Uma das coisas mais importantes na língua Inglesa é a contextualização da frase. O contexto determina quase tudo na língua.

Começaremos analisando o significado das seguintes palavras:

WaterMilk HouseSchool

PRONOUNS1.1. Personal Pronouns

Há dois tipos de pronomes pessoais: os Subjective Pronouns e os Objective Pronouns.

a) Subjective Pronouns - funcionam como sujeito da frase, ou seja, aquele que faz a ação do verbo. Assim sendo, são usados antes do verbo.

b) Objective Pronouns - funcionam como o objeto da frase, ou seja, aqueles que sofrem a ação do verbo. Logo, são usados depois do verbo.

SUBJECTIVE PRONOUNS

OBJECTIVE PRONOUNS

I ME

YOU YOU

HE HIM

SHE HER

IT IT

WE US

YOU YOU

THEY THEM

Usados Antes do Verbo Usados Depois do Verbo

Ex1.: Steve and John are good friends.

Ex2.: Jane lives with Susan and Meg.

Ex3.: Mary studies with Michael.

Ex4.: Tom and Josh use the computer to work.

They

She them

She him

They it

O que torna os pronomes tão importantes? O que torna os pronomes tão importantes? Por que possuem uma ocorrência maior no Inglês do Por que possuem uma ocorrência maior no Inglês do

que no Português?que no Português?

FUNDATEC 2010 - Analista de Sistemas e Administrador de Bancos de Dados

Passwords are Passé but Biometrics are Not Mobile

 Writing in the International Journal of Electronic Marketing and Retailing, researchers from the US and Germany point out an inherent flaw in the financial industry adopting biometric logins to boost security in that the advent of mobile devices, such as netbooks, PDAs, and smart phones might make biometric logins impossible when one is on the move.

Biometric logins that use fingerprints, voice recognition, or identify you based on how you type look set to replace conventional passwords for accessing online banking and credit card services, online payment companies and even internet stockbrokers. However, smart phones and other portable devices do not currently have the sophistication to be adapted easily for biometric technology. Moreover, users are likely to be reluctant to carry yet another device and its associated electrical charger along with their smart phone simply to login to their bank account when not at their desktop computer.

53. A palavra its (linha 07) refere-se a

(A)users (linha 07). (B)device (linha 07). (C)associated electrical charger (linha 08). (D)smart phone (linha 08). (E)desktop computer (linhas 08-09).

(B)

"I Left My Cell Phone (Off) in San Francisco""I Left My Cell Phone (Off) in San Francisco"Several restaurants in San Francisco and nearby Silicon Valley are revolting against technological revolution - they are banning the use of cellular phones. Golf clubs, the theater, the museum of Modern Art and even the Silicon Valley branch of Alcoholics Anonymous have followed suit. Not only does the ringing of the phone and the speaking on the line create noise and distractions, but San Francisco also dislike the rudeness factor and self-centered aspects of the mobile phones. There is also mounting pressure to prohibit phone use in cars after a pedestrian was killed by a driver talking on his cell phone.

1. “they” na oração they are banning the use of cellular phones, refere-se a: a) Several restaurants in San Francisco. b) San Francisco.c) The cellular phones. d) The people.e) The users of cell phones.

a)

PRONOUNS

1.2. Possessive Pronouns

Há dois tipos de pronomes possessivos: Os Possessive Adjectives e os Possessive Pronouns.

a) Possessive Adjectives - são seguidos de um substantivo.

b) Possessive Pronouns - não podem ser seguidos de um substantivo. Eles são usados depois do substantivo ao qual se referem para evitar repetição de algo já citado anteriormente na frase.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

MY MINE

YOUR YOURS

HIS HIS

HER HERS

ITS ITS

OUR OURS

YOUR YOURS

THEIR THEIRS

Antes do Substantivo Depois do Substantivo

Ex1.: You have to talk to your parents and I have to talk to my parents.

Ex2.: This is my cell phone. Where is your cell phone?

Ex3.: I think she knows my name but I don’t remember her name.

Ex4.: Jason and Mary didn’t use our ipad because they have their ipad.

mine

yours

hers

theirs

Attention!

Observe que os pronomes possessivos não definem gênero nem número na Língua Inglesa. Compare:

Ex.: Josh is my friend. – Jane is my friend.

Ex.: Ted and Bob are my neighbours.

Ex.: Lisa and Susan are my neighbours.

PRONOUNS

1.3. Reflexive Pronouns

Os pronomes reflexivos concordam com os pronomes pessoais (sujeitos das frases). Eles podem se referir ao sujeito ou ao objeto da frase.

Os pronomes reflexivos possuem 3 usos:a)Uso reflexivob)Uso enfáticoc)Uso idiomático

SUBJECTIVE PRONOUNS

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

I MYSELF

YOU YOURSELF

HE HIMSELF

SHE HERSELF

IT ITSELF

WE OURSELVES

YOU YOURSELVES

THEY THEMSELVES

USOS

a) Uso reflexivo – para indicar que a ação reflete-se no próprio causador:Ex.: The girl cut herself.

b) Uso enfático – para dar ênfase (destaque) a uma pessoa ou objeto:Ex.: I myself fixed the computer.

c) Uso idiomático – é freqüentemente usado com a preposição “by” para substituir a palavra “ALONE” (=só; sozinho):Ex.: I finished the report alone. = I finished the report by myself.

Interesting Shark FactsJust as humans rule the land, sharks rule the sea! Many people fear sharks, because they hear stories about sharks killing and eating humans. Actually, most sharks are not dangerous! More people are killed by bee stings than by shark attacks. More than 90% of people who are attacked by sharks survive the attack. Sharks attack more men than women. No one knows why this is the case. Sharks are strong, healthy creatures. No other living thing can take better care of itself than a shark can! Like humans, sharks are at the top of the food chain.

Sharks have been around for more than 300 million years! They were around before dinosaurs! Sharks' bodies are heavier than the sea, so if they stop moving they sink. If they want to stay afloat, they must keep moving! There are about 350 different types of sharks, but researchers think there are other sharks that haven't been discovered yet! The dwarf shark is as small as your hand, while the whale shark can be as large as a school bus! A shark's hunger can be satisfied with one good meal. The meal can last a long time because a shark uses little energy to swim. Some sharks hold food in their stomachs without it being digested.

If they eat a big meal, it can last three or more months!

