BIM Methodology - Facility Management

7/24/2019 BIM Methodology - Facility Management

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Tcbvdrsbf`fd fd @vdbrl8?04

Fdp`rt`kdctl fd Dcgdcj`rb` Mbvba

Jugl X`i`da K`tls_bc`

Kdtlflalgb` HBK c` Gdstl f` K`cutdcl fd uk`Dst`l Dadv`trb`


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Tcbvdrsbf`fd fd @vdbrl

8?04Fdp`rt`kdctl fd Dcgdcj`rb` Mbvba

Jugl Xì`da K`tls_bc`

Kdtlflalgb` HBK c` Gdstl f` K`cutdcl fd uk`Dst`l Dadv`trb`

Fbssdrt`l `prdsdct`f` Tcbvdrsbf`fd fd @vdbrl p`r` mukprbkdctlfls rdqubsbtls cdmdssrbls lhtdcl fl grù fd Kdstrd dkDcgdcj`rb` Mbvba, rdàbz`f` slh ` lrbdct`l mbdctibm` f` _rlidsslr`Flutlr` K`rb` Idrc`cf` f` ]bav` Xlfrbguds, _rlidsslr` @uxbab`r flFdp`rt`kdctl fd Dcgdcj`rb` Mbvba f` Tcbvdrsbf`fd fd @vdbrl dmllrbdct`l mbdctibm` fl _rlidsslr Flutlr Jugl Ibabpd _bcjdbrlXlfrbguds, _rlidsslr @feuctl f` Dsmla` ]updrblr fd Vdmclalgb` dGdstl fl Bcstbtutl _labtmcbml fd Adbrb`.


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_`r` ` kbcj` `v


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l erb

_rdsbfdctd _rli. Flutlr M`rals F`cbda Hlrgds Mldajl_rlidsslr @uxbab`r f` Tcbvdrsbf`fd fd @vdbrl

_rli. Flutlr Ell Ibabpd Kdcdsds Dspbcjdbr` Xbl_rlidsslr @uxbab`r f` Tcbvdrsbf`fd Ausilc` fl _lrtl

_rli. Flutlr` K`rb` Idrc`cf` f` ]bav` Xlfrbguds_rlidsslr` @uxbab`r f` Tcbvdrsbf`fd fd @vdbrl


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`gr`fdmbkdctls Tk `gr`fdmbkdctl dspdmbà kbcj` lrbdct`flr` Dxk`. _rlidsslr` FlutlrÌdrc`cf` Xlfrbguds pda` su` fbsplcbhbabf`fd, p`rtbaj` fd mlcjdmbkdctl,vàbls`s sugdstds d fdfbm`l. @l kdu mllrbdct`flr Dxkl. _rlidsslr FlutlrJugl Xlfrbguds pda` bguà fbsplcbhbabf`fd d pda` èuf` prdst`f`, hdk mlkltlfl l mlkp`cjdbrbskl d vàlrds tr`cskbtbfls.

Tk` pà`vr` fd `prdl `l Dxkl. _rlidsslr Flutlr M`rals Mldajl pdal rbglr,tbm` fd tr`hàjl d vàblsls dcsbc`kdctls p`rtbaj`fls `l alcgl fdst` dt`p`.

Tk `gr`fdmbkdctl dkprds` gu`s f` Xdgbl fd @vdbrl, dk p`rtbmua`r `lDcgdcjdbrl @ahdrtl Xlqud, Dcgdcjdbrl @ctcbl H`stls d Dcgdcjdbr` ]us`c`Glrdttb, pda` ùtlrbz`l mlcmdhbf` p`r` ` utbabz`l fls dadkdctls fd prledtlf` dst`l dadv`trb` d plr tlf` ` fbsplcbhbabf`fd d ùxabl prdst`fl.

@l Dcgdcjdbrl Xuhdc Idrrdbr`, f` dkprds` Mlcstruds M`rals _bcjl Af`.,pdals flmukdctls fbsplcbhbabz`fls d mlkdctrbls lplrtucls p`r` ` da`hlr`lfl klfdal.

@ls kdus `kbgls qud k`rm`r`k l kdu pdrmursl `m`fkbml plr tlfl lmlkp`cjdbrbskl, `plbl pdrk`cdctd d èuf` c` mlcmrdtbz`l fdst` dt`p`, dk

dspdmbà `l Irdf, Ihbl, Vdakl, Fblgl, Iavbl, Elda, Udrl, Elm`, Els Ibgudbr`,Xdgbc`, ]bavrbl, Mjbm` d M`t`rbc` Kdcfds. Tk `gr`fdmbkdctl kubtl dspdmbà`ls kdus brkls Ell Idrrdbr` d Ibabpd @akdbf`, plr sdkprd `mrdfbt`rdk dkkbk d pda` mlcst`ctd kltbv`l.

Tk` pà`vr` kubtl ilrtd fd rdmlcjdmbkdctl p`r` ` kbcj` c`klr`f`, Aus`, qudsdkprd kd kltbvlu d `mrdfbtlu c`s kbcj`s m`p`mbf`fds, èuflu d ilbmlkprddcsbv` cls klkdctls fd k`blr fbibmuaf`fd d pdal `plbl bcmlcfbmblcà `lalcgl fdstds `cls.

_lr atbkl, s pdssl`s ` qudk fdfbml dstd tr`hàjl, `ls kdus p`bs d brk, qudkd prlplrmblc`r`k dst` dxpdrbcmb` d kd `plb`r`k `l alcgl fl kdu pdrmursl`m`fkbml, uk dtdrcl lhrbg`fl. _`r` ` kbcj` `v, lcfd qudr qud dstde`, dst`rsdkprd cl kdu mlr`l.


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pà`vr`s-mj`vd Hubafbcg Bcilrk`tblc Klfdabcg (HBK), I`mbabty K`c`gdkdct (IK), MlcstrumtblcLpdr`tblc Hubafbcg bcilrk`tblc dxmj`cgd (MLHbd), Mlkputdrbzdf K`bctdc`cmdK`c`gdkdct ]ystdk (MKK]).

rdsukl @ mlkpadxbf`fd mrdsmdctd fls prledtls fd mlcstrul, adv` mlrrdsplcfdctdkuatbpabmbf`fd d dxbgcmb` fd tlfl l prlmdssl, qudr fur`ctd ` i`sd fd mlcmdld mlcstrul, qudr fur`ctd ` i`sd fd dxpalr`l f`s dfbibm`ds/bcstà`ds. @bkplrtcmb` f` i`sd fd lpdr`l d k`cutdcl p`r` l ùkdctl f` fur`hbabf`fdd p`r` ` rdful fd mustls f`s bcstà`ds, `sslmb`f` pltdcmbàbf`fd f`kdtlflalgb` Hubafbcg Bcilrk`tblc Klfdabcg (HBK), mlcfuz `l fdsdcvlavbkdctlfd clv`s ilrk`s fd gdstl bctdgr`f` fl dfbibm`fl.

Dst` kdtlflalgb` plssub ls rdqubsbtls cdmdssrbls p`r` sdr bctdgr`f` c` gdstlfd quàqudr dfbimbl lu bcstà`l, cl s pda` su` m`p`mbf`fd gribm` d fdvbsuàbz`l, k`s slhrdtufl pda`s pltdcmbàbf`fds qud ` h`sd fd f`fls mrb`f`lidrdmd, mlctdcfl bcilrk`l p`r`kdtrbz`f` fd m`f` uk fls mlkplcdctds

prdsdctds c` kdsk`.

L dstufl fdsdcvlavbfl prdtdcfd mlctrbhubr p`r` ` bkpadkdct`l fl mlcmdbtlfl I`mbabty K`c`gdkdct (IK)dk _lrtugà, `sslmb`fl `l Hubafbcg Bcilrk`tblcKlfdabcg, bctdgr`cfl ` gdstl f`s bcstà`ds mlk l klfdal trbfbkdcsblcà f`bcstà`l.

_`r` l m`sl fd dstufl, ilb dsmlajbf` uk` dst`l dadv`trb` fd gu`s rdsbfu`bs,qud dcgalh` dqubp`kdctls qud cdmdssbt`k fd k`cutdcl `l alcgl f` su`vbf` fd sdrvbl, sdcfl ` su` dstrutur` mlcstbtuf` plr `cbs fd hdtl `rk`fl,hdtlc`fls bc sbtu. Ilb fdsdcvlavbfl uk klfdal trbfbkdcsblcà f` bcstà`l,utbabz`cfl l slitw`rd fd klfda`l @utlfdsn Xdvbt 8?06, mlk tlf`s `sdspdmbàbf`fds d dqubp`kdctls, cl quà sd bctrlfuzbr`k tlf`s `s bcilrk`ds

rda`tbv`s ` m`f` dadkdctl fl klfdal. Fd sdgubf`, mrblu-sd uk` h`sd fd f`fls,lcfd plssvda àle`r dst`s bcilrk`ds. @ p`rtbr fl prprbl slitw`rd fdklfda`l, utbabz`cfl l Mlcstrumtblc Lpdr`tblc Hubafbcg bcilrk`tblc dxmj`cgd(MLHbd), ilb plssvda mrb`r h`sds fd f`fls qud, plstdrblrkdctd, c` i`sd fdlpdr`l d k`cutdcl, plss`k sdr utbabz`f`s pdals rdsplcsvdbs fdst`si`sds.

_lr ibk, ` bcilrk`l bcsdrbf` c` i`sd fd klfda`l f` bcstà`l dxplrt`f`p`r` l slitw`rd utbabz`fl c` gdstl d k`cutdcl f` bcstà`l. Cl prdsdctdm`sl fd dstufl utbabzlu-sd l BHK K`xbkl, `tr`vs fl quà sd didtulu `sbkua`l f` gdstl fls `tbvls `ps ` quà sd idz ` mlkp`r`l dctrd dst`kdtlflalgb` d ` usuàkdctd utbabz`f` pda`s dkprds`s.


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ndywlrfs Hubafbcg Bcilrk`tblc Klfdabcg (HBK), I`mbabty K`c`gdkdct (IK), MlcstrumtblcLpdr`tblc Hubafbcg bcilrk`tblc dxmj`cgd (MLHbd), Mlkputdrbzdf K`bctdc`cmdK`c`gdkdct ]ystdk (MKK]).

`hstr`mt Vjd mlcstrumtblc prledmts mlkpadxbty ad`fs tl tjd kuatbpabmbty `cf fdk`cfbcg litjd dctbrd prlmdss. Wjdtjdr bc tjd mlcmdpt `cf mlcstrumtblc pj`sd, lr bc pj`sdli dxpalr`tblc li `c bcir`strumturd, tjd bkplrt`cmd li tjd lpdr`tblc `cfk`bctdc`cmd ilr tjd bcmrd`sd li tjd fur`hbabty `cf mlst rdfumtblc li tjdbcir`strumturd, m`c hd `sslmb`tdf tl tjd pltdctbà li tjd Hubafbcg Bcilrk`tblcKlfdabcg (HBK) kdtjlflalgy, ad`fbcg tl tjd fdvdalpkdct li cdw k`c`gdkdctprlmdfurds, bctdgr`tdf bc tjd hubafbcgs.

Vjd HBK kdtjlflalgy j`s tjd cdmdss`ry rdqubrdkdcts tl hd bctdgr`tdf bc tjdk`c`gdkdct li `cy hubafbcg, bcir`strumturd lr bcstàa`tblc, clt lcay fud tl tjdgr`pjbmà m`p`mbty `cf vbsuàbz`tblc hut `hlvd àa ilr tjd plssbhbabtbds bctrlfumdfhy tjd fdibcdf f`t`h`sd tj`t bcmaufds tjd p`r`kdtdrbzdf bcilrk`tblc li d`mj

mlkplcdcts.Vjd stufy fdvdalpdf `bks tl mlctrbhutd tl tjd bkpadkdct`tblc li tjd mlcmdpt liI`mbabty K`c`gdkdct (IK) bc _lrtugà, `sslmb`tdf wbtj Hubafbcg Bcilrk`tblcKlfdabcg, bctdgr`tbcg tjd k`c`gdkdct li bcstàa`tblcs wbtj tjrdd-fbkdcsblcàklfda li tjd bcstàa`tblc.

Ilr tjd m`sd stufy, ` w`stdw`tdr pukpbcg st`tblc w`s sdadmtdf, wjbmj bcmaufdsdqubpkdct tj`t cddfs k`bctdc`cmd furbcg bts sdrvbmd abid. Vjd strumturd w`sfdibcdf hy rbcgs li rdbcilrmdf mlcmrdtd, m`stdf bc sbtu. @ tjrdd-fbkdcsblcà klfdali tjd bcstàa`tblc w`s fdvdalpdf usbcg @utlfdsn Xdvbt 8?06, ` klfdabcgslitw`rd wbtj àa spdmbàtbds `cf dqubpkdct, bc wjbmj wdrd bctrlfumdf àa tjdbcilrk`tblc ilr d`mj klfda dadkdct. Vjdc, ` f`t`h`sd wjdrd bt bs plssbhad tl`mmlkklf`td tjbs bcilrk`tblc w`s mrd`tdf. Bt w`s plssbhad, irlk tjd lwc

klfdabcg slitw`rd, usbcg tjd Mlcstrumtblc Lpdr`tblc Hubafbcg bcilrk`tblcdxmj`cgd (MLHbd), tl dxplrt f`t`h`sds tj`t a`tdr, bc tjd lpdr`tblc `cfk`bctdc`cmd pj`sd, m`c hd usdf hy tjlsd rdsplcsbhad ilr tjdsd pj`sds.

Ibcàay, tjd bcilrk`tblc bcmaufdf bc tjd bcstàa`tblc klfdabcg pj`sd w`s dxplrtdftl tjd slitw`rd usdf bc tjd k`c`gdkdct `cf k`bctdc`cmd li tjd i`mbabty, wjbmjbc tjd m`sd stufy w`s tjd BHK K`xbkl. Ibcàay w`s m`rrbdf lut tjd k`c`gdkdctli tjd `ssdts `cf w`s pdrilrkdf ` sbkpabibdf mlkp`rbslc hdtwddc tjdkdtjlflalgy fdvdalpdf `cf tjd mlkklcay usdf hy tjd mlkp`cbds.


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cfbmd Gdrà

Jugl Xì`da K`tls _bc` ZY

cfbmd Gdrà

cfbmd fd Ibgur`s .................................................................................................................. ZYBB

cfbmd fd V`hda`s .................................................................................................................... ZBZ

Abst` fd `hrdvb`tur`s, mrcbkls d sbga`s ............................................................................. ZZB

0Bctrlful .............................................................................................................................. =

0.0Dcqu`fr`kdctl gdrà ...................................................................................................... =

0.8Lhedtbvls d Kdtlflalgb` ................................................................................................. 4

0.=Lrg`cbz`l d dstrutur` f` fbssdrt`l ........................................................................... 9

8Huba fbcg Bci lrk tblc Klfdabcg............................................................................................ 2

8.0Dcqu`fr`kdctl ............................................................................................................... 2

8.8Fbidrdctds flkcbls fl HBK ......................................................................................... 00

8.=Kdtlflalgb` fd pabm`l ............................................................................................. 06

8.6Clrkàbz`l ................................................................................................................ 0:

8.4Bctdrlpdr`hbabf`fd ......................................................................................................... 80

8.4.0Bcfustry Ilucf`tblc Ma`ssds................................................................................... 8=

8.9Cvdbs fd fdsdcvlavbkdctl fl klfdal fd bcilrk`l ................................................. 84

8.7]litw`rds fd klfda`l ................................................................................................ 8:

8.7.0Dcqu`fr`kdctl ........................................................................................................ 8:

8.7.8@utlfdsn Xdvbt 8?06............................................................................................. 82

=I`mbab ty K`c`gdkdct........................................................................................................... =4

=.0Mlcmdbtl ........................................................................................................................ =4

=.8Ibmjdbrls MLHbd ............................................................................................................ =2

=.=]bstdk`s fd k`cutdcl ............................................................................................... 68

=.=.0K`cutdcl _rdvdctbv` ........................................................................................... 6=

=.=.8K`cutdcl Bctdgr`f` ............................................................................................. 66

=.=.=Mlkputdrbzdf K`bctdc`cmd K`c`gdkdct ]ystdk................................................... 64

=.6]litw`rds `pabm`fls `lI`mbabty K`c`gdkdct............................................................... 6:

=.6.0Dcqu`fr`kdctl ........................................................................................................ 6:

=.6.8BHK K`xbkl@ssdt K`c`gdkdct............................................................................ 4?


