6
"89:83;<=8:>:; ; ;?@8ABC9 :; ;=DEF8;= F(#),#-* =$G)*

Biodiversidade e extinção de espécies

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

Material da Casa das Ciências disponível para download em: http://www.casadasciencias.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=37086445&Itemid=23

Citation preview

Page 1: Biodiversidade e extinção de espécies

!!!!!!!!!!!

!

!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!"#$%#&'()#%*%'!'!'+,#-./$!%'!')012#')!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!3$45!6!7!!"#$%"&'()*+(((((((((((((((((,+-&./0(1*%&0(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!2

"89:83;<=8:>:;!;!;?@8ABC9!:;!;=DEF8;=

!!F(#),#-*!=$G)*

Page 2: Biodiversidade e extinção de espécies

"#$%#&'()#%*%'!'!;+,#-./$!%'!;)012#')H!

I'JKG'),!L&$45!6M

!"#$%#&'(&)*$+",'*

-----------------------------

./*01)'$2*$3*!*4

5((!46677783&1)3&*!(8)1(6!(6&)2198!5!:"!(&");3"/-3")(1)(<(*'=;>&17<&2;?@@AB@<.(1/&2;CBA

5((!466!(87&=&!12&*8"#067&=&6D&)31E&FG#&3"

5((!466FH"02"I"*"0"H1*2"#8FH"0'!"(83"/6J@?@6@K6H"F"E&F1#&3"85(/H

5((!4667778!*)"#*/&"83"/6!5"("6JACA??L

!!!!!!!!!!!!!"#$%#&'()#%*%'!'!'+,#-./$!%'!')012#')!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!3$45!6!7!!"#$%"&'()*+(((((((((((((((((,+-&./0(1*%&0(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!3

N#2O*!,12-#2*H

M&"2&>1#'&2*21$1$19(&)NO"$21$1'!G3&1'$E$C$>"H,/1'

6P!'%#./$!E$P1Q6J@??

;%#,$(H$R12&NO"$2"$*,("#S>G,$(H$%#&'(&)*$+",'*

8="AH$LKAELALELKBAJE@EA

Page 3: Biodiversidade e extinção de espécies

"89:83;<=8:>:;!;!;?@8ABC9!:;!;=DEF8;=!

A$,*)!#-,($%G,Q(#*)!)$J('!'-KG*%(*R'-,$!'!$(#'-,*./$!2G((#2G4*(')