Exercises

Leia as frases:I. Many people fear sharksII. There are about 350 different types of sharks.III. They were around before dinosaurs! 

a) A frase I está no singular. b) A expressão “there are” pode ser trocada corretamente pelo verbo “have” sem trocar o sentido da frase.c) O pronome “they” na frase III se refere aos tubarões. d) A frase I está gramaticalmente errada. Deveria ser: “Many peoples fear sharks”. e) A expressão “they were” na frase III é o passado da expressão “there are” na frase II.

c)

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

O Simple Present é mais usado para falar de

coisas que acontecem habitualmente e verdades

absolutas, entretanto, ele pode ainda ser usado para

falar do futuro ou até mesmo do passado!

1.1. CONCEITO

1.2. VERB TO BE

I AM I’M

YOU ARE YOU’RE

HEIS

HE’S

SHE SHE’S

IT IT’S

WE ARE WE’RE

YOU ARE YOU’RE

THEY ARE THEY’RE

Ex.: I am a doctor.

Ex.: I am tired.

VERB TO BE = SER / ESTAR

Eu estou cansado.

Eu sou um médico.

Ex.: They are students.

Ex.: They are worried about the test.

Eles são alunos.

Eles estão preocupados com a prova.

AffirmativeEx.: I am tired.

Negative

Ex.: I am not tired. / I’m not tired.

InterrogativeEx.: Am I tired? Ex.: Why am I tired?

VERB TO BE - FORM

AffirmativeEx.: She is beautiful.Negative

Ex.: She isn’t beautiful.InterrogativeEx.: Is she beautiful?

AffirmativeEx.: We are lost.Negative

Ex.: We aren’t lost.InterrogativeEx.: Are we lost?

CompareCompareThere to be

There is There are

HAVE

There To Be = existir

O Verbo There To Be não necessita estar necessariamente vinculado a um sujeito. Ex.: There are many cars on the streets nowadays.

Have = terO verbo Have necessita estar vinculado a um sujeito para que faça sentido. Ex.: John and Mary have a nice countryhouse.

Como saber se um verbo está no Simple Present no texto da prova?

1.3. OTHER VERBS - FORM

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I WORK I DON’T WORK DO I WORK

YOU WORK YOU DON’T WORK DO YOU WORK

HE HE HE

SHE WORKS SHE DOESN’T WORK DOES SHE WORK

IT IT IT

WE WORK WE DON’T WORK DO WE WORK

THEY WORK THEY DON’T WORK DO THEY WORK

SIMPLE PRESENT - FORMAffirmativeEx.: I like to read. Negative

Ex.: I don’t like to read.InterrogativeEx.: Do you like to read?

AffirmativeEx.: She likes to read.Negative

Ex.: She doesn’t like to read.InterrogativeEx.: Does she like to read?

Where

When

How

What

Why do you like to read?

1.4. USOa) AÇÕES HABITUAISEx.: Josh usually travels to the beach at

weekends.

b) FATOSEx.: The moon is our natural satellite.

c) FUTURO PROGRAMADOEx.: The bus leaves at 10 o’clock.

d) PASSADOEx.: In 1945 the World War II ends.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Também chamado de Present Progressive, normalmente O Present Continuous é usado para indicar uma ação que está acontecendo agora (neste momento) e que ainda não acabou. Ele pode, entretanto, indicar outros tipos de ação como veremos adiante.

1.1. CONCEITO

1.2. Present Continuous - FORM

O Present Continuous é formado pelo Verbo To Be no presente acrescido de outro verbo na forma do Gerúndio.

TO BE + VERB + ING

Ex.: I am studying now.

AffirmativeEx.: My father is working now.

Negative

Ex.: My father isn’t working now.

InterrogativeEx.: Is my father working now?Ex.: Why is my father working?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS- FORM

WhereWhen …

1.3. USO

a) AÇÕES EM ANDAMENTOEx.: Jane is studying in her room now.

b) AÇÕES TEMPORÁRIASEx.: I am living with some friends until the end of

the month.

c) FUTURO PLANEJADOEx.: We are traveling to London next month.

d) AÇÕES REPETIDASEx.: My car is always breaking down.

1.4. ACRESCENTANDO O “ING”a) Regra GeralWorkDoGo

b) Verbos terminados em “E”ComeWriteWaste

c) Verbos terminados em “Y”StudyPlay

WorkingDoingGoing

ComingWritingWasting

StudyingPlaying

d) Verbos terminados em “IE”TieLieDie

TyingLyingDying

e) Verbos monossílabos ou dissílabos oxítonos, terminados em consoante-vogal-consoante (C.V.C).

RunSwim

Porém OpenVisit

RunningSwimming

OpeningVisiting

ATENÇÃOATENÇÃO!!

Tudo o que está acontecendo possui “ING” mas nem tudo o que possui “ING” está acontecendo!COMPARE: 1 Smoking is bad for you. (Fumar faz mal à você.)

2 – I like dancing(Eu gosto de dançar.)

3 – I am interested in learning French.) (Eu estou interessado em aprender francês.

4 – It is a boring movie.(É um filme chato.)

A neurological team working in second World War prefabs at Bristol's Frenchay hospital has developed a new treatment that is reversing the distressing effects of Parkinson's disease. The team, led by consultant neurosurgeon Steven Gill, is the first in the world to infuse a substance called GDNF directly into patients' brains to reactivate damaged cells. The five volunteer patients, men aged between 42 and 62, are continuing to improve. Frenchay hospital is now leading a worldwide study into the use of GDNF to find the optimum dosage. But the team's work is being hampered by a shortage of beds to accommodate the trial patients during the detailed assessment needed to monitor treatment.

Gill believes the technique is the most exciting development in the treatment of Parkinson's in years. "The prospect of reversing the process opens the way for treating a range of neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntingdon's chorea, motor neurone disease, stroke and multiple sclerosis.“ 

1. In the text, “led by neurosurgeon Steven Gill” is the same as saying:

a) which neurosurgeon Steven Gill leads. b) which was led by neurosurgeon Steven Gill. c) of which neurosurgeon Steven Gill used to be a

leader. d) that leads neurosurgeon Steven Gill. e) neurosurgeon Steven Gill was a leader of.

a)

2. Gramaticalmente, “patients’s brains” equivale a:a)the patient brainsb)brains of a patient. c)the patients of the brainsd)a patient braine)the brains of patientse)

3. No texto, “hampered” significa:a)desenvolvidob)incentivadoc)impedidod)golpeadoe)estimulado

c)

SIMPLE PAST

O Simple Past é um tempo verbal usado para indicar ações completas no passado com tempo definido.

O Simple Past não possui relação com o presente.