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Kdtlflalgb` HBK c` Gdstl f` K`cutdcl fd uk` Dst`l Dadv`trb`

ZYB Jugl Xì`da K`tls _bc

6M`sl fd dstufl ..................................................................................................................... 44

6.0Fdsmrbl fl m`sl fd dstufl .......................................................................................... 44

6.0.0Dcqu`fr`kdctl ........................................................................................................ 44

6.0.8Bcilrk`ds slhrd l klfdal d sdus mlcstbtubctds .................................................... 47

6.8Klfdal =F .................................................................................................................... 42

6.8.0@rqubtdtur`............................................................................................................... 90

6.8.8KD_s...................................................................................................................... 96

4@pabm`l fl I`mba bty K`c`gdkdct..................................................................................... 92

4.0Mrb`l fl ibmjdbrl MLHbd ............................................................................................ 92

4.8Bkplrt`l p`r` l BHK K`xbkl ................................................................................... 79

4.8.0Bctdgr`l fl ibmjdbrl MLHbd .................................................................................. 79

4.8.8_rlmdssl fd gdstl fd k`cutdcl fd uk `tbvl ...................................................... :?

4.=Ktlfl fd Gdstl f` K`cutdcl f` dkprds` @fX@ .................................................. :6

4.=.0]litw`rd utbabz`fl p`r` ` gdstl d k`cutdcl fd `tbvls ........................................ :7

9Mlcsbfdr`ds Ibc`bs ........................................................................................................... 20

9.0]ctdsd fl tr`hàjl rdàbz`fl ......................................................................................... 20

9.8Fbibmuaf`fds sdctbf`s..................................................................................................... 20

9.=Kdtlflalgb` HBK c` Gdstl f` K`cutdcl ................................................................ 28

9.6Fdsdcvlavbkdctls iuturls ............................................................................................. 24

Xdidrcmb`s Hbhablgribm`s ........................................................................................................ 2:

@cdxl @Bcilrk`ds fls Dqubp`kdctls........................................................................... 0?2

@cdxl HIbmj`s tmcbm`s ....................................................................................................... 000


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cfbmd Gdrà

Jugl Xì`da K`tls _bc` ZYBB

cfbmd fd Ibgur`s

Ibgur` 0Klfdal rdàbz`fl dk M@F .................................................................................. 6

Ibgur` 8Fbidrdctds mlkplcdctds fl HBK ....................................................................... 0?

Ibgur` =Irdqucmb` fd puhabm`ds slhrd HBK plr cl .................................................. 00Ibgur` 6Fbidrdctds `hlrf`gdcs l HBK ............................................................................ 06

Ibgur` 4_lssvdbs m`kbcjls fd mrb`l fd HBK .............................................................. 04

Ibgur` 9Murv` fd K`mAd`ky .......................................................................................... 07

Ibgur` 7Mbmal fd vbf` fd uk prledtl ............................................................................... 88

Ibgur` :@rqubtdtur` fl klfdal BIM ................................................................................ 86

Ibgur` 2Dvlaul fl cvda fd k`tur`l fd uk dadkdctl .............................................. 84

Ibgur` 0?ALF pabm`fl ` uk dadkdctl .......................................................................... 87

Ibgur` 00Grupls fd sbstdk`s HBK mlcsbfdr`fls ............................................................ 8:

Ibgur` 08Wlrnsj`rbcg5 _`rtbaj` fd tr`hàjl cl Xdvbt..................................................... =0

Ibgur` 0=Mustls galh`bs fd uk` dfbibm`l .................................................................... =9

Ibgur` 06_rlmdssl fd bctdgr`l fl HBK-IK ................................................................ =7

Ibgur` 04Mbmal fd vbf` HBK ............................................................................................ =2

Ibgur` 09Ybsl gdrà fl prlmdssl MLHbd ....................................................................... 6?

Ibgur` 07Bcilrk`l f` i`sd fd vbstlrb`s d tdstds fl sbstdk` ......................................... 60

Ibgur` 0:Dstr`tgb`s fd k`cutdcl ............................................................................... 6=

Ibgur` 02Lrg`clgr`k` lrg`cbz`mblcà fl ]BK .............................................................. 64

Ibgur` 8?rd`s iucmblc`bs fl IK ................................................................................... 69

Ibgur` 80@rqubtdtur` fl BHK K`xbkl ........................................................................... 40

Ibgur` 88Almàbz`l f` bcstà`l ................................................................................. 44

Ibgur` 8=Almàbz`l f` bcstà`l DD0= ....................................................................... 49

Ibgur` 86Ybst` fl almà f` bcstà`l .............................................................................. 47

Ibgur` 84_a`ct` f` dst`l dadv`trb` ............................................................................. 42

Ibgur` 89Mlrtd f` dst`l dadv`trb`............................................................................... 42

Ibgur` 87Dcvlavdctd f` bcstà`l .................................................................................. 90

Ibgur` 8:_a`ct` f` bcstà`l cl Xdvbt ........................................................................... 98

Ibgur` 82Mlrtd f` bcstà`l cl Xdvbt ............................................................................ 98

Ibgur` =?_lrkdclr f` bcstà`l tr`vs fls fbidrdctds cvdbs ...................................... 9=

Ibgur` =0Mlrtd trbfbkdcsblcà f` bcstà`l ................................................................... 9=

Ibgur` =8Klfdal KD_ ibcà ............................................................................................ 96


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ZYBBB Jugl Xì`da K`tls _bc

Ibgur` ==Xdfd fd KD_ cl bctdrblr f` bcstà`l ............................................................ 94

Ibgur` =6_lrkdclr fls dqubp`kdctls ............................................................................ 99

Ibgur` =4_`rkdtrls f` h`sd fd f`fls flslitw`rd Xdvbt .............................................. 92

Ibgur` =9_`rkdtrls fl ibmjdbrl MLHbd fd uk dadkdctl gdcrbml ................................ 7?

Ibgur` =7_aug-bc fl @utlfdsn MLHbd Vllanbt 8?06 ...................................................... 70

Ibgur` =:]dp`r`flrsdtup fl Vllanbt .............................................................................. 70

Ibgur` =2]dp`r`flrKlfbiy fl Vllanbt ........................................................................... 78

Ibgur` 6?]dadl fls dadkdctls cl Vllanbt ................................................................... 78

Ibgur` 60]dadl fls sdp`r`flrds sdrdk dxplrt`fls cl Vllanbt ................................. 7=

Ibgur` 68Lrg`cbz`l f` ilaj` fd mamual ...................................................................... 7=

Ibgur` 6=]dp`r`flr rdidrdctd `ls mlct`mtls.................................................................... 76

Ibgur` 66]dp`r`flr rdidrdctd bcstà`l ...................................................................... 76

Ibgur` 64]dp`r`flr rdidrdctd `ls pbsls .......................................................................... 76

Ibgur` 69]dp`r`flr rdidrdctd `ls dsp`ls ...................................................................... 76

Ibgur` 67]dp`r`flr rdidrdctd `ls dqubp`kdctls ............................................................ 74

Ibgur` 6:]dp`r`flr rdidrdctd `ls mlkplcdctds .............................................................. 79

Ibgur` 62]dp`r`flr rdidrdctd `ls sbstdk`s ..................................................................... 79

Ibgur` 4?Bctdri`md BHK K`xbkl .................................................................................... 77

Ibgur` 40E`cda` fd bkplrt`l fd clvls prledtls .......................................................... 7:

Ibgur` 48E`cda` fd bkplrt`l fl ibmjdbrl MLHbd ......................................................... 7:

Ibgur` 4=E`cda` fd mrb`l fd dadkdctls MLHbd ............................................................ :?

Ibgur` 46Bctrlful fd uk `tbvl cl BHK K`xbkl. ....................................................... :0

Ibgur` 44@trbhubl fd uk prlibssblcà dspdmibml p`r` ` k`cutdcl fl `tbvl ........... :8

Ibgur` 49Mlcibrk`l f` lrfdk fd tr`hàjl .................................................................. :8

Ibgur` 47E`cda` fd `prdsdct`l f` k`cutdcl prdvdctbv` .......................................... :=

Ibgur` 4:]dqudcmb` f`s `ds fd prdvdcl ................................................................... :=

Ibgur` 42Gribml f` k`cutdcl prdvdctbv` (plr almàbz`l). ..................................... :6

Ibgur` 9?Iauxlgr`k` f` k`cutdcl fd rdfds fd gu` d s`cd`kdctl - @v`rb`s. .......... :9

Ibgur` 90Kuatbfbsmbpabc`rbf`fd flslitw`rd fd gdstl ................................................... ::

Ibgur` 98_rlmdssl bfdà f` kdtlflalgb` HBK `pabm`f` l IK ...................................... 26

Ibgur` 9=Kdtlflalgb` HBK `pabm`f` l IK ................................................................... 26


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cfbmd Gdr`a

Jugl X`i`da K`tls _bc` ZBZ

cfbmd fd V`hda`s

V`hda` 0Fbidrdc`s dctrd ls flkcbls 8F d =F .............................................................. 08

V`hda` 8Hdcdimbls fl HBK c`s fbidrdctds i`sds fd prledtl. .......................................... 09

V`hda` =Cvdbs fd fdsdcvlavbkdctl ................................................................................ 89V`hda` 6]litw`rds fd klfda`l fbsplcvdbs cl kdrm`fl. ............................................ 82

V`hda` 4Ilrk`tls fd bkplrt`l d dxplrt`l fl Xdvbt ................................................ =?

V`hda` 9Y`ct`gdcs d fdsv`ct`gdcs f` K`cutdcl _rdvdctbv` ...................................... 66

V`hda` 7Fdsmrbl fl MKK] ......................................................................................... 67

V`hda` :Xdsukl f`s m`r`mtdrstbm`s fls ]litw`rds fd gdstl f` k`cutdcl ................ 62

V`hda` 2_`rkdtrls fd dctr`f` d s`f` fls iauxlgr`k`s fd gdstl ................................ :9


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cfbmd Gdrà

Jugl Xì`da K`tls _bc` ZZB

Abst` fd `hrdvb`tur`s, `mrcbkls d sbga`s

@B@@kdrbm`c Bcstbtutd li @rmjbtdmts

@fX@gu`s f` Xdgbl fd @vdbrl

@DM@rmjbtdmturd, Dcgbcddrbcg `cf MlcstrumtblcHBKHubafbcg Bcilrk`tblc Klfdabcg

M@FMlkputdr-@bfdf Fdsbgc

M@IKMlkputdr @bfdf I`mbabty K`c`gdkdct

MM_Mfbgl fd Mlctr`tls _habmls

MBID]t`cilrf Tcbvdrsbty Mdctdr ilr Bctdgr`tdf I`mbabtbds Dcgbcddrbcg

MKK]Mlkputdrbzdf K`bctdc`cmd K`c`gdkdct ]ystdk

MLHbdMlcstrumtblc Lpdr`tblc Hubafbcg bcilrk`tblc dxmj`cgd

FDM@F`cbsj Dctdrprbsd `cf Mlcstrumtblc @utjlrbty

ID_BML_Idfdr`l _lrtuguds` f` Bcfstrb` f` Mlcstrul d Lhr`s _habm`s

IKI`mbabty K`c`gdkdct

G]@T. ]. Gdcdrà ]drvbmds @fkbcbstr`tblc

B@BBctdrc`tblcà @aab`cmd ilr Bctdrlpdr`hbabty

BIMBcfustry Ilucf`tblc Ma`ssds

B]LBctdrc`tblcà ]t`cf`rf Lrg`cbz`tblc

BWK]Bctdgr`tdf Wlrnpa`md K`c`gdkdct ]ystdk

N_BNdy _drilrk`cmd Bcfbm`tlrs

ALFAdvda li Fdvdalpkdct

KD_Kdmj`cbmà Dadmtrbmà `cf _aukhbcg

K_]Klfda _rlgrdssblc ]pdmbibm`tblc

LVLrfdk fd Vr`hàjl

_V_M_a`tìlrk` Vdmclagbm` _lrtuguds` fd Mlcstrul

]GK]bstdk` fd Gdstl f` K`cutdcl

]BK]bstdk` Bctdgr`fl fd K`cutdcl

VBMVdmclalgb`s f` Bcilrk`l d Mlkucbm`l

THGTcbvdrsà HBK Gubfd


22/144


23/144

M`ptual 0

Bctrlful


24/144


8 Jugl X`i`da K`tls _bc

M`ptual 0 - Bctrlful

0.0Dcqu`fr`kdctl Gdr`a

0.8Lhedtbvls d Kdtlflalgb`

0.=Lrg`cbz`l d Dstrutur` f` Fbssdrt`l


25/144

M`pbtual 0 - Bctrlful

Jugl Xì`da K`tls _bc` =

0 Bctrlful

0.0Dcqu`fr`kdctl gdrà

Ls prledtls fd mlcstrul sl m`f` vdz k`bs mlkpadxls d k`bs fbimdbs fd gdrbr, surgbcfl

p`ràda`kdctd cdmdssbf`fd fd pr`tbm`r lpds k`bs sustdctvdbs, rdmlrrdcfl kdtlflalgb`s

qud vbsdk uk` k`blr prlfutbvbf`fd dk tlf`s `s su`s i`sds, dcgalh`cfl prdlmup`ds fd

plup`c` dcdrgtbm` galh`bs, dctrd lutrls spdtls. Tk` f s gr`cfds fbibmuaf`fds vdrbibm`f`s

`fvk f` gdstl dctrd `s katbpa`s bctdrabg`ds dctrd ls fbidrdctdsst`ndjlafdrs c` i`sd fd

prledtl, t`bs mlkl `rqubtdtls, dcgdcjdbrls, `fvlg`fls, dkprdbtdbrls, ilrcdmdflrds, dctrd

lutrls. @ p`rtbmbp`l fd vrbls bctdrvdcbdctds ssdct` d fdpdcfd f` p`rtbaj` d trlm` fd f`fls

mlkpadxls, pdal qud ` k gdstl d fdibmbdctd p`rtbaj` fd bcilrk`ds tdk sbfl uk` f`s

k`blrds prdlmup`ds `l alcgl fls tdkpls c` bcfstrb` f` mlcstrul (Hryfd dt à., 8?0=).

@ bcfstrb` f` mlcstrul klvbkdct` `vuat`f`s qu`ctb`s fd fbcjdbrl d cdk sdkprd

`mlkp`cj` dvlaul tdmclagbm` f` kdajlr ilrk`, cdk l cvda f`s slauds mlcstrutbv`s,

cdk `l cvda fls prlmdssls utbabz`fls. Cl dct`ctl, ` prlmur` plr slauds qud ltbkbzdk `

quàbf`fd d ls rdmursls fbsplcvdbs g`cj` dspdmbà bkplrtcmb` c` dsm`ssdz fd rdmursls

ibc`cmdbrls d, t`khk, mlk l ukdctl f` mlkpdtbtbvbf`fd dxbstdctd cl sdtlr. _lr vdzds, dst`

dvlaul rdqudr uk` prdfbsplsbl plr p`rtd fd qudk dkprddcfd fbrdmblc`f` p`r` l

fdsdcvlavbkdctl d bclv`l, l qud cdk sdkprd `mlctdmd. Cl m`sl plrtugus dk p`rtbmua`r,`l alcgl fls atbkls `cls, l sdtlr f` mlcstrul tdk vbcfl ` slirdr uk` qudf` `mdctu`f`

dk tdrkls fd prlful. _lrk, sdgucfl f`fls f` Idfdr`l _lrtuguds` f` Bcfstrb` f`

Mlcstrul d Lhr`s _habm`s (ID_BML_), cl atbkl sdkdstrd fl `cl fd 8?06, lmlrrdr`k

kdajlrb`s sbgcbibm`tbv`s dk rda`l ls cls ctdrblrds. Dst` dvlaul plsbtbv` fl Bcfbm`flr

fd Mlcib`c` surgd c` sdqucmb` fd uk` kdajlrb` f` `vàb`l fls dkprdsrbls

rda`tbv`kdctd dvlaul f` m`rtdbr` fd dcmlkdcf`s f`s su`s dkprds`s, l qud cl plfd

fdbx`r fd dst`r sslmb`fl dvlaul plsbtbv` fls bcfbm`flrds fl kdrm`fl f`s lhr`s phabm`s(ID_BML_, 8?04).

