISTUREUMIDADEMISTUREMIXTURE

MOROSERABUGENTOMOROSOSLOW

NOTICEPERCEBERNOTCIANEWS

NOVELROMANCENOVELASOAP OPERA

OFFICEESCRITRIOOFICIALOFFICIAL

ORDINARYCOMUMORDINRIOVULGAR

OREMINRIOOUROGOLD

PARENTSPAISPARENTESRELATIVES

PARTICULARESPECFICOPARTICULARPRIVATE

PASTAMASSAPASTAFOLDER, PASTE

PHYSICIANMDICOFSICOPHYSICAL

POLICYPOLTICA, NORMAPOLCIAPOLICE

PORTPORTOPORTADOOR

PORTERCARREGADORPORTEIRODOORMAN

PREJUDICEPRECONCEITOPREJUZODAMAGE

PRESCRIBERECEITARPRESCREVEREXPIRE

PRESENTLYLOGO, EM BREVEPRESENTEMENTENOW

PRETENDFINGIRPRETENDERINTEND

PREVENTIMPEDIRPREVENIR WARN

PROCURECONSEGUIR, ADQUIRIRPROCURARLOOK FOR

PROFESSORPROFESSOR DE UNIVERSIDADEPROFESSORTEACHER

PROPAGANDADIVULGAODE IDIASPROPAGANDAADVERTISEMENT

PROPERAPROPRIADO, ADEQUADOPRPRIOOWN

PULLPUXARPULARJUMP

PUSHEMPURRARPUXARPULL

RANGEVARIAR, COBRIRRANGERCREAK, GUARDA FLORESTAL

REALIZEPERCEBERREALIZARACCOMPLISH

RECLAIMRECUPERARRECLAMARCOMPLAIN

RECORDGRAVAR, DISCORECORDARREMEMBER, RECALL

REPORTRELATRIOREPRTERREPORTER

REQUIREMENTREQUISITOREQUERIMENTOREQUEST, PETITION

RESPITEINTERVALO, PAUSARESPEITORESPECT

RESUMERECOMEARRESUMIRSUMMARIZE

RSUMCURRCULORESUMOSUMMARY

RETIREAPOSENTARRETIRARWITHDRAW

SCHOLARERUDITO, LETRADOESCOLARSCHOOLBOY

SENSIBLESENSATOSENSIVELSENSITIVE

SORTESPCIE, ESCOLHERSORTELUCK

STABLEFIRME, ESTVELESTBULOBARN

STRANGERDESCONHECIDOESTRANGEIROFOREIGNER

STUPIDBURROESTPIDORUDE

SUPPORTSUSTENTAR, APOIARSUPORTARBEAR, STAND, TOLERATE

SYMPATHETICCOMPREENSIVO, SOLIDRIOSIMPTICONICE, PLEASANT, FRIENDLY

TAXIMPOSTOTAXAFEE

TEMPERTEMPERAMENTO, GNIO TEMPEROCONDIMENT

TENANTINQUILINOTENENTELIEUTENANT

TENTATIVEPROVISRIOTENTATIVAATTEMPT, TRY

TURNVEZ, VOLTATURNOSHIFT

TUTORPROFESSOR PARTICULARTUTORGUARDIAN

UNIQUEDIFERENTE, SEM IGUALNICOTHE ONLY ONE

USEUTILIZAR, USARUSAR (VESTIR)WEAR

VEGETABLESVERDURAS, LEGUMESVEGETAISPLANTS

VINEVINHA, VIDEIRAVINHOWINE

VOYAGEVIAGEM DE BARCO, NAVE ESPACIALVIAGEMJOURNEY, TRIP, TRAVEL

( Exercite no texto abaixo alguns falsos cognatos:

A DAY AT WORK

In the morning I attended a meeting between management and union representatives. The discussion was very comprehensive, covering topics like working hours, days off, retirement age, etc. Both sides were interested in an agreement and ready to compromise. The secretary recorded everything in the notes. Eventually, they decided to set a new meeting to sign the final draft of the agreement.

Back at the office, a colleague of mine asked me if I had realized that the proposed agreement would be partially against the company policy not to accept workers that have already retired. I pretended to be really busy and late for an appointment, and left for the cafeteria. Actually, I didn't want to discuss the matter at that particular moment because there were some strangers in the office.

After lunch I attended a lecture given by the mayor, who is an expert in tax legislation and has a graduate degree in political science. He said his government intends to assist welfare programs and senior citizens, raise funds to improve college education and build a public library, and establish tougher limits on vehicle emissions because he assumes this is what the people expect from the government.

Escreva o verdadeiro significado das palavras em destaque:

___________________ ___________________ _________________

___________________ ___________________ _________________

___________________ ___________________ _________________

___________________ ___________________ _________________

___________________ ___________________ _________________

___________________ ___________________ _________________

___________________ ___________________ _________________

___________________ ___________________ _________________

___________________ ___________________ _________________

Texto e lista extrados do site www.sk.com.br , autor Ricardo Schtz, 1999

USO DO DICIONRIOO dicionrio uma fonte de muitos tipos de informaes sobre palavras.

Veja o exemplo abaixo:

COMPUTER:

(KAMPJULTER). An electronic machine that can be supplied with a program.

Voc pode notar que podemos encontrar:

A representao fontica das palavras

Abreviaturas

Significado das palavras

Classe gramatical das palavras

Veja o exemplo seguinte e responda:

1. Qual a representao fontica da palavra look?

2. Quantos significados ela pode ter como substantivo? E como verbo?

3. Qual a primeira expresso mencionada?

4. Qual o significado de to look for?

Adaptado do dicionrio Ingls/Portugus Michaellis

VerbosQuando voc procura um verbo no dicionrio geralmente encontra a base do verbo, por exemplo: look, work, teach. Mas, quando lemos textos encontramos os verbos sob diferentes formas: looking, worked, teaches. Quando o verbo irregular encontramos a seguinte explicao no dicionrio: Fell/fel/ v. passado de fall. Assim, ter que procurar o verbo na sua forma base (fall), para encontrar a definio da palavra.

