Constituintes maioritários da água do mar (S=35)

Constituinte g kg-1

CatiõesSódio 10.77

Magnésio 1.30Cálcio 0.412

Potássio 0.399Estrôncio 0.008

AniõesCloreto 19.34Sulfato 2.71

Brometo 0.067

CarbonoCarbono inôrganico 0.023 (pH 8.4) - 0.027 (pH 7.8)

World ocean bathymetry World ocean bathymetry -- NOAANOAA

Batimetria doOceano

Atlântico

Plataforma larga

Crista média atlântica Plataforma

estreita

North Atlantic RidgeNorth Atlantic Ridge

Bathymetry profile obtained by theLamont-Doherty Earth Observatory

at Columbia Universityhttp://imager.ldeo.columbia.edu/ridgembs/

Características gerais do oceano

Camada quente

Província oceânica

Termoclina

Camada fria

Província nerítica

Plataformacontinental

Declivecontinental

z < 250m

Planície abissal

z ~4000m

T ~ 4oCS ~ 35

Pelagos

Bentos

Polar easterlies

Westerlies

Subtropical highs

Subtropical highs

Westerlies

Northeast trades

Intertropical convergence zone

Southeast trades

60o N

30o N

0o

30o S

NMajor wind systemsMajor wind systemsof the worldof the world

60o SPolar easterliesS

General subGeneral sub--surface circulation of the World surface circulation of the World OceanOcean

NorwegianSea

IcelandFaeroe Rise Sohm

Abyssal Plain

DemeraraAbyssal

PlainBrazilBasin

Rio GrandePlateau

ArgentineBasin

AmericanAntarticRidge

WeddellAbyssal Plain

Wed

dell

Sea

Antartic Bottom Water (Tmin)

Labrador

intermediate water

(Smin)

NA Central Water

SA Central Water

Antartic intermediate water (Smin)

North Atlantic Deep Water (Smax, Omax)

Permanent thermocline

60o N 40o N 20o N 0o 20o S 40o S 60o S 80o S0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Norwegian

overflow

Sea

Dep

th (m

)

Adapted from Dietrich et al., 1980 Adapted from Dietrich et al., 1980 -- General Oceanography: An General Oceanography: An IntroductionIntroduction

CoriolisCoriolis effecteffect• Coriolis parameter = 2Ω sin φWhere:

Ω = rate of angular rotation of the earthφ = latitude

• Coriolis acceleration = 2Ωv sin φWhere:

v = velocity

F=ma therefore:

• Coriolis force = 2Ωmv sin φWhere:

m = mass

Ocean circulation Ocean circulation -- 160 million years ago160 million years ago

Upwelling areasCurrents

Continental drift* http://earth.usc.edu/~stott/Catalina/Oceans.html

Ocean circulation Ocean circulation -- 100 million years ago100 million years ago

Continental driftCurrents http://earth.usc.edu/~stott/Catalina/Oceans.html

Ocean circulation Ocean circulation -- 30 million years ago30 million years ago

Continental driftCurrents http://earth.usc.edu/~stott/Catalina/Oceans.html

Global ocean Global ocean -- surface gyres surface gyres and temperaturesand temperatures

Surface currents in the global oceanSurface currents in the global ocean

Cold currentCold current Warm currentWarm current

Sea surface temperature Sea surface temperature -- NOAANOAA

Data in oC - COADS monthly climatology dataset (1946-1989)

Global ocean surface temperatureGlobal ocean surface temperature

December temperature (oC) December temperature (oC) -- Data from NOAAData from NOAA

Global ocean surface temperatureGlobal ocean surface temperature

July temperature (oC) July temperature (oC) -- Data from NOAAData from NOAA

North Atlantic gyreNorth Atlantic gyre

Flows in Sverdrup (1 Sv = 10Flows in Sverdrup (1 Sv = 1066 mm33 ss--11))

U.S.A.U.S.A.

Gulf stream Gulf stream currentcurrent

Temperature profile (oC)Temperature profile (oC)

Gulf stream current, showing ring formationGulf stream current, showing ring formation

Circulação geralCirculação geral do Mardo Mar MediterrâneoMediterrâneo

40o N

45o N

5o W

0o W

5o E10o E

15o E20o E

25o E30o E

35o E

1000m2000m3000m4000m

28oC 20oC 12oC 4oC

WindWind--driven surface currentsdriven surface currentsy

xWind dragWater drag

Coriolis

y

xWind drag

y

Water drag

Coriolis

Water drag

Coriolis

xWind drag

Forces

y

xv

y

x

v 45o

y

x

v

Watervelocity

EckmanEckman spiral spiral -- schematic representationschematic representationy

45o

z = 0

z = DEWind

x

Horizontal projection of currents at 11 equallyHorizontal projection of currents at 11 equally--spaced levels from the spaced levels from the surface to bottom of the Eckman layer (Dsurface to bottom of the Eckman layer (DEE))

EckmanEckman spiral spiral -- schematic representationschematic representation

WindSurface water

Wind force

FrictionDirection of

motion

Wind force

Direction of motion

Average flow

45o

GeostrophicGeostrophic balancebalanceContinental mass

N

Water current

Equator

Coriolis force

WindstressBalanced N-S wind stress

and S-N coriolis force

E

Upwelling areas at westerncontinental margin

S

CoastalCoastal upwellingupwelling -- vertical sectionvertical sectionFront

HH0

ρ1

ρ2 Ri D

H - Depth of waterRi - Rossby radiusD - Distance to shoreρ1 - Density of upper waterρ2 - Density of lower waterz - Depth

z

Mann & Lazier - Dynamics of Marine Ecosystems, Blackwell, 1991

CoastalCoastal upwellingupwelling -- plan viewplan view

y (west)

Front Coast

x (south)

Mann & Lazier - Dynamics of Marine Ecosystems, Blackwell, 1991

Azores FrontAzores Front55oN

2000m

4000m20

00m40

00m

2000

m4000

m

50o

45o

40o

35o

30o

25o

20o

70oW 60o 50o 40o 30o 20o 10o 5o

Data from Macedo et al, 1999

32.0 31.5 31.0 30.5 30.0 29.5 29.032.0

32.5

33.0

33.5

34.0

34.5

35.0

35.5

36.0

36.5

37.0

Depth (m)

Azores Front depth Azores Front depth contourscontours

Latit

ude

(º N

)

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

Longitude (º W) Data from Macedo et al, 1999

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

300

250

200

150

100

50

Depth

(m)

Distance (km)

1213141516171819202122232425

Temperature (ºC)North South

Temperature profile Temperature profile -- Azores Azores FrontFront

Data from Macedo et al, 1999

Salinity profile Salinity profile -- Azores Azores FrontFront

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

300

250

200

150

100

50

North

Distance (km)

Depth

(m)

South Salinity

36.836.736.636.536.436.336.236.136.035.935.835.7

Data from Macedo et al, 1999

Density profile Density profile -- Azores Azores FrontFront

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

300

250

200

150

100

50

Depth

(m)

North South Density

Distance (km)

24.224.424.624.825.025.225.425.625.826.026.226.426.626.827.0

Data from Macedo et al, 1999

Chlorophyll Chlorophyll aa profile profile -- Azores Azores FrontFront

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Distance (km)

300

250

200

150

100

50

Depth

( m)

Chl a (mg m-3)North South

0.260.240.220.200.180.160.140.120.100.080.060.040.020.00

Data from Macedo et al, 1999

Vertical profiles for temperature, chlorophyll a Vertical profiles for temperature, chlorophyll a and nitrate and nitrate -- Azores FrontAzores Front

North South

Dep

th (m

)

Chlorophyll a (mg m-3)0 0.42

Nitrate (mmol m-3)0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 40 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Nitrate (mmol m-3)

Data from Macedo et al, 19992522402282162041921801681561441321201089684726048362412

0

NO3-

NO3-

TT

Chl a

Chl a

Temperature (ºC)0 250 Temperature (ºC) 25

0 0.42Chlorophyll a (mg m-3)

252240228216204192180168156144132120

9684726048362412

0

108

Tides and tide generating forcesTides and tide generating forces

To Sun

Quadrature

Syzygy

North pole

Sun

• Mass of the earth = 80X moon• Mass of sun = 27 X 106 moon• Sun-earth = 400X moon-earth

Tides and tide generating forcesTides and tide generating forcesModel for a daily tideModel for a daily tide

24h

Earth

Tidal bulge

MoonF = GMm

r2

Tides and tide generating forcesTides and tide generating forcesModel for a Model for a semisemi--diurnaldiurnal tidetide

Earth

29.5 days

Moon

Centre of rotationIs 1600km inside theearth (1/4 radius), andis the point about whichthe forces are balanced

Tides and tide generating forcesTides and tide generating forcesModel for Model for tidal delaytidal delay

Earth

Lunar orbit: 29.5 days

24h

Moon

Every day the moon moves approximately 360/30 degrees, i.e. 12o. The time on earth equivalent to 1 degree is 24 * 60 / 360 = 4 minutes, therefore the time lag is 12 * 4 = 48 minutes

Early tide gauges and prediction equipmentEarly tide gauges and prediction equipment

Tide gauge at Anchorage, Alaska Mechanical tide prediction machineNOAA website

Mechanical tide prediction equipmentMechanical tide prediction equipment

NOAA website

Tides in the real oceanTides in the real ocean

Types of constituents

• Semi-diurnal• Diurnal• Long-period• Over 20 constituents may be required for accurate prediction

4 most important constituents

Constituent Symbol Period

Lunar semi-diurnal M2 12.42hSolar semi-diurnal S2 12.00hLuni-solar diurnal K1 23.93hPrincipal lunar diurnal O1 25.82h

Tides for March 2000 Tides for March 2000 -- TejoTejo EstuaryEstuary

K1+O1 M2+S2

= 0.08

Data from OceanusTM - http://tejo.dcea.fct.unl.pt

Tides for March 2000 Tides for March 2000 -- Dublin BayDublin Bay

K1+O1 M2+S2

= 0.12

Data from OceanusTM - http://tejo.dcea.fct.unl.pt

Tides for March 2000 Tides for March 2000 -- DoDo--Son (