@l alcgl fl smual ZZ, rdgbstlu-sd uk` dvlaul sbgcbibm`tbv` cl prlmdssl fd mlcstrul,

clkd`f`kdctd ` su` bctdcsbf`fd, pdal qud l ckdrl fd dfbimbls dxbstdctds rdprdsdct` uk

gr`cfd vàlr p`trbklcbà, qud plr su` vdz rdqudr uk bcvdstbkdctl mlctcul dk gdstl,

k`cutdcl, rdp`r`l d suhstbtubl (Xlfrbguds, 8??:).

L prlmdssl fd dctrdg` fd prledtls h`sdb`-sd, dssdcmbàkdctd, dk klfdals dsmrbtls, plr sd

tlrc`r k`bs sbkpads d prtbml. _lrk, lkbssds d drrls bcdrdctds ` dssds klfdals plfdkmùs`r mustls dadv`fls, hdk mlkl `tr`sls c` su` dctrdg` (D`stk`c dt à., 8??:). Ls prledtls


26/144



fd mlcstrul sl gdràkdctd rdàbz`fls `tr`vs fd klfdals fd fu`s fbkdcsds (8F), mlk

rdmursl ` idrr`kdct`s fd Mlkputdr-@bfdf Fdsbgc (M@F) (vdr Ibgur` 0), qud `plb`k `

dibmmb` f` kdtlflalgb` fd tr`hàjl c`@rmjbtdmturd, Dcgbcddrbcg `cf Mlcstrumtblc (@DM)

(]bav`, 8?0=> V`rrì`, 8?08).

Ibgur` 0Klfdal rdàbz`fl dk M@F (@f`pt`fl fd _bmlts, 8?0?).

Mlkl rdsplst` mrdsmdctd mlkpadxbf`fd fls prledtls fd mlcstrul, tdk-sd vbcfl `fdsdcvlavdr `l alcgl f` atbk` fm`f`, klfdals bctdgr`fls fd bcilrk`l, dctrd ls qu`bs,

l Hubafbcg Bcilrk`tblc Klfdabcg (HBK), sdcfl `tuàkdctd fdclkbc`fl mlkl ` clv`

`hlrf`gdk p`r` l pa`cd`kdctl, fbkdcsblc`kdctl, dxdmul d k`cutdcl f`s mlcstruds.

@ cdmdssbf`fd fd bkpadkdct`l fdstds klfdals dk lhr`s phabm`s, tlrc`-sd qu`sd qud

bkprdsmbcfvda, uk` vdz qud `s kdfbf`s fd mlctr`t`l sl h`st`ctd dxbgdctds, mlk

lhedtbvls fdabcd`fls, quàbf`fd d dxpdrbcmb` dxbgbf` d lr`kdctls plr vdzds r`mblc`fls d

àt`kdctd mlctrla`fls (_lrwà d Jdw`gd, 8?0=).Fd clt`r qud dxbstd, `bcf`, uk` a`muc` dctrd ` p`rtd `m`fkbm` d ` bcfstrb`, pdal qud j

cdmdssbf`fd fd mrb`r uk` plctd mlk idrr`kdct`s fd tr`hàjl qud plssbhbabtdk fdsdcvlavdr l

mlcjdmbkdctl `fqubrbfl fd `mlrfl mlk l qud rdàkdctd cdmdssrbl c` prtbm`. @ssbk, `s

dkprds`s m`f` vdz dstl k`bs fbrdmblc`f`s p`r` l bcvdstbkdctl tdmclagbml d `plst`k c`

bclv`l d cl fdsdcvlavbkdctl, plbs mlkd` sdr uk flkcbl lhrbg`trbl p`r` mlkp`cj`r

fd ilrk` bctdabgdctd ls `v`cls cl sdtlr f` mlcstrul (]umm`r, 8??2).

Fdstd klfl, cl khbtl f` gdstl f`s bcstà`ds, lI`mbabty K`c`gdkdct(IK), `tr`vs fduk klfdal fbgbtà bctdabgdctd, mlcstbtub uk` idrr`kdct` ibvda p`r` pdrkbtbr ` gdstl f`s


27/144

M`pbtual 0 - Bctrlful

Jugl Xì`da K`tls _bc` 4

mlcstruds, uk` vdz qud dssd klfdal mlctk tlf` ` bcilrk`l bcmlrplr`f` cl prledtl d

`mlpa`f` ` tlfls ls `rqubvls rdadv`ctds fur`ctd `s fbidrdctds i`sds f` vbf` f` mlcstrul

(Xbhdbrl, 8?08).

0.8Lhedtbvls d Kdtlflalgb`

@ prdsdctd fbssdrt`l prdtdcfd mlctrbhubr p`r` l fdsdcvlavbkdctl f` bkpadkdct`l fl

mlcmdbtl fl IK dk _lrtugà, mlk rdmursl kdtlflalgb` HBK, `tr`vs f` rdàbz`l fd uk

dstufl fd m`sl, fd uk` bcstà`l f` dkprds` gu`s f` Xdgbl fd @vdbrl (@fX@),

clkd`f`kdctd uk` dst`l dadv`trb` fd gu`s rdsbfu`bs. Dssd dstufl tdvd plr h`sd `

utbabz`l fl prledtl fd rqubtdtur` fd uk` dst`l dadv`trb` tbpl, p`r` sd da`hlr`r l klfdal

trbfbkdcsblcà f` kdsk`, sdcfl qud l klfdal tdr k`blr fdtàjd cl qud rdspdbt` `ls

dqubp`kdctls f` rdspdtbv` bcstà`l.

Vdr-sd- `ssbk mlkl lhedtbvl prbcmbpà l fdsdcvlavbkdctl fd uk klfdal fd gdstl f`

k`cutdcl, `pabm`fl ` uk` dst`l dadv`trb`. _`r` sd `tbcgbr dstd lhedtbvl sdgubu-sd `

sdgubctd kdtlflalgb`.

Cuk` prbkdbr` i`sd ilb didtu`f` uk` rdvbsl hbhablgribm` dxùstbv` mlk ` ibcàbf`fd fd

mlcjdmdr d flkbc`r tdktbm` rda`tbv` gdstl tr`vs fl IK, fd klfl pa`cd`r f` kdajlr

ilrk` ` dxdmul fl tr`hàjl.

C` sdgucf` i`sd, fd klfl ` mlcstrubr l klfdal trbfbkdcsblcà f` bcstà`l, ilb bfdctbibm`f`

tlf` ` bcilrk`l rda`tbv` `l prledtl qud cdmdssrbl rdmlajdr, tdcfl dk mlcsbfdr`l `s

vrb`s mlcfbmblc`ctds dxbstdctds. ]dgubu-sd rdmlaj` f` bcilrk`l p`r` ` klfda`l d p`r`

l prddcmjbkdctl cl klfdal f`s m`r`mtdrstbm`s fls dqubp`kdctls.

@ tdrmdbr` i`sd mlcsbstbu c` klfda`l f`s vrb`s dspdmbàbf`fds f` bcstà`l, qud sdr

rdàbz`f` mlk rdmursl ukslitw`rd fd klfda`l, clkd`f`kdctd `l @utlfdsn Xdvbt8?06.

C` atbk` i`sd prlmdfdu-sd bctdgr`l dctrd ` bcilrk`l prdsdctd cl klfdal d `

bcilrk`l prdsdctd clslitw`rd utbabz`fl c` gdstl, l BHK K`xbkl 7.4Dctdrprbsd @ssdt

K`c`gdkdct. _`r` tà, ` bcilrk`l ilb p`rtbaj`f` rdmlrrdcfl ` ibmjdbrls Mlcstrumtblc

Lpdr`tblc Hubafbcg bcilrk`tblc dxmj`cgd (MLHbd).

Fdstd klfl, fd ilrk` ` `tbcgbr l lhedtbvl prbcmbpà fdibcbfl `ctdrblrkdctd, ls lhedtbvls

sdmucfrbls f` prdsdctd fbssdrt`l sl5

Didtu`r ` rdvbsl hbhablgribm` fls mlcmdbtls ` sdrdk `hlrf`fls>

Fdibcbr ` bcilrk`l ` sdr rdmlajbf`> Xdmlajdr ` bcilrk`l qud sdr bcsdrbf` cl klfdal>


28/144



Mlcstrubr l klfdal trbfbkdcsblcà f` bcstà`l>

Dxplrt`r ` bcilrk`l prdsdctd clXdvbtp`r` ls ibmjdbrls MLHbd>

Bctdgr`r ` bcilrk`l mrb`f` cl BHK K`xbkl>

Mlcmaubr slhrd ls rdsuat`fls lhtbfls cdstd prlmdssl.

0.=Lrg`cbz`l d dstrutur` f` fbssdrt`l

@ prdsdctd fbssdrt`l dst fbvbfbf` dk sdbs m`ptuals.

L prbkdbrl m`ptual dcqu`fr` ` fbssdrt`l fdsdcvlavbf` d fdibcd ls prbcmbp`bs lhedtbvls d

kdtlflalgb` `pabm`f`, hdk mlkl ` ilrk` mlkl dst` sd dcmlctr` lrg`cbz`f`.

L sdgucfl d l tdrmdbrl m`ptual rdiadtdk ` rdvbsl hbhablgribm` didtu`f`, c` quà

`prdsdct`fl uk dcqu`fr`kdctl fl mlcmdbtl fd HBK d fls sdus fbidrdctds flkcbls.

t`khk `hlrf`f` ` kdtlflalgb` fd `pabm`l fdstd mlcmdbtl, hdk mlkl ` clrkàbz`l

suhe`mdctd. ]dgubf`kdctd `hlrf`fl l mlcmdbtl fl IKd ` su` bctdgr`l mlk l HBK. _lr

ibk, dxpabm`fl mlk fdtàjd l prlmdssl f` mrb`l fd ibmjdbrls MLHbd, hdk mlkl tlfl l

prlmdssl fd gdstl d k`cutdcl, clkd`f`kdctd l Mlkputdrbzdf K`bctdc`cmd

K`c`gdkdct ]ystdk (MKK]), lcfd sd bcsdrd l BHK K`xbkl.

L qu`rtl m`ptual fdsmrdvd l m`sl fd dstufl. Bcbmbàkdctd m`r`mtdrbz`f` ` almàbz`l d

`prdsdct`f` dst`l dadv`trb` fd gu`s rdsbfu`bs dk dstufl. ]l fdsmrbtls tlfls ls p`ssls

qud ilr`k sdgubfls p`r` ` klfda`l f` bcstà`l, bfdctbibm`cfl t`khk tlf`s `s

fbibmuaf`fds sdctbf`s cdst` i`sd.

L qubctl m`ptual mlrrdsplcfd pabm`l fl IK p`r` gdstl d k`cutdcl f` bcstà`l,

lcfd `prdsdct`fl l ibmjdbrl MLHbd, rdsuat`ctd fl prlmdssl fd klfda`l d,

plstdrblrkdctd, ` su` bctdgr`l cl BHK K`xbkl. ]l t`khk fdsmrbtls tlfls ls p`ssls

p`r` ` mrb`l fl MLHbd d mlkl sd i`z ` su` bctdgr`l clslitw`rd fd gdstl.

Cl sdxtl d atbkl m`ptual, sl `prdsdct`f`s `s prbcmbp`bs mlcmausds f` fbssdrt`l dbcfbm`k-sd iuturls tr`hàjls mlkpadkdct`rds fdsdcvlavdr cdstd flkcbl fd bcvdstbg`l.


29/144

M`ptual 8

Hubafbcg Bcilrk`tblc Klfdabcg


30/144


: Jugl Xì`da K`tls _bc

M`ptual 8Huba fbcg Bc ilrk`tblc Klfdabcg

8.0Dcqu`fr`kdctl Gdrà

8.8Fbidrdctds flkbcbls fl HBK

8.=Kdtlflalgb` fd `pabm`l

8.6Clrkàbz`l

8.4Bctdrlpdr`hbabf`fd

8.4.0Bcfustry Ilucf`tblc Ma`ssds

8.9Cvdbs fd fdsdcvlavbkdctl fl klfdal fd bcilrk`l

8.7]litw`rds fd klfda`l

8.7.0Dcqu`fr`kdctl

8.7.8@utlfdsn Xdvbt 8?06


31/144

M`pbtual 8Hubafbcg Bcilrk`tblc Klfdabcg


8 Hubafbcg Bcilrk`tblc Klfdabcg

8.0Dcqu`fr`kdctl

Mjumn D`stk`c, dk 0274, fdsmrdvdu uk sbstdk` `tr`vs fl quà quàqudr kuf`c` f`

fbsplsbl fl prledtl fdvdrb` sdr idbt` `pdc`s uk` vdz p`r` tlfls ls iuturls fdsdcjls sd

`tuàbz`rdk. Vlfls ls fdsdcjls qud fdrbv`k f` kdsk` fbsplsbl fd dadkdctls sdrb`k

ùtlk`tbm`kdctd mlcsbstdctds, tdcfl fdclkbc`fl dstd mlcmdbtl fd sbstdk` fd fdsmrbl

fl fdsdcjl. Dst` ilb ` prbkdbr` rdidrcmb` `l qud jled fdclkbc`fl plr HBK. Dstd tdrkl

surgbu mdrm` fd 6 fm`f`s fdplbs f` puhabm`l fd Mjumn D`stk`c, dk 8??8, tdcfl sbfl

bctrlfuzbfl pdal `rqubtdtl f` @utlfdsn, _jba Hdrstdbc, p`r` fdsmrdvdr uk fdsdcjl vbrtuà, `

gdstl f` mlcstrul d f`s bcstà`ds. Ls prlmdssls HBK mdctr`k-sd dk tlrcl fd klfdals

vbrtu`bs qud pdrkbtdk ` p`rtbaj` fd bcilrk`l dctrd ls bctdrvdcbdctds f` bcfstrb` f`mlcstrul (]l`rds, 8?0=).

HBK plfd sbgcbibm`r, Hubafbcg Bcilrk`tblc Klfdabcg lu Hubafbcg Bcilrk`tblc Klfda. @

prbkdbr` fdsbgc`l rdidrd-sd `l fdsdcvlavbkdctl d utbabz`l fdslitw`rdsp`r` sbkua`r `s

mlcstruds. @ sdgucf` rdidrd-sd l rdsuat`fl f` prbkdbr`, lcfd sd lhtk uk` h`sd fd f`fls

h`st`ctd mlkpadt` d lrbdct`f` qud mlcstbtub uk` bcir`dstrutur`, lcfd ls f`fls plfdk sdr

dxtr`fls mlcsl`ctd ls rdqubsbtls d cdmdssbf`fds fls bctdrvdcbdctds (@GM, 8??4). ]dgucfl

` B]L 826:0-0, l HBK fdibcbfl mlkl rdprdsdct`l fbgbtà p`rtbaj`f` f`s m`r`mtdrstbm`sisbm`s d iucmblc`bs fd quàqudr lhedtl qud mlcstbtu` uk` ilrk` ibvda fd tlk`r fdmbsds

(B]L 826:0-0, 8?0?). Dst` kdtlflalgb` rdprdsdct` l prlmdssl fd fdsdcvlavbkdctl fd uk

klfdal mlkput`mblcà qud pdrkbtd prledt`r l pa`cd`kdctl, mlcstrul d i`zdr gdstl f`s

bcir`dstrutur`s, dqubp`kdctls d `tbvls fd uk` dkprds`. L klfdal rdsuat`ctd mlcstbtufl

plr uk` h`sd fd f`fls h`st`ctd v`st`, bctdabgdctd d mlkpadt`, mlcsbstbcfl cuk`

rdprdsdct`l p`r`ktrbm` fl prledtl, l quà plfd sdr `mdfbfl plr utbabz`flrds qud

cdmdssbtdk fd dxtr`br lu `càbs`r bcilrk`ds p`r` tlk`r fdmbsds, ` ibk fd tlrc`r dibm`z lprlmdssl fd dctrdg` fd bcilrk`l (@GM, 8??4).