Observe os seguintes exemplos em Portugus e Ingls. Quais as semelhanas na forma de utilizao das palavras no Portugus e no Ingls?

1. Ele apagou as velas.

2. Tenho que limpar as velas do carro.

3. O marinheiro levantou as velas do barco.

4. Eu no vou ao cinema com eles porque detesto segurar vela.

claro que o contexto sempre importante para a compreenso das palavras que tm vrios significados diferentes. Em Ingls tambm o contexto muito importante para a interpretao adequada dos vocbulos.

1. The waiter fills their glasses with champagne.

2. She went to the optician for a new pair of glasses.

3. This window is made of glass.

4. I like computers.

5. OS2 operating system is like Ms DOS

Voc precisa ter em mente que na leitura de textos tcnicos voc encontrar vrias palavras em ingls que talvez j faam parte de seu vocabulrio, mas que nesse contexto iro adquirir novos significados.

Qual a traduo mais adequada para os vocbulos em negrito?

1. I will substitute my computer by a notebook.

2. I need a new notebook for my English classes

3. I need the key to open the door.

4. To enter the program, press any key.

5. I have to save money to by a new car.

6. Dont forget to save the file before turning off the computer.

(Atividade adaptada da apostila elaborada pelas professoras Mrcia C. Bonamim e Magali N. de Paula)

Abreviaturas mais comuns encontradas nos dicionrios

f. feminino

m. masculino

m. pl = masculino plural

p.p. = particpio passado

pl = plural

pop. = popular

pref. = prefixo

prep. = preposio

pret. = pretrito

pron. = pronome

s. substantivo

s.pl = plural

sg. = singular

sup. = superlativo

v. = verbo

var. = variante de

Smbolos Comuns:

separao da categoria morfolgica

~ substitui a palavra de entrada (ou seja, a palavra que se est consultando)

Smbolos fonticos: Formas de pronncia

Vogais / Ditongos / Semivogais / Consoantes

Sinal que significa acentuao

Sinal : que significa prolongao

NOTA: Observar sempre a organizao do dicionrio (guia fontico)DOUBLE SENSE WORDS comum a todas as lnguas a ocorrncia de palavras com significado ou funo gramatical mltiplos. Freqentemente este mltiplo sentido em um idioma no tem correspondente em outro. Quer dizer: os termos nem sempre cobrem as mesmas reas de significado entre diferentes idiomas. Este fenmeno, tambm chamado de polissemia, ocorre com qualquer idioma; assim como o portugus, o ingls tambm tem inmeras palavras de mltiplo significado. , entretanto a ocorrncia do fenmeno na lngua me do aluno que causa maior dificuldade. Partir do geral para o particular sempre mais difcil do que o inverso.

Portanto, sempre que diferentes idias representadas pela mesma palavra na lngua me do aluno corresponderem a diferentes palavras na segunda lngua, o mesmo ter dificuldades em expressar-se corretamente. As diferentes palavras do ingls que correspondem aos diferentes significados da palavra do portugus podem eventualmente funcionar como sinnimos, portanto neutralizando o contraste entre os dois idiomas. O objetivo, entretanto, mostrar os contrastes nas ocorrncias mais usuais do vocabulrio ingls moderno.

Ingls Primeiro significado Segundo significado

Abstract Abstrato Resumo

AffiliateFiliar-seDeterminar Paternidade

Affluent Afluente Rico

AmbulantPaciente de AmbulatrioCapaz de Caminhar

Apology Apologia Desculpas

Application Aplicao Requerimento

Apply Aplicar Inscrever-se

Argument Argumento Discusso

Arm Arma Brao

Bachelor Bacharel Solteiro

BalanceBalanaEquilbrio

Ball Bola Baile, Bala (projtil)

Bar Bar Barra

Bat Basto de beisebol Morcego

Cancel Cancelar Carimbar

Capital Capital Maiscula

Case Caso Estojo

Cell Clula Cela

Character Carter Personagem, caractere

China China Porcelana

Class Classe Aula

Classified Classificado Confidencial

Club Clube Taco de golfe

CollFresco Legal

Collect Colecionar Cobrar, coletar

Compass Compasso Bssola

Confirmed Confirmado Inveterado

ConsistentConsistenteCompatvel

Content Contente Contedo

Date Date Tmara, Encontro

Directory Diretoria Lista telefnica

EasyFcilEm Paz / Confortvel

Effective Efetivo Verdadeiro

Entertain Entreter Receber visitas

FacultyFaculdade (mental)Corpo Docente

Figure Figura Nmero

Fix Fixar Consertar

General General Geral

Individual Individual Indivduo

Interest Interesse Juros

Just Justo Apenas

Legend Legenda Lenda

Letter Letra Carta

MatchLigar (Relacionar)Partida (Jogo)

Major Major Principal

Manifest Manifesto bvio

Mark Marca Nota

Mass Massa Missa

Matter Matria Assunto

Medicine Medicina Remdio

Move Mover Mudar

Observe Observar Celebrar

OfficialOficialAutoridade

Oil leo Petrleo

Operator Operador Telefonista

Order Ordem Pedido

Park Parque Estacionar

Period Perodo Menstruao

Plant Planta Fbrica

Principal Principal Diretor da escola

Pupil Pupila Aluno

Race Raa Corrida

Rare Raro Mal passado (carne)

Record Recorde Gravar

Rest Resto Descansar

Retire Retirar Aposentar

Roll Rolo Lista

Save Salvar Economizar

Scale Escala Balana

SequelSequelaSequencia

Spectacles Espetculos culos

Spirits Espritos Bebida alcolica

Story Estria Pavimento, andar

Subject Sujeito Assunto

To PlayJogar/ BrincarTocar / Imitar

Turkey Turquia Peru

Vice Vice Vcio

EXERCCIOS

A) Assinale o significado correto das palavras em destaque nas sentenas:

1) I need to cancel your documents.

( ) cancelar ( ) carimbar

2) She is the principal of the school.