1.1. CONCEITO

1.2. VERB TO BE

I am WASWAS

YOU are WEREWERE

HEis WASWASSHE

IT

WE are WEREWERE

YOU are WEREWERE

THEY are WEREWERE

Present Past

Ex.: I was sick last night.

Ex.: I was short when I was a kid.

VERB TO BE = SER / ESTAR

Eu era baixo quando era criança.

Eu estava doente noite passada.

Ex.: They were tired after the game.

Ex.: They were friends in the past.

Eles estavam cansados depois do jogo.

Eles eram amigos no passado.

AffirmativeEx.: She was tired.

Negative

Ex.: She wasn’t tired.

InterrogativeEx.: Was she tired?

Ex.: Why was she tired?

VERB TO BE - FORM

1.3. ESTRUTURAOutros verbos: Os Verbos Regulares e os Verbos Irregulares.

REGULAR VERBS – São acrescidos de “ED” ao final do verbo para formar o passado.

Ex.: Work – Watch –

IRREGULAR VERBS - Não são acrescidos de “ED” para formar o passado.

Ex.: Go –Cut –

Worked Watched

Went Cut

ATENÇÃO!

Tudo o que leva “ED”é verbo regular no passado?

Ex.: TiredOrganized ShockedCrookedBoredEtc.

SIMPLE PAST- FORMAffirmativeEx.: I worked a lot yesterday. Negative

Ex.: I didn’t work a lot yesterday.InterrogativeEx.: Did you work a lot yesterday?

AffirmativeEx.: She went out last night.Negative

Ex.: She didn’t go out last night.InterrogativeEx.: Did she go out last night?

worked

work

work

went

go

go

Mountaineer cuts off trapped arm with pen knifeBy Andrew Gumbel,03 May 2003  A mountaineer whose right arm became trapped under a heavy boulder in a remote stretch of the eastern Utah desert took the drastic step of hacking off his own arm with a pocket knife before abseiling down a sheer rock wall and looking for help. The extraordinary story of Aron Ralston, a fitness fanatic and highly experienced mountaineer, hit the headlines yesterday as police officials from Green River, Utah, gave accounts of his bravery to American television. "He's pretty darn tough. He wanted to live. He saved himself," sheriff's deputy Mitch Vetere told reporters.

Mr. Ralston, who is 27, was climbing alone in the Canyonlands National Park last Saturday when the boulder dislodged and landed on him. For several days he held out the hope that someone would stumble across his path or spot him from the air. By Tuesday, he had run out of water. By Thursday, he realised he would not survive unless he took drastic action. Using his penknife, he cut off his right arm just below the elbow – an excruciating process that took several hours. He then applied a tourniquet to staunch the bleeding, rappelled 60 feet down a rock wall to the canyon floor and kept walking until he came across two other mountaineers.

They managed to flag down a rescue helicopter, which took him to hospital. By yesterday, he had been moved from Utah to a hospital in Colorado, where his condition was described as serious.

http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/story.jsp?story=402663

01. According to the texta) Aron cut his right arm off. b) He was found by two other mountaineers who were climbing down the same rock wall. c) He was holding to a rope for several days till he decided to save himself. (He was holding to the hope that someone would find him.)d) Two days after he ran out of water, he decided to do something otherwise he would die. e) He cut his arm off near his hand.

d)

02. Choose the right synonym of the words in bold based on the context from the text:

a) “…took the drastic step of hacking off his own arm”( ) sewing( ) cutting off( ) breaking  b) “The extraordinary story of Aron Ralston”( ) amazing( ) external( ) increasing

c) “…a fitness fanatic and highly experienced mountaineer”( ) tall( ) poorly( ) extremely 

d) “Mr. Ralston, who is 27, was climbing in the Canyonlands National Park alone”( ) by himself( ) himself( ) at once 

e) “He held out the hope that someone would stumble across his path or spot him from the air”( ) save( ) seesee( ) find

PAST CONTINUOUS

O Past Continuous é usado para nos referirmos a algo que estava acontecendo em torno de um momento específico no passado ou que estava acontecendo o tempo todo num período de tempo no passado.

1.1. CONCEITO

1.2. Past Continuous - FORM

O Past Continuous é formado pelo Verbo To Be no passado acrescido de outro verbo na forma do Gerúndio.

TO BE + VERB + ING

Ex.: I was studying when you called me last night.

AffirmativeEx.: John was studying.

Negative

Ex.: John wasn’t studying.

InterrogativeEx.: Was John studying?Ex.: What was John studying?

PAST CONTINUOUS- FORM

WhereWhen …

1.3. USO

a) O Past Continuous é usado juntamente com o Simple Past quando dizemos que algo aconteceu enquanto outra ação estava em andamento.

Ex.: I was taking a shower when Jane called me.

Past Continuous

Simple Past

b) O Past Continuous pode ainda ser usado para indicar duas ações que estavam acontecendo simultaneamente.

Ex.: Bob was studying while Jane was cooking.

Past Continuous

Past Continuous

ATENÇÃO!

“Tudo o que estava acontecendo possui ING mas nem tudo o que possui ING estava acontecendo!”COMPARE:

1 Smoking is bad for you. (Fumar faz mal à você.)

2 – I like dancing(Eu gosto de dançar)

3 – I am interested in learning French. (Eu estou interessado em aprender francês.

4 – It is a boring movie.(É um filme chato.

CONJUNCTIONS

1.1. CONCEITO

Conjunções são palavras que unem orações em frases. Além de formar frases, as conjunções também nos mostram como os significados de tais orações estão relacionados, dão sentido e coerência ao texto deixando-o mais bem articulado.

As conjunções podem ser coordenativas ou subordinativas.

As conjunções coordenativas unem duas orações que são gramaticalmente independentes uma da outra. (and ; or; but; etc.)

Ex.: I like music. I don’t play any musical instrument.

I like music but I don’t play any musical instrument.

As conjunções subordinativas servem para unir uma oração que é parte de outra, ou seja, uma oração que depende da outra. Por isso, tal oração é chamada de oração subordinada. (because; although; when; etc.)

Ex.: I don’t smoke. It is bad for my health. I don’t smoke because it is bad for my health.