Fd uk` ilrk` `kpa`, HBK m`r`mtdrbz` gdlkdtrb`, bcilrk`ds gdlgribm`s, qu`ctbf`fds d

prlprbdf`fds fd tlfls ls dadkdctls fd uk` mlcstrul, sdcfl m`p`z fd ilrcdmdr uk`

dstbk`tbv` fd mustls d bcvdctrbls fls k`tdrb`bs, mlkl sd fdklcstr` c` Ibgur` 8 (@zj`r dt

à.,8??:).


32/144


0? Jugl Xì`da K`tls _bc

Ibgur` 8Fbidrdctds mlkplcdctds fl HBK (@f`pt`fl fd @zj`r dt à., 8??:).

L HBK ilrcdmd uk rdplsbtrbl h`st`ctd fdtàj`fl fd tlfls ls mlkplcdctds fd uk`

dfbibm`l d, tr`vs fd uk` rdprdsdct`l fd klfdals trs fbkdcsds, pdrkbtd uk` kdajlr

bctdrprdt`l plr tlfls ls bctdrvdcbdctds, kdskl qud cl dstde`k i`kbab`rbz`fls mlk ls

p`frds fd fdsdcjl ` fu`s fbkdcsds (]`hla, 8??:).L tdrkl HBK irdqudctdkdctd mlciucfbfl mlk `s idrr`kdct`s fd klfda`l

mlkdrmbàbz`f`s plr dkprds`s fd slitw`rd, sàbdct`cfl-sd, cl dct`ctl, qud cl uk

slitw`rd, k`s sbk uk mlceuctl fd prlmdssls h`sd`fl cuk sbstdk` h`sd fd bcilrk`ds qud

mrb` vàlr d bclv`l ` alcgl pr`zl. L prlmdssl h`sd`fl dk HBK kdajlr` ` ilrk` mlkl ls

prledtls sl dxdmut`fls d mlcstrufls (Edrcbg`c d Lcuk`, 8??:). Fd bguà klfl, `

fdsbgc`l HBK utbabz`f` drr`f`kdctd p`r` m`r`mtdrbz`r klfdals trbfbkdcsblc`bs qud cl

sl k`bs fl qud abcj`s p`r` ` rdprdsdct`l fd uk f`fl lhedtl. Dstd dquvlml fdvd-sd,prlv`vdakdctd, `l `spdtl gribml f`s `pabm`ds qud rdmlrrdk ` dstd tbpl fd tdmclalgb`. Dk

àgucs m`sls, dst` clv` gdr`l fd `pabm`ds bcmlrrdt`kdctd dctdcfbf` mlkl uk` clv`

vdrsl fls prlfutls M@F k`bs utbabz`fls (K`rtbcs, 8??2).

C`s atbk`s fm`f`s, tdk-sd vbcfl ` rdgbst`r uk fdsdcvlavbkdctl bctdcsl cdstd klfdal fd

bcilrk`l cl sdtlr f` mlcstrul, mlcfuzbcfl ` hdcdimbls qud `t dctl cl sdrb`k

plssvdbs. @ klfda`l ` trs fbkdcsds surgbu dk 027?, h sd`f` cl mlcmdbtl M@F, sdcfl

`pabm`f` dk vrbls sdtlrds bcfustrb`bs. Dcqu`ctl kubtls fdads mlctbcu`r`k ` fdsdcvlavdr d

`càbs`r lhedtls d idrr`kdct`s `tr`vs fd klfda`l p`r`ktrbm`, ` bcfstrb` f` mlcstrul


33/144



ibmlu mlcibc`f` fur`ctd àguk tdkpl `l tr`fbmblcà 8F. Mlk h`sd cdstd mrdsmbkdctl, tdk-

sd vdrbibm`fl, `l alcgl f` atbk` fm`f`, uk` k`blr prlmur` plr bcilrk`l slhrd dst`

tdktbm`, ` quà ilrcdmbf` dssdcmbàkdctd `tr`vs f` puhabm`l fd `rtbgls, sdcfl dstd l

k`blr m`kpl fd pdsqubs`, mlcilrkd sd plfd vdr c` Ibgur` = (Ylan dt à, 8?06).

Ibgur` =Irdqucmb` fd puhabm`ds slhrd HBK plr `cl (@f`pt`fl fd Ylan, 8?06).

iucf`kdctà dctdcfdr qud dxbstdk fbidrdc`s dctrd uk sbkpads klfdal trbfbkdcsblcà d

uk klfdal trbfbkdcsblcà p`r`ktrbml, sdcfl cdmdssrbl fdtàj`r ls pba`rds qud sustdct`k

` dxbstcmb` fl HBK, ` bctdrlpdr`hbabf`fd d ` klfda`l lrbdct`f` plr lhedtls.

@ bctdrlpdr`hbabf`fd rdprdsdct` ` mlkucbm`l dctrd ls fbidrdctds bctdrvdcbdctds cl

prlmdssl mlcstrutbvl, k`tdrbàbz`cfl-sd pda` mlkucbm`l dctrd ls fbvdrsls slitw`rds

dxbstdctds d f`s fbidrdctds rd`s f` mlcstrul. @ mlkpadxbf`fd f` bctdrlpdr`hbabf`fd t`ctl

k`blr qu`ctl ls vrblsslitw`rdsdxbstdctds, qud plss`k tdr ` su` prprb` k`cdbr` fd trlm`r

bcilrk`l. Fd clt`r qud, àb`fl ` dstds mlcmdbtls, surgd ` cdmdssbf`fd fd fdibcbr cvdbs fd

fdsdcvlavbkdctl fl klfdal fd bcilrk`l, mlcjdmbfl mlklAdvda li Fdvdalpkdct(ALF).

Pu`ctl k`blr l cvda fd fdtàjd, k`blr sdr ` ltbkbz`l fl tr`hàjl d uk` kdajlr

mllrfdc`l fls rdqubsbtls pdfbfls (]l`rds, 8?0=). Dstds mlcmdbtls sdrl fdtàj`fls `lalcgl fdstd m`ptual.

8.8Fbidrdctds flkcbls fl HBK

@s fbidrdctds hlrf`gdcs fl HBK sl gdràkdctd fdsbgc`f`s mlkl flkcbls.

Pu`cfl sd ià` cls flkcbls fl HBK, i`mbakdctd sd `sslmb` s Vdmclalgb`s fd Bcilrk`l

d Mlkucbm`l (VBM), qud dstl prdsdctds cls prbcmbp`bs prlmdssls d lpdr`ds mj`vd fd

pa`cd`kdctl, klfda`l, lr`kdct`l d màdcf`rbz`l, mlctrlal fd mustls, mlct`hbabf`fdd mlkpr`s (_`rrdbr`, 8?0=).


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@ prbkdbr` `hlrf`gdk fl HBK, dkhlr` sde` `quda` mlcsbfdr`f` k`bs tr`fbmblcà,

mlrrdsplcfd `l 8F, mlcjdmbf` pdals fdsdcjls bctrlfuzbfls k`cuàkdctd plr M@F. Cdstd

tbpl fd prlmdssl, s bkpabm`ds fd atdr`ds cuk dadkdctl fd prledtl cl plfdk sdr vbst`s

c` tltàbf`fd dk khbdctd 8F, tdcfl qud sdr bk`gbc`f`s d cl plfdk sdr rdpabm`f`s p`r` s

lutr`s pd`s ùtlk`tbm`kdctd. Fdvbfl ` dst` sbtu`l, cuk prlmdssl h`sd`fl dk HBK, `

tdmclalgb` d `s idrr`kdct`s pdrkbtdk ` vbsuàbz`l d ` mla`hlr`l dk =F, d, p`r` àk

fbstl, dxbstd uk dadv`fl pltdcmbà fd bcilrk`l qud plfd sdr dxpalr`f`, `càbs`f`,

sbcmrlcbz`f` d abg`f` p`r`kdtrbm`kdctd (]`mns d D`stk`c, 8??=).

Cuk prledtl HBK, tlrc`-sd bkprdsmbcfvda l fdsdcvlavbkdctl fd uk klfdal =F mlk `

bcmlrplr`l fd bcilrk`l dssdcmbà p`r` ` rdàbz`l fd `cabsds. L usl fl klfdal =F d

f` su` bcilrk`l plfd sdr didtu`fl d `càbs`fl plr quàqudr bctdrvdcbdctd c` mlcstrul.

Dst` iucmblcàbf`fd pdrkbtd5 dsma`rdmdr fvbf`s fd bctdrprdt`l, lhtdr uk ckdrl bcibcbtl

fd mlrtds d pa`ct`s fd ilrk` ùtlktbm` d tdr k`blr sdcsbhbabf`fd d mlcjdmbkdctl

rda`tbv`kdctd l prledtl d l rdspdtbvl iucmblc`kdctl (D`stk`c dt a., 8??:). C`turàkdctd,

surgdk fbidrdc`s dctrd l flkcbl fl 8F d fl =F qu`cfl sd ià` dk HBK. C` V`hda` 0 dst`s

dcmlctr`k-sd rdprdsdct`f s fd `mlrfl mlk fbidrdctds iucds.

V`hda` 0Fbidrdc`s dctrd ls flkcbls 8F d =F (D`stk`c dt à.,8??:).

_rlmdssl 8F Iucl _rlmdssl =F

I`sd`fl d abcd`r Mlcmdl/_rledtl Mlcmlrrdctd d bctdr`tbvl

Fdsdcjls 8F _d`s fdsdcj`f`s=F fbgbt`bs lrbdct`fls p`r` l

lhedtl d p`r`kdtrbz`l

@càbs`f` fdklr`f`@cabsd fd àtdrc`tbv`s fd

prledtl/@cabsd fd vàlr@càbsd bkdfb`t` dk =F

Adctl d fdtàj`fl Xdvbsds fl prledtl Dxpdfbtl d ùtlktbml

]lhrdplsbl fd fdsdcjls Mlkp`tbhbabz`l fd prledtl @utlk`tbm ma`sj fdtdmtblc

Fdsdcjls 8F Fdsdcjls fd dxdmul c` lhr` Fdsdcjls =F d pdrspdtbv`

Xducbfls k`s cucm` rdàkdctd

ibcàbz`flsFlmukdctls d tda`s ibc`bs

Klfdals bctdabgdctds p`r`

lpdr`l d utbabz`l

@tbvbf`fds bsla`f`s _a`cd`kdctl@tbvbf`fds abg`f`s `l klfdal

HBK

@cabsd fd mdcrbls abkbt`fl ]dqucmb`/I`sd`kdctl f` lhr`

Dxtdcs` m`p`mbf`fd fd

sbkua`l, vàb`l d fdtdl

fd clkàb`s


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Jugl Xì`da K`tls _bc` 0=

@tuàkdctd ` k`blrb` fls prledtls sl fdsdcj`fls dk 8F, sdcfl cdmdssrb` ` su` mlcvdrsl

dk HBK =F, dstbk`cfl-sd qud dstd bcvdstbkdctl bcbmbà rlcfd ls ?,0 ` ?,4% fls mustls tlt`bs

fd mlcstrul (cl mlcsbfdr`cfl ls mustls mlk slitw`rd d ilrk`l). bkplrt`ctd d

cdmdssrbl mlcsbfdr`r àguk`s `tbvbf`fds cdst` mlcvdrsl, mlkl fdtdrkbc`r l cvda fd

fdtàjd, klct`r uk klfdal bctdgr`fl f`s vrb`s fbsmbpabc`s, dst`hdadmdr ktlfls fd trlm` fd

ibmjdbrls d ilrk`tls, mrb`r uk sdrvbflr d rdplsbtrbl p`rtbaj`fl p`r` ls fdsdcjls d dst`hdadmdr

uk prlmdssl fd rdvbsl d `prlv`l fls fdsdcjls p`r` mlcibrk`r qud l klfdal cl

`prdsdct` mlciabtls lu drrls (MBM, 8?0?).

@ qu`rt` fbkdcsl mlrrdsplcfd ` uk prlmdssl fd pa`cd`kdctl qud pdrkbtd abg`r `s

`tbvbf`fds fd mlcstrul cl tdkpl mlk l klfdal =F p`r` fdsdcvlavdr uk gribml dk tdkpl

rdà fl prlgrdssl vdrsus tdkpl. @mrdsmdct`r dst` fbkdcsl fl tdkpl g`r`ctd `

lplrtucbf`fd fd càbs`r l dvlaubr f` m`p`mbf`fd fd mlcstrul d l pa`cd`kdctl fl iauxl fd

tr`hàjl fl prledtl. @ak fbssl, tlfls ls dcvlavbfls cl prledtl plfdk vbsuàbz`r, càbs`r d

mlkucbm`r `tdkp`f`kdctd ls prlhadk`s, `spdtls tdkplr`bs d dsp`mb`bs fl prlgrdssl fd

mlcstrul (D`stk`c dt à., 8??:).

Mlkl mlcsdqucmb` fdst` qu`rt` fbkdcsl, fbvdrsls pa`cd`kdctls d pa`cls algstbmls

plfdk sdr gdr`fls p`r` ùkdct`r ` prlfutbvbf`fd. Bctdgr`cfl ` qubct` fbkdcsl mustls

cl sbstdk` fd klfda`l, pdrkbtd mrb`r bcst`ct`cd`kdctd uk lr`kdctl d uk` rdprdsdct`l

ibc`cmdbr` fl klfdal dk iucl fl tdkpl. Bstl plssbhbabt` kdajlr`r ` m`p`mbf`fd fd i`zdr

dstbk`tbv`s, kbcbkbz`cfl ls bcmbfdctds fdvbfls ` `khbgubf`fds rdsuat`ctds fls f`fls

ilrcdmbfls pdal klfdal M@F, hdk mlkl pdrkbtd `ls prledtbst`s fdfbm`rdk k`bs tdkpl `l

prledtl (D`stk`c dt à., 8??:).

@ sdxt` fbkdcsl pdrkbtd à`rg`r ` utbabz`l fl klfdal p`r` l IK, uk` vdz qud l klfdal

galhà mlcmdfd uk` fdsmrbl mlkpadt` fls dadkdctls f` dfbibm`l, fd ilrk` bctdgr`f`

rda`tbv`kdctd `l prledtl. Dst` m`p`mbf`fd, euct`kdctd mlk ` gdlkdtrb`, rda`ds d

m`p`mbf`fd fd prlprbdf`fds suhe`mdctds, utbabz`f` mlkl uk` h`sd fd f`fls p`r` ` gdstl

fd `tbvls (D`stk`c dt à., 8??:). _lr sd tr`t`r fl tdk` mdctrà fdstd tr`hàjl, sdr fdtàj`fl

cls plctls sdgubctds.

]dcfl uk` tdktbm` m`f` vdz k`bs `tuà, ` sustdct`hbabf`fd c` mlcstrul mlrrdsplcfd

stbk` fbkdcsl fl HBK, qud pdrkbtd, ` qudk prledt`, g`r`ctbr l mukprbkdctl f`s kdt`s

fd m`rhlcl p`r` dadkdctls dspdmibmls fl prledtl d vàbf`r fdmbsds dk mlcilrkbf`fd lu

tdst`r d mlkp`r`r fbidrdctds lpds (D`stk`c dt à., 8??:). @ Ibgur` 6 rdsukd `s sdtd

fbkdcsds fl HBK fdsmrbt`s.


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Ibgur` 6Fbidrdctds `hlrf`gdcs fl HBK (D`stk`c dt à, 8??:).

Dk suk`, l HBK pdrkbtd qud ls prledtbst`s sde`k m`p`zds fd prdvdr l fdsdkpdcjl fls

prledtls kdskl `ctds f` su` mlcmausl, rdsplcfdcfl k`bs r`pbf`kdctd s kuf`c`s,

ltbkbz`cfl ls prledtls mlk `cabsds, sbkua`ds d vbsuàbz`ds, pdrkbtbcfl qud ` dctrdg`

fls flmukdctls sde` i`mbabt`f` mlk dadv`f` quàbf`fd (D`stk`c dt à., 8??:).