T"$3")(19("$2*$U)&2*21$!#"0#*/V(&3*$WP&>1#'&2*21$)*$M&"'X1#*Y$R?@Z$*)"$)*$2&'3&!H&)*$

21$M&"H"0&*S[$1$2*2*$*$ $*3(,*H&2*21$2"$$(1/*[$$!1)'",E'1$ $)*$ $#1*H&Q*NO"$$21$ $,/$(#*F*H5"$

21$!1'\,&'*$"#&1)(*2*$$!1H"R*S$$2"31)(1$$1/$$(#*F*H5"$$21$0#,!"$$3"H*F"#*(&>"$$$\,1#$$1/$$

'*H*$ $$21$$*,H*[$$$\,1#$$$)O"$$$$',!1#>&'&")*2"'$R3"/"$]^%S$1/$$0#,!"[$!*#*$&)(#"2,NO"$*"$

(1/*8$_$3")31&("$ 21$ M&"2&>1#'&2*21$ '1#V$ &)&3&*H/1)(1$ *!#11)2&2"$ *,(")"/*/1)(1$ 1$

21!"&'$3"/$3")',H(*$)"$`*),*H$*2"!(*2"$!*#*$*'$2&X1#1)(1'$21a&)&Nb1'8

_$(#*F*H5"$21$!1'\,&'*$',F2&>&21E'1$)*'$'10,&)(1'$!*#(1'4$

E$$^*#(1$.4$J@??$*$J@J@$;$PG3*2*$2*$M&"2&>1#'&2*21!R#1*H&Q*2"$1/$'*H*$21$*,H*S[$1$

E$ ^*#(1$ ..4$ c'!G3&1'$ 1/$c9(&)NO"$ R!#"!"'("$1/$*,H*$ 21$ L@/&)$ 1$ #1*H&Q*2"$1/$'*H*$21$

*,H*$1$3"/"$]^%S8$

T"$d/F&("$2"$1)'&)"$31)(#*2"$)"$*H,)"[$1'(1$(#*F*H5"$21$0#,!"$X"&$!1)'*2"$)"$'1)(&2"$

21$21'1)>"H>1#$$3"/!1(e)3&*'$1$*(&(,21'[$21'21$)"/1*2*/1)(1$214$

$$$E$&)(1#*NO"$!"'&(&>*$1$(#*F*H5"$21$1\,&!*$1)(#1$1H1/1)("'$2*$(,#/*[$

$ $E$!1'\,&'*$1$ $*)VH&'1$ $3#f(&3*$2*$ $&)X"#/*NO"$3"/$$#13,#'"$*$ $)">*'$(13)"H"0&*'$ $2*$$

&)X"#/*NO"8$

g$!*#(1$..$G$,/$(#*F*H5"$21$!1'\,&'*$$"#&1)(*2"$!*#*$2&X1#1)(1'$!*#d/1(#"'$19!H"#*2"'$

)*$ *,H*$ 1$ 21$ 3*#*3(1#&Q*NO"$21$J$1'!G3&1'$ 3"/$2&X1#1)(1'$)f>1&'$21$ >,H)1#*F&H&2*21$ h$$

19(&)NO"$RX"#)13&2*$3"/"$191/!H"$*$1'!G3&1$ (#1>"$21$i$X"H5*'S8$ $g$H&'(*$21$1'!G3&1'$X"&$

X1&(*$21$/"2"$*$'1#$ #1!#1'1)(*(&>*$2*$/*&"#&*$ 2"'$j1&)"'$1$3H*''1'$1$'O"$*(#&F,f2*'$J$

1'!G3&1'$!*#*$'1#1/$1'(,2*2*'$3*2*$,/$2"'$0#,!"'$21$ $J$*$C$1H1/1)("'8$_$(#*F*H5"$21$

!1'\,&'*$ 3")'&'(1$ )*$ 3*#*3(1#&Q*NO"$21$ 2&X1#1)(1'$ 1'!G3&1'$1/$2&X1#1)(1'$1'(*2"'$21$$

3")'1#>*NO"$1$!1#(1)31)(1'$*$2&X1#1)(1'$ $j1&)"'$ $1$ $k&H"'8$_$X"#/*("$2"$ $ $(#*F*H5"$X"&$

(*/FG/$21a&)&2"$1$21>1#V$'1#$X"#)13&2"$1/$X"#/*("$2&0&(*H$*"'$*H,)"'$R',01#1E'1$X"#E

/*("$l"#2[$>&*$1E/*&HS8

c/$(1#/"'$21$*>*H&*NO"4$.8?$1$.8J$1)(#10,1$*$2"31)(1$!*#*$3"##1NO"[$$1$21!"&'$$2&'3,(&2*'$

1/$$'*H*$ $21$ $*,H*[$$ $..$ $$1/$$X"#/*("$ $ $$21a&)&2"$$1$ $*!#1'1)(*2"$$21!"&'$$ $"#*H/1)(1$*"'$

3"H10*'8

;7R*#4!0*(*!%S&#%*)!'T$G!)GU'),V')H!>0('-%'(52$R5"#$%#&'()#%*%'WUR*#452$R

!!!!!!!!!!!!!"#$%#&'()#%*%'!'!'+,#-./$!%'!')012#')!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!3$45!6!7!!"#$%"&'()*+(((((((((((((((((,+-&./0(1*%&0(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!4

Page 4: Biodiversidade e extinção de espécies

8A@<9:XBC9!

g$ $UTc+%_$ $R_#0*)&Q*NO"$2*'$T*Nb1'$U)&2*'$!*#*$*$ c2,3*NO"[$*$ %&e)3&*$1$ *$%,H(,#*S$$

21(1#/&)",$ $\,1$*$ $2G3*2*$21$J@??$*$J@J@$'1#&*$ $!*#*$,/*$("/*2*$21$*(1)NO"$'"F#1$$

M&"2&>1#'&2*21$E$3,I"$H"0"(&!"$1$X#*'1$*''"3&*2*$'O"$*F*&9"$&)2&3*2*'8

@><;N>=

@*('Y*!8!7!Z[66!*!Z[Z[!\!:12*%*!%*!"#$%#&'()#%*%'