( ) diretora ( ) principal

3) His mark was terrible.

( ) marca ( ) nota

4) The operator (a) gave me the wrong number of the plant (b).

a- ( ) operador ( ) telefonista

b- ( ) planta ( ) fbrica

5) We are lost. We need a compass now.

( ) bssola ( ) compasso

6) He is the most famous bachelor of the party.

( ) bacharel ( ) solteiro

7) Do you know the capital (a) of China (b)?

a- ( ) capital ( ) principal

b- ( ) porcelana ( ) China

8) Brasilia is the capital of Brazil.

( ) capital ( ) maiscula

9) I use capital letter to write my name.

( ) capital ( )maiscula

10) I appreciate Chinese china.

( ) porcelana ( ) China

11) John collects caps.

( ) coleciona ( ) cobrou

B) D os respectivos significados das palavras repetidas em cada segmento:

1) a) Mike is not married. He is a bachelor.

b) He finished the college last year. Now, he is a bachelor in Biology.

2) We have a directory in order to look for the telephone numbers of the students. This directory is in the directory of the school.

3) The character of this film has a bad character.

4) You have to write the names of the capitals with capital letters. MOUSE MEMORIES

In 1968 Douglas Engelbart demoed a strange device called a mouse. Last week 1.500 people gathered at Stanford University to honor him. Speakers stressed that Engelbarts contributions went beyond the mouse.

His Stanford computer was the second one to hook up to ARPAnet, the Internets predecessor, and he developed the first use of multiple windows. More important, Engelbart strove to enhance human intelligence, thus improving our ability to solve problems.

Well click to that.

(Newsweek, December 28, 1998)

(SCANNING) Responda as questes abaixo:

1) O que aconteceu:

a) em 1968?

______________________________________________________________________________

b) durante a semana anterior a 28 de dezembro de 1998?

______________________________________________________________________________

2) Na frase: Well click to that, o termo em destaque passa a idia de:

a) discordar

b) aprovar

c) rejeitar

d) aplaudir

3) Verdadeiro ou Falso:

Segundo os oradores, o trabalho de Engelbart restringiu-se criao do mouse. (cite a linha do texto em que se encontra essa informao)

______________________________________________________________________

4) De onde foi retirado o texto lido?

a) de um jornal

b) da internet

c) de um livro

d) de uma revista

5) Faa, em portugus, um breve resumo sobre o texto.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

A HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER: NETWORKTimesharing, the concept of linking a large numbers of users to a single computer via remote terminals, is developed at MIT in the late 50s and early 60s.

1962: Paul Baran of RAND develops the idea of distributed, packet-switching networks.

ARPANET goes online in 1969.

Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf develop the basic ideas of the Internet in 1973.

In 1974 BBN opens the first public packet-switched network - Telenet.

A UUCP link between the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University establishes USENET in 1979. The first MUD is also developed in 1979, at the University of Essex.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) is established as the standard for ARPANET in 1982.

1987: the number of network hosts breaks 10,000.

1989: the number of hosts breaks 100,000.

Tim Berners-Lee develops the World Wide Web. CERN releases the first Web server in 1991.

1992: the number of hosts breaks 1,000,000.

The World Wide Web sports a growth rate of 341,634% in service traffic in its third year, 1993.

The main U.S. Internet backbone traffic begins routing through commercial providers as NSFNET reverts to a research network in 1994.

The Internet 1996 World Exposition is the first World's Fair to be held on the internet.

1) Quando a ARPANET foi ao ar? ________________________________________________________

2) O que fizeram Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf? _________________________________________________

3) Escreva um pargrafo informando o assunto tratado no texto.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4) O que TCP/IP em ingls? (traduza para o portugus)

5) Qual o significado do termo World Wide Web?

CONECTORES 1. ADIO: - and : e

- in addition, furthermore, besides, moreover: alm disso

- as well as: assim como

- also: tambm

- apart from: com exceo de

- both....and: ambos; tanto como

- not only ... but also: no apenas...mas tambm

2. CONTRASTE/CONCESSO/ADVERSATIVA:

- but: mas

- however, neverthless: entretanto

- yet: entretanto, ainda

- although, even though, though: embora

- nonetheless, notwithstanding: no obstante

- despite that, in spite of: apesar de

- rather than, instead of: em vez de

- whereas: enquanto

3. PROPSITO: - in order to: a fim de

- so as to: de modo que

4. CONSEQUNCIA/CONCLUSO:

- therefore: portanto

- consequently, as a result: consequentemente

- accordingly: de acordo, adequadamente

- hence: pois, ento, da

- thus: assim

- thereby: assim, desse modo

- then: ento

- so: ento, pois

- finally: finalmente

5. ALTERNATIVA - otherwise: por outro lado

- or: ou

- or else: ou ento, ou ainda

- either ... or: ou... ou

- while, whereas: enquanto

6. REITERAO:

- that is: isto

- in other words: em outras palavras

- in short, in brief: em resumo

- i.e. : (do latim) isto

- that is to say: quer dizer

7. COMPARAO:

- like, as: como

- than: do que

8. ILUSTRAO:

- e.g. : (do latim) por exemplo

- for instance, for example: por exemplo

- such as: tal como

- namely: a saber

- viz: (do latim) quer dizer

9. CONDIO:

- if: se

- unless: se no, a menos que

- provided that: uma vez que

- on condition that: desde que

- as long as: uma vez que

- subject to: sujeito a

- wether: se

10. CAUSA:

- because: porque

- due to: devido a

- as: porque

- since: uma vez que

11. DVIDA OU HIPTESE: - perhaps, maybe: talvez

- possibly: possivelmente

12. TEMPORAL: - when: quando while: enquanto GRUPOS NOMINAIS So grupos de palavras, compostos por duas ou mais palavras que esto relacionadas entre si, sendo que uma a palavra principal; o substantivo (ncleo), e as outras so os modificadores; palavras que caracterizam o substantivo.