8.=Kdtlflalgb` fd `pabm`l

@ pabm`l f` kdtlflalgb` HBK `ssdct` c`s cdmdssbf`fds d lhedtbvls qud uk` fdtdrkbc`f`

lrg`cbz`l prdsdct`.

L HBK uk` kdtlflalgb` qud tdk mlkl lhedtbvl mrb`r vrb`s h`sds fd f`fls rdadv`ctds

p`r` uk fdtdrkbc`fl prledtl, mdctràbz-a`s d k`ct-a`s fur`ctd tlfl l sdu mbmal fd vbf`,

prlplrmblc`cfl, `l kdskl tdkpl, l mdssl dssds f`fls, tlfls ls bctdrvdcbdctds fd ilrk`

imba, dxpdfbt` d rpbf` (D`stk`c dt à., 8??:). C` i`sd f` mlcstrul, l gdstlr f` lhr` plfd

`mlkp`cj`r tlf` dvlaul fl prledtl `tr`vs fl klfdal, l dcm`rrdg`fl rdplrt` l tr`hàjl

rdàbz`fl, sdadmblc`cfl ls dadkdctls dk qudstl fbrdt`kdctd cl klfdal HBK d,

mlcsdqudctdkdctd, ls dadkdctls plfdk sdr sdadmblc`fls dk 8F lu dk =F lu plr kdbl fd

`tbvbf`fds fl prledtl lu plr p`rtds fl dfbimbl. @ p`rtbr f`qub, l klfdal plfd màmua`r

ùtlk`tbm`kdctd ` qu`ctbf`fd fd k`tdrb`bs mlcsukbfls d gdr`r prledds iutur`s. Fdstd

klfl, l gdstlr f` lhr` plfd mlkp`r`r l mustl prdvbstl mlk l rdàbz`fl d l mabdctd plfd sdr

bcilrk`fl slhrd l cf`kdctl fl prprbl prledtl (H`hbm dt à., 8?0?). L iauxlgr`k` sdgubctd

prdtdcfd klstr`r ls plssvdbs m`kbcjls fd mrb`l `tr`vs fl HBK, qudr dk clv`s


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bcir`dstrutur`s lu dk dxbstdctds, fdpdcfdcfl sd sd dcmlctr`k fbsplcvdbs lu cl `s

bcilrk`ds d klfdals cdmdssrbls (vdr Ibgur` 4) (Ylan dt à., 8?06).

Ibgur` 4_lssvdbs m`kbcjls fd mrb`l fd HBK (@f`pt`fl fd Ylan, 8?06).

]d dxbstbr uk klfdal HBK fd uk` bcir`dstrutur` dxbstdctd, s iucmblcàbf`fds d ls prlmdssls

fd pa`cd`kdctl, hdk mlkl pltdcmb`bs bctdrvdcds cls dfbimbls, plfdk sdr i`mbakdctd

`tbcgbf`s mlk pdqudcls èustds. _lr lutrl a`fl, ` fbibmuaf`fd fd bctdrvbr `l cvda f`s

bcir`dstrutur`s dxbstdctds qu`cfl cl j uk klfdal HBK prddxbstdctd, rdsbfd cl i`mtl fd

cl dxbstbr kubt`s f`s vdzds bcilrk`l fbsplcvda, l qud rdqudr ` qudk i`z l klfdal, c`

k`blrb` fls m`sls, rdàbz`r uk` ùfbtlrb` prvb` bcir`dstrutur`, prlmdfdr rdvbsl fd tlf`

` flmukdct`l bcdrdctd su` mlcstrul d `cabsd f`s prlprbdf`fds f`s mlcstruds`ctdrblrds, ilrcdmdcfl uk` h`sd sabf` p`r` l iuturl pa`cd`kdctl d fdtdrkbc`l fd

dstbk`tbv`s fd mustls (_dcttba dt à., 8??7).

Fd clt`r qud sd uk klfdal HBK ilr mrb`fl d p`rtbaj`fl, cl fdspdcfbfl tdkpl c` mrb`l

fd flmukdctls brrdadv`ctds d plr vdzds bcmlcsbstdctds. L kdskl sbgcbibm` fbzdr qud l HBK

uk prlmdssl mla`hlr`tbvl qud rdprdsdct` uk` dstrutur` dkprds`rbà fd tr`hàjl d fd

mlkucbm`l h`sd`f` cl usl fd p`frds `hdrtls fd p`rtbaj` fd bcilrk`l qud kdajlr` `

quàbf`fd d ` dibmbcmb` fd tlfl l prlmdssl mlcstrutbvl (D`stk`c dt à., 8??:).@ `fll fdst` kdtlflalgb` pda` bcfstrb` f` mlcstrul plfd tr`zdr uk` v`rb`f` abst` fd

pltdcmb`bs v`ct`gdcs. @ V`hda` 8 rdprdsdct` àgucs fls hdcdimbls fl HBK c`s fbidrdctds

i`sds fd prledtl, h`sd`fl dk dstufls fd m`sl rdàbz`fls plr fbidrdctds ùtlrds.


38/144



V`hda` 8Hdcdimbls fl HBK c`s fbidrdctds i`sds fd prledtl.

Hdcdimbls I`sd fl _rledtl Xdidrcmb`

@pabm`fl ` clv`s mlcstruds5

Fdtdl fd drrls fd prledtl> _a`cl fd mlcstrul d plstdrblr

ltbkbz`l>

Fdtdl fd rd`s bcsdgur`s>

Gdstl fl almà fd mlcstrul>

Bcilrk`ds slhrd l prledtl d gdstl fl

mlcjdmbkdctl>

Kbtbg`l fd bkprdvbstls c` lr`kdct`l>

@ukdctl f` prdmbsl c` dstbk`tbv` fd mustls d

mlcsdqudctd rdful fl tdkpl p`r` ` su`

dstbk`tbv`>

Xdful cl tdkpl fd pa`cd`kdctl.

_rledtl d

MlcstrulW. Au dt à., 8?06

Kdajlrb` c` quàbf`fd fls prledtls fd Dcgdcj`rb`

(Fdtdl fd drrls cls fdsdcjls)>

Kdajlrb` c` prlfutbvbf`fd c` p`rtd fd prledtl d

c` i`sd fd mlcstrul.

_rledtl N`cdr dt à., 8??:

Xdful fd mustls>

Kbtbg`l fd `tr`sls>

_lup`c`s cl mustl fd mlcstrul.

Mlcstrul @zj`r dt à., 8??:

Mlkl rdidrbfl `ctdrblrkdctd, uk` f`s v`ct`gdcs f`s àtdr`ds c`s prtbm`s fd tr`hàjl

usu`bs ` `ctdmbp`l fd fdmbsds fd prledtl d `mlctdmbkdctls qud s sdrb`k fdtdtvdbs c`

i`sd fd mlcstrul, plssbhbabt`cfl uk` rdful fd mustls dk k`blr dsmà`, sdcfl t`ctlk`blrds qu`ctl k`bs t`rfd ilrdk didtu`f`s `s àtdr`ds, mlcilrkd sd vdrbibm` c` murv` fd

K`mAd`ky (vdr Ibgur` 9) (]l`rds, 8?0=).


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Ibgur` 9Murv` fd K`mAd`ky (rdtbr`fl fd ]l`rds, 8?0=).

@ bfdb` fdstd mlcmdbtl qud ` dqubp` fd prledtl tr`hàjd dk mlceuctl mlk `s kdajlrds

idrr`kdct`s su` fbsplsbl p`r` g`r`ctbr qud l prledtl br mukprbr ls rdqubsbtls fl

prlprbdtrbl cl kdclr bctdrvàl fd tdkpl d mustl plssvdbs.

@ ]t`cilrf Tcbvdrsbty Mdctdr ilr Bctdgr`tdf I`mbabtbds Dcgbcddrbcg (MBID), h`sd`cfl-sd dk

=8 gr`cfds prledtls rdàbz`fls rdmlrrdcfl kdtlflalgb` HBK, bcfbm` mlkl prbcmbp`bs

hdcdimbls (Nucz d Ibsmjdr, 8?08)5

Xdful dk :?% cl tdkpl fd lr`kdct`l>

Xdful dk 6?% fd tr`hàjls cl lr`kdct`fls> Dmlclkb` fd 0?% fl vàlr fd mlctr`tl rdsuat`ctds f` rdslaul fd mlciabtls>

Xdful fd 7% cl tdkpl fd prledtl>

Drrl c` dstbk`tbv` fd mustls fdctrl fls =%.

Dkhlr` sd bfdctbibqudk h`st`ctds v`ct`gdcs d lplrtucbf`fds mlk ` bkpadkdct`l f`

kdtlflalgb` HBK, dxbstdk t`khk àguk`s fbibmuaf`fds. _lr sd tr`t`r fd uk sbstdk` fd

bcilrk`l dk dkdrgcmb`, mlkprddcsvda qud m`rrdtd vrbls rbsmls d rdsplcs`hbabf`fds.

Fd bguà klfl s v`ct`gdcs f` bkpadkdct`l, `s fdsv`ct`gdcs bcfbm`f`s tk plr h`sdm`sls fd dstufl d `cabsds idbt`s dk vrbls `rtbgls d puhabm`ds. @s gr`cfds fbibmuaf`fds

fdst` kdtlflalgb` p`ss`k plr (]`mns d D`stk`c, 8??=> D`stk`c dt à., 8??:)5

Iàt` fd bcilrk`l dk dfbimbls dxbstdctds plfd rdsuat`r cuk` bcdibm`z gdstl fd

prledtls d mlcsdqudctdkdctd cuk` k`blr pdrf` fd tdkpl d mustls>

Xdsplcsvdbs pda` klfda`l dspdmbàbz`fls sl fbimdbs fd dcmlctr`r d ` su`

ilrk`l tdk uk mustl dadv`fl>

Mustl dadv`fl flsslitw`rdsrdqudr uk gr`cfd bcvdstbkdctl bcbmbà>


40/144


0: Jugl Xì`da K`tls _bc

Bcmlkp`tbhbabf`fd mlk ls p`rmdbrls fd prledtl qud cl us`k l sbstdk`>

Lsslitw`rdsrdqudrdk j`rfw`rdsfd dadv`f` m`p`mbf`fd>

L t`k`cjl fls `rqubvls mrb`fls plfd sdr mlcfbmblc`ctd.

Mlkl plssvda lhsdrv`r, bkpadkdct`l fdst` kdtlflalgb` dst mlcfbmblc`f` plr vrblsi`tlrds, k`blrbt`rb`kdctd `sslmb`fls `tuà sbtu`l dmlckbm` fl sdtlr f` mlcstrul.

Kubtls `spdtls adg`bs rda`mblc`fls mlk ` bkpadkdct`l f`s idrr`kdct`s HBK tk dst`fl

slh fbsmussl d sl uk` rd` quà ls bctdrvdcbdctds cl prlmdssl f` mlcstrul dstl

`tdctls. Ls prlhadk`s qud surgdk fur`ctd ` bkpadkdct`l f` kdtlflalgb` HBK plfdk

fdpdcfdr f` ilrk` mlkl sl idbtls ls mlctr`tls (sbstdk` fd mlctr`tls d bciaucmb` fl

`khbdctd mlctr`tuà dk tlfls ls p`sds) d f` ilrk` mlkl dctrdgud l prledtl. Dst `bcf`

`sslmb`f` vrbls lhstmuals, mlkl s qudstds rda`mblc`f s mlk prlprbdf`fd fl klfdald l suplrtd fls mustls qud ajd sl bcdrdctds d ` mlcfbds bkplst`s pdal rbglr d dx`tbfl fl

klfdal (_bcjl, 8?0=).

8.6Clrkàbz`l

@ fll fl HBK cl sdtlr f` mlcstrul bciaudcmb`f` pdal i`mtl f`s dctbf`fds rdsplcsvdbs

cl sdrdk m`p`zds fd bctrlfuzbr dst` kdtlflalgb` mlkl uk` clrk`. @tuàkdctd dxbstdk,

dk àgucs p`sds, clrk`s qud rdgua`k d sbstdk`tbz`k ` bkpadkdct`l f`s fbidrdctds

fbkdcsds f` kdtlflalgb` HBK. t`khk cdmdssrbl bctrlfuzbr st`cf`rfs d prltlmlals

mlk uk` abcgu`gdk mlkuk, i`mbakdctd `mdfbf` plr quàqudr bctdrvdcbdctd fl prledtl

(_lrwà, 8?0=). ]dgubf`kdctd, sl `prdsdct`fls àgucs m`sls clrk`tbvls dk p`sds f`

Durlp`, clkd`f`kdctd ` Ibcacfb`, ]umb`, Fbc`k`rm`, Xdbcl Tcbfl d _lrtugà, d l m`sl

fls Dst`fls Tcbfls f` @krbm`.

Cl fb` 88 fd Lutuhrl fd 8??7, dk W`sjbcgtlc FM, ilb `ssbc`f` uk` fdma`r`l phabm` fd

bctdcl p`r` ` utbabz`l fd st`cf`rfs `hdrtls dk HBK. Dst` fdma`r`l mlctlu mlk `s

`ssbc`tur`s f`s sdgubctds dctbf`fds5 f` clrtd-`kdrbm`c` T. ]. Gdcdrà ]drvbmds

@fkbcbstr`tblc (G]@), f` fbc`k`rquds` F`cbsj Dctdrprbsd `cf Mlcstrumtblc @utjlrbty

(FDM@) d f` ibca`cfds` ]dc`td _rlpdrtbds d f` clrudguds` ]t`tshygg. C` fdma`r`l a-sd

qud lBcfustry Ilucf`tblc Ma`ssds (BIM) rdmlcjdmbfl mlkl l kdajlr dxdkpal fdst`cf`rf

fd HBK, d sdcfl mlkpadtl, gr`tubtl d hdrtl, fl bctdrdssd f`s gcmb`s bklhbabrb`s dst`t`bs

d fls flcls fd lhr` phabmls, suplrt`r l fdsdcvlavbkdctl d ` bkpadkdct`l fdst`cf`rfs

fd mlkucbm`l `hdrtls cl sdmtlr f` mlcstrul, plr ilrk` ` i`mbabt`r ` utbabz`l f`s

tdmclalgb`s fd bcilrk`l qud pdrkbt`k uk` mla`hlr`l dibmbdctd dctrd tlfls ls


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dcvlavbfls cl sdmtlr f` @DM d fl IK (V`hlrf`, 8?08). Mlk ` `ssbc`tur` f` fdma`r`l

bcbmb`fl uk prledtl fd bcvdstbg`l, mla`hlr`l d fdsdcvlavbkdctl dk ilrk`tls `hdrtls,

lcfd sdrl `pabm`f`s slauds HBK dk ilrk`tls BIM c`s su`s lhr`s phabm`s. M`f` uk fls

p`sds ssbc`ctds ssdgur` prlful prprb` fd rdqubsbtls HBK qud prdmlcbzdk lhrbg`l

fd st`cf`rfs `hdrtls, `ssbk mlkl uk` màdcf`rbz`l fd bkpadkdct`l fdss`s clrk`s

(Glvdrckdct Mabdcts li tjd @DM/IK Bcfustry, 8??7).

Xdmdctdkdctd, ilb puhabm`fl uk clvl p`mltd adgbsa`tbvl, cl Elrcà Libmbà f` Tcbl

Durlpdb`, qud vdbl rdvdr d klfdrcbz`r l Kdrm`fl Durlpdu fd Mlctr`t`l _habm`, `tr`vs

f` Fbrdtbv` 8?06/86/TD. Xda`tbv`kdctd ` dst` fbrdtbv`, fdst`m`-sd ` plssbhbabf`fd fd

plcfdr`r, mlkl i`tlr fl mrbtrbl fd `feufbm`l f` prlplst` dmlclkbm`kdctd k`bs

v`ctèls`, ` lrg`cbz`l, `s quàbibm`ds d ` dxpdrbcmb` fls rdmursls ` ìdt`r dxdmul

fl mlctr`tl sdkprd qud dstds plss`k vbr tdr uk bkp`mtl sbgcbibm`tbvl cl cvda fd dxdmul

fl mlctr`tl (Fbrdtbv` 8?06/86/DT, 8?06).