Conjunção TraduçãoAnd eBut masOr ouAlthough/though emboraHowever apesar de; entretantoIn spite of/despite apesar deWhen quandoWhenever sempre queWhile enquanto; enquanto queAs soon as logo queTill/ until atéIn order to a fim deSo that de modo queBecause por que

As porque; , assim queSince desde; já que; porqueTherefore portantoNevertheless todavia; contudoBesides além deMoreover além do maisUnless a menos que

In India unwed women are a social stigma and a financial burden to families. But without cash or consumer goods to offer a groom, they have little chance of marrying. Last week a young man took his own life in an attempt to provide dowries for his two unmarried sisters. Unemployed and without job prospects, Sunil Kumar, 19, hit upon the idea of selling his organs. Although the trade in human organs is illegal, many impoverished Indians sell their kidneys. Assuming that additional organs could be harvested from his body if he were dead, Kumar hanged himself from a ceiling fan.

His scheme backfired. Because all suicide cases must be autopsied, none of his organs can be transplanted. His grief-stricken family says that in any event, they would never have sold Sunil's organs.

01. Circle the only correct letter according to the text:

a) A comercialização de órgãos humanos na Índia é permitida somente aos indianos pobres.b) Porque o comércio de órgãos humanos é ilegal na Índia, os indianos pobres podem vender apenas seus rins.c) Na Índia, é permitida somente a comercialização de órgão de pessoas já mortas, através de suas respectivas famílias.d) Apesar do comércio de órgãos humanos ser ilegal na Índia, muitos indianos vendem os rins de seus parentes mortos.e) Mesmo sendo um ato ilegal na Índia, muitos indianos pobres vendem seus órgãos.e)

02. Circle the only correct letter according to the text. Qual a razão da morte de Sunil Kumar?

a) Suicidou-se por não possuir condições financeiras para se casar.b) Suas irmãs o mataram para poderem comercializar seus órgãos e, assim, terem condições para se casar.c) Suicidou-se para ajudar suas irmãs a se casarem.d) Suicidou-se porque não podia vender seus rins enquanto vivo.e) Suicidou-se por estar desempregado e não ter perspectivas de trabalho.

c)

Suspected Thief Drowns Sun Aug 18, 7:35 AM

TULSA, Oklahoma - A suspected thief, weighed down with more than 50 pounds of stolen cameras and CDs, among other items, drowned as he attempted to evade police by swimming across the Arkansas River, officials said.   The man, identified as Edward McBride, 37, was carrying a bag weighing 50 pounds that contained stolen items and was found Friday with stolen goods also stuffed in his pockets, said Tulsa police spokesman Lucky Lamons.  

He was being pursued by Tulsa police who suspected him of robbing a Tulsa home when he jumped into the muddy Arkansas River.

"He got about 40 yards out and yelled for help," Lamons said. "The officers took off their shirts, shoes and belts and jumped into the river. By the time they reached him, he had gone under."

Lamons said rescue workers retrieved McBride's body about an hour later from about 8 feet to 10 feet of water along with the bag containing stolen goods.  

Disponível em: <http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story2&cid=573&e=4&u=/nm/20020818/od_nm/drowning_dc_1

PRESENT PERFECTNormalmente o Present Perfect é utilizado para indicarmos o passado com ênfase na ação realizada e não quando ela foi realizada.

Compare:

Present PerfectEx.: I have seen an accident. (Eu vi um acidente)

Simple PastEx.: I saw an accident yesterday. (Eu vi um acidente ontem)

Por causa disso, algumas pessoas acreditam que o Present Perfect é um tempo verbal no qual não podemos mencionar quando a ação aconteceu. Veremos adiante

que isso não é verdade.

1.1. SPECIAL CASES1) Ações repetidas no passado:

Ex.: I’ve seen that film many times.

2) Ações completas num período de tempo inacabado:Ex.: I’ve met Jane today.

3) Already = já:Ex.: I have already finished my project.

4) Yet = ainda / jáEx.: Have you talked to Steve yet?I haven’t read the forms yet.

5) Lately = ultimamenteRecently = recentemente

Ex.: I have worked a lot lately.

6) Ever (“alguma vez” / já)Never = nunca

Ex.: Have you ever eaten snails?This is the best film I’ve ever seen. I’ve never been to Japan.

7) Just = “acabou de”

Ex.: I have just seen an accident.

8) Since / For

Ex.: I have studied Cantonese for 3 years.

I have studied Cantonese since 2001.

10) John has been to London

VS.

John has gone to London.

9) Before = antes

Ex.: Steve has been to Edingburgh before.

Dutch eye surgeons have implanted tiny pieces of jewelry called “JewelEye” in the mucous membrane of the eyes of six women and one man in cosmetic surgery pioneered by an ophthalmic surgery research and development institutein Rotterdam.The procedure involves inserting a 0.13 inch wide piece of specially developed jewelry - the range includes a glittering half-moon or heart - into the eye’s mucous membrane under local anaesthetic at a cost of $610 to $1,232.“In my view it is a little more subtle than (body) piercing. It is a bit of a fun thing and a very personal thing for people,” said Gerrit Melles, director of the Netherlands Institute for Innovative Ocular Surgery.

The piece of jewelry is inserted in the conjunctiva -- the mucous membrane lining the inner surface of the eyelids and front of the eyeball -- in sterile conditions using an operating microscope in a procedure taking

about 15 minutes.“Without doing any harm to the eye we can implant a

jewel in the conjunctiva,” Melles said. “So far we have not seen any side effects or complications and

we don’t expect any in the future.”The Rotterdam-based institute, which develops new ocular surgical techniques in corneal, cataract and retinal surgery, developed and patented the jewelry

made with special materials and the surgical procedure.

The institute, which carries out the procedure in cooperation with an eye clinic near the city of Utrecht, said it has a waiting list for people who wanted the implant.

From: http://msnbc.msn.com/id/4685961/

Read the text:Any modern engineer who stands before the Pyramids must wonder how such massive structures could have been built without cranes or block and tackle. Records exist of virtually every aspect of ancient Egyptian life - every craft and trade – in the form or carvings, wall reliefs, paintings and writing. Yet, no account of such mechanical aids to labor has ever been found. The question remains then as to how the work was done, and the only plausible answer must be: by the muscles of man multiplied many thousands of times.

The ground plan of each pyramid was a vital part of the operation because, as we know today, the stones were very precisely aligned north-south and east-west on a rectangular base. In fact the error of alignment of Khufu’s pyramid was only a small fraction of a degree, which means that stonemasons and architects alike worked with an immense degree of skill. Some authorities claim that the architects who worked on the pyramid of Khufu were accurate to within a sixtieth of an inch. Considering that this pyramid covers an area the equivalent of 200 tennis courts, constructing a square to this degree of accuracy was an astonishing feat.  