8565$ g)*H&'1$ 1$2&'3,(*$1/$0#,!"$*$ 1'3"H5*$ 1$'&0)&a&3*2"$2"$H"0"(&!"$1$ 2*$ X#*'16'H"0*)8$

cH*F"#1$1/$0#,!"$,/$#1',/"$R'1/$3")',H(*S8$

85Z5$g)*H&'1$1$2&'3,(*$ $1/$0#,!"$*$1'3"H5*$1$'&0)&a&3*2"$ $2"$H"0"(&!"$1$2*$ $X#*'16'H"0*)$$$

3"/$$3")',H(*$ $1$ $ $2&'(&)0,&)2"$$ $"'$$ $2&X1#1)(1'$(&!"'$ $21$2&>1#'&2*218$$ $cH*F"#1$#1',/"$

1/$0#,!"$3"/$3")',H(*$2*'$'10,&)(1'$X")(1'4

771F'&(1$2*$$3")>1)NO"$R5((!46677783F28&)(6J@??EJ@J@6S

E$`*),*H$2*$2&'3&!H&)*8

@*('Y*!88!7!;)012#')!'R!;+,#-./$!

cH*F"#1$,/$(#*F*H5"$21$!1'\,&'*$1/$0#,!"$21$J$*$C$1H1/1)("'$'"F#1$J$2*'$1'!G3&1'$2*$

H&'(*$1/$*)19"$1$*!#1'1)(1$)"$X"#/*("$!#1(1)2&2"$R>1#$191/!H"$!*#*$]#1>"E21E\,*(#"$

X"H5*'S$3"/$,/$/V9&/"$21$J$!V0&)*'8$

>3>]8>BC9

g'$(*#1X*'$#1X1#&2*'[$ $ *!m'$',*$ 3")3#1(&Q*NO"[$ $ 3")'(&(,1/$"'$1H1/1)("'$21$ *>*H&*NO"$$

'10,&)(1'4$

E$#1',/"'$2*'$(*#1X*'$.8?$1$.8J$1)(#10,1'$h$2"31)(1[$

E !*#(&3&!*NO"$"#*H$)*$2&'3,''O"$)*$*,H*$#1H*(&>*/1)(1$*"'$(1/*'$#1'!13(&>"'$21$.8?$1$.8J[

E (#*F*H5"$21$0#,!"$2*$(*#1X*$..$)"$X"#/*("$*21\,*2"[

E *!#1'1)(*NO"$"#*H$R3"/$a&351&#"$!"71#!"&)($",$'1/1H5*)(1S$2"'$(1/*'$*(#&F,f2"'$)*$

(*#1X*$..8$

!!!!!!!!!!!!!"#$%#&'()#%*%'!'!'+,#-./$!%'!')012#')!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!3$45!6!7!!"#$%"&'()*+(((((((((((((((((,+-&./0(1*%&0(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!5

Page 5: Biodiversidade e extinção de espécies

]#),*! %'! ')012#')! 'R! %#Y'('-,')! '),*%$)! %'! 2$-)'(&*./$!