L glvdrcl fl Xdbcl Tcbfl bkpadkdctlu ` utbabz`l f` kdtlflalgb` HBK cl sdtlr f`

mlcstrul, sdcfl mlcsbfdr`fl plr kubtls ` k`bs `khbmbls` bctdrvdcl fd mdctràbz`l

fdst` kdtlflalgb` dk tlfl l kucfl (JK Glvdrckdct, 8?08). L lhedtbvl fdst` l tlrc`r

` bcfstrb` fl Xdbcl Tcbfl mlkl uk` f`s k`blrds pltcmb`s galh`bs f` utbabz`l fd HBK

cuk murtl pdrlfl fd tdkpl. Dk k`bl fd 8?00, l TN Glvdrckdct Mlcstrumtblc ]tr`tdgy

fdma`rlu bctdcl fl glvdrcl dk dxbgbr utbabz`l fd HBK dk tlfls ls prledtls t 8?09,

p`ss`cfl plr uk pdrlfl fd bkpadkdct`l fd 4 `cls, sdcfl vbstl mlkl uk lhedtbvl p`r`

plup`r 8?% dk mustls fd `qubsbl. Mlk dst`s kdfbf`s, s fbvdrs`s ibrk`s ilr`k lhrbg`f`s

` `plst`r cl fdsdcvlavbkdctl tdmclagbml ` ibk fd `mlkp`cj`r dst`s àtdr`ds bkplst`s

pdal glvdrcl (Wbtjdrs, 8?08).

@ rdgbl dsm`cfbc`v` t`khk tdk uk ilrtd fdsdcvlavbkdctl HBK d uk cltvda rdgbstl fd

bkpadkdct`l. Mlk k`bs rdmdctd dxbgcmb` fls glvdrcls p`r` sd pabm`r HBK dk prledtls

glvdrc`kdct`bs, fdu-sd uk clvl bkpuasl dk p`sds mlkl ` Ibcacfb`, Clrudg` d

Fbc`k`rm`. L glvdrcl Ibca`cfs bcvdstbu dk k`ss` dk Vdmclalgb`s fd Bcilrk`l (VB) c`

bcfstrb` f` mlcstrul fdsfd ls `cls 7?. Xdmdctdkdctd fbvuag`r`k l Tcbvdrsà HBK Gubfd

(THG) p`r` ` bcfstrb`, qud tdk sbfl ilrtdkdctd `plb`fl. L sdtlr phabml Ibca`cfs, sdcfl

mlcstbtufl plr dctbf`fds glvdrc`kdct`bs mlk uk` prlprbdf`fd fd `tbvls fd

`prlxbk`f`kdctd 9 kba kbajds fd durls, uk afdr c` fll fl HBK l dxbgbr utbabz`l

fdstd klfdal fd bcilrk`l cls sdus prledtls d `l rdàbz`r prledtls-pbaltl d fd bcvdstbg`l.

Fd `mlrfl mlk Nlppbcdc d Jdcttbcdc, 8? ` =?% fls prledtls glvdrc`kdct`bs utbabz`k `


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8? Jugl Xì`da K`tls _bc

kdtlflalgb` HBK, j`vdcfl prdvbsds fd uk ùkdctl p`r` 4?% cuk iuturl prxbkl

(Nlppbcdc d Jdcttbcdc, 8?08). C` Fbc`k`rm`, ` @utlrbf`fd Fbc`k`rquds` fd Dkprds`s d

Mlcstrul dst`hdadmdu, dk 8??7, uk prlgr`k` fd Mlcstrul Fbgbtà qud ilb bkpadkdct`fl

plr gr`cfds dctbf`fds glvdrc`kdct bs. L prlgr`k` dxbgd qud kdtlflalgb` HBK sde` us`f`

dk tlfls ls prledtls `mbk` fd 4,4 kbajds fd durls, `tr`vs fd trlm`s fd bcilrk`l,

utbabz`cfl l ilrk`tl BIM. L glvdrcl f` Clrudg`, plr su` vdz, dxbgd tuàkdctd utbabz`l

fd HBK dk tlfls ls prledtls phabmls, bcvdstbcfl h`st`ctd c` bcvdstbg`l d cl

fdsdcvlavbkdctl fdst` kdtlflalgb` (Gr`cjlak, 8?00).

Dk _lrtugà lhsdrv`-sd ` dxbstcmb` fd trs bcbmb`tbv`s ilrk`bs qud dvbfdcmb`k àgucs

dsilrls cl khbtl f` tdct`tbv` f` bkpadkdct`l fd prlmdssls HBK cl sdtlr f` mlcstrul.

@pds`r fbssl, bcf` cl sd plfd ibrk`r qud l p`s dstde` v`c`fl cl qud fbz rdspdbtl dst`

bkpadkdct`l/tdktbm` (]bav`, 8?0=). @s trs bcbmb`tbv`s sl5

_rledtl ]BG@HBK>

HBKIruk _lrtugà>

_a`tìlrk` Vdmclagbm` _lrtuguds` fd Mlcstrul (_V_M).

L prledtl ]BG@HBK prdtdcfd `hlrf`r l mbmal fd gdstl c` mlcstrul cl sdctbfl fd

mlrrdsplcfdr s cdmdssbf`fds fd fdsdcvlavbkdctl, klfdrcbz`l, bctdrc`mblcàbz`l d fd

k`blr mlkpdtbtbvbf`fd plr p`rtd f`s dkprds`s plrtuguds`s. _lr lutrl a`fl, prdtdcfdbkpuasblc`r d suplrt`r `s cdmdssbf`fds rd`bs fd bcvdstbg`l, fdsdcvlavbkdctl d tdmclalgb`

fdctrl f`s dkprds`s dcvlavbf`s (]bav`, 8?0=).

L prledtl prdtdcfd `prlvdbt`r ` `tuà mlceuctur` fd kdrm`fl, `ssukbcfl l HBK mlkl uk

pltdcmb`flr fd ltbkbz`l fd rdmursls d fd kbtbg`l fd rbsmls dk lhr`s fd mlcstrul mbvba.

Mlk ` dctr`f` dk vbglr fl clvl Mfbgl fd Mlctr`tls _habmls (MM_) dk 8??:, ls vrbls

bctdrvdcbdctds fl cdgmbl f` mlcstrul vbr`k-sd lhrbg`fls ` rdàbz`r uk dstufl k`bs

mubf`fl fls vrbls prledtls d fdsdcvlavdr clv`s idrr`kdct`s d kdtlflalgb`s qud uxbabdkdssd kdskl dstufl. Dstds fdsdcvlavbkdctls plfdk sdr mlcsbfdr`fls mlkl uk` a`v`cm` cl

kdrm`fl f` mlcstrul m`f` vdz k`bs mlkpdtbtbvl. @s dctbf`fds p`rtbmbp`ctds cdstd prledtl

sl `s dkprds`s Klt`-Dcgba, Dcgdcj`rb` d Mlcstrul, @XPTBI@K d ` I`muaf`fd fd

Dcgdcj`rb` f` Tcbvdrsbf`fd fl _lrtl (K`rtbcs d Klctdbrl, 8?08).

@ kbssl f` HBKIruk _lrtugà i`mbabt`r d `mdadr`r ` `fll fl Hubafbcg Bcilrk`tblc

Klfdabcg c` bcfstrb` f` mlcstrul. _rdtdcfd sdr uk stbl f` bctdrcdt lcfd sde`k

`prdsdct`f`s d p`rtbaj`f`s dxpdrbcmb`s, puhabm`ds d bcilrk`ds slhrd mlcgrdsslsc`mblc`bs lu bctdrc`mblc`bs cl sdctbfl fd fdsdcvlavdr uk mlceuctl fd kdajlrds prtbm`s p`r`


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l prledtl d mlcstrul vbrtuà. Dst` bcbmb`tbv` prdtdcfd ilm`r-sd dk rd`s fd bkp`mtl mlkl l

flcl fd lhr`, dctbf`fds abmdcmb`flr`s, prledtbst`s, ucbvdrsbf`fds, dkprdbtdbrls d

suhdkprdbtdbrls (HBKIruk, 8?08).

@ _V_M tdk mlkl kbssl ` prlkll f` rdiadxl slhrd l sdtlr d bkpadkdct`l fdbcbmb`tbv`s d prledtls fd bcvdstbg`l, fdsdcvlavbkdctl d bclv`l, cl sdctbfl fd

mlctrbhurdk p`r` l bcmrdkdctl f` mlkpdtbtbvbf`fd, prlklvdcfl ` mllpdr`l dctrd

dkprds`s, dctbf`fds fl ]bstdk` Mbdctibml d Vdmclagbml C`mblcà, sslmb`ds, idfdr`ds,

mlcidfdr`ds, dctbf`fds phabm`s lu prbv`f`s, fl sdtlr f` mlcstrul d lhr`s phabm`s. _`r`

sd g`r`ctbr ` kdajlrb` f` mlkpdtbtbvbf`fd fl sdtlr f` mlcstrul c`mblcà cl mlctdxtl f`

bctdrc`mblcàbz`l, ` _V_M fdibcd mlkl prbcmbp`bs ls sdgubctds lhedtbvls5 `

mlkpdtbtbvbf`fd, vbgbacmb` tdmclagbm`, bclv`l rda`mblc`f` mlk s tdmclalgb`s, bclv`l

rda`mblc`f` mlk ktlfls fd gdstl d bclv`l rda`mblc`f` mlk `s tdmclalgb`s fd

bcilrk`l (_V_M, 8?08).

8.4Bctdrlpdr`hbabf`fd

_`r` qud sd mlcsbg` lhtdr fd ilrk` dibmbdctd tlf`s `s iucmblcàbf`fds fl HBK, `

bctdrlpdr`hbabf`fd iucf`kdctà. @ bctdrlpdr`hbabf`fd mlrrdsplcfd m`p`mbf`fd fd trlm`r,

gdrbr d mlkucbm`r dctrd fbidrdctds `pabm`ds. Dk mlctdxtl HBK, dss` m`p`mbf`fd g`cj`

k`blr rdadvcmb` fdvbfl mla`hlr`l dctrd tlfls ls bctdrvdcbdctds cl prledtl. _lr dst`

r`zl ` bctdrlpdr`hbabf`fd t`khk vbst` mlkl uk kdbl qud pdrkbtd ` bctdgr`l c`

dxdmul fl prledtl plbs `fkbcbstr` rda`ds mla`hlr`tbv`s dctrd ls kdkhrls fls vrbls

flkcbls f` mlcstrul (]l`rds, 8?0=).

L mbmal fd vbf` fd uk dfbimbl mlkplstl plr uk` sdqucmb` fd i`sds (vdr Ibgur` 7), qud

cl sl bcfdpdcfdctds uk`s f`s lutr`s cdk tk abg`ds rgbf`s. Dk m`f` uk` fdss`s i`sds

sl mrb`f`s d utbabz`f`s bcilrk`ds qud sdrl plstdrblrkdctd utbabz`f`s d cdmdssrb`s dk

tlfl l mbmal fd vbf` fl dfbimbl, plr fbidrdctds bctdrvdcbdctds. (K`rtbcs, 8?00). p`rtbf` dst`

mlkucbm`l s sd mlcsdgubr didtu`r fd ilrk` dibm`z sd tlfls ls bctdrvdcbdctds us`rdk ls

kdsklsslitw`rds. Mlkl sdrb` dxpdmtvda, m`f` bctdrvdcbdctd us` lslitw`rdqud kdajlr sd

dcqu`fr` mlk ls sdus lhedtbvls prlibssblc`bs. Bstl bkpabm` qud, p`r` j`vdr uk` mlrrdt`

pdrkut` fd bcilrk`ds, dxbst`k g`r`ctb`s fd bctdrlpdr`hbabf`fd dctrdslitw`rds, p`r` qud

ls sbstdk`s plss`k tr`hàj`r dk mlceuctl d tlfls ls bctdrvdcbdctds iàdk cuk` kdsk`

abcgu`gdk, tr`csplcfl `s h`rrdbr`s qud sd lpdk mlkucbm`l (@B@, 8??2).

Fdstd klfl, sdgucfl J`kba (8?08) dxbstdk trs cvdbs fd bctdrlpdr`hbabf`fd5


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Bctdrlpdr`hbabf`fd dctrd slitw`rdsfl kdskl ilrcdmdflr

Dstd cvda fd bctdrlpdr`hbabf`fd l k`bs sbkpads d lmlrrd qu`cfl lslitw`rd utbabz`fl pdals

vrbls bctdrvdcbdctds fd prledtl prlvdcbdctd fl kdskl ilrcdmdflr. Dstd tbpl fd

bctdrlpdr`hbabf`fd `prdsdct` cl s gr`cfds hdcdimbls dk tdrkls fd pa`cd`kdctl d

mllrfdc`l fls tr`hàjls, mlkl t`khk c` fdtdl, dk tdkpl tba, fd mlciabtls dctrd `

dstrutur` d s dspdmbàbf`fds.

Bctdrlpdr`hbabf`fd dctrd slitw`rdsfd fbidrdctds ilrcdmdflrds

Dstd cvda fd bctdrlpdr`hbabf`fd kubtl bkplrt`ctd, plrqud l alcgl fl prlmdssl fd prledtl

d mlcstrul fd uk dfbimbl, sl kubt`s `s fbsmbpabc`s dcvlavbf`s, m`f` uk` mlk l sdu tbpl

fdslitw`rd. Dst` mlkucbm`l kubtl bkplrt`ctd, plbs plfd i`mbakdctd rdfuzbr l ckdrl

fd drrls d i`mbabt`r ` mllrfdc`l f` bcilrk`l cuk prledtl. Bctdrlpdr`hbabf`fd `tr`vs fd clrk`s `hdrt`s fd f`fls (lpdc f`t` st`cf`rfs).

@ iucl fls lpdc f`t` st`cf`rfs fdibcbr lcfd ` bcilrk`l fdvd dst`r p`r` sdr dxbhbf`

lu tr`csidrbf` dctrd fbidrdctds slitw`rds. @ su` utbabf`fd sdr pdrkbtbr qud bcilrk`l fd

fbidrdctds ilctds d fbidrdctds slitw`rds tr`hàjdk dk mlceuctl p`r` kdajlr`r l iauxl fd

tr`hàjl c` mlcstrul.

Ibgur` 7Mbmal fd vbf` fd uk prledtl (Madkdctd, 8?08).

Cl m`sl f` kdtlflalgb` HBK bctdrlpdr`hbabf`fd fdibcd-sd mlkl m`p`mbf`fd fd fbidrdctds

sbstdk`s lu prlgr`k`s bcilrktbmls trlm`rdk bcilrk`l dctrd sb, d fd ` rdutbabz`r p`r`

fbidrdctds lhedtbvls. Mlk l mlcst`ctd fdsdcvlavbkdctl fl mlcmdbtl, d mlk uk` qu`ctbf`fdfd bcilrk`l m`f` vdz k`blr, ls prlhadk`s f` bctdrlpdr`hbabf`fd ilr`k-sd bctdcsbibm`cfl.


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Jugl Xì`da K`tls _bc` 8=

Ilb `ssbk cdmdssrbl mrb`r uk` pa`tìlrk` fd p`rtbaj` qud pdrkbtbssd ` mlkucbm`l dctrd

ls fbidrdctdsslitw`rds. F`s fbidrdctds jbptdsds plssvdbs, ` qud mdctr` k`blrds dsilrls d

qud tdk sbfl fdsdcvlavbf`, l klfdal BIM (Dstdvds, 8?08).

@s r`zds qud ilkdct`k dst` prlhadktbm` dstl rda`mblc`f s mlk ` fbibmuaf`fd `sslmb`f` tr`csidrcmb` fd f`fls dctrd prlgr`k`s, qudr pda` v`st` qu`ctbf`fd d v`rbdf`fd fd

bcilrk`l qud uk cbml prledtl plfd mlctdr, qudr pda` uscmb` fd abcgu`gdk mlkuk, qud

sd fdvd dk p`rtd `l bctdrdssd qud `s dkprds`s fbstrbhubflr`s fd slitw`rdtk, dk lmuat`r

fdtdrkbc`f` mlfbibm`l prprb` d prbv`f`, fd klfl qud dss` bcilrk`l cl sde` `mdssvda

` dkprds`s f` mlcmlrrcmb` (_bcjl, 8?0=).