1. According to the text we can say that:a) The pyramids were built without plans. (*build – construir)b) Planning was very important in building the pyramids. c) Stonemasons were responsible for the mistakes in the pyramids. d) Plans of the pyramids are studied by modern engineers. e) Stonemasons used special equipment to build the pyramids.

b)

2. The main point of the passage is that…a) Modern engineers cannot build pyramids. b) We know little about ancient Egypt. c) Ancient Egypt builders were extremely accurate. d) The pyramids took a long time to build. e) The engineers of the past were better than today’s.  

c)

PRESENT PERFECTNormalmente o Present Perfect é utilizado para indicarmos o passado com ênfase na ação realizada e não quando ela foi realizada. Compare:

Present PerfectEx.: I have seen an accident. (Eu vi um acidente)

Simple PastEx.: I saw an accident yesterday. (Eu vi um acidente ontem)Algumas pessoas acreditam que o Present Perfect é um tempo verbal no qual não podemos mencionar quando a

ação aconteceu. Veremos adiante que isso não é verdade.

1.1. SPECIAL CASES

1) Ações repetidas no passado:Ex.: I’ve seen that film many times.

2) Ações completas num período de tempo inacabado:

Ex.: I’ve met Jane today. 3) Already = já:

Ex.: I have already finished my project.

4) Yet = ainda / jáEx.: Have you talked to Steve yet?I haven’t read the forms yet.

5) Lately = ultimamenteRecently = recentemente

Ex.: I have worked a lot lately.

6) Ever (“alguma vez” / já)Never = nunca

Ex.: Have you ever eaten snails?This is the best film I’ve ever seen. I’ve never been to Japan.

7) Just = “acabou de”

Ex.: I have just seen an accident.

8) Since / For

Ex.: I have studied Cantonese for 3 years.

I have studied Cantonese since 2001.

10) John has been to London

VS.

John has gone to London.

9) Before = antes

Ex.: Steve has been to Edingburgh before.

TOWN MAY HOLD SECRET OF YOUTH, DOCTORS SAY

CAMPODIMELE, Italy Corradino De Parolis has a new scooter. His old one was beginning to struggle on the mountain roads, so he replaced it with a bright blue Vespa. He is pleased with the investment, but his doctor has doubts and urges him to walk. De Parolis is 93 years. He is one of a death-defying breed that has earned Campodimele its reputation as Europe's village of eternal youth. Experts have been studying the inhabitants of the hilltop town halfway between Rome and Naples for more than a decade in a quest for the secret of their extreme longevity. Of 840 residents, 150 are over 75 and 48 have passed 90.

The oldest inhabitant, Gerardo Pecchia, turned 104 in July.Dr. Pietro Cugini, who leads a World Health Organization study of the village, has found that many inhabitants possess an enzyme that reduces their cholesterol levels and eliminates problems associated with high blood pressure. He believes the villagers' health and longevity is 30 percent genes and 70 percent environment. "Over the centuries, malaria has selected a hardy race of people predestined to longevity," Cugini said.A healthful Mediterranean diet, a mild climate and the absence of stress all contribute to the well-being of the villagers. At 2,100 feet above sea level, fresh sea

breezes keep the temperatures reasonable.

Most of the inhabitants are farmers and are kept fit by the steep terrain separating the village from their plots of land. Above all, the elderly are well-integrated with the rest of the population, with four generations gathering to chat in the piazza every day."The elderly person is never alone, but has a life synchronized with that of others, as in one big family," Cugini said. The local diet is naturally low-salt and consists of traditional pasta dishes, quantities of fresh vegetables and locally produced olive oil. Local beans known as cicerchie and shallots, valued for their anti-oxidant effect, are also important components of the Campodimele diet. 

1. Assinale o que for correto em relação ao texto.I. Ainda que relativamente pobres, aos habitantes de Campodimele não faltam os meios essenciais de subsistência. II. A expectativa de vida dos habitantes de Campodimele é de 90 anos. III. O habitante mais velho de Campodimele chama-se Corradino de Parolis.IV. Aos 93 anos de idade, um dos habitantes de Campodimele anda de motoneta.V. A maior parte da população de Campodimele é composta de lavradores.  Which are correct:a) I and III b) II and IV c) III and V d) II and V e) IV and V e)

2. Com relação aos fatores que, segundo o Dr. Pietro Cugini, contribuem para a saúde e a longevidade dos habitantes de Campodimele, assinale a única alternativa incorreta:a) O principal fator é o meio ambiente. b) O segundo fator em importância é genético.c) Os habitantes come pouco sal. d) Através dos séculos, a malária instituiu um processo de seleção que criou uma raça muito resistente de pessoas.e) Todos os habitantes apresentam baixos níveis de colesterol.e)

3. Qual dos fatores abaixo não é determinante no bem-estar da população de Campodimele? a) uma dieta saudável. b) um clima ameno.c) a ausência de estresse. d) um espírito de tolerância e religiosidade. e) a integração entre gerações. d)

Teaching and social work are the most stressful jobs

Teaching and social work are the most stressful professions in Britain, academics have concluded. Researchers from the University of Liverpool collected data on stress levels from 25,352 employees working in 24 different occupations and ranked their averages according to two measures.Teaching and social work appeared in the top three for both poor psychological wellbeing and physical ill health caused by stress. The researchers suggested that "emotional labour" involving face-to-face or telephone contact with clients, and sometimes the suppressing of emotions, was a central factor in what makes a job stressful.

Other professions also found to involve high levels of stress were ambulance service employees, call centre staff, prison officers, administrative staff and police officers.

1. Which is the only correct item according to the text?

a) Teaching is one of the most stressful jobs all over the world. b) The data was collected in 24 different countries. c) Teaching and social work appeared in third place, according to the research. d) The “emotional” aspect of work was a central factor to cause stress. e) The research was conducted by an American University.

d)

PAST PERFECT1.1. CONCEITOIndica uma ação que ocorreu antes de outra ação que também estava no passado. Ele dá ordem aos eventos ocorridos no passado.

HAD+ VERB (past participle)

Ex.: Steve had left the building in time.

O Past Perfect é muito usado com o Simple Past.Ex:The students had finished the exercise when the teacher entered the classroom.

1.2. PAST PERFECT - FORM

AffirmativeEx.: She had been to Scotland before.

NegativeEx.: She hadn’t been to Scotland before.

InterrogativeEx.: Had she been to Scotland before?Why had she been to Scotland before?

Ex.: The policemen went away after they had checked the whole building. ( ) The policemen went away( ) The policemen checked the building.

1.3. USO

O Past Perfect sempre indica a ação que aconteceu mais no passado, ou seja, aquela ação que, numa sequência cronológica de eventos, aconteceu primeiramente.