Exs.: Electric Energy = Energia Eltrica

Private Investors = Investidores Privados

State Government = Governo Estadual

Observe que nos grupos nominais em Ingls a palavra principal, ou seja, o substantivo (ncleo) sempre a ltima palavra do grupo, ao passo que em portugus ns comeamos o grupo com ela. Assim, temos:

United Kingdom Parliamentary VoteReino Unido Voto Parlamentar

Os grupos nominais podem ter mais de um modificador:

Red Cross Emblem = Emblema da Cruz Vermelha

Vrias siglas so iniciais de Grupo Nominais:

VIP = Very Important Person = ________________________________________________

WTC = World Trade Center = _________________________________________________

WHO = World Health Organization = ___________________________________________

NASA = National Air and Space Administration = _________________________________

USAF = United States Air Force = ______________________________________________

USA = United States of America________________________________________________

FBI = PRIVATEFederal Bureau of Investigation_______________________________________________

Outros Exemplos:

Confirma-se ento que a ordem dos grupos nominais em Ingls INVERSA ordem em Portugus:

Pense nas seguintes estruturas: Como elas seriam traduzidas para o Portugus?

Exerccios

1) Qual o significado das siglas e as suas respectivas tradues:

a. IMF (International Monetary Fund): ______________________________________

b. NATO (North-Atlantic Treat Organization): _________________________________

c. EEC (European Economic Community): ____________________________________

d. UNO (United Nations Organization): ______________________________________

e. USA (United States of America): __________________________________________

f. CPU (______________________________________________________________): ________________________________________________________________

g.RAM(____________________________________________________________________):_________________________________________________________________

h.ROM(____________________________________________________________________):________________________________________________________________

i. CD (________________________________________________________________): ______________________________________________________________________

j.ALU(____________________________________________________________________):__________________________________________________________________

k. ALGOL (____________________________________________________________): ______________________________________________________________________

l.BASIC(____________________________________________________________________)

m.COBOL(_____________________________________________________________________)_____________________________________________________________

n. CRT (______________________________________________________________): _____________________________________________________________________

o. DDD (______________________________________________________________): ______________________________________________________________________

p. DOS (______________________________________________________________): ______________________________________________________________________

q. IBM (______________________________________________________________): ______________________________________________________________________

r.I/ODevices(____________________________________________________________________):____________________________________________________________

s. MVS (______________________________________________________________): ______________________________________________________________________

t. PC (________________________________________________________________): _____________________________________________________________________

u.HTML(____________________________________________________________________):________________________________________________________________

v.WWW(_____________________________________________________________________)_______________________________________________________________

2) Analisando a tela a seguir, indique todos os grupos nominais encontrados, determinando o Modifier e Head Word. D a traduo de cada um deles:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3) Passe os seguintes grupos nominais para o Portugus:

a. Data Communication Processor - ____________________________________________

b. Artificial Intelligence - ____________________________________________________

c. Backup System - _________________________________________________________

d. Secondary Memory - _____________________________________________________

e. Control Structure - _______________________________________________________

f. Central Processing Unit - __________________________________________________

g. Magnetic Tape - _________________________________________________________

h. Operating System - ______________________________________________________

i. Access Control - _________________________________________________________

j. Data Processing Department - _______________________________________________

k. Auxiliary Equipment - ____________________________________________________

l. Control Circuits - _________________________________________________________

m. Automatic electronic devices -______________________________________________

n. Last generation program - ________________________________________________________

o. correctly programmed data - ________________________________________________________

p. Computer integrated circuits. - ______________________________________________________OBS: Os exemplos dados nas atividades a seguir foram adaptados do livro: Infotech English for Computer Users.

I) Os grupos nominais a seguir so bastante simples. So formados pelo ncleo (head word = HW) que o substantivo e um modificador = Modifier (M), que pode ser adjetivo ou substantivo. Grife o ncleo (HW) e faa a traduo.

1) Disabled worker = trabalhador incapacitado

2) Rehabilitation engineer =

3) Employs abilities =

4) Pointing device =

5) Speech synthesizer =

6) Disk controller =

II) Nesta segunda atividade temos: o ncleo e dois modificadores (um artigo e um adjetivo ou substantivo):

1. the major informations = as informaes principais

2. a brief introduction = uma breve introduo (ou uma introduo breve)

3. the English language =

4. the principal program =

5. the file areas =

III) Agora vamos trabalhar com grupos um pouco maiores, compostos de um ncleo mais dois, trs ou mais adjetivos e/ou substantivos. Esses grupos podem ou no vir precedidos de artigos.

1. ARP -- (Advanced Research Projects) =

2. ASP -- (Application Service Provider) =

3. AT&T American Telephone & Telegraph Company =

4. CDMA -- (Code Division Multiple Access) =

5. CRM - - (Customer Relationship Management) =

6. DHCP -- (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) =

7. DHTML -- (Dynamic HyperText Markup Language) =

8. DNS (Domain Name System) =

9. DSL -- (Digital Subscriber Line) =

10. Email -- (Electronic Mail) =

11. ERP - - (Enterprise Resource Planning) =

12. FAQ -- (Frequently Asked Questions) =

13. FTP -- (File Transfer Protocol) =

14. HDD Hard Disk Drive =

15. HTML -- (HyperText Markup Language) =

16. HTTP -- (HyperText Transfer Protocol) =

17. IMAP -- (Internet Message Access Protocol) =

18. IP Internet Protocol =

19. ISP -- (Internet Service Provider) =

20. IT -- (Information Technology) =

21. JPEG -- (Joint Photographic Experts Group) =

22. LAN Local Area Network =

23. MAC Address (Media Access Control Address) =

24. MUD -- (Multi-User Dungeon or Dimension) =

25. OCR Optical Character Recognition =

26. OSI (Open Source Initiative) =

27. PDF -- (Portable Document Format) =

28. PPP -- (Point to Point Protocol) =

29. SEO -- (Search Engine Optimization) =

30. SMTP -- (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) =

31. SQL -- (Structured Query Language) =

32. Sysop -- (System Operator) =

33. TCP Transmission Control Protocol =

34. URI -- (Uniform Resource Identifier) =

35. URL Uniform Resource Locator =

36. URN -- (Uniform Resource Name) =

37. VOIP -- (Voice Over IP) =

38. VPN -- (Virtual Private Network) =

39. WAN -- (Wide Area Network) =

40. Wi-Fi -- (Wireless Fidelity) =

IV) H tambm os grupos nominais com a palavra of, onde a ordem das palavras continua igual em portugus. Observe que o ncleo do grupo nominal vem antes da preposio of.