8.4.0B cfustry I lucf`tblc Ma`ssds

@Bcfustry Ilucf`tblc Ma`ssds (BIM) uk` dstrutur` fd h`sd fd f`fls fdsdcvlavbf` pda`Bctdrc`tblcà @aab`cmd ilr Bctdrlpdr`hbabty(B@B), mue` prdlmup`l p`ss` pda` fdibcbl d

fbsplcbhbabz`l fd uk` clv` vdrsl fl klfdal BIM tlfls ls `cls, dcmlrè`cfl l

fdsdcvlavbkdctl rpbfl d mlctcul fl ilrk`tl (B@B, 8?06). L ilrk`tl fd ibmjdbrls

bcfdpdcfdctds uk ilrk`tl qud `tu` fd ilrk` cdutr`, pdrkbtbcfl m`ptur`r cl s `

gdlkdtrb` k`s t`khk tlf`s s lutr`s prlprbdf`fds sslmb`f`s ls lhedtls d t`khk s su`s

rda`ds fdctrl fd uk klfdal HBK, p`r` pdrkbtbr d i`mbabt`r l prlmdssl fd trlm` fd

bcilrk`ds qud fd lutrl klfl cl sdrb` plssvda rdàbz`r (Vjdbc, 8?00).L klfdal lu dsqudk` BIM uk klfdal fd f`flsst`cf`rfqud suplrt` ` trlm` d gdstl fd

f`fls fur`ctd l mbmal fd vbf` fl prlmdssl mlcstrutbvl. L BIM ilb prledt`fl p`r` `hr`cgdr

tlf`s `s fbsmbpabc`s, bcmaubr d mlkp`rtbaj`r tlf` ` bcilrk`l fl dfbimbl d slhrd tlfl l sdu

mbmal fd vbf`, fdsfd ` vb`hbabf`fd d pa`cd`kdctl, `tr`vs fl prledtl, mlcstrul, gdstl fl

dfbimbl d rd`hbabt`l lu fdklabl (]l`rds, 8?0=).

Fdstd klfl, tlrc`-sd bkplrt`ctd pdrmdhdr ` lrg`cbz`l fls ibmjdbrls BIM. @ lrg`cbz`l

fl BIM suplrt`f` plr uk` h`sd fd fdibcbds DZ_XD]] qud sl gdcrbm`s p`r` tlfls lstbpls fd prlfutls d fdibcdk uk` h`sd fd mlcstrul rdutbabzvda mlkl plr dxdkpal

gdlkdtrb`, k`tdrb`bs, prlprbdf`fds, tlplalgb`s, kdfbds, bctdrvdcbdctds, mdcrbls d

`prdsdct`ds, qud plr su` vdz sl mlkplstls p`r` fdibcbr lhedtls qud sl us`fls

irdqudctdkdctd c` bcfstrb` @DM (D`stk`c dt à., 8??:).

@ mlcstbtubl fd uk f`fl dsqudk` BIM idbt` plr m`k`f`s d sdgud uk` dstrutur` qud dst

bfdctbibm`f` c` Ibgur` :. @s m`k`f`s fd Xdmursls (Xdslurmds) d fl Cmadl (Mlrd) fbspdk

fd dctbf`fds qud plssbhbabt`k ` fdibcbl fd klfdals dspdmbibm`fls c`s m`k`f`s fdDadkdctls _`rtbaj`fls (]j`rdf Dadkdcts) d Flkcbls (Flk`bcs) (B@B, 8?06).


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Tk fls dctr`vds `fll fl HBK `bcf` ` abkbt`f` m`p`mbf`fd fd bctdrlpdr`hbabf`fd

pdrkbtbf` pdal ilrk`tl BIM. Fd i`mtl, dk àgucs m`sls dxbstd uk` mlcsbfdrvda pdrf` fd

bcilrk`l c` dxplrt`l fuk klfdal HBK p`r` l ilrk`tl BIM, abkbt`cfl ` m`p`mbf`fd fd

mlkucbm`l dctrd klfdals HBK fd `pabm`ds bcilrktbm`s fd fbidrdctds dkprds`s. Bstl

mlcstbtub uk dctr`vd plbs, uk prledtl p`ss`r mdrt`kdctd plr vrb`s dspdmbàbf`fds, adv`cfl-

l mlk bssl plfdr p`ss`r plr fbidrdctds g`hbcdtds fd prledtl, pdal qud, lmlrrd plssbhbabf`fd

fd dstds us`rdk `pabm`ds bcilrktbm`s fd fbidrdctds dkprds`s, prlvlm`cfl uk`

mlcsdqudctd bcdibmmb` c` rda`l fd bctdrlpdr`hbabf`fd qud ìdt`r l tdkpl, l mustl d `

quàbf`fd fl prledtl ibcà lhtbfl. @aguk`s dctbf`fds bctdrc`mblc`bs fd mlcstrul dstbk`k

qud uk` k bctdrlpdr`hbabf`fd ùkdct` dk mdrm` fd 04-=? % l mustl fl prledtl (Vjd Hbk

Juh, 8?04).

Ibgur` :@rqubtdtur` fl klfdal BIM (B@B, 8?06).


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8.9Cvdbs fd fdsdcvlavbkdctl fl klfdal fd bcilrk`l

C` utbabz`l f` kdtlflalgb` HBK ` bcilrk`l tdk uk vàlr kubtl bkplrt`ctd d, tà mlkl

l klfdal, v`b pdrmlrrdr fbvdrsls cvdbs fd k`tur`l dk qud vl sdcfl bcmlrplr`fls m`f`

vdz k`bs fdtàjds. @ Ibgur` 2 prdtdcfd baustr`r l cvda fd k`tur`l qud sd `fqubrd kdfbf`qud ` mlcmdl v`b dvlaubcfl, sdcfl bcmlrplr`fl m`f` vdz k`bs fdtàjd.

Ibgur` 2Dvlaul fl cvda fd k`tur`l fd uk dadkdctl (ALF ]pdmbibm`tblc, 8?0=).

Cl sdctbfl fd dstrutur`r l prlmdssl fd klfda`l, ilb `flt`fl l prbcmpbl prlplstl pda`

@kdrbm`c Bcstbtutd li @rmjbtdmts (@B@) qud puhabmlu l flmukdctl @B@ Flmukdct D8?8

(@B@, 8??:) lcfd dst`hdadmd uk prltlmlal p`r` ls cvdbs fd fdsdcvlavbkdctl dspdr`fls, ls

usls ùtlrbz`fls fd uk klfdal HBK dk m`f` cvda fd fdsdcvlavbkdctl d `trbhub `

rdsplcs`hbabf`fd pdal fdsdcvlavbkdctl fd m`f` dadkdctl fl klfdal ` uk cvda fd

fdsdcvlavbkdctl fdibcbfl dk m`f` i`sd fd prledtl (]bav`, 8?0=).

L mlcmdbtl fdAdvda li Fdvdalpkdct, lu cvda fd fdsdcvlavbkdctl, plfd sdr dctdcfbfl mlkl

Advda li FdvdalpkdctdAdvda li Fdt`ba, dctrd ls qu`bs dxbstdk àguk`s fbidrdc`s.Advda li

Fdt`ba ` qu`ctbibm`l fl fdtàjd qud sd mlcsdgud cl dadkdctl fl klfdal. Advda li

Fdvdalpkdct l grù mlk qud gdlkdtrb` d bcilrk`l fl dadkdctl ilb pdcs`fl, lu sde`,

l grù qud ls prledtbst`s plfdk lhtdr `l utbabz`r l klfdal. Fdstd klfl, Advda li Fdt`ba

plfd sdr mlcsbfdr`fl mlkl uk` dctr`f` p`r` l dadkdctl, dcqu`ctlAdvda li Fdvdalpkdct

plfd sdr utbabz`fl mlkl uk` s`f` ibvda (bcputd lutput) (ALF ]pdmbibm`tblc, 8?0=). _`r`

dctdcfdr kdajlr dstd mlcmdbtl, hdk mlkl ls fbidrdctds cvdbs fd fdsdcvlavbkdctl, dxpabm`-

sd c` V`hda` = l cvda fd bcilrk`l qud m`f` ALF fdvd `prdsdct`r.


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V`hda` =Cvdbs fd fdsdcvlavbkdctl (]bav`, 8?0=).

ALF 0??5 Dstufl f` vlaukdtrb` dsp`mbàfl prledtl dk gdrà p`r` fdtdrkbc`r `rd`, àtur`, vlaukd, almàbz`l d

lrbdct`l. Dstd cvda fd fdtàjd utbabz`fl p`r` dstufls fd vb`hbabf`fd ddstbk`tbv`s fd mustl grlssdbr`s.

ALF 8??5 Fdibcbl f` gdlkdtrb``prlxbk`f`, cl plfdcfl sdr `fbmblc`f`bcilrk`l gribm` `ls dadkdctls flklfdal. Cdstd cvda plfdk sdr rdàbz`f`s

vrb`s `cabsds cl sdctbfl fd fdtdrkbc`rqu`bs `s slauds mlcstrutbv`s qud sdrlutbabz`f`s.

ALF =??5 Ilrcdmd k`bs bcilrk`dsslhrd qu`ctbf`fds, t`k`cjl, ilrk`,almàbz`l d lrbdct`l. Cdstd cvda, `gdlkdtrb` dst fdibcbf` mlk prdmbsl.

plssvda `fbmblc`r bcilrk`l cl

gdlktrbm` qud plfd sdr us`f` p`r` mrb`rklfdals càtbmls.

ALF 6??5 ]dkdaj`ctd `l cvda `ctdrblr,mlk ` prdmbsl fls dadkdctls. _lrk,cdstd cvda, ls dadkdctls fdvdk mlctdr lutdrdk fbsplcvda fdtàjds d plrkdclrdsrda`mblc`fls mlk l sdu prledtl,klct`gdk d i`hrbml, p`r` àk fd lutr`s

bcilrk`ds qud pdrkbt`k `cabsdsprdmbs`s.

ALF 4??5 _lfd sdr mlcsbfdr`fl uk`rdprdsdct`l fbgbtà `s-hubat f`mlcstrul. Vlfls ls dadkdctls dsbstdk`s sl klfda`fls fd `mlrfl mlk `mlcstrul d prdmbsls dk tlfls lsfdtàjds. Dstd cvda `fdqu`fl p`r`lpdr`ds fd utbabz`l d k`cutdcl.


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@ kdajlr k`cdbr` fd mlkprddcfdr l ALF qu`cfl sd `pabm` ` uk fdtdrkbc`fl dadkdctl,

mlkl sd dxdkpabibm` c` Ibgur` 0?, `pabm`cfl-sd ` uk` m`fdbr`.

Ibgur` 0?ALF `pabm`fl ` uk dadkdctl (Km_jdd, 8?0=).

@ Ibgur` 0? plfd mrb`r àguk` mlciusl, fdvbfl fbkbcubl fl fdtàjd gribml qu`cfl sd

v`b ukdct`cfl l cvda fd fdsdcvlavbkdctl, dctrd l ALF 0?? d ALF =??. L qud sd prdtdcfd

mlcmaubr qud, kubt`s f`s vdzds, uk gr`cfd fdtàjd gribml fd uk dadkdctl, slhrdm`rrdg` l

t`k`cjl fls ibmjdbrls, l qud cl sbgcbibm` qud sd pdrm` `s fbkdcsds gdlktrbm`s

cdmdssrb`s f` dspdmbibm`l fdssd ALF, plbs dstd tbpl fd dvlaul pdrkbtd uk ùkdctl fd

bcilrk`l qud kubtl bkplrt`ctd l alcgl f`s fbidrdctds i`sds fd vbf` fd uk` dfbibm`l.

_`rtbcfl fl mlcmdbtl fd cvda fd fdsdcvlavbkdctl `prdsdct`fl pdal@B@ Flmukdct D8?8,

plssvda dst`hdadmdr uk p`ràdabskl dctrd ls cvdbs rdidrbfls d `s fbvdrs`s i`sds fd prledtl

fdibcbf`s c` _lrt`rb` 7?0-J/8??:, puhabm`f` dk Fbrbl f` Xdphabm` dk 82 fd Euajl.

]dgubcfl dss`s rdmlkdcf`ds, plssvda dstrutur`r ls vrbls cvdbs dk i`sds, `f`pt`cfl

`ssbk l mlcmdbtl rdàbf`fd plrtuguds`. Dst` fbvbsl cl plssub uk m`rmtdr lhrbg`trbl,

uk` vdz qud sd tr`t` fd uk` `hlrf`gdk plssvda, mlkpdtbcfl `l flcl fd lhr` `

plssbhbabf`fd fd dxbgbr cvdbs fd fdsdcvlavbkdctl fbidrdctds dk fbidrdctds i`sds d p`r`

mlkplcdctds fbstbctls (]bav`, 8?0=). @ssbk tdr-sd- sdgubctd mlrrdsplcfcmb`5


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8: Jugl Xì`da K`tls _bc

ALF 0??_rlgr`k` H`sd>

ALF 8??Dstufl _rvbl/ @ctdprledtl>

ALF =??_rledtl fd Dxdmul>

ALF 6??_rdp`r`l fd Lhr`, Mlcstrul d Klct`gdk> ALF 4??Klfdal Ybrtuà ps mlcstrul.

Fdstd klfl, cl prlmdssl fd klfda`l, d fdvbfl dclrkd qu`ctbf`fd fd plssbhbabf`fds c`

utbabz`l fl HBK, plfd tlrc`r-sd fbimba fdtdrkbc`r quà l cvda fd fdtàjd mlrrdtl trbhubr

` fdtdrkbc`f` t`rdi`. @ssbk, ` Ybml ]litw`rd fdsdcvlavdu l Klfda _rlgrdssblc

]pdmbibm`tblc (K_]), qud tdk mlkl lhedtbvl ùxbab`r `s dqubp`s fd tr`hàjl ` mjdg`r `

`mlrfl slhrd5 ls lhedtbvls fl prledtl> l cvda fd fdtàjd qud ls fbidrdctds dadkdctls fl HBK

cdmdssbt`rl c` mlcmausl fd m`f` i`sd> d qudk br fdsdcvlavdr dssds dadkdctls dspdmibmlsfl HBK, p`r` ls vrbls cvdbs fd fdtàjd (]l`rds, 8?0=).

8.7]litw`rds fd klfda`l

8.7.0Dcqu`fr`kdctl

Mlkl `hlrf`fl `ctdrblrkdctd, ` kdtlflalgb` HBK m`r`mtdrbz`f` plr rdmlrrdr `slitw`rds

fd klfda`lp`r` sbkua`r uk` fdtdrkbc`f` dfbibm`l lu bcstà`l. Fdstd klfl, cdst`

fbssdrt`l, sdrl `hlrf`fls flbs grupls fd sbstdk`s HBK. L prbkdbrl grupl fbz rdspdbtl ìdrr`kdct`s fd klfda`l, dcgalh`cfl `rqubtdtur`, dstrutur`s d rdfds d bcstà`ds

(Kdmj`cbmà, Dadmtrbmà `cf _aukhbcg (KD_)). L sdgucfl grupl fbz rdspdbtl `ls sbstdk`s

qud, ` p`rtbr fl klfdal HBK gdr`fl, sl m`p`zds fd rducbr ` bcilrk`l cdmdssrb` p`r`

plssbhbabt`r ` `cabsd d gdstl f` mlcstrul d f` k`cutdcl (vdr Ibgur` 00). Cl m`ptual =

sdr fdtàj`fl l sdgucfl grupl `ctdrblrkdctd rdidrbfl.

Ibgur` 00Grupls fd sbstdk`s HBK mlcsbfdr`fls (@ctucds, 8?0=).