Indique com o número 1 a ação que aconteceu primeiro e com o número 2 a ação que ocorreu depois.

Ex.: When I arrived at the party my friends had already left. ( ) I arrived at the party. ( ) My friends left.

Ex.: The students had cleaned the room before the teacher came in. ( ) The students cleaned the room. ( ) The teacher came in.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS1.1. CONCEITOIndica uma ação que esteve em andamento antes de outra ação passada.

HAD BEEN + VERB (ING)

Ex.: I had been waiting for a long time when I finally realized I was in the wrong line.

Note que o Past Perfect Continuous também é muito usado juntamente com o Simple Past.

1.2. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS - FORM

AffirmativeEx.: They had been waiting for a long time.

NegativeEx.: They hadn’t been waiting for a long time.

InterrogativeEx.: Had they been waiting for a long time?

Women With Migraines at Higher Risk of StrokeAnd smoking and oral contraceptives heighten that risk, study findsBy Steven ReinbergHealthDay Repórter

Women who suffer from migraines that are accompanied by visual symptoms - usually called an aura - are at a slightly increased risk of stroke, especially if they smoke and take oral contraceptives, a new study says."This should not be a cause of alarm to women," said lead researcher Dr. Steven Kittner, a professor of neurology at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. "But it is something to take into account and discuss with their physician.”

The risk that a young woman with migraines in the 15 to 44 age group will have a stroke might be 20 per 100,000, Kittner said. "That's a very small risk. Even if you increase it to 30 per 100,000, it is still a tiny risk."But, if the woman smokes and has high blood pressure or diabetes, the risk of stroke will be higher, added Kittner, who's also director of the Maryland Stroke Center. For the study, Kittner and his colleagues collected data on 386 young women, 15 to 49 years of age, who'd had a stroke. The researchers compared these women with 614 similar women who hadn't had a stroke.

They found that women with migraines with visual symptoms had a 1.5 greater risk of stroke, compared with women with no history of migraine.However, women who had migraines and used oral contraceptives and smoked had a sevenfold increased risk of stroke, compared with women who had migraines with visual symptoms and didn't smoke or use oral birth control.The researchers also said that the recent onset of migraines, as well as more frequent migraines and migraines that lasted longer, may play a part in increasing the risk of stroke.

"Migraine with visual symptoms should be considered a weak risk factor for stroke," Kittner said. "You can't do anything about it, but it may influence what other prevention measures one may take," he said.

According to doctor Kittner:

a) Women should worry about the new study. b) Women should worry every time they have a headache. c) Women should not be alarmed for the risk is too small. d) Only women who smoke should be alarmed. e) Only women who smoke and take contraceptives should worry about it.

c)

The sentence “collected data on women who'd had a stroke” indicates that:

a) They examined women who have already suffered from a stroke. b) They examined women who had never had a stroke. c) They checked the date when the 386 had a stroke. d) They examined women who would have a stroke. e) They only checked the women with chances to have a stroke.

a)

Which word can replace the word ‘however’ without changing the meaning of the sentence from the text?

a) Thus b) Therefore c) Besidesd) Nevertheless e) Sod)

According to doctor Kittner:

a) Women who suffer from migraines will certainly have a stroke at some point in their lives. b) Longer crisis of migraines may increase the chance of a stroke. c) There’s a cure for migraines, so women should talk to their doctors. d) The best thing to do is to quit smoking and quit having blood pressure. e) The only thing to do to prevent a stroke if you suffer from migraines is to stop taking oral contraceptives.

b)

ADJECTIVES

ADJECTIVES

1.1. Adjectives - Conceito

Os adjetivos são palavras que têm a função de transformar os substantivos. Eles não variam quanto ao número e gênero.

Os adjetivos que descrevem cor, qualidade, tamanho (ex: good; bad; big; small; blue; yellow...) ou podem ser aqueles que estabelecem restrições à quantidade, posse, distância, etc. (ex: my car, few students, distant place, etc...)

Alguns adjetivos terminam em ED, portanto devemos cuidar com o contexto para que não confundamos com os verbos regulares, que são aqueles que levam ed para formar o passado. Já outros terminam em ING, exigindo o mesmo cuidado para que não sejam confundidos com formas do gerúndio.

Afinal de contas, como identificar um Adjetivo?Afinal de contas, como identificar um Adjetivo?

Ex.: Uma garota bonita One beautiful girl .

Alguns adjetivos que levam ED:

aged - idoso(a)ragged - maltrapilho / ásperobeloved - amadosacred - sagradoblessed - abençoadowicked - perverso / malignocrooked - tortowretched - desprezívelcursed - amaldiçoado(a)naked - pelado / nu

Adjetivos que levam ING:

Boring - chato(a)Challenging - desafianteInteresting - interessante…Quando a palavra recebe tanto o ED como o ING:This documentary is interesting. I’m interested in this documentary .

No primeiro caso, o adjetivo se refere a uma mera característica do substantivo. No segundo caso, o adjetivo expressa um sentimento de uma pessoa em relação a algo. Sempre que isso acontecer, devemos usar o adjetivo terminado em ING.

Verb To Be and Copular VerbsOs adjetivos vêm depois do verbo To Be e dos chamados Copular Verbs – (look, feel, smell, taste, become, remain, stay, appear, seem and sound).  Ex1.: The weather is nice today. Ex2.: She looks beautiful. Ex3.: This meat smells good.

Ordem dos Adjetivos

Existem muitas regras para determinar a ordem dos adjetivos e muitos gramáticos discordam quanto ao seu uso. Veja algumas das regras mais importantes para sabermos a ordem dos adjetivos numa frase:

1) Regra Geral - Normalmente os adjetivos seguem a seguinte ordem:

Cor / Origem / Material / Propósito / Substantivo

Ex.: A blue Italian glass flower vase.

2) Adjetivos de tamanho, comprimento, altura ou idade geralmente são usados antes dos adjetivos de cor, origem, material e propósito: 

Ex1.: A square wooden table. Ex2.: A tall modern glass building.  

3) Adjetivos de julgamento e atitude geralmente são usados antes de todos os outros.  

Ex.: A silly tall guy.

 4) Números também são usados antes dos demais adjetivos: 

Ex.: Six comfortable chairs.

Concurso: BNDES - 2012Banca: CESGRANRIO (Fundação Cesgranrio)Better Education Quality NeededFormal education and skills aren’t connecting in LatinAmerica.By Gabriel Sanchez Zinny

Education advocates in Latin America havelong pushed for expanded access for all students.Indeed, access has improved, with secondary schoolcompletion rates climbing from 30 to 50 percent overthe past two decades. However, there is a growingrealization that greater access alone will do little good without higher quality.

Business leaders, in particular, have argued thatthere is a profound disconnect between what schoolsare teaching and what is actually required for a worker to succeed in a globalized, innovation-driven, and knowledge-based modern economy. “There are very talented people in the region. All they need is a chance to develop,” says Felipe Vergara, co-founder of Lumni, a company that invests in students’ education in exchange for a fixed portion of the income they will go on to receive with their improved career path.

At the same time that the private sector isbeginning to take matters into its own hands, a newreport from a team of Inter-American DevelopmentBank education researchers, led by Marina Bassi andJaime Vargas, has shed new light on the failures ofLatin American education systems to prepare students for the job market. Entitled “Disconnected: Skills, Education and Employment in Latin America”, the report uses surveys of both students and employers across the region to understand why and how this gap in skills is occurring.

The results are surprising. While access hasincreased, in two other critical areas - quality andrelevance - there has been little to no progress, leaving students unprepared for the demands of the modern workplace. The employers surveyed all pointed to the importance of what are known as “socio-emotional skills”, in contrast to traditional cognitive skills such as literacy and basic mathematics. Socio-emotional skills relate to personality, and include punctuality, politeness, work ethics, responsibility, empathy, and adaptability, and are especially critical for workers and managers in a globalized economy defined by its unpredictability and dynamism.

While high costs are certainly playing a role, it isclear that addressing the skills gap in Latin Americawill require a multifaceted approach. As the authorsof “Disconnected” argue, schools must find ways tobecome more engaged with the productive economythat surrounds them, and improve their ability to instill and evaluate the type of skills that the private sector is looking for. This effort should go beyond increasing the access and completion of secondary school. It should involve more research, better teacher recruitment and evaluation, and incentives for developing socioemotional skills.

Companies have a strong role to play, and someof them are just not giving up. As Juan Iramain, VicePresident of Public Affairs and Communicationsin Coca Cola’s South Latin region, puts it, “at theCoca-Cola Company we understand that in order tocatch up with the necessary level of sustainabilityof the globalized world, our business should relyon the sustainability of the communities in whichwe operate. For some time now, therefore, we havebeen dealing with specialized NGOs to strengthen thework of parents and school. The aim is not only forstudents to complete the school year, but also thatthey incorporate the curiosity and lifelong learningcapabilities needed to work in the labor market ofthe 21st century.

We just can’t put up with a schoolprogram that cannot prepare youngsters for a bettersociety”.But above all, as the authors Marina Bassi andJaime Vargas have argued, we must continue thisdialogue between governments and the privatesector so that education reform can lead to increasedopportunity and economic development across theregion.

Available at: <http://www.latinbusinesschronicle.com/app/article.aspx?id=5623>. Retrieved on: 20 May 2012. Adapted. 

51 - According to the text, in Latin America, education advocates

(A) have reason to suppose that secondary education problems have all ended.(B) have reason to suppose that secondary education problems with quality have improved.(C) can be happy because education quality rate has climbed over 30 percent.(D) could be happy concerning students’ access to secondary school and completion of the course.(E) should be very concerned with the poor rate of access to secondary school. 

(D)

52 - In the text, the word in italics describes the idea expressed by the boldfaced word in

(A) argued (line 8) - asked(B) actually (line 10) -really(C) talented (line 13) - unskilled(D) income (line 16) -input(E) path (line 17) - origin 

(B)

53 - The failures of Latin American education systems havebeen pointed out by(A) students(B) the job market(C) the private sector business(D) a team of education researchers(E) business leaders such as Marina Bassi and JaimeVargas

(D)

ADVERBS

Adverbs

1.1. Conceito 

Advérbios são palavras que dão ou acrescentam significado a um verbo, a um adjetivo ou a um outro advérbio. Observe:

Ex1.: He ran very slowly. 

*O advérbio slowly indica o modo “como” ele correu, acrescentando um significado a mais ao verbo ran. Assim, temos uma ideia mais clara e específica de como a ação aconteceu.

Ex2.: That restaurant is reasonably cheap. (Aquele restaurante é razoavelmente barato) 

*Neste caso, o advérbio reasonably acrescenta significado ao adjetivo cheap.

Ex3.: Paul learns languages incredibly quickly. (Paul aprende línguas incrivelmente rápido) 

*Neste caso temos o advérbio incredibly acrescentando significado a um outro advérbio; quickly.

TIPOS DE ADVÉRBIOS

1.2. Advérbios de lugar

1.3. Advérbios de tempo

1.4. Advérbios de modo

1.5. Advérbios de frequência

1.2. Adverbs of PlaceTodas as expressões de lugar são advérbios de lugar.Ex.: She burnt herself at home.

He is at the bank.

1.3. Adverbs of TimeTodas as expressões de tempo são advérbios de tempo.Ex.: We had lunch at two o’clock in the afternoon yesterday.

1.4. Adverbs of Frequency

Estes advérbios indicam a frequência com que uma ação está sendo executada. São de dois tipos:

1)Advérbios de frequência definidaEx.: I take cooking classes every Friday.

Outros exemplos – once a week / twice a week / at weekends / every other day / every day

2) Advérbios de frequência indefinidaEx.: I always go to the club. Outros exemplos – always / seldom / sometimesnever / often / usually

1.5. Adverbs of Manner 

Advérbios de modo são aqueles que indicam “como” uma ação acontece.  Ex.: He spoke fast. (Ele falou rápido)

* Para descobrirmos se um advérbio é de modo, basta olharmos para o verbo e perguntarmos: Como? No exemplo acima, basta perguntarmos: “Como ele falou?” Se obtermos resposta para a pergunta, significa que se trata de um advérbio de modo: Ele falou rápido.

Os advérbios de modo se originam a partir dos adjetivos. Existem algumas regras para formação de tais advérbios:

1) Regra Geral: acrescenta-se “LY” ao adjetivo.Ex.: bad – badly

slow – slowly

2) Adjetivos terminados em “YEx.: happy - happily

easy - easily

3) Adjetivos terminados em “LE”Ex.: simple – simply

incredible – incredibly

4) Adjetivos terminados em “IC”

Ex.: systematic – systematicallyheroic – heroically

5) Exceções: Alguns advérbios de modo não seguem tais regras:Ex.: good – well hard – hard

fast – fast early - early

Attention!Há palavras que terminam em “LY” e não são advérbios. São adjetivos! Ex.: friendly lively elderly

lonely silly lovely

2.0. Position of Adverbs

2.1. Adverbs of Frequency

Os advérbios de frequência podem ser colocados em diferentes posições numa frase: 

1) Advérbios de Frequência Indefinida: 

a) São usados após o verbo “To be”:Ex.: Some people are always complaining about everything.

b) Na frente dos demais verbos:Ex.: They usually play soccer at weekends.

2) Advérbios de Frequência Definida: 

a) São usados sempre no final da frase:Ex.: We go to the beach every year.

* Há casos em que os advérbios podem se usados em outras posições numa frase, como por exemplo o advérbio de frequência indefinida “sometimes”. Ele pode ser usado no início, meio ou fim de uma mesma frase:Ex.: Sometimes I go to the park.

I sometimes go to the park. I go to the park sometimes.

2.2. Adverbs of Manner, Place and Time

1) Para verbos de movimento, a ordem fica: PLACE – MANNER - TIME

Ex.: They got there precisely at 9 o’clock.  

São alguns verbos de movimento: arrive / go / come / walk / run / etc.

2) Para os demais verbos, a ordem fica:MANNER – PLACE – TIME

Ex.: We spoke loudly at the cinema yesterday.  

Se um dos três tipos de advérbio não existir na frase, a ordem continua sendo a mesma.

POLIO SUFFERER WINS $22.5 MILLION LAWSUIT

A man from Staten Island, New York has won a lawsuit after he contracted polio 30 years ago from his daughter's oral vaccination. Dominick Tenuto, 61, won $22.5 million from Lederle Laboratories who manufactured "Orimune", a polio vaccine that was given to Tenuto's 5-month-old daughter, Diana, in May 1979. The following month, Tenuto, who was a supervisor for a Wall Street securities firm, contracted polio and lost the use of his legs. He claimed that the vaccine, which contained a live virus, passed through his daughter's body and she excreted it. As a result, he is now in a wheelchair.

After the ruling, Tenuto said: "I've got some measure of relief that the truth finally was told in anopen court of law." He said of the money that, "it doesn't change the way I live my life. It's still going tobe hard." Tenuto had also tried to sue the state of the late paediatrician Dr. Leroy Schwartz, but only Lederle was held liable. Lederle is planning to appeal.

The reason for Dominick Tenuto to sue Lederle Laboratories was:

A) He got polio from a vaccine the lab manufactured.B) His daughter got polio after vaccination.C) He already had polio and after the vaccine his daughter contracted it.D) His daughter already had polio and after the vaccine he contracted it.E) The vaccine was not efficient for his daughter. 

A)

In the sentence “…Tenuto had also tried to sue the state of the late paediatrician Dr. Leroy Schwartz…” the word late stands for:

A) Not on time.B) Old fashioned.C) Former.D) Deceased.E) Last.D)

In the text the paragraph: “…After the ruling, Tenuto said: "I've got some measure of relief that the truth finally was told in an open court of law." He said of the money that, "it doesn't change the way I live my life. It's still going to be hard. …” means: A) Tenuto´s life is will improve after he receives the money.B) The fact that the truth came out in an open court does not pay for the hard life he has been living due to his physical conditions.C) The result of the ruling has made Tenuto feel better, but his life is still going to be difficult.D) The ruling results will not change his life at all.E) Tenuto believes the results will change the lives of other people with the same problems.

C)

DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES

Degrees of Adjectives

Normalmente aprendemos algumas coisas básicas sobre os adjetivos em inglês: Eles são usados antes do substantivo ao qual se referem e depois do verbo To Be. Sabe-se também que eles não sofrem variações quanto ao número e gênero. Entretanto é possível trabalharmos os graus dos adjetivos. Em inglês os adjetivos podem variar em 2 graus: Comparativo e Superlativo.

1.1. Conceito

Adjectives ComparativeSuperlative

1.2. Comparative degrees:a) Equalityb) Superiorityc) Inferiority

a) Comparative of Equalityas + adjective + as

AffirmativeEx.: Jennifer Lopez is as beautiful as Angelina Jolie.

NegativeEx.: Jennifer Lopez isn’t as beautiful as Angelina Jolie.Jennifer Lopez isn’t so beautiful as Angelina Jolie.

b) Comparative of Inferiorityless + adjective + (than)

Ex.: The interviewee was less articulate than the reporter.

c) Comparative of Superiorityadjective + ER (than)

more + adjective (than)

Ex.: Tim is taller than his brother. Women are more emotional than men.

1.3. Superlative Degree:InferioritySuperiority

a) Superlative of Inferioritythe least + adjective

Ex.: Susan was the least worried student in class. .

b) Superlative of Superiorityadjective + EST

the most + adjective

Ex.: Steve is the tallest boy in his class. Studying is one of the most important things to do in life.

Adjective Comparative (ER) Superlative (EST)

TALL taller (than) the tallest

BIG bigger (than) the biggest

EASY easier (than) the easiest

COY coyer (than) the coyest

DIFFICULT more difficult (than) the most difficult

Irregular Comparative and Superlative forms

good better the best

bad worse the worst

far farther / further the farthest / furthest

Abortion PillWomen living in France can have an abortion with a pill. The pill is called RU486. It makes having an abortion easy and without surgery. Women in America do not have access to this pill. A congresswoman sent a letter. She thinks that women should be able to get the pill in the United States. Another person thinks that American women should not have it. Some people worry about the new pill. They think it might teach people that abortion is no big deal. It will be harder to understand abortion if it is done with a pill. Some doctors think that this pill is safe. A group of California doctors is working to get the pill approved.

Another doctor said that abortion is legal in California. He said science can make it safer for women. He wants to study the pill in California. No one knows when the pill will be available to women in the United States. It is clear that many women want the choice.

Vocabulary:Pill: pílula; comprimido.Big deal: grande coisa. Teach: ensinar

1. According to the text:a) Everybody is against the new pill. (*against= contra)b) Everybody is in favor of the new pill. c) There are controversies about the new pill in different countries.d) No doctors approved the new idea. e) People want to have access to the pill in Brazil. 2. According to the text, it is correct to say that:a) People don’t want the pill in America. They think it will teach people to abort. b) Some doctors want the pill to be approved in America. c) People in France don’t want the pill to be approved in America. d) In France, abortion is illegal.

c)

b)

3. Mark True or False to the following statements according to the text:I. Many people are using the pill illegally. II. The new pill must be used during a surgery. III. Some people worry that the pill will motivate people to abort.  Mark the correct alternative:a) F – F – T b) T – T – T c) F – F – F d) T – F – T e) T – F – F

a)