1. The performance of program = a performance de programa

2. A long history of personal computers = uma longa histria de computadores pessoais

3. An essential part of a printer =

4. A important group of personal files =

5. Different languages of the same families =

6. POP = Point of Presence =

Storing data in computer programsFor those new to computer programming, data and code go hand in hand. You cannot write a program of any real value without lines of code, or without data. A Word Processor program has logic that takes what the user types and stores it in data. It also uses data to control how it stores and formats what the user types and clicks.

Data is stored in the memory of the computer when the program runs (it can also be stored in a file, but that is another matter beyond the scope of this tutorial). Each memory 'slot' is identified by a name that the programmer chooses. For example LineTotal might be used to name a memory slot that holds the total number of lines in a Word Processor document.

The program can freely read from and write to this memory slot. This kind of data is called a Variable. It can contain data such as a number or text. Sometimes, we may have data that we do not want to change. For example, the maximum number of lines that the Word Processor can handle. When we give a name to such data, we also give it its permanent value. These are called constants.

Leia o texto acima e responda:

1) Retire do texto todos os grupos nominais que conseguir identificar. (traduza-os)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2) Explique o que tem um programa processador de palavras e o que ele faz..

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3) Que nome dado ao tipo de dado que o programa pode ler livremente e escrever para a memria slot? __________________________________________________________

4) Explique como pode ser usada a LineTotal.

_____________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5) Qual a correta traduo do ttulo do texto?

a) Dados armazenados em programas de computador

b) Armazenamento de dados em programas de computador.

c) Programas de computador em armazenamento de dados

6) Complete a traduo da frase. Data is stored in the memory of the computer when the program runsDado ______________ na ___________ do computador ___________o programa _________.

FORMAO DE PALAVRAS AFIXOS

(Material extrado do livro: Tcnicas de Leitura em Ingls. Eiter Otavio Guandalini. p. 37-39.)

Algumas palavras que aparecem nos textos demandam um pouco mais de ateno para inferi-las e reconhec-las durante a leitura. So as chamadas palavras derivadas, ou seja, palavras que apresentam componentes denominados genericamente de afixos que podem ser prefixos ou sufixos. O conhecimento da formao das palavras muito til, sem dvida, para sua compreenso. Isto significa que necessrio reconhecer os afixos mais comumente usados na lngua que se que aprender e, naturalmente, seu significado.

Sufixos e prefixos podem ser acrescentados s palavras dando-lhes novos significados e, quase sempre, alternando sua classe gramatical. Portanto, ateno: habitue-se a descobrir ou reconhecer o significado de palavras e expresses atravs de prefixos e sufixos, da nova posio que ocupam na frase, como tambm na alterao da classe gramatical.

A fim de facilitar sua identificao, colocamos a seguir uma lista com os afixos mais usados na lngua inglesa.

Prefixao o prefixo muda o significado da palavra primitiva, mas no muda a classe gramatical.

a (sem)Amoralapoliticalasexual

anti (contra)Anti-clockwiseanti-nuclearAntichrist

dis (oposto)Disagreedishonestdisloyal

il, ir, im, in (no)Illegalirregularimperfect /incomplete

mis (errado)Misunderstandmisdirectmisaddress

non (no)Nonsensenon-fictionnon-programable

un (no)Unmagnetizeduncommonunprofessional

over (excesso, alm)Overdoseovereat

pre (antes)Premaritalprefixprehistory

Mini, microMinicomputerMicrocomputer

Macro, megaMacroeconomicsMegabyte

Inter (entre)InterfaceInteractive

Sufixao o sufixo pode mudar a classe gramatical da palavra sem mudar-lhe o sentido primitivo.

Formao de verbos:

- enFreshenblackenHarden

- ifySimplifysolidify

- izeCentralizemodernizecomputerize

Formao de advrbios

- ly (mente)LogicallycomparablyYearlyannually

- ward (em direo)DownwardhomewardInward

Formao de substantivos:

- ance / enceTolerancePreferencePerformance

- or OperatorAccumulator

- er TrainerEmployerprogrammer

- eeTraineeEmployee

- istEconomistScientistDentist

- ionEducationCollisionCompilation

- mentInvestmentdevelopment

- itySincerityGenerosity

- ismModernismBuddhismMagnetism

- nessHappinessDarkness

- domFreedomKingdom

- hoodChildhoodBrotherhood

- shipFriendshipPartnershiprelationship

Formao de adjetivos:

- able, ibleProgrammableAdmirableDivisible

- an, ianAmericanSagitariansuburban

- fulPowerfulHopefulwonderful/beautiful

- yTastyHealthy

- icPoeticDemocratic

- ical/alSociologicalMagical

- lessHomelessChildlessWireless

Ex.: COMFORT = Substantivo = Conforto

UNCOMFORT = Substantivo = Desconforto

CONFORTABLE = Adjetivo = Confortvel

Selecione no texto as palavras que so formadas por sufixos:

CAREERS IN THE COMPUTERS FIELD

Computer specialists include System Analysts, Programmers and Operators. Systems Analysts develop methods for computerizing business. They also improve the efficiency of systems in use. Application Programmers write commercial programs to be used by business, science center and home. System Programmers write the complex programs that control the inner working of the computer. Computer operators handle several types of computers.

Other people who work in the computer field include Computer Scientists, who conduct research and teach at universities; Hardware Designers and Engineers, who work in areas such as microchip and peripheral equipment design; Information Center Administrators or Data Base Administrators, who manage the information collections of business or data banks.

Excerpted from Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia 1993, 1994.

