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Occurrene e oi Avia:r l i tf lucnza F{5Nl subiype in Avian in Upper l{orthe rn Fart clTheilaurf in
2004-2006''
o''r6rn ndruu{d'' io,u#nd iiragfl:"
Achirna Khiaihongv' Wattanasak Chamlakhornz
urffatio
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Haonagglutination Inhibition (HI)'ilru:u6'redtfinurdol?id z8 lrnf.rnln zJs: firsdr.l (3.ltv,)Inoxturnqn
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Abstract
Occurrencc of avian inlluenza H5Nl subtype was reported from suspected case at Upper Norlhern Veterinary
Research and Development Center. Ieolation of Al virus was pcrformed by egg inoculation and idcnrification by
haernagglutination inhibition rest. The prevalcnce in nativc cliicken, birds, layer, meat duck, layer duck and goose was.
1.89%, 8.56%, 0.44%, O.l 6%, 0.Oa% and 0.0a7o, rupectively.
ritdrf,q: Irnl{ninun ssnr dn{fld ntnlxfionoulrr
Key words: Avian influenza H5Nl, Avian, Upper Northern Parr
t'rnrilrrisu Hn{ruinnlr s0(2)-0 I t 5{s?,J aae
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Upper Northern Vetcrinary Research and Dcvelopmenr Cenrer, Hangchar, l,ampang 52190'(riourtrurliufinsouuytR:il08-16il-T53sllrcr:
v54zz-r476e-mait:[email protected]
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Fr,$* _ ?,2*:g s*w*sa"&ffi
. ln January 2004, highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI) virus of the H5N1 suoiype ias {irst confirrned inpoultry and humans in Thailand. Control measures, e.g..culling poultry flocks, restricting poultryr movement. andimproving hygiene. were impbmlnted. poultry populationsin 1,417 villages in 60 of ZO provinces were a$ecied in2004. A total of 83% of i*fected ffocks confirmed by labora_tories were backyard chickens (56%) or ducks (27%).Outbreaks were concentrated in the Central, the southernpart of the Northern, and Eastern Regions of Thailand,which are wetlands. waler reservoirs. ind dense pou,tryareas. More than 62 million birCs.were either killed by HpAiviruses or culled. H5N1 virus from poultry caused 17human cases and 12 deaths in Thaitand; a number of!.1mestic cats, captive tigers, and leopards
"t* OiuO of tf,*
f{igi,ty pathogenic avian influenz_a (HpAI} is atlevastaf-.L ling disease in poultr-v; it is associated with a hish
lTth rate and dismpis poulrr_,- productrion and trade (l,i).
HPAI viruses ma;.. be transmitted fiom birds to humans(3,4), and they are a potential source of fuiure humaninfluenza panrlemics (5). HPAI outbreaks w.erc relativelvrare turtil 1990 but occurred in many countries in the lastdecade (1). In Asi4 since the HpAI H5Nl epidemic inHong Kong in 1997, HpAl vimses have bepn isolated con_tinuously through routine suneillance in Hong Kong (6,?),South Korea (8). and China (9_lt). In Thailana, oo eui_dence of HPAI infection was rrecorded befoie 2004 (12).ln2003 and 200,{. HPAI H5Nl outbreaks were reporterl in
"Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand;fUtrecht University, Utrecht, the Nethertancls; {Kasetsa(University, Nakhon pathom, Thailand; gNational trtstitute ofAnimalHealth, Ba ngkok, Thaitand; 
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ABSTRACT
This study is aimed to investigate risk factors associated with the occun-ence of avian
influenza on poultry farms in the Chiang mai, Lumphun and Nan. Risk factor informations were
colfected questionnaire during July 2004 - July 2005. A total of 15,981 poultry farmers were directly
interviewed and use the questionnaire about porlltry farm management while avian influenza
outbreak occured. The results ftom multiple logistic regression analyses showed that avian influenza
infection in nearby farm, sharing of water source with other fiarms of community, purchasing
replaoement sbck and opened house system were significantly associated with infection
Key word: Avian influenza, Epidemiological study, Chiang Mai, Lumphun, Nan
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Ruminant Cfnic Facutty of vete.inary Medicine Chbng lvtai Universrty
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Veterinary Public Health Faculty of Veterinary Medidrre Chiang Mai Uni\€rsity
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Food Animal Clinic Facutty of Veterinary Medicine Chiang Mai University
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the status of avian influenza virus (AlV)-infected
animals that have been raised in the backyards of the houses in 5 provinces of Thailand, namely
Kanchanaburi, Nakhonpathom, Rachburi, Pra Nakhon Si Ayuttaya, and Suphanburi, respectively.
