(Comoros) EdkifiHwuma&&m&uQdKifowif;pOf

qufoG,f&efvdyfpm 1107 S Washington St.

Wheaton, IL 60189 U.S.A.

Ø1-630-682-3616 (Home)

Ø1-630-956-3382 (Cell) [email protected]

Edi tor : Oo Thein Maung

udkrdk&dk (Comoros)

EdkifiHwuma&;&m&uQdKif owif;pOfrSm,lvdkol/yHhydk;vdkolrsm;atmufyg b%feHygwfodk@azom

wdkuf&dkufyD;oGif;Ed_ifuwf ygonf-

Name: Oo Thein Maung

Account No.:4806231914

Bank: PNC

==== (EdkifiHjcm;rSiGDydk@vdkolrsm;twGuf)

Swift Code: PNCCUS33 rmwdum

urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;

rdwfqufu@

wefzdk; 7 a':vm

3 apmif 3v pm 20 a':vm

6 apmif 6v pm 40 a':vm

1 ESpfpm 70 a':vm

&uQdKifhvl@tzJG@tpnf;

t+cDjyKowif;pOf

jzpfygonf?

tar&DuefjynfaxmifpkwGifyHkESdyfxkwf0Donf?

ta=umif;t&m pmrsufESm axmifpkopf &mpkopf q,fpkESpfopfrSm urBmhEdkifiHopf (armifomay:-&rf;+AJ) 1 t,f'Dwmhpum; 2 *sLvdkifv 3 *sLvdkifv&ufpOfurBmhowif;rsm; 4-7 tDpkwfyHkjyifrsm;rdwfquf 8 abmvHk;csefyD,HEdkifiHrsm;tm;*k%fjyKjcif; 9 +rDyHk=unhf,ufyif;owif;zwf/owif;zwfyem+rDyHk=unhf 10-11 e,fvfqdefref'Jvm; 16 t*Fvdyfpum;ajymuwfar 18 tqifhjrifht*Fvdyfa0g[m&rsm; 19 udkrdk&dkEdkifiH 20

udkrdk&dkEdkifiHonftdENd,ork'N &mxJwGifwnf[donf?t"duusGef;}uD; 4usGef;ESifhtjcm;usGef;i,frsm;pGmjzifhzJ G@ pnf;v#uftmz&duwdkufrdkZrfbdEdkifiHESifhruf'uf*gpumEdkifiHrsm;=um;wGifwnf [donhfusGef;EdkifiHi,fjzpfonf?tmz&d u/Oa&myESif htmo#wdkufom;rsm;pGm &d k@onftqdkygusGef;pkodk@&mpkESpfESif hcs D v#ufusL;ausmf0ifa&mufcuwfonf? ,if;&d k @teuf16&mpk0ef;usifwGif0if a&mufvmuwfonhfo#D&mZD(Shirazi)tm&yfrsm;onfudkrd k&d kusGef;om;rsm; tm;tpPvrfbmomESif hrdwfqufyD;c uwfonf?1841rSpIudkrd k&d kEd kifiHonf jyifopfudkvdkeD.tpdwftydkif;wcktjzpf wnf[dc&mrS1975ckESpfwGifvGwfvyf a&;&[donf?1999wGifppfzufrStm%g odrf;r_jzpf+yD;aemuf2001ckESpf'DZdrfbmwGifEdkifiH.zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkt+cDcHOya'opfudkjyefvnf&GD;qJGtwnfjyK+yD;/udkrdk&dk Ed kifiH.usGef;av;usGef;rSwusGef;v#if4 ESpfuspDtvSnfhusorRw&GD;aumufwif ajrSmuf+yD;tkyfcsKyfonhfpHepfudkusifhoHk; edefayonf?

w&m;0iftrnf? ? udkrdk&dkusGef;rsm; jynfaxmifpk (Union of Comoros Is-lands)

EdkifiHwnfaxmifonhfckESpf? ? 1975

+rdK@awmf? ? rdk&dkeD

t"du+rdK@}uD;rsm;? ? rlpmrl'l(Mutsamudu)/z Gr fbd ke D(Fomboni)?vlOD;a&? ? 773407 (*sLvdkif/2010)?vlOD;a&odyfwnf;r_E_ef;? ? 1pwk&ef; rd kifv#if892a,muf(1pwk&ef;cDvdkrD wmv#if 344 a,muf) tus,ft0ef;? ? 838 pwk&ef;rdkif (2170 pwk&ef;uDvdkrDwm)

ajymqdkonhfbmompum;? ? tm a&As/udkrdk&ef/jyifopf?

udk;uG,fonhfbmom? ? qleDrlq vif98 &mE_ef;/&dkrefuufovd 1 &m E_ef;/tjcm; 1 &mE_ef;?

edefxdkifonhfvlrsdK;rsm;? ? udkrdk&ef 97 &mE_ef;/ tjcm; 3 &mE_ef;?

tpdk;&? ? orRwpHepf?

aiGa=u;,led? ? 1 udkrdk&dkz&ef@v#if 100 pdefwDar?

pmwwfajrmufr_E_ef;? ? EdkifiHvlOD; a&. 56 &mE_ef;?

c,fvdk&Dpm;oHk;r_? ? 1735 c,fvdk&D?

EdkifiHwuma&;&m&uQdKifowif;pOf

trSwf (7)

*sLvdkifv

2011 ckESpf?

axmifpkopf &mpkopf q,fpkESpfopfrSm

urÇmhEdkifiHopf

2011ckESpf*sefe0g&DrSmjyKvkyfca&jynfol@qENcH,lyJGrSmajrmufydkif;ql'ef.tiftm;oHk;tkyfcsKyfr_ atmufuvGwfvyfpGmcJGxGufyemoD;jcm;EdkifiHtjzpfxlaxmifvdka=umif;jynfom;jynfoltm;vHk;.(99)&mE_ef;ausmfurJyD;ca&twnfjyK&v'fa=umifh*sLvdkifv 9 &ufedutmz&duwdkuf.54EdkifiHajrmuft jzpfEdkifiHopfwckay:aygufvmyga&? 1993ckESpfrSmtD&Dw&D;,m;tedefeef@tDoD,dk;yD;,m;bm;ucJGxGuf+yD; aemufydkif;yxrOD;qHk;rGD;zGg;vma&rdciftmz&du.om;aygufp acsyg?EdkifiH.w&m;0ifemrnfu awmifql 'eforRwEdkifiH ( Republic of South Sudan ) jzpfyga&? pmrsufESm 12 odk@

atedat&ufa&tusGe f& d k @.OD; aESmufeef @E SvH k ;om;rSmxm0& urRnf;r Swfwrf;wifxm;uwf &zdk@ed&ufjzpfyga& ³³³³³³ (pm 12)

&dk;om;yGifhvif;a&jynfol@usGefw a,muftjzpfjynfoludktvkyftausG;jyKzdk@oif&dk@wd.}[darSmufrSm &yfedefpGmjzpfyga&?oif&dk@tm;vHk; .ranmif;r&dwrf; ³³³³³³ (pm 16)

t0dkif;ES Haumif-rif;em;edefedef/ysH vm;vm;ightwGufwckvnf;rxl;/rif;igh+*dKxufrSma&mufedefpGmudkig odawmifrod ³³³³³³ (pm 8)

pmrsufESm 2

t,f'Dwmhpum;


“OD;aESmufaumif;wckeef@ ESvHk;om;aumif;wcka&

pGrf;tif}uD;rm;aom aygif;pnf;r_udk

t+rJwrf;jzpfwnfpDyga&”

“ynma&;qdkpGmurBm}uD;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJzdk@twGuf

oiftoHk;csEd_ifa& pGrf;tm;t[dqHk; vufeufwckyg”

“owWdo#ifqdkpGma& ra=umufwwfaw

vlwa,mufr[kwfyg/ ‘ta=umufw&m;’tay: atmifyJGcH tEdkif&a&vlyg”

e,fvfqdefref'Jvm;

&uQdKifjynf. tem*gwfonf &uQdKiftrsdK;aumif;om;/ trsdK;aumif;orD;&dk@. vufxJwGif[donf?

usGef;wGifZrŠL

vlwGif&cdkif

}udKifbdowif;

uif;bdtjypf

cspfonhftrsdK;

}udK;onhfvHk@v

jrwfpm* ESifh

ESpf0ewfvl

cspf=unfjzLonf

edAŠLqkawmif;jynhftHhwnf;?

(o#ifr[moDv0Ho)

urBm}uD;udk&Gmacsw&GmtjzpfowfrSwf+yD;auEdkifiHwckcsif;pDa&tdrfaxmifpkacswdvdk@qdkaua' 2011/*sLvdkifv(9)&ufedutusGef&dk@&GmrSmtdrfaxmifpktopfwckwdk;ygvwfyga&?,if;tdrfaxmifpkopfem rnfuawmhau“awmifql'ef”(South Sudan)jzpfyga&?awmifql'efa&urBm.196 ckajrmuf(xdkif0rftygt 0if)EdkifiHjzpfyga&?rdciftmz&duwdkuftwGufawmhuawmhau(54)ckajrmufwdkif;jynfyg?

tusGef&dk@urBm}uD;rSmvlrsdK;aygif;pkH/EdkifiHaygif;pHk/,Hk=unfr_aygif;pHk/,Ofaus;r_aygif;pHktp[donfjzifh a&mvl;,SufwifedefxdkifedefuwfpGmrSmwcsdK@vnf;tm;vHk;aygif;Asm,f/pD;Asm,fta*gifhvnf;a*gifh'dk;wlabmif zuf&yfwnfedefxdkifeDuwfyga&?wcsdK@vnf;zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_wd/pHepfwusoyfv#dKcJGr_wd/csdK;ESdrfr_wd/+zdKcGif;owf jzwfr_wdatmufrSmtvl;tvJcHyemjzpfawydkif&yfwnfedefuwf&yga&?,if;ao#mif/,if;ao#mifaom'%f&m '%fcsufwdudktvl;tvJcH,ufyif;wckydkifvnf;rwwfEd_ifa&cgxvdk@wdkufAsm,foD;jcm;EdkifiHxlaxmifzdk@/udk,hf pGmeef@udk,f&yfwnfzdk@}udK;pm;vmuwfyga&?at*kawmifql'efa&,if;ydkif}udK;yrf;/tm;xkwf/yD;qyfyem udk,hfwdkif;jynfeef@udk,hfvlrsdK;oD;jcm;jzpfwnfvmr_wdxJuwckyg?,if;tvHudkxlzdk@twGufawmifql'efom;&dk@ESpfaygif;50ausmftcsdef,lcuwf&yga&?vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGumvwav#mufrSmjynfol2oef;ausmfoD}uD vm;yga&?aemufxyfvlaygif;2oef;ausmfuajrmufydkif;e,f+rDwdxJudkvm;a&mufedefxdkifzd k@udk,fhe,f+rD xJuedeftwif;t"rRarmif;xkwfcHuwf&yga&?,if;ydkifrsdK;}uD;rm;/eufo#dKif;a&yD;qyfr_wd/epfemr_wd.toD; tyGifhtjzpfawmifql'efom;&dk@a&at*kawmhauqm;eef@yifpm;&/&Deef@yifpm;&udk,fhwdkif;jynfeef@udk,fvGwf vyfr_.t&omudktjynfht0cHpm;Ed_ifuwfAsm,fjzpfyga&?

urBmh&GmxJrSmr=umcifujzpfwnfvmuwfawtjcm;tdrfaxmifpktopfacswduawmhau2008 ckESpf/azAsL0g&DrSmqmAD;,m;xJucJGxGufvma&udkqdkAdk/qmAD;,m;tpkxJuAsm,f2006ckESpftwGif;uaemuf xyfcJGxGufca&rGifwDeD*&dk/2002ckESpfrSmtdef'dkeD;o#m;ucJGxGufvma&t&SdwDarm&dk@jzpfuwf+yD;au1990uedef2011ckESpfwmumvtwGif;rSmurBm}uD;rSmEdkifiHopfaygif;29EdkifiHjzpfay:vma&vdk@qdkyga&?,if;&dk@xJrSm qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpka[mif;wckwnf;xJucGJxGufvm;a&EdkifiHaygif;14EdkifiHjzpfyga& vSwf?

a,eef@pum;jzwfvdk@-*sLvdkifvxJrSmurBmhabmvHk;avmu.zvm;}uD;ESpfck.yJGpOfwdudkusif;y vm;uwfyga&?tm*sdefxD;em;rSmvkyfaw2011ckESpf/awmiftar&duzvm;udk2010urBmhzvm;rSmpwkwedef &mudkcsdwfaw,l&la*G(O&ka*G;)toif;u15}udrfajrmuftjzpf&vm;yga&?*smr%DrSmvkyfawurBmhtrsdK;orD; abmvHk;+ydKifyJGrSmawmhautmo#u*syeftrsdK;orD;toif;a&emrnf}uD;tar&DueftrsdK;orD;abmvHk;t oif;udkz,fe,fwDausmufyemtEdkif&vm;pGmrSm,if;csifha&tmo#toif;woif;tedefeef@urBmhzvm;udkyxrOD;qHk;&,lEd_ifa&ordkif;udk*syeforD;ysdK&dk@jyKvm;uwfpGmjzpfyga&?

,if;ao#mif/,if;ao#mifrsdK;tjcm;vlrsdK;/EdkifiHwdtedefeef@urBmhvlr_todkif;t0ef;.tpdwftydkif; w&yftjzpfyg0ifqifEJGedefuwfpGmwd/tEdkif&,ledefuwfpGmwdudk=unhfedef,ufyif;(1995ckESpfuvdk@xifyga&-twdtusrrSwfrdyg)wdkuf*g;zvm;abmvHk;+ydKifyJ GrSm&cdkiftoif;a&oGif;*d k;wvHk;acsvnf;toGif;rcH& yJeef@zvm;&,lvm;pGmudkvm;vdk@twGufay:rdjyefyga&?aemufqHk;rSmawmhau&cdkiftoif;urBmhzvm;+cDppf atmifa&vdk@EGDvacgifacgif/edcif;a=umifawmifrSmtdrfrufrufyvdkufrdyg,ifh?

cifrifr_jzifh

OD;odef;armif

trSwf(7)/ *sLvdkifv/ 2011 ckESpf pmrsufESm 19

attpDtpOfonf&cdkiftrsdK;aumif;om;/trsdK;aumif;orD;rsm;/ &cdkifausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;tedefjzifhEdkifiHwumpme,fZif;rsm;/edpOfxkwf owif;pmrsm;/ausmif;oifc%f;pmtkyfrsm;wGift*Fvdyfpmzwf&mYyd kr d k oazgaygufem;vnfuwfpD&ef&nf&G,fv#uf}udK;pm;bmomjyefqdkwifquf xm;jcif;jzpfyga&?urBmeef@&ifabmifwef;Asm,fynmjynhf0/ ESvHk;vSa& tmC &uQdKiftrsdK;aumif;om;/trsdkK;aumif;orD;wdjzpfvmEdkif uwfygpD? ?

Balkanization: vlrsdK;aygif;pHk/e,f+rDaygif;pHkaygif;pkedefuwfaomfvnf; &efzufrsm;jzpfedefuwfonhftcgudk,hftkyfpkESifhudk,fcJGxGufumwdkif;/EdkifiHrsm;tjzpftoD;oD;&yfwnfjcif;?yxrurBmppft+yD;wGift,if uabmfvuefa'otjzpf&yfwnfcaome,f+rDxJrStcsif;csif;rsm; =um;&efzufrsm;jzpfedefuwfr_a=umihftwlwuGedefxdkifIrjzpfEd_ifawmhonhftqHk;,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;/blvfa*;&D;,m;/*&d/t,fvfab;eD;,m;/wl&uD/&dkar;eD;,m;ponfjzifhtkyfpkvdkuf/tydkif;vdkufoD;jcm;wdkif;/EdkifiH rsm;tjzpf&yfwnfvmuwfonfudkwifpm;ac:a0:oHk;E_ef;onhfEdkifiH a&;qdkif&mtoHk;tE_ef;jzpfygonf?1980ausmfESpfrsm;twGif;u vufbEGefwGifppfvdkvm;onhftkyfpkuJGrsm;rsm;pGmay:aygufedefcr_t ay: Balkanization ESifhEd_if;,SOfum Lebanonization [kyifwifpm;ac:a0: cuwfygonf?

Ballistic missiles: wm0D;ypf'Hk;rsm;?atao#miftrsdK;tpm;wm0D;ypf'Hk; rsm;onfypfv$wf+yD;yxrydkif;tuGmt0D;Yomxdrf;csKyfpHepfatmuf wGif[d+yD;xdkaemufwGifurBmh+rDqJGtm;(gravity)tay:rlwnfIOD;wnf usa&mufE_difonhfxdrf;csKyfvGwftajctaew&yfxJYa&muf[dvm;yg onf?,if;'Hk;rsm;onfypfrSwfodk@jrefqef/wduspGma&muf[dEd_if+yD;urBmh wdkuf}uD;wckpmavmuf[donhftus,ft0ef;/tuGmt0D;udkrded(30) twGif;jzwfoef;vm;Ed_if;pGrf;[donf[kqdkygonf?

Ballot: &GD;aumufyJGwckYqENrJyD;olwOD;onfrdrd}udKufESpfouf&m&GD; aumufcHoltay:wGifvnf;aumif;/ygwDtay:wGifvnf;aumif;qEN rJxnfhjcif;udk!$ef;qdkonhfrJxnfhpm&Guf(tpdwftydkif;)?

Barter: =um;cHazomiGD}uD;ryg[dyJoufqdkif&mwefzdk;tvdkufukef ypPnf;rsm;tcsif;csif;zvS,fr_?

Belligerency: tcsif;csif;qef@usifvdkr_/ppfrufvdkvm;r_?(ppfyJGumvxJ odk@a&muf[dedefonhfwdkif;EdkifiHrsm;.tajctaeudkwifpm;ac:a0:yg onf?)

Bias: wpHkw&mtay:(odk@r[kwf)wpHkwOD;tay:(odk@r[kwf)tkyfpk/tzJG@ tpnf;wcktay:(rdrdod[d/vufcHxm;onhftcsuftvuf/cHpm;r_rsm; tay:rlwnfI)}udKwifxifjrif,lqcsuf(odk@r[kwf)qHk;jzwfcsuf?Oy rmtm;jzifhtcsdK@aomtvkyfo#ifrsm;onfvlenf;pk(minorities)rsm;/

trsdK;orD;rsm;tay:wGiftE_wfvuQ%mqefonhfxifjrif,lqcsuf rsm;/rl0g'rsm;csrSwfxm;[dwwfr_?

Bicameral: Oya'jyKv$wfawmfESpf&yfyg0ifr_?

Bicameral government: Oya'jyKv$wfawmfESpf&yfyg0ifzJG@pnf;xm;[d onhftpdk;&?tar&DuefjynfaxmifpkonfOya'jyKv$wfawmfESpf&yfyg 0ifonhfzJG@pnf;yHkjzifhEdkifiHtm;zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfygonf?tqdkjyKcsufwpHk w&mtm;trdef@'D*&D[donhfOya'w&yfjzpfvmpDa&;twGuftxuf ESif hatmufv$wfawmfESpf&yfvH k;.twnfjyKcsufudk&,l&ygonf?eb&m;pum;(Nebraska)jynfe,frSvJGItar&Duefjynfaxmifpk. jynfe,frsm;tm;vHk;wGifvnf;v$wfawmfESpf&yfzJG@pnf;xm;[dygonf?(eb&m;pum;jynfe,fwGifv$wfawmfESpf&yfyl;aygif;yg0ifonhf!Gef@ aygif;v$wfawmfpHepfudkusifhoHk;ygonf?)

Big stick: vlyk*~dKvfwpHkwa,muf(odk@r[kwf)tkyfpk/tzJG@tpnf;wckt wGufqdkv#if big stick [lonfrSmrdrd§rdrd&dk@vdkvm;onfrsm;udk&[d atmifjyKaqmifEd_ifpGrf;[donhf,Hk=unfudk;pm;avmufzG,faemufcH tiftm;wpHkw&mudkqdkvdk+yD;wdkif;EdkifiHw&yftwGufrlppftiftm;uJodk@aomtiftm;yg0gw&yfudkwifpm;ac:a0:ygonf?atpum;&yfudk tar&DueforRwoD,dk'dk&kpAJhrSpwifoHk;E_H;c&mrSurBmhEdkifiHa&;avmuwGiftoHk;wGifvmjcif;jzpfygonf?olu “tread softly but carry a big stick”(udk!Sifom/aysmhaysmif;pGmajymqdkjyKrlyg/odk@aomf'kwft}uD;oef wacsmif;udkvnf;udkifxm;yg) [kqdkcygonf?

Bilateral: ygwDESpf&yf/EdkifiHESpfEdkifiH/zufESpfzufponfjzifhESpfOD;ESpfzuf tjyeftvSefoazgwlyg0ifr_?Oyrmtm;jzifhtar&DuefjynfaxmifpkESifh *syefEd ki fiHrsm;=um;wGifESpfOD;ESpfzuftjyeftvSefoazgwlnDr_[d onhfukefoG,fa&;oazgwlnDcsuf(bilateral trade agreement)udkcs rSwfxm;[dr_rsdK;?

Bilateralism: EdkifiHESpfEdkifiH=um;wGifpD;yGg;a&;t&(odk@r[kwf)ppfa&;/vHk +cHKa&;t&tjyeftvSef/twlwuGyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&efoazgwlcs rSwfxm;[donhfrl0g'?r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;tcsif;csif;=um;wGifyl;aygif; aqmif&Gufjcif;rsdK;udkvnf;qdkvdkygonf?

Bipartisan: rl0g'w&yf(odk@r[kwf)tqdkjyKcsuftp[donhfudpPtjcif; t&mw&yftay:qef@usifzufygwDESpf&yfvHk;oazgwlnDr_? Oyrmtm; jzifhtar&DuefjynfaxmifpkwGifEdkifiHa&;rl0g'(odk@r[kwf)tqdkjyKcsuf w&yftay:Y&DzgAvDudefESif h'Drd kc&ufxdygwDESpf&yfvHk;rSoazgwl/axmufyHhyg0ifr_?

tqifhjrifht*Fvdyfa0g[m&rsm;

(vpOf rysufruGuf qufvufwifqufvm;rnfjzpfygonf?)

t*Fvdyfpum;ajymuwfar

pmrsufESm 18 EdkifiHwuma&;&m&uQdKifowif;pOf

att*Fvdyfoifc%f;pmwda&t*Fvdy fpum;ajymud kt+cDc Hup vdk@avhvmedefa&&cdkiftacs&dk@/pmzwfol&dk@twGuf&nf!$ef;v#uft +cDcHtusqHk;tqifhwduedefwqifh+yD;wqifhpDpOfwifqufvm;zdk@jzpfyg a&?t*FvdyftoHxGufwdudktar&DuefwdxGufawvDoHtwdkif;tyg; qHk;&atmif}udK;pm;&GD;,lxm;jcif;jzpfyga&? aus;Zl;wifyga&? urBmudk tvkyftausG;jyKE_difa&&cdkifrsm;ay:xGef;vmygpD?

Lesson Seven: Relitives

oifc%f;pm(7)/ qGDrsdK;Omwdtac:ta0:rsm; (t,ifvrStquf)

Niece

eD;pf?

wlr?

Nephew

aezsL?

wl?

Cousin

cgZdef?

0rf;uJGnDtpfudk/armifESr?

Aunt

tifhxf?

t&D;}uD;/t&D;acs?

Uncle

tifcJ,fvf?

0&D;/tcif}uD;?

Wife

0d_ufzf

r,m;/ ZeD;/ tdrfo#ifr?

Husband

[mhpfbef;'f

vif/ cifyGef;/ tdrfo#if?

Bride

b&dwf'f

owdk@orD;/ r,m;v#m?

Groom

*&krf;(rf)

owdk@om;/ vifv#m?

Parent

az;&ef@xf

rdz

Parents

az;&ef@xfpf

rdzrsm;

Grandchild

*&ef;'dcsdKif;vf'f

+rD;?

Grandchildren

*&ef;'fcsJvf&ef;

+rD;rsm;?

Grandson

*&ef;qif;ef

+rD;(a,muFsm;)?

Granddaughter

*&ef;a':xm&f

+rD;(r)?

Fiancée

zD;,efap;

vufxyf&efpdpyfxm;onhftrsdK;orD;(owdk@orD;avmif;)?

Twin

xGdef

tr$m?

Friend

z&ef;'f

oli,fcsif;/rdwfqGD?

Boyfriend

bGdKif;z&ef;'f

&nfpm;(a,muFsm;)

Girlfriend

*&m;vfz&ef;'f

&nf;pm;(trsdK;orD;)

Stepchild

pwyf(y)csKdif;vf'f

vifyg§r,m;ygom;/orD;

Stepfather

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*sLvdkif 1/ vGwfvyfa&;ed (&0rf'g/ bl&Gif'D)

a&mrAdkvfcsKyf}uD;rmhcftefxdkeD(Mark Antony)rS*sL;vD;,ufqDZm(Julius Caesar)udk*k%fjyKonhftedefjzifhrSnhfac:conhfvemrnfjzpfyg onf?*sLvdkifonfurBmhawmifzufjcrf;wGifrdk;vwckjzpf+yD;urBmhajrmufzufjcrf;wGifrlEGD&moDausmif;ydwf&uf&Snfvjzpfygonf?*sLvdkifonfESpfwESpf.owWrajrmufvjzpf+yD;&ufaygif;31&uf[dygonf?

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*sLvdkif 1/ 1646 – a*ghxfz&dkif;'fvdkifbeD;Zf (Gottfried Leibniz)*smrefocsFmynmo#if

*sLvdkif 4/ 1807 - *D,lqufyD*,f&Dbm'D (Giuseppe Garibaldi)tDwmv#Hppfa&;ESifhEdkifiHa&;a*gif;aqmif

*sLvdkif 4/ 1872 – c,fAdefcdk;vd*sf (Calvin Coolidge)30a,mufajrmuftar&DueforRw

*sLvdkif 6/ 1946 – a*smhcsf'AvsLbkcsf (George W. Bush)43a,mufajrmuftar&DueforRw

*sLvdkif 7/ 1887 – rmhcfcsm*g;vf (Marc Chagall)&mo#ef;EG,fzGg;jyifopf-*sL;yef;csDq&m

*sLvdkif 8/ 1839 - *sGef'Da&mhuwfzJvm; (John D. Rockefeller)*smref-tar&DuefpD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;o#if

*sLvdkif 9/ 1819 – tJvdpfa[mif0D (Elias Howe)tyfjcKyfpufwDxGifoltar&Duefynmo#if

*sLvdkif 11/ 1767 - *sGifuGdefpDt'rfpf (John Quincy Adams)6a,mufajrmuftar&DueforRw

*sLvdkif 11/ 1899 – tD;bD0d_uf (E.B. White)tar&Duefpm&GD;q&m

*sLvdkif 12/ 1817 – [defe&Da';Adaomf&dk; (Henry David Thoreau)tar&DuefuAsmESifhpm&GD;q&m

*sLvdkif 12/ 1849 – qm0DvD,rfatmfpvm (Sir William Osler)uae'D,ef&lyaA'ynmo#if

*sLvdkif 12/ 1854 – a*smhcsftdpfxfref; (George Eastman)"gwfyHkzvdefwDxGifoltar&Duefynmo#if

*sLvdkif 14/ 1913 - *s&,ftm&fazmh'f (Gerald R. Ford)38a,mufajrmuftar&DueforRw

*sLvdkif 15/ 1606 - &rf;b&ef@xfAef&D*sdef (Rembrandt van Rijn)'wfcsfyef;csDq&m

*sLvdkif 18/ 1918 – e,fvfqdefref'Jvm; (Nelson Mandela)yxrOD;qHk;awmiftmz&duorRw

*sLvdkif 21/ 1899 – tm;eufpfa[;rdef;a0; (Ernest Hemingway)tar&Duefpm&GD;q&m

*sLvdkif 24/ 1783 – qdkifrGefbdkvD;Am (Simon Bolivar)AdefeDZJGvm;vGwfvyfa&;a*gif;aqmif

*sLvdkif 26/ 1856 – a*smhcsfbm;eufacsm (George Bernard Shaw)tdkif;&dcsfpm&GD;q&m

*sLvdkif 27/ 1824 – tvufZENm;'l;rm; (Alexander Dumas - fils) jyifopfpm&GD;q&m

*sLvdkif 28/ 1866 – bm;x&dpfay:wm (Beatrix Potter)t*FvdyfuAsmESifhpm&GD;q&mr

*sLvdkif 29/ 1883 – beDwdkrlqdkvDeD (Benito Mussolini)'kwd,urBmppftwGif;umvtDwvDa*gif;aqmif

*sLvdkif 30/ 1818 – trfrDvDb&GefxD (Emily Bronte)t*Fvdyfpm&GD;q&mr

*sLvdkif 30/ 1863 – [efe&Dazmh'f (Henry Ford)yxrOD;qHk;um;puf&Hkwnfaxmifol

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odef;aygif;rsm;pGmaomawmiftmz&dujynfolrsm;onfaxmifxJrSxGufvmonhfref'Jvm;ud kudyf awmif;[email protected];ab;0J,mESpfzufvHk;rSedefIvuf0J,rf; E_wfqufuwfonf?&dkaoav;pm;onhftjyKtrlrsm;udk jyouwfonf?vufckyfvuf0g;wajzmif;ajzmif;wD;um aysmf&$ifjrL;wl;r_tjynhfjzifhatmifyJGcHuwfonf?ol@tm; cspf=unfav;pm;pGm}udKqdkedefuwfonhftxJwGifvlrJ rsm;omru/vljzLrsm;vnf;trsm;tjym;yg0ifuwfyg onf?,if;odk@jzifhav;pm;cspf=unfpGmE_wfquf}udKqdkr_t aygif;ud kcH,l,ufyif;armif;ESifvmonhfref'Jvm;. um;onfwedef&mta&mufwGif!Sif!SifomomacsESifh &yfwef@vm;onf?ref'Jvm;onfum;xJrSxGufvm+yD;vl jzLtbkacswa,mufudk&Guf,lvdkufum,if;tbkacs. rdzrsm;jzpfonhfi,fi,f&G,f&G,fvljzLpHkwJGESifhtwlt+yHK;

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(wzufyHk)



BPM—Business Process Management

BSA—Business Softward Alliance

BTW—by the way

C2C—consumer-to-consumer

CA—Certificate Authority

CAD—computer-aided design

CAE—computer-aided engineering

CAI—computer-aided instruction

CAM—computer-aided manufacturing

CASE—computer-aided software engineering

CAT—computerized adaptive testing

CATV—cable television

CBT—computer-based training

CCD—charge-coupled device

CCE—Certified Computer Examiner

CCIE—Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert

CCNA—Cisco Certified Network Associate

CCNP—Cisco Certified Network Professional

ccTLD—country code top-level domain

CD—compact disc

(Source: Discovering Computers 2008 / Shelly, Cashman, Vermaat)

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pmrsufESm 6



(t,ifvrS tquf)

inc. – incorporated; including yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufonf/tygt0if?

intro – introduction ed'gef;?rdwfqufaz:jycsuf?

IOU – I owe you igrif;udktm;usa&?

igrif;udkt}uGD;wifvm;Asm,f?

IQ – Intelligence quotient Om%f&nfjyudef;? Om%f&nft qifhtwef;?

IRA – individual retirement account yk*~vdut+idrf;pm;qdkif&mb%fpk iGDpm&if;

I.R.A. – Irish Republican Army tdkif,mvef &DzgAvDuef wyfr awmf

IRS – International Revenue Service tjynfjynfqdkif&mb¾ma&;0ef aqmifr_

Jr. – Junior *sLeD,m? vkyfoufEke,fol/ti,f?

Lab – Laboratory ody`HvufwGd"gwfcJGprf;oyfcef;

Lat. – Latin vufwdefbmom/vufwdefbmompum;?

qufvufaz:jyvm;ygrnf?

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25- xdkif0rfwGifw&kwfjynftwGufpHkaxmufvkyfolAdkvfcsKyf}uD;wOD;tm;axmifwoufcsrSwfvdkufonf?


uavmifoGD;uwfyg

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pmtkyftjynfhtpHkudk E-Mail rSwqifh yD;ydk@vm;rnfjzpfygonf?aus;Zl;wifygonf?

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baZmifyifqdkpD?oHk;ckajrmufaxmifpkESpf.tp/ 21 &mpk ESpf.'kwd,ajrmufq,fpkESpftpOD;ESpfxJrSmzdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_wd/tiftm; oHk;}uD;pdk;r_wdatmufuvGwfajrmufvma&urBmhEdkifiHopfwckudkt usGef&dk@tm;vHk;u+idrf;csrf;pGm/cspfcifpGm/tjyeftvSefav;pm;pGm}udKqdk E_wfqufAsm,ftem*gwfrSmzufaygif;pH kutwdkif;twmwckxdwdk; wufawEdkifiHtjzpfeef@urBmh&Gm.tpdwftydkif;wcktjzpf*k%foduQm[d[dyg0ifvmEd_ifygpDa=umif;qkawmif;qENjyKvm;uwf&zdk@jzpfa=umif; yg? ?

tm;vHk;ususef;rrm/cscsrf;oom[duwfygpD?

armifomay: (&rf;+AJ)

usrf;udk;

(tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh"gwfyHkrsm;udkatmufaz:jyygpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;ESifhtdefwmeufpmrsufESmrsm;rSxkwf,l&[dygonf)

Countries of the World and Their Leaders Yearbook 2004 (Elicott, Karen)

The New York Times Almanac 2011 (Wright, John W.)

http://www.goss.org/

www.bbc.co.uk

www.cnn.com

www.google.com

http://www.guardian.co.uk/

http://www.unhcr.org/

http://en.wikipedia.org/

“igonf t&D&musefauvnf; usefygpD?

ta=um&musefauvnf; usefygpD?

t¶dk;&musefauvnf; usefygpD?

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av;yg;aom ZGJ/vHk@v/0D&d,rsdK;eef@trSefw&m;udkig=[mar”

(Ak'<a*gwr)

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udk&D;,m;ygarmuQwOD;

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Bill Gate

“trSefw&m;tay:av;pm;r_r[d(odk@r[kwf)av;pm;r_tm;enf;vm a&tcg t&mtm;vHk;a&oHo,0ifp&ma*s;jzpfedefvdrfhar ”

St. Augustine


pmrsufESm 12 (rsufESmzHk;aqmif;yg;) rS

odk@aomf1983ckESpfrSmajrmufydkif;a*gif;aqmifwduawmifydkif;tay:udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGif h&a'otjzpftodtrSwfjyKr_udk&yfwef@y vdkufpGmrSmql'efjynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf(Sudan People’s Liberation Army – SPLA) uOD;aqmifyemvGwfajrmufr_wdkufyJGudkquf vufqifEJGcuwfyga&?,if;ydkifeef@vlaygif;2oef;avmufoDuwf/}uDuwf/tdk;aysmuftdrfaysmufjzpfuwft+yD;atESpf 2011 rSmtcsKyf t csmtm%mydkifa&vHk;0vGwfvyfawEdkifiHwEdkifiHjzpfygvwfpGmyg?

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udk OD;odef;armif (tdkiftdk0g)

Ø 515-326-4622

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Ø 773-414-2813

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Ø 412-403-7822

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Ø 716-308-3566

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Ø 414-484-5738

*dk;acs (,lwm;)

Ø 801-512-1036

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Ø 630-749-8083

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(pmrsufESm 17 § e,fvfqdefref'Jvm; rS)

1992ckESpfwGifattefpDESifhawmiftmz&du tpdk;&=um;Ytm%mcJG0Da&;rl0g'udkcsrSwfonf?1993 ckESpfwGifurBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;EdkA,fqkudkcsD;jrSif hjcif;cH& onf?1994ckESpfaty&,fwGiftv$maygif;pH k /vlrsdK; aygif;pH krJyD;Ed _ifonhfawmiftmz&du.yxrOD;qHk; aomygwDpHktaxGaxG&GD;aumufyJGudkusif;y&mtrwf edef&m400[donhfawmiftmz&duv$wfawmfwGif t rwfedef&m252edef&mtEdkif&[[email protected] rnftm;jzif h‘udk,f h'kuQudk,f=[mol’[kt"dy`g,f& onhfe,fvfqdefref'Jvm;onfawmiftmz&duEdkifiH. yxrOD;qHk;aomvlrnf;orRwjzpfvmygonf?

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usrf;udk;

Nelson Mandela: Long walk to freedom by Wyk, Chris Van.

Nelson Mandela: Voice of Freedom by Hughes Libby

Nelson Mandela by Rose, Simon

The New York Times Almanac 2011 (Wright, John W.)

http://nobelprize.org/

http://www.glogster.com/

http://reviews.wikinut.com/


(rsufESmzHk;aqmif;yg; “urBmhEdkifiHopf” rS)

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awmifql'ef. EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkt+cDcHOya'opfudk trsm;jynfolodk@ udkifjrSifh jyo edefonhforRw um;&f


John Quincy Adams

*sGifuGdefpDt'rf

(6a,mufajrmuftar&DueforRw)

rGD;ed? ? *sLvdkif 11/ 1767?

b0oufwrf;? ? 1767 -1848?

rGD;&yf? ? b&def;x&D; (vuf[duGdefpD)/rufqmcsL;qufpfjynfe,f?

trd? ? Abigail Smith Adams

tz? ? John Adams ('kwd,ajrmuftar&DueforRw)

r,m;? ? Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams om;orD;rsm;? ? a*smhcsf/*sGif/csm;vfpf/vl;0dpf?

aumvdyf^wuUodkvf? ? [m;Amh

(Harvard)/ vdkif;'ef (Leiden)

toufrGD;tvkyftudkif? ? }[deD?

EdkifiHa&;vkyfouf? ? rufqmcsL; qufpfv$wfawmftrwf/txufv$wf awmftrwf/*&dwf+ADwdef/e,fomvef/ay:wl*,f/y&yfo#m;ESifh&mo#m;EdkifiH rsm;qdkif&m0ef}uD;/EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;/orRw/atmufv$wfawmftrwf?

ygwD? ? z,f'&,fvdpf/ 'Drdkc&ufxdcf-&DzgAvDudef? (Federalist / Democractic-Republican) a'ocHjynfe,f? ? rufqmcsL; qufpf?

or Rw& G D ; aumufy J Goufwr f ;w av#muftwdkuftcHrsm;? ? Henry Clay/ Andrew Jackson/ William H. Crawford?

orRwoufwrf;? ? Mar 4, 1825 rS Mar 3, 1829 xd?

'kwd,orRw? ? *sGifpDudkvkef; (John C. Calhoun)?

&cdkifa0g[m&tbd"gefusrf; (to#if0go0)

&cdkifa&S;a[mif;+rdK@awmfrsm; (xGef;a&$cdkif—ppfawG aumvdyf) Time Magazine

Oxford Essential Biographical Dictionary

The New York Times Alamanac (2007)

The New Book of Knowledge (2005)

Student Discovery Encyclopedia (2003)

Countries of the World and Their Leaders

Yearbook (2004)

Chronicle of the 20th Century

The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents

http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/

http://www.cnn.com/

http://www.news24.com/

http://www.topix.com/world/south-america

http://www.smh.com.au/

Sources: (atpmapmifygowif;ESifhtcsuftvufrsm;udk atmufaz:jyygowif;Xgersm;ESifh pmtkyf pmwrf;rsm;rS pkaqmif;&,lygonf?)

‘EdkifiHwuma&;&m&uQdKifowif;pOf’0,f,ltm;yD;olrsm;/ulnDjzef@csDyD;olrsm;ESifh &uQdKiftrsdK;aumif;om;/trsdK;aumif;orD;taygif;tm;

EdkifiHwuma&;&m&ud©Kifowif;pOfrSvSKdufvSJpGm*kPfjyKtyfygonf/

awmiftar&duwdkufzvm;(2011).

csefyD,H ,l&la*G (O&ka*G;)toif;

tm;vnf;aumif;

urBmhzvm;trsdK;orD;(2011).

csefyD,H *syeftoif;

tm;vnf;aumif;

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(Comoros) EdkifiHwuma&&m&uQdKifowif;pOf