Agora, escreva em Portugus as especialidades que so mencionadas no texto:

____________________________________ - ___________________________________

____________________________________ - ___________________________________

____________________________________ - ___________________________________

____________________________________ - ___________________________________

____________________________________ - ___________________________________

A PR-HISTRIA DOS COMPUTADORESAQUECIMENTOJunte-se a um colega e, em cinco minutos, procure no texto da prxima pgina as respostas para as seguintes perguntas. A dupla que acabar primeiro e apresentar todas as respostas corretas vence a competio.

a) O que Lady Ada Lovelace inventou para a mquina de Babbage? __________________________

b) Quanto pesava o ENIAC, o primeiro computador a vlvula? _______________________________

c) Onde Charles Babbage exibiu The Difference Engine em 1855? __________________________

d) Qual foi o primeiro dispositivo de clculo utilizado pelo homem? ___________________________

e) At que sculo o baco foi utilizado como dispositivo de clculo? __________________________

f) Quem inventou, em 1804, o tear programado? ________________________________________

g) O que Blaise Pascal inventou em 1642? _____________________________________________

h) Quando ficou pronto o primeiro computador digital, o MARK 1? ____________________________

i) Quando Vannevar Bush construiu o primeiro computador analgico? ________________________

LEITURA E INTERPRETAO

a) Junte-se a outros colegas e discutam o que vocs sabem acerca da histria do computador e dos mtodos de clculo.

b) Depois da discusso, organize os pargrafos abaixo numerando os parnteses em ordem crescente, conforme a cronologia. O ttulo do texto j est marcado.

(A: _____) It was during the Second World War that the modern age of computers began. In 1930, Vannevar Bush built the first analog computer, which was used to help aim guns in World War II. In the period between 1938-1942, John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry designed and built the first electronic digital computer, the ABC, which provided the basis for the development of the ENIAC.

(B:_____) After that, in 1822, Charles Babbage built a machine called The Difference Engine, which he showed at The Paris Exhibition in 1855. Next, Babbage envisioned and designed The Analytical Engine, a machine which could complete programmed arithmetic operations. Unfortunately, Babbage never finished his work, but many of his ideas were used as the basis for the modern computer.

(C: _____) The modern computer as we know it today is a result of lots of research and inventions of the past. The following paragraphs will show you the evolution of this miraculous machine.

(D: _____) In the period called the Scientific Revolution, which began circa 1540 and lasted until 1687, many scientists tried to find ways of calculating. As a consequence, other computational devices were invented. In 1642, Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical calculator. In 1673, Gottfried von Leibniz invented another calculating device.

(E: _____) The Scientific Revolution was followed by the Industrial Revolution, which started in England and brought many advances in technology. Several machines were developed in this period, and these machines later had a great impact on the development of computers.

(F: _____) During the same period that Babbage was working on his machines, Lady Ada Lovelace invented an arithmetic code for Babbages machine based on a binary system similar to the one used with modern computers. For this reason, she is considered to be the first programmer.

(G: _____) The first calculating device used by man was the ten fingers of his hands. This explains why we still count in tens and multiples of tens. Then the abacus was invented, a device which uses small beads or stones to make calculations. This tool was used until the 16th century. It is still used today in some parts of the world to make arithmetical calculations.

(H: _____) In 1804, Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a weaving loom which was programmed to make certain patterns on cloth. This program was a series of holes punched in paper cards according to a code, and it is very similar to the process used in punched cards of the first modern computers.

(I: 1 ) The Pre-History of Computers(J: _____) Between 1943 and 1946, funded by the U.S. Army, John Mauchly and J. Eckert built the first major eletronic digital computer using vacuum tubes. The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was huge and weighed about 30 tons.

(K: _____) The developments which took place during World War II led to the advances made in the period that followed the war. The period after the war led to the subsequent generations of computers, which may be described as the modern age of computers.

(L: _____) In 1944, Howard Aiken and some engineers from IBM completed MARK 1, an electro-mechanical calculating device controlled by punched cards. This first digital computer could figure out long lists of mathematical problems and was used military ballistics.

c) Responda as seguintes perguntas:

1) Das informaes apresentadas no texto, quais voc j conhecia?

_________________________________________________________________________________

2) Que informao nova sobre a histria do computador voc achou mais interessante?

_________________________________________________________________________________

3) Sabemos que o computador uma mquina moderna. Por que o autor intitulou o texto The Pre-History of Computers?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4) Das oraes abaixo, qual voc considera a idia principal do texto? Por qu?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

a) Os avanos tecnolgicos da 2 Guerra Mundial levaram a era moderna do computador.

b) MARK 1, o primeiro computador digital, possua sistema de cartes perfurados e foi fabricado pela IBM para fins militares.

c) Lady Lovelace considerada a primeira programadora do mundo por ter inventado o cdigo binrio.

d) As idias de Charles Babbage foram usadas como base para os computadores modernos, o que o torna o pai do computador.

e) A Revoluo Industrial teve um grande impacto na tecnologia usada para o desenvolvimento dos computadores.

f) Antes da inveno do baco, o dispositivo de clculo eram os dedos das mos.

g) O primeiro computador digital a vlvula foi o ENIAC.

h) A era moderna do computador nasce em 1930 com o primeiro computador digital, de Vannevar Bush, usado para fins militares na 2 Guerra Mundial.

i) O tear programado, inventado por Jacquard em 1804, tem o mesmo princpio dos cartes perfurados dos primeiros computadores.

j) O computador atual o resultado de vrias pesquisas e invenes do passado.

k) A Revoluo Cientfica (1540-1687) levou a inveno de vrios dispositivos de clculo.

5) A partir do exerccio anterior, como voc definiria o que deve ser a idia principal de um texto?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

LEITURA E INTERPRETAO SKIMMING

a) Utilizando essa tcnica, procure no texto What is a Computer? as seguintes informaes. Nos espaos em branco, escreva os nmeros das linhas em que elas se encontram:

1) ________ O computador processa dados e fornece os resultados em forma de informao.

2) ________ um erro acreditar que todo mundo hoje em dia saiba usar o computador.