0'(,'-2'-,')!*!%#Y'('-,')!<'#-$)!'!N#4$)!R)"/1$3&1)(fa&3"$1/$

H*(&/$1$1)(#1$!*#e)(1'&'$*!*#131$"$)"/1$3"/,/$2*'$1'!G3&1'S4

R*S$!"#$%#"&#'#()$*+&,-.&#$R!&)51&#"$2"$^*#*)VS$

/01 !)#.2%3(&*'%#..&4"2#*'R#OE21E"H5"'$>1#/1H5"'S

/%1 !.-5'6&.&7&5(*&*$R!H*)(*$2"$0G)1#"$gH"1S$

R2S$8--9*'0--9*$RF"0*$!"#(,0,1'*S$

R1S$:-"#..&$;'"$0"$;'R3"#*H$>1#/1H5"$",$!#13&"'"S

RXS$:#(%5"'#(+3-(2&$R3*#*)0,1I"E*/*#1H"S$

R0S$:3&-).-**#'.$*&+#(&%#$R$'*H*/*)2#*$H,'&(d)&3*S$

R5S$:#"%3#"-4-('%#"%3#"&#*$R(,F*#O"EF#*)3"S$

R&S$c,35H"1$(*0&'$RF"#F"H1(*EF#*)3*E'*H!&3*2*S$

RIS$<2;(-)29*'%#.&,-"(&#($*$R3")2"#E2*E%*H&Xm#)&*S

R=S$=.5>'#?$&,-.&$;$R*Q1>&)5"S$

RHS$@#")#"2#';-(-4&$R,/$/"H,'3"S

R/S$A&*#*+5"'0"5B&*9&($*$R1'(#1H*$2"$/*#$#m'1*S$

R)S$A3-5(&%-9+5"$*'"-*5$*$RaH*/&)0"E#"'*S$$

R"S$A*5$4-;$)&.'%-((&5#5'R!"!")21(*E"H5"E*Q,HS$

R"SA$2#'"#&;-(4&&$R#*&)5*E2"'E*)21'S$

/91'C#.#;#(4"#'*#.#;#(4"#'+5""5*+"&*$R+'*H*/*)2#*E21EX"0"S

/?1D#9&"$*'+5""5*+"&*$R(*!&#S

!!!!!!!!!!!!!"#$%#&'()#%*%'!'!'+,#-./$!%'!')012#')!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!3$45!6!7!!"#$%"&'()*+(((((((((((((((((,+-&./0(1*%&0(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6

Page 6: Biodiversidade e extinção de espécies

"#$%&'()!!"#$%&'"()"*"#+"'

,70&&-890:;*(

'0<*/=>-90

*+$!,-(.+(!-(%!

/012!.$+!'3452?

6$37()!PLANTAE

!!!!2(%$!-(%8%)!9.$:(;+$;<8,5.(!=('>,4

!!!!2(%$!-(%8%)!9.$:(;+$;<8,5.(!=('>,4

,70&&-890:;*(

'0<*/=>-90

*+$!,-(.+(!-(%!

/012!.$+!'3452?

?3'()!POLYPODIOPHYTA

!!!!2(%$!-(%8%)!9.$:(;+$;<8,5.(!=('>,4

!!!!2(%$!-(%8%)!9.$:(;+$;<8,5.(!=('>,4

,70&&-890:;*(

'0<*/=>-90

*+$!,-(.+(!-(%!

/012!.$+!'3452?

1',44$)!POLYPODIOPSIDA

!!!!2(%$!-(%8%)!9.$:(;+$;<8,5.(!=('>,4

!!!!2(%$!-(%8%)!9.$:(;+$;<8,5.(!=('>,4

,70&&-890:;*(

'0<*/=>-90

*+$!,-(.+(!-(%!

/012!.$+!'3452?

@.+$%)!MARSILEALES

!!!!2(%$!-(%8%)!9.$:(;+$;<8,5.(!=('>,4

!!!!2(%$!-(%8%)!9.$:(;+$;<8,5.(!=('>,4

,70&&-890:;*(

'0<*/=>-90

*+$!,-(.+(!-(%!

/012!.$+!'3452?

?,%A'3,)!MARSILEACEAE

!!!!2(%$!-(%8%)!9.$:(;+$;<8,5.(!=('>,4

!!!!2(%$!-(%8%)!9.$:(;+$;<8,5.(!=('>,4

,70&&-890:;*(

'0<*/=>-90

*+$!,-(.+(!-(%!

/012!.$+!'3452? BC7$.()!!"#$%&'" !!!!2(%$!-(%8%)!9.$:(;+$;<8,5.(!=('>,4

!!!!2(%$!-(%8%)!9.$:(;+$;<8,5.(!=('>,4

,70&&-890:;*(

'0<*/=>-90

*+$!,-(.+(!-(%!

/012!.$+!'3452?

"4&C-3$)(!"#$%&'"()"*"#+"'!!!!

2(%$!-(%8%)!9.$:(;+$;<8,5.(!=('>,4!!!!

2(%$!-(%8%)!9.$:(;+$;<8,5.(!=('>,4

,70&&-890:;*(

$%0/'*(0("&'0@*(

@"(9*/&"+A0:;*

"45,!$4&C-3$!$45D!$%!&$.3E(!&(.<8$!!4F!!C!! $7-(75.,+,!!$%!GH!!'(-,34!$ !,4!48,4!48I&(&8',JK$4!4L(!!-(743+$.,+,4!4$:$.,%$75$!=.,E%$75,+,4M!