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Cl kdrm`fl, dxbstd uk dadv`fl ckdrl fd sbstdk`s mlk dst` m`p`mbf`fd. C` V`hda` 6

sbctdtbz`k-sd àguk`s slauds f`s k`bs utbabz`f`s, cl s dk _lrtugà, mlkl cls lutrls

p`sds, sdcfl `prdsdct`f` uk` `cabsd k`bs fdtàj`f` fl slitw`rd utbabz`fl cl m`sl fd

dstufl fdstd tr`hàjl, l @utlfdsn Xdvbt 8?06.

V`hda` 6]litw`rds fd klfda`l fbsplcvdbs cl kdrm`fl (@ctucds, 8?0=).

I`hrbm`ctd _rlfutl

Xdvbt

C`vbswlrns

@rmjbm`f

KD_ Klfdadr

DmlFdsbgcdr@rmjbtdmturd

]trumturà Klfdadr

Hubafbcg Kdmj`cbmà ]ystdks

Hubafbcg Dadmtrbmà ]ystdks

I`mbabtbds

]trumturds

Liibmd

Mlcstrumtlr

Dstbk`tlr

Mlctrla

Mlst K`c`gdr

4F _rdsdctdr

8.7.8@utlfdsn Xdvbt 8?06

Lslitw`rdutbabz`fl `l alcgl fdstd tr`hàjl ilb l @utlfdsn Xdvbt 8?06. @ dsmlaj` f` su`

utbabz`l dst rda`mblc`f` mlk l i`mtl f` ucbvdrsbf`fd i`muat`r uk` abmdc` p`r` ls

dstuf`ctds d, `tr`vs f` rdvbsl hbhablgribm` `ctdrblr, mlcmaub-sd qud l Xdvbt l slitw`rd

qud dcgalh` `s m`r`mtdrstbm`s prbcmbp`bs p`r` ` mlcstrul fl klfdal d fls sdus

mlcstbtubctds.

@ctdrblrkdctd, dstd slitw`rd dr` dxmausbv`kdctd vlm`mblc`fl p`r` ` mlcmdl fd

`rqubtdtur`, k`s r`pbf`kdctd sd tlrclu l k`bs utbabz`fl c`s dkprds`s qud utbabz`k `

kdtlflalgb` HBK. Fdplbs fd `cls fd fdsdcvlavbkdctl, l p`mltd Xdvbt dvlaubu cl sdctbfl


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=? Jugl Xì`da K`tls _bc

fd ilrcdmdr fbvdrs`s idrr`kdct`s qud sd dstdcfdk `ls dcgdcjdbrls fd rdfds d bcstà`ds

(Xdvbt KD_) d `ls dcgdcjdbrls dstrutur`bs (Xdvbt ]trumturds). @ p`rtbr f` vdrsl 8?0=, `

@utlfdsn p`sslu ` fbsplcbhbabz`r uk` vdrsl fd Xdvbt qud mlctk dst`s trs vdrtdctds cuk

s prlgr`k` (@ctucds, 8?0=).

Dstdslitw`rd ilb pdcs`fl d fdsdcvlavbfl dk tlrcl fd uk kltlr fd klfda`l p`r`ktrbml

qud pdrkbtd mrb`r klfdals =F rbglrlsls d mlcsbstdctds, p`r` ak fd k`ctdr mllrfdc`f` tlf`

` bcilrk`l d flmukdct`l (vbst`s fl klfdal, ilaj`s fd fdsdcjl, mlrtds, t`hda`s d

abst`gdcs, pdrspdtbv`s, k`p`s fd qu`ctbf`fds, dtm.) rda`mblc`f` mlk dssds flmukdctls

(Kbmrlgribml, 8??7). @tr`vs fdst` su` m`p`mbf`fd, l Xdvbt pdrkbtd qud ls lhedtls

klfda`fls sde`k klfbibm`fls fd `mlrfl mlk ls vàlrds `trbhufls s su`s v`rbvdbs, qudr

c`s t`hda`s qudr fbrdt`kdctd cl klfdal, d dxpdrbkdct`r fbidrdctds jbptdsds fd slaul, dk

klfl bctdr`tbvl. _lr su` vdz, s gdlkdtrb`s sslmb`tbv`s pdrkbtdk dst`hdadmdr rda`ds dctrd

ls fbidrdctds mlkplcdctds fl kdskl lhedtl, `s qu`bs sd èust`k jbdr`rqubm`kdctd

mlcsl`ctd `s àtdr`ds didtu`f s ` mdrtls dadkdctls (Gba, 8?00).

L Xdvbt plssub bcf` uk fdtdtlr fd drrls d mlabsds dctrd dadkdctls fl prledtl d ` m`p`mbf`fd

fd dxtr`br d màmua`r qu`ctbf`fds fd k`tdrb`bs, rd`s d vlaukds fd dsp`ls, pdrkbtbcfl `

rdàbz`l fd cabsds fd fdsdkpdcjl dcdrgtbml d fd mustls (Kltznl, dt à., 8?00). _lr lutrl

a`fl, pdrkbtd ` p`rtbaj` fd tr`hàjl, pdrkbtbcfl ` vrbls utbabz`flrds tr`hàj`r

sbkuat`cd`kdctd cl kdskl klfdal fd dfbimbl (@utlfdsn, 8??2). C` V`hda` 4 bcfbm`k-sd

qu`bs ls ilrk`tls qud l prlgr`k` pdrkbtd bkplrt`r d dxplrt`r. Cl m`ptual 6 fdstd tr`hàjl

sdr fdtàj`fl l prlmdssl fd klfda`l fl m`sl fd dstufl d mlkl ilb rdàbz`fl.

V`hda` 4Ilrk`tls fd bkplrt`l d dxplrt`l fl Xdvbt (Nuk`r, 8??:).

Bkplrt` Dxplrt`

Ibmjdbrls rvt, ri`> Ibmjdbrls rvt d ri`>

Ibmjdbrls M@F, mlkl fwg d fxi> Ibmjdbrls M@F, mlkl fwg d fxi>

Ilrk`tl BIM. Ibmjdbrls MLHbd>

Ibmjdbrls fd bk`gdk, mlkl epg>

Ibmjdbrls ZKA>

Ibmjdbrls IHZ>

Ilrk`tl BIM.


53/144


Jugl Xì`da K`tls _bc` =0

Fd clt`r qud, l alcgl fl prlmdssl fd klfda`l, c`turà qud vrbls bctdrvdcbdctds tdcj`k

cdmdssbf`fd fd tr`hàj`r sbkuat`cd`kdctd cl prledtl. Fdstd klfl, surgd l tdrkl

wlrnsj`rbcg, qud mlcsbstd cuk ktlfl fd prledtl qud pdrkbtd ` vrbls kdkhrls f` dqubp`

tr`hàj`r cl kdskl klfdal dk sbkuatcdl. @ mla`hlr`l idbt` sdgucfl l usl fd uk

klfdal mdctrà, l `rqubvl rvt (dxtdcsl fl Xdvbt), mlcilrkd baustr`fl c` Ibgur` 08

(@utlfdsn, 8??2).

Ibgur` 08Wlrnsj`rbcg5 _`rtbaj` fd tr`hàjl cl Xdvbt (@utlfdsn, 8??2).

_lr clrk`, `ls kdkhrls f` dqubp` `trbhuf` uk` rd` iucmblcà dspdmibm` ` sdr

fdsdcvlavbf , lu plr fbsmbpabc`s, mlkl prledtls fd `rqubtdtur`, dstrutur`bs lu bcstà`ds fd

rdfds prdfb`bs. @ssbk, ls prledtls fl Xdvbt plfdk sdr suhfbvbfbfls dk wlrnsdt, qud

mlcstbtudk mlceuctls fd dadkdctls fl Xdvbt mrb`fls pdals usurbls lu lrg`cbz`fls plr

mrbtrbls mlkl i`kab`s lu vbst`s. bkplrt`ctd tdr dk mlct` qud l Xdvbt sd dcmlctr` fbvbfbfl

dk trs m`tdglrb`s5 @rmjbtdmturd, ]trumturd d KD_. Fdst` ilrk` c`turà qud, fd klfl qud

cl lmlrr`k mlciabtls cl prledtl, slkdctd uk utbabz`flr plfd dfbt`r m`f` wlrnsdt cl kdskl

klkdctl. Vlfls ls kdkhrls plfdk vbsuàbz`r ls wlrnsdts mrb`fls, k`s cl plfdk àtdr-

als. Cl prlmdssl fd wlrnsj`rbcg, ls utbabz`flrds fdvdk tr`hàj`r sdkprd cls `rqubvls

alm`bs, k`ctdcfl l `rqubvl mdctrà prltdgbfl. bkplrt`ctd gu`rf`r ls `rqubvls alm`bs d

sbcmrlcbz`r l rqubvl mdctrà pdrblfbm`kdctd. Cdstd prlmdssl iucf`kdctà lrg`cbz`l d

` mlkucbm`l dctrd ls kdkhrls f` dqubp` (@ctucds, 8?0=).


54/144


55/144

M`ptual =

I`mbabty K`c`gdkdct


56/144


=6 Jugl X`i`da K`tls _bc

M`ptual =I`mba bty K`c`gdkdct

=.0Mlcmdbtl

=.8Ibmjdbrls MLHbd

=.=]bstdk`s fd K`cutdcl

=.=.0K`cutdcl _rdvdctbv`

=.=.8K`cutdcl Bctdgr`f`

=.=.=Mlkputdrbzdf K`bctdc`cmd K`c`gdkdct ]ystdk

=.6]litw`rds `pabm`fls `lI`mbabty K`c`gdkdct

=.6.0Dcqu`fr`kdctl

=.6.8BHK K`xbkl@ssdt K`c`gdkdct


57/144

M`pbtual =I`mbabty K`c`gdkdct

Jugl Xì`da K`tls _bc` =4

= I`mbabty K`c`gdkdct

=.0Mlcmdbtl

@s `tu`bs fbibmuaf`fds dmlckbml-ibc`cmdbr`s adv`k ` qud `s lplrtucbf`fds fd cdgmbl

dstde`k m`f` vdz k`bs ilm`f`s c` mrb`l fd vàlr mlk l kcbkl fd mustls. @ cdmdssbf`fd

fd `vàb`r, bfdctbibm`r d mllrfdc`r tlrc`-sd m`f` vdz k`bs mrtbm` p`r` `tbcgbr `

sustdct`hbabf`fd. @ssbk, `flt`r uk` `hlrf`gdk dstr`tgbm` cl qud rdspdbt` `l IK dst `

mlkd`r ` tlrc`r-sd uk` `tbvbf`fd mj`vd d uk` clrk` p`r` sd `tbcgbr uk` lrg`cbz`l fd

dxmdacmb` plr p`rtd fls gdstlrds fd lpdr`ds d k`cutdcl (]àdj dt à., 8?00).

@l alcgl f` mlcstrul fd uk` bcstà`l, uk gr`cfd ckdrl fd flmukdctls gdr`fl p`r`

`mlkp`cj`r `s fbidrdctds i`sds. L rpbfl mrdsmbkdctl fl vlaukd fd bcilrk`l slhrd l

prledtl `l alcgl fdst`s i`sds tlrc` m`f` vdz k`bs fbimba fd dcmlctr`r, lrg`cbz`r, `mdfdr d

k`ctdr `s bcilrk`ds dxbgbf`s pdals utbabz`flrds fl prledtl. @ cdmdssbf`fd fdss`s

bcilrk`ds dvbfdctd, fdvbfl `ls bckdrls hdcdimbls qud plfd tr`zdr p`r` ls lmup`ctds

d utbabz`flrds fl dfbimbl, hdk mlkl p`r` ls lpdr`flrds/gdstlrds f` bcstà`l (A`vy d

E`wdfdn`r, 8?06). Dstd prlmdssl tdk aug`r c` i`sd dx`t`kdctd ctds fl dfbimbl sdr lmup`fl,

lcfd sd `mrdfbt` sdr l kdajlr pdrlfl p`r` `fqubrbr bcilrk`ds f` bcstà`l.

Mlkl rdidrbfl ctdrblrkdctd, ls prledtls fd mlcstrul sl m`f` vdz k`bs mlkpadxls, sdcfl

cdmdssrbl uk àtl cvda fd bcilrk`l d fdtàjd p`r` ` su` gdstl. Dst` bcilrk`l vbtàd bkplrt`ctd qud sd dcmlctrd fbsplcvda fd ilrk` pdrmdtvda. Ls gr`cfds fdsìbls fl IK

sl rdvda`fls qu`cfl ls fdsìbls fd bctdrmkhbl fd bcilrk`ds fur`ctd ` i`sd fd

mlcmdl/mlcstrul sl kuatbpabm`fls dk tlfl l mbmal fd vbf` fd uk` bcstà`l (A`vy d

E`wdfdn`r, 8?06).

@l mlctrrbl fl usuàkdctd pdcs`fl dk _lrtugà d c` k`blrb` fls lutrls p`sds, cl

`pdc`s cl tl fd qubsbl fd uk dfbimbl qud sd didtu` uk dadv`fl bcvdstbkdctl ibc`cmdbrl,

plbs, fur`ctd ` vbf` tba fd quàqudr dfbibm`l lu bcstà`l, vl lmlrrdr mustls fbidrbfls(fd utbabz`l, k`cutdcl, dxpalr`l, ibc`cmdbrls d ibsm`bs) qud tk fd sdr àvl fd uk`

rbglrls` gdstl dmlckbm`. F`fls rdidrdctds `ls mustls galh`bs fd uk` dfbibm`l bcfbm`k

qud mdrm` fd :?% fdssds mustls `sslmb`fls ` uk dfbimbl sl bkput`fls utbabz`l d

k`cutdcl, l qud sbgcbibm` qud `pdc`s uk` pdqudc` p`rmda`, mdrm` fd 8?%, bcdrdctd

i`sd bcbmbà fd mlcmdl d mlcstrul (vdr Ibgur` 0=) (@avds, 8??:).

_`r` sd fbkbcubr ls mustls galh`bs fd uk dfbimbl, iucf`kdctà qud, cl s l prledtbst`

dcmlctrd slauds mlk h`bxls mustls bcbmb`bs d fbidrbfls, sdcfl cdmdssrb` uk` mlrrdt`


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=9 Jugl Xì`da K`tls _bc

`vàb`l f`s slauds plr p`rtd fl kdskl, k`s t`khk qud l gdstlr fl dfbimbl mlcsbg`

kbcbkbz`r d gdrbr ls mustls fbidrbfls fl dfbimbl, mlctrla`cfl t`khk ls bcvdstbkdctls d

fdmbsds `flt`f`s fd klfl ` lhtdr slauds dibm`zds, furvdbs d qud cdmdssbtdk fl kdclr

ckdrl fd bctdrvdcds plssvdbs (@avds, 8??:).

Ibgur` 0=Mustls galh`bs fd uk` dfbibm`l (@f`pt`fl fd @avds, 8??:).

@tuàkdctd ` utbabz`l fl HBK cl IK adv` ` qud ls gdstlrds f`s dfbibm`ds d bcstà`ds

tdcj`k su` fbsplsbl uk` idrr`kdct` qud ajd pdrkbtd gdrbr mlk dibmmb` tlf`s `s `ds

fd k`cutdcl d rdp`r`l, hdk mlkl ls rdspdtbvls mustls. Fd `mlrfl mlk l G]@ Gubfd

(8?08), p`r` ` bkpadkdct`l fl HBK cl IK, cdmdssrbl5

Fdibcbr `s bcilrk`ds cdmdssrb`s d l klfl mlkl sl utbabz`f`s>

Fdtdrkbc`r dk qud i`sd fl mbmal fd vbf` f` bcstà`l sd dst ` bcbmb`r `

bkpadkdct`l>

Fdtdrkbc`r dk qud i`sd fl mbmal fd vbf` f` bcstà`l ` bcilrk`l mrb`f` d plr

qudk>

@vàb`r quà ` `hlrf`gdk fd dctrdg` fd prledtl (tr`fbmblcà, ` plctd dctrd prledt`r d

mlctrubr, lu lutr` àtdrc`tbv` p`r` ` su` dctrdg`) plfdr ìdt`r ` rdsplcs`hbabf`fd

mlctr`tuà p`r` ` dctrdg` fd bcilrk`ds>

Fdsdcvlavbkdctl fd mausua`s mlctr`tu`bs `fdqu`f`s p`r` dxbgbr `s prdst`ds fd

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