3) ________ O processo de computao envolve trs etapas bsicas.

4) ________ O mundo da computao criou uma linguagem prpria.

5) ________ Hoje em dia quase todo mundo tem uma idia do que seja um computador.

6) ________ Algumas dessas palavras vm sendo usadas pelo mundo afora, pois foram tomadas de emprstimo da lngua inglesa por vrias outras lnguas.

7) ________ Algumas sociedades contemporneas desconhecem o computador.

8) ________ A etapa final permite ao usurio ver os resultados do processamento.

9) ________ Mesmo nos pases ditos desenvolvidos, existem pessoas que no sabem o que um computador e no se importam em saber.

WHATS IS A COMPUTER?

1Nowadays, in most modern societies, almost everybody has an idea about what a computer is. We depend on computers in every aspect of our lives whether we know how to use one or not. But does everyone really know how a computer works inside?

A computer is an electronic machine which processes data and provides the results of the processing as information. There are three basic steps in the computing process. The first one is input, which consists of feeding data into the computers memory. Then comes the processing: the program is run and the computer processes the data by performing a set of instructions. The third and final step is the output furnished by the computer, which allows the user to see the results either in printed from or on the screen.

5

10The world of computers has created a specific language of its own. English words such as software and hardware are used worldwide and have been borrowed by many different languages. Software is information in the form of data and programs, and hardware refers to the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system.

Despite the constant presence of computers in most modern societies, it is a great mistake to believe that everybody in the world is computer-literate, i.e., is familiar with computers and knows how to use them properly. In some contemporary societies, many people still have no idea about the existence of computers, and even in the so-called developed countries, there are lots of people who do not know or do not care about what a computer is.

15

b) O autor conclui o texto afirmando que algumas sociedades contemporneas e muitas pessoas dos pases desenvolvidos desconhecem o computador ou no ligam para ele, sem dar exemplos. Em sua opinio, quais seriam essas sociedades e essas pessoas?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

c) Escreva na primeira coluna os nmeros correspondentes s palavras definidas na segunda.

a) ________ computer

1) Data fed into the computers memory.

b)_________ input

2) Information.

c) _________ processing

3) Machine that processes data.

d) _________ output

4) Electronic and mechanical parts of a computer.

e) _________ screen

5) Device that shows the results of the processing.

f) _________ software

6) The results shown on the screen or in printed form.

g) _________ hardware

7) Programs.

h) _________ data

8) Series of actions that a computer performs to arrive at a

OS USOS DO ING

Palavras cuja formao composta por ING podem apresentar diferentes classes gramaticais:

LEARNING = Pode significar aprendendo; aprender ou aprendizagem, dependendo de como apresentada na sentena.

(gerndio)

They are learning how to get more information. = (aps o verbo to be)

Eles esto aprendendo como conseguir mais informaes.

(verbo/infin.)

This is a way of learning about management. = (aps preposies)

Esta uma maneira de aprender sobre gerenciamento.

(Adjetivo)

This is part of the learning process. = (parte de um grupo nominal)

Isto parte do processo de aprendizagem.

(Substantivo)

Learning is essencial to life.

Aprendizagem essencial vida.

EXERCCIOS

Classifique em cada frase as palavras formadas por ING como:

(substantivo, gerndio, adjetivo ou verbo infinitivo)a. They are learning Computer Science.

__________________________.

b. Teleprocessing is the use of a telecommunication system by a computer.

__________________________.

c. The calculating machine was invented many years ago.

__________________________.

d. The recording surface of a disk has concentric circles called tracks.

__________________________.

e. He works 10 hours without stopping.

__________________________.

f. The printer is printing documents.

__________________________.

g. I prefer typing to writing.

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EXERCCIOS

Grife todas as palavras cognatas encontradas no texto, circule as familiares e responda:

1) Sobre o que trata o texto? __________________________________________________________

2) Qual o produto em questo? _____________________________________________________

3) Aps baixar o arquivo com sucesso, o que acontecer com seu Nmero de Licena?

_________________________________________________________________________

4) Qual produto oferecido caso voc esteja procurando mais caractersticas, funcionalidade e flexibilidade?____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5) Quando a empresa recebeu o Boletim de Vrus?__________________________________

6) Em qual programa o Boletim foi recebido? _____________________________________

7) Qual o percentual do padro de deteco do Sistema anti-vrus?___________________

MARCADORES DE SUBSTANTIVOS

Substantivo a palavra que designa pessoa, lugar, objeto, evento, substncia.

possvel localiza-la no texto prestando ateno em certas palavras que acompanham substantivo.

Emprega-se antes de substantivo:

Artigos:

a, an = um, uma

the = o, a, os, as

Pronomes Possessivos adjetivos

MY

Meu, minha, meus, minhas

Your

seu, sua, seus, suas

His

dele (para pessoa)

Her

dela (para pessoa)

Its

dele, dela (para coisas ou animais

Our

nosso, nossa, nossos, nossas

Theirdeles, delas

Emprega-se geralmente antes de substantivos:

Numerais Cardinais:

One, two, three, etc.

Pronomes Demonstrativos:

This

este, esta, isto

These

estes, estas

That

esse, essa, isso, aquele, aquela, aquilo

Those

esses, essas, aqueles, aquelas

QUANTIDADES

Many

muitos, muitas

(a) few

poucos, poucas

much

muito, muita

(a) little

pouco, pouca

some

algum, alguns, alguma, algumas

any

qualquer, quaisquer

every

todo, toda, todos, todas, cada

a lot of

muito (a), muitos (as)

REFERNCIA CONTEXTUALA referncia contextual tambm representa um recurso auxiliar na compreenso das idias de um texto. As chamadas palavras de referncia substituem palavras que esto no texto (ou fora dele) e podem classificar-se da seguinte maneira:

pronomes (pessoais, possessivos, demonstrativos, relativos e indefinidos);

numerais ordinais;

palavras que indicam ordem e exemplificao.

Quando queremos nos referir a alguma coisa (ou idia) que j foi mencionada, ou ainda vai ser mencionada numa determinada sentena, geralmente utilizamos recursos lingsticos para no tornar a sentena repetitiva.