"45,!$4&C-3$!$45D!$%!&$.3E(!&(.<8$!!4F!!C!! $7-(75.,+,!!$%!GH!!'(-,34!$ !,4!48,4!48I&(&8',JK$4!4L(!!-(743+$.,+,4!4$:$.,%$75$!=.,E%$75,+,4M!

B-&'+-#%-:;*(

C"*C+D890(@0&(

)*)%70:E"&

"4&C-3$ !$7+C%3-,!+,!N$7A748', !0IC.3-,O!-(%!D.$,!5(5,' !+$ !(-8&,JL(!$4P%,+,!%$7(.!<8$!HQQ!R%G! !$ !'3%35,+, !S4!I,-3,4 !>3+.(E.DT-,4 !+(!9$U(O!V,+(O!B8,+3,7,!$! !B8,+,'<83:3.M! !"%!N(.58E,' !C!$7-(75.,+(!7(!W'$75$U(!*.$E3L(!+(!W'<8$:,X!$!7(!,"#-.'( (/"*.#"&( +0( 1"&'(+0(2."+%"3"! *VL(!Y3E8$' !+(!N37>$3.(XM! Z! $7-(7;5.,+(!7,4!&.(:A7-3,4!+$![,+,U(\O!138+,+!6$,'O!]8$':,O!1,-$.$4!$!1F.+(I,M!

"4&C-3$ !$7+C%3-,!+,!N$7A748', !0IC.3-,O!-(%!D.$,!5(5,' !+$ !(-8&,JL(!$4P%,+,!%$7(.!<8$!HQQ!R%G! !$ !'3%35,+, !S4!I,-3,4 !>3+.(E.DT-,4 !+(!9$U(O!V,+(O!B8,+3,7,!$! !B8,+,'<83:3.M! !"%!N(.58E,' !C!$7-(75.,+(!7(!W'$75$U(!*.$E3L(!+(!W'<8$:,X!$!7(!,"#-.'( (/"*.#"&( +0( 1"&'(+0(2."+%"3"! *VL(!Y3E8$' !+(!N37>$3.(XM! Z! $7-(7;5.,+(!7,4!&.(:A7-3,4!+$![,+,U(\O!138+,+!6$,'O!]8$':,O!1,-$.$4!$!1F.+(I,M!

"4&C-3$ !$7+C%3-,!+,!N$7A748', !0IC.3-,O!-(%!D.$,!5(5,' !+$ !(-8&,JL(!$4P%,+,!%$7(.!<8$!HQQ!R%G! !$ !'3%35,+, !S4!I,-3,4 !>3+.(E.DT-,4 !+(!9$U(O!V,+(O!B8,+3,7,!$! !B8,+,'<83:3.M! !"%!N(.58E,' !C!$7-(75.,+(!7(!W'$75$U(!*.$E3L(!+(!W'<8$:,X!$!7(!,"#-.'( (/"*.#"&( +0( 1"&'(+0(2."+%"3"! *VL(!Y3E8$' !+(!N37>$3.(XM! Z! $7-(7;5.,+(!7,4!&.(:A7-3,4!+$![,+,U(\O!138+,+!6$,'O!]8$':,O!1,-$.$4!$!1F.+(I,M!

F&)G9-"&(

&">"7H0/'"&!"#$%&'"($*#%40$"(<8$!+3=$.$!7(!5,%,7>(!$!=(.%,!+(!$4&(.(-,.&(M!!"#$%&'"($*#%40$"(<8$!+3=$.$!7(!5,%,7>(!$!=(.%,!+(!$4&(.(-,.&(M!!"#$%&'"($*#%40$"(<8$!+3=$.$!7(!5,%,7>(!$!=(.%,!+(!$4&(.(-,.&(M!

,0+09'"+-I0:;*

@*("9*&&-&'">0

W&,.$-$!$%! !,.$3,4! !$ ! !,.E3',4 !, !I,3#, ! !,'P58+$! !+$&(435,+,4 ! !$%! !D.$,4! !4,;\(7,'%$75$!3787+,+,4!&(.!.3(4O!T448.,4 !+$!.(->,4 !$ !%,.E$74!+$ !.3(4M!V$.:$!+$!,'3%$75(! ! , ! ! (:$'>,4 !<8$!4$!&$74, !<8$!-(%!(4 !4$84!%(:3%$75(4 ! ! 4,\(7,34!!*5.,748%^7-3,X!4$U,%!.$4&(74D:$34!&(.!5.(-,4!E$7CP-,4!$75.$!&(&8',JK$4M