Either combined nasal and rectal swabs or combined tracheal and cloacal swabs taken from the
animals were put in 5 ml of viral transport medium (V|.M) and stored at -20oC until analyzed. To
detect the present of AlV. two 9- to11-day old embryonated chicken eggs were injected with 0.2 ml: ' .
WM per egg. After 72 h of incubation, the allantoic fluid was harvested and testeci by a
hemagglutination (HA) assay folfowing standard procedures. Wtpn at least one,of the eggs was:
positive for the HA test, the allantoic fluid was subtyped for H5 by a hemagglutination inhibition (Ht)
assay and was assessed by muttiplex RT-PCR assay with type A influenza virus- and H5-specific
primers. lI
2248'Cihickens (93.90%), 49 dogs;{2.05,%1,27 cats (1.13o/o),37 duck (1.55%), 12 pigs (0.50%},6
horses (0-25o/o):aind 15 pet birds (0.63"/")t respectively. In total 611 swab,samples were assessed
for the present of AlV,by virus isolation and further by RT-PCR. AIV was isolated from 4 swab
samples (O.65%.)that were one sample originated from the sick-chicken in Nakhonpathom
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Serological surveys of antrbodies to the avian influenza subtype i-{5N1 in Douitrv
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nru]uii d s {.ru{or rflud'rotj'nd$.rlri iaen; s7 s6 {22144'4 ,"niflr ioua;, r.37 tsr ,a'r1 uor.ind a - d . .untdulEul dniaunv 0.67 (15 ric) rrurdrd-u ann'lrnr?qr;ra-'u4fr{urTurio rdohful{ufrrluqj fi'ruEn
: fts ELISR Yrnd'ratjr.r 506li'oatir.r trudr zg oirstirr'l#r.rnr:rn finnJuiasn;s.73 uridorirriQed.l.t
fi'hhrnlcnlardllnornoudesif; HA-HI test flud1qnd',:adtbiuuau*our,rr r{ruNqn*^;;4fi{r'rriuoiorfiobirtiu{nun subrype ns drui6 HA-Ht rest srnri'roeir{qfiJ 4rutu 2260 d'roeirr nud'ratir-rfilfrrunutnrionrr6orr{ohis{l{ur-rrun ,i'ruru tz fr'cori.r.: (tilulri t+ d'rod.r.: uavrfl^ 3d'rodr'r) Fertfluioun-z o.zs sa.rtfaotir.ri.rrua uilrflu r"tu{onrrynuuj r d'rodrl (fiorrfluiasnvo'3t :rolri'rotii.rfrtfiur{.ruuanru'lu{{u{n) {lu{orunnJSr.r g riqodrl.(6orrfluiaunv 0.62 rrold'rotjr.r
137
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If^:fnri:':unio5tl"elr'l:*ruriraur.:rihisrnr.rn qrnnr16n,r.,*,ioi*u.jrtrnru:n*piilqn^,rfrn
ifreiriai{"r{n'luru'in:ifiairinitiv{crr:n eglufr,lrr;fin'r uortrti"r'irfln1:,nrsFrr?cftuid'r,6irlufr:dfificrrnrr.fild61,?rr?u'irtrrrn',*'.,r,r.*iotrui+"{riunlud'a{fifinr:rd€roTnurn,on?n,
ri*finr.i:r4T rflu*av6'e-ifi:'Fl:nrrd,uu.v*uuc;6'r,.,1rnrr*qgoud'n{fiitdo*arirdbi
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Abstract
The aim of this sludy was to investigale the serological evidence of avian influenza viru.s(AlV) A sublype H5N1 infectjon in birds that have been raised in the backyards o{ the nouses in 5provinces of Thailand. namely Kanchanaburi. Nakhonpathom, Rachburi. pra Nakhon si Ayuttaya,and Suphanbu ri respectivefy.
serum sarnples were collected from birds raised at the backyard sites and were subjectedto either competitive enzymeJinked immunosorbant assay {ELlsA) or hemagglution (HA) and hemag-gtutination-inhibition (Hl) assay to detecl imnrunoglobutin G against the Alv subtype HSNl infection.
A total o{ 2260 serum samples taken from 506 backyard sites were,22t4 chtcken serumI samples (9?'967.), 31 duck serum samples (1,37%rand 'lS other per bird serum samples (0-6i%),respectively. Twenty-nine of 506 serum samples {5.73%) lesud were positive t, titt;;;,;;;none of these serum
""*f1", was positive when fested by nA nt assay. f*t serum ,rrp,*r'*"*
tested by HA-HI assay and 17 samples (o 75yol were positive lhat were 14 chicken serum sarnplesand 3 duck serum samples- These:posirive serurn
"urples'*ere one of 311serum sarnples from
Kanchanaburi (o.31yo),3 0f 44,1 serum sampfes from Nakhonpathom (0.67%) ,2 0l roo "rr*sarndtes from Rachaburi (0 ari),, and t1 of 5o2""tr samples from suplranburil (z..ts"/ol,respectivery.
'Tfese results showed that Alv subtype H5 infection was demonstrated in an extremely tow
:
number of backyard birds in the study areas- However, the antibodies lo Alv subtype H5 weredernonstmted in healUry Oirrds. These birds are either survived from AfV infection or i,nfected by a low
.pathogenic avian influenza virus. These.results suggest that better monitoring and surveilances y s t e r n s a r e n e e d e d { o r g 6 n 1 1 6 1 1 ; n g A | V o u t b r e a k i n t h e i b a c k y a r d b i r d s . - . ' ]
Keywords:Avianinfluenza.Bac(yqrdchicken.Antibodies'H5N|
&j*a.wr***138
$escript ivc analysis of the avian inf luenza r. iru.sin Thailand in 2004
ftfsNl) epidemir'
T. Tiensin"'o', p. Chuithaweesup", ! r r s v ! v e J s l
A. Chaisingh', W" I-Ioo:rsuwanu,w.Kalpravidh', Tht, T. Songsermd,
T. Parakamawongsau, S" premashthira., M. Ni, C. Buranathaio,. b r r d 1 - ,J.A. Stegemanb
(Word count - 250)
Keywords: Avian Influenza, Epidemiology, Controt measures, Thailand
I
Corresponding author. Tel: +3 t l0 2t3 1359 Fax +31 30 252 1887E-mail address: t. [email protected] : [email protected]'
h _ " Depaftment of Livestock Developmenllrailana" Depaftment of Farm Aninral Health, Facurty.of veterinary Medicine,
" Food and Agricur,,*uJ::";1',,'J,','J;l;i?;Jt,lllliiill[1'rr^o RAp), rha'and' Departrnent of pathology, Facurty of veterinary Medicine,
" Narionar rnstirute "ro",n1fil'jjiif H"rliily;,:?rillitock Deveropment, rhailand
Abstract
In January 2a04, laboratory diagnosis confir.med the presence of highly pathogenic(H5Nl) avian influenza virus in poultry and humani in Thailand.-gurla
"i,rr"diagnosis in humans and the 149 confirmed outbreaks rvithin a week o.f the epidemic, itwas presumed that H5Nl infections had become widespread in poultry poiulation inThailand before its first identification. control .n*sur"s ,u"t u, it#ping-out,movement restrictions, and hygienic measures were implemented. In 2004, 1,qtivillages in 60 of 76 provinces throughout Thailand were afi'ected; over 62 million birdswere killed. H5Nlvirus transmitted fiom poultry to human led to hospitalization of l7;12 of them died. Moreover, dornestic cats, tigers, and leopards *".i kiu"d by H5Niviruses. Outbreaks w€re concentrated in the central, the eastern, and the lowei part ofthe northern regions of Thailand which are wetlands and water reservoirs supported byrelaiivc risks of 3.74 anl' 1.33, respectively conpaied to the nofthern region. tne scaleand the temporal and geographical patterns of the epidemic support thJhypothesis ofmultiple introductions from migratory birds into domestic pouti.y followed by rapidIocal spreading. About 83% of infected flocks were backyardchickens and free-grazingCucks. As a result of various factors including a dela.y of disea.se detection, poutt.!types with low biosecurity, difficulty to aetect HRei ciinicat signs in domeqtic'ducks,and seasonal weather conditions, HPAI viruses disseminated widely in la'rge areasthroughout Thailand resulting in a complex situation to trace and control the diiease. Inearly 2005, the epidemic is still on-going in Thailand.
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