Exemplos:

The magazine which is on the desk is old.

A revista que est sobre a mesa velha.

Paul and Sue are good friends. They always help us.

Paul and Sue so bons amigos. Eles sempre nos ajudam.

John works in my office. We like him very much.

John trabalha em meu escritrio. Ns gostamos muito dele.

Pode-se observar que podemos nos referir a uma idia anterior ou posterior utilizando diferentes PRONOMES;

Exerccios

John works in my office. We like him very much.

John trabalha em meu escritrio. Ns gostamos muito dele.

Pode-se observar que podemos nos referir a uma idia anterior ou posterior utilizando diferentes PRONOMES.

Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns Possessive Adjectives Possessive I Me My Mine

You You Your Yours

He Him His His

She Her Her Hers

It It Its Its

We Us

Our Ours

You You

Your

Yours

They Them

Their Theirs

Subject Object

I know Ann. Ann knows me.

You know Ann. Ann knows you.

He knows Ann. Ann knows him.

She knows Ann. Ann knows her.

We know Ann. Ann knows us.

They know Ann. Ann knows them.

Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns

Its my money.

Its mine.

Its your money.

Its yours.

Its his money.

Its his.

Its her money.

Its hers.

Its our money.

Its ours.

Its their money.

Its theirs.

Exerccios

A) Finish the sentences with mine/yours/ours/theirs/hers/his:

1. Its your money. Its _______________ 5. Its their house. Its _______________

2. Its my bag. Its ________________. 6. Theyre your books. Theyre ________.

3. Its our car. Its ________________. 7. Theyre my glasses. Theyre ________.

4. Theyre her shoes. Theyre ____________. 8. Its his coat. Its ______________.

B) Classifique os pronomes grifados e indique as respectivas palavras a que eles se referem:

1. Most people are happy in their jobs.

_________________________________________________________________________.

2) Mr. Baker lives in London. His son lives in Australia.

_________________________________________________________________________.

3) Where are the tickets? I cant find them.

_________________________________________________________________________.

4) We are going out. You can come with us.

_________________________________________________________________________.

5) Margaret likes music. She plays the piano.

_________________________________________________________________________.

6) Ann is going out with her friends tonight.

_________________________________________________________________________.

7) I like tennis. It is my favorite sport.

_________________________________________________________________________.

8) I am talking to you. Please, listen to me.

_________________________________________________________________________.PRONOMES RELATIVOS (Who / Which / That) Who is for people (not things)

A Programmer is a person who writes programs.

The man who phoned will call you later again.

I know everybody who work in my company.

Which is for things (not people)

This is the printer which you asked me.

I dont have the CD-Rom which you need.

Is this the new computer which you bought?

That is for things or people:

I know everybody that work in my company.

(You can use that for people, but who is more usual)

This is the printer that you asked me.

Portanto, temos:

(Para pessoas)

Who

He is the system analyst who/that prepares instructions.

That (pessoa)

(Para coisas)

Which

This is the manual which/that you need.

That (coisa)

EXERCCIOS

1. Complete com who ou which:

a. I met a woman who can speak six languages.

b. Whats the name of the man ________ lives next door?

c. Whats the name of the river ________ flows through the town?

d. Where is the picture ________ was hanging on the wall?

e. Do you know anybody _______ wants to buy a car?

f. You always ask questions _______ are difficult to answer.

g. I have a friend _________ is very good at repairing cars.

h. I think everybody ________ went to the party enjoyed it a lot.

2. Volte ao texto Virtual Reality e retire 1 pronome relativo do 1 pargrafo, 1 pronome relativo do 2 pargrafo e 3 pronomes do 3 pargrafo, e indique as respectivas palavras a que eles se referem:

1 pargrafo: pronome: _____________

refere-se a: _______________

2 pargrafo: pronome: _____________

refere-se a: _______________

3 pargrafo: pronome refere-se a

_________ _____________

_________ _____________

_________ _____________

THE POSSESSIVE CASE OF NOUNS Quando o substantivo/possuidor designa um ser vivo (pessoa ou animal, as expresses possessivas (caso possessivo ou genitivo) so formadas do seguinte modo:

a) Acrescentando-se s ao substantivo/possuidor, quando ele estiver no singular.

The body of the man. The mans body. (O corpo do homem)

b) Acrescentando-se s tambm no caso em que o substantivo/possuidor estiver no plural mas no terminar em s.

The family of the children. The childrens family. (A famlia das crianas)

c) Acrescentando-se apenas um apstrofo ao substantivo/ possuidor, quando ele estiver no plural terminado em s.

The school of the girls. The girls school. (A escola das garotas)

Quando o substantivo/ possuidor designa um ser inanimado, no se usa a expresso com s mas sim a que feita com de (of) como em portugus:

The door of the car, the trees of the garden, etc.

No entanto, a expresso com s pode ser usada (assim com o of) quando o substantivo/ possuidor tiver um sentido nobre, caso principalmente dos nomes geogrficos, como a Terra, o Sol, o mar, nomes de pases, cidades, etc.

f.e. The population of the world = The world population

Complete as frases com a forma possessiva dos substantivos entre parnteses, conforme o modelo:

Exemplo:

Richard is the boss of John.

Richard is Johns boss.

Geralmente usamos -s para pessoas:

Marys computer O computador da Mary.

Marys personal computer O PC da Mary.

Johns laser printer A impressora do John.

The managers equipment O equipamento do gerente.

Friends or Friends :

A casa do meu amigo = My friends house.

A casa dos meus amigos = My friends house.

Portanto, temos: My mothers car

Usamos of para coisas, lugares, etc.

The high technology of Brazil. Tecnologia de ponta do Brasil.

Whats the name of this village? Qual o nome desta vila?

Madrid is the Capital of Spain. Madrid a Capital da Espanha.

The memory of the computer. (not the computers memory)

Drill Faa a correo da sentena quando necessrio:

1. I stayed at the house of my sister. - my sister house