W&,.$-$!$%! !,.$3,4! !$ ! !,.E3',4 !, !I,3#, ! !,'P58+$! !+$&(435,+,4 ! !$%! !D.$,4! !4,;\(7,'%$75$!3787+,+,4!&(.!.3(4O!T448.,4 !+$!.(->,4 !$ !%,.E$74!+$ !.3(4M!V$.:$!+$!,'3%$75(! ! , ! ! (:$'>,4 !<8$!4$!&$74, !<8$!-(%!(4 !4$84!%(:3%$75(4 ! ! 4,\(7,34!!*5.,748%^7-3,X!4$U,%!.$4&(74D:$34!&(.!5.(-,4!E$7CP-,4!$75.$!&(&8',JK$4M

W&,.$-$!$%! !,.$3,4! !$ ! !,.E3',4 !, !I,3#, ! !,'P58+$! !+$&(435,+,4 ! !$%! !D.$,4! !4,;\(7,'%$75$!3787+,+,4!&(.!.3(4O!T448.,4 !+$!.(->,4 !$ !%,.E$74!+$ !.3(4M!V$.:$!+$!,'3%$75(! ! , ! ! (:$'>,4 !<8$!4$!&$74, !<8$!-(%!(4 !4$84!%(:3%$75(4 ! ! 4,\(7,34!!*5.,748%^7-3,X!4$U,%!.$4&(74D:$34!&(.!5.(-,4!E$7CP-,4!$75.$!&(&8',JK$4M

,0+09'"+-I0:;*

@*(-/@-AJ@%*

_3%I(! -(%&(45(! &(.! !̀ =('A('(4 !-(%! a;b%%O! ! .3\(%,!.,%3T-,+(c!!$!!$4&(.(-,.&(4!!!a;`OH%%M!@! +$4$7:(':3%$75(! +$&$7+$! +(! 7A:$' ! $ ! <8,'3+,+$! +,!DE8,!+(!4('(M!

_3%I(! -(%&(45(! &(.! !̀ =('A('(4 !-(%! a;b%%O! ! .3\(%,!.,%3T-,+(c!!$!!$4&(.(-,.&(4!!!a;`OH%%M!@! +$4$7:(':3%$75(! +$&$7+$! +(! 7A:$' ! $ ! <8,'3+,+$! +,!DE8,!+(!4('(M!

_3%I(! -(%&(45(! &(.! !̀ =('A('(4 !-(%! a;b%%O! ! .3\(%,!.,%3T-,+(c!!$!!$4&(.(-,.&(4!!!a;`OH%%M!@! +$4$7:(':3%$75(! +$&$7+$! +(! 7A:$' ! $ ! <8,'3+,+$! +,!DE8,!+(!4('(M!

,0%&0&()0+0(*(

)"+-C*(@"(

"<./:;*

W-58,'%$75$!$4P%,;4$!<8$!$#345,!8%!7d!.$+8\3+(!+$!&(&8',JK$4)!GHM!/%,!+,4 !-,84,4 !&,., !,!$#P7JL(!+$!&(&8',JK$4 !=(3 !, !-(745.8JL(!+(!.$4$.:,5F.3(!+(! ! ! !W'<8$:,O! ! !,-58,'%$75$! !>D!!:D.3,4 !!-,84,4)! !%(+3T-,JL(!!+$!!7$5e(.R4 !!!!>3+.('FE3-(4O!+$E.,+,JL(!+,!<8,'3+,+$!+,!DE8,M!

W-58,'%$75$!$4P%,;4$!<8$!$#345,!8%!7d!.$+8\3+(!+$!&(&8',JK$4)!GHM!/%,!+,4 !-,84,4 !&,., !,!$#P7JL(!+$!&(&8',JK$4 !=(3 !, !-(745.8JL(!+(!.$4$.:,5F.3(!+(! ! ! !W'<8$:,O! ! !,-58,'%$75$! !>D!!:D.3,4 !!-,84,4)! !%(+3T-,JL(!!+$!!7$5e(.R4 !!!!>3+.('FE3-(4O!+$E.,+,JL(!+,!<8,'3+,+$!+,!DE8,M!

W-58,'%$75$!$4P%,;4$!<8$!$#345,!8%!7d!.$+8\3+(!+$!&(&8',JK$4)!GHM!/%,!+,4 !-,84,4 !&,., !,!$#P7JL(!+$!&(&8',JK$4 !=(3 !, !-(745.8JL(!+(!.$4$.:,5F.3(!+(! ! ! !W'<8$:,O! ! !,-58,'%$75$! !>D!!:D.3,4 !!-,84,4)! !%(+3T-,JL(!!+$!!7$5e(.R4 !!!!>3+.('FE3-(4O!+$E.,+,JL(!+,!<8,'3+,+$!+,!DE8,M!

K"@-@0&()0+0(0(

9*/&"+A0:;*(@0(

"&)G9-"

; 1(75.('(!+$!<8,'3+,+$!+,!DE8,!$!+(!-3.-835(!+(4!.3(4O;!W:,'3,JL(!+(!5,%,7>(!+$!-,+,!&(&8',JL(O; "458+(!+,!+37^%3-,!+,4!48I&(&8',JK$4!$%!.$',JL(!-(%!,!3..3E,JL(O!+.$7,E$%!$!(85.,4!%(+3T-,JK$4!>3+.('FE3-,4M

; 1(75.('(!+$!<8,'3+,+$!+,!DE8,!$!+(!-3.-835(!+(4!.3(4O;!W:,'3,JL(!+(!5,%,7>(!+$!-,+,!&(&8',JL(O; "458+(!+,!+37^%3-,!+,4!48I&(&8',JK$4!$%!.$',JL(!-(%!,!3..3E,JL(O!+.$7,E$%!$!(85.,4!%(+3T-,JK$4!>3+.('FE3-,4M

; 1(75.('(!+$!<8,'3+,+$!+,!DE8,!$!+(!-3.-835(!+(4!.3(4O;!W:,'3,JL(!+(!5,%,7>(!+$!-,+,!&(&8',JL(O; "458+(!+,!+37^%3-,!+,4!48I&(&8',JK$4!$%!.$',JL(!-(%!,!3..3E,JL(O!+.$7,E$%!$!(85.,4!%(+3T-,JK$4!>3+.('FE3-,4M

L-#7-*C+080

fX!>g&)hheeeM38-7.$+'345M(.Eh!

GX!>g&)hheeeMi(.,:,4-8',.M-(%h37+$#M&>&j4&&kY,.43'$,lGQI,5,.+,$

aX [,m,.$4!$5!,'M !*GQQ`X!W5',4!n!_3I.(!6(U(!+$!',!?'(.,!o,4-8',.!W%$7,\,+,!+$!!"4&,m,M !p3.$--3F7!

B$7$.,'!+$!1(74$.:,-3F7!+$!',!2,58.,'$\,O!Y,+.3+M

`X >g&)hheeeM&,7(.,%3(M-(%h&>(5(hGbabffq

fX!>g&)hheeeM38-7.$+'345M(.Eh!

GX!>g&)hheeeMi(.,:,4-8',.M-(%h37+$#M&>&j4&&kY,.43'$,lGQI,5,.+,$

aX [,m,.$4!$5!,'M !*GQQ`X!W5',4!n!_3I.(!6(U(!+$!',!?'(.,!o,4-8',.!W%$7,\,+,!+$!!"4&,m,M !p3.$--3F7!

B$7$.,'!+$!1(74$.:,-3F7!+$!',!2,58.,'$\,O!Y,+.3+M

`X >g&)hheeeM&,7(.,%3(M-(%h&>(5(hGbabffq

fX!>g&)hheeeM38-7.$+'345M(.Eh!

GX!>g&)hheeeMi(.,:,4-8',.M-(%h37+$#M&>&j4&&kY,.43'$,lGQI,5,.+,$

aX [,m,.$4!$5!,'M !*GQQ`X!W5',4!n!_3I.(!6(U(!+$!',!?'(.,!o,4-8',.!W%$7,\,+,!+$!!"4&,m,M !p3.$--3F7!

B$7$.,'!+$!1(74$.:,-3F7!+$!',!2,58.,'$\,O!Y,+.3+M

`X >g&)hheeeM&,7(.,%3(M-(%h&>(5(hGbabffq

!!!!!!!!!!!!!"#$%#&'()#%*%'!'!'+,#-./$!%'!')012#')!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!3$45!6!7!!"#$%"&'()*+(((((((((((((((((,+-&./0(1*%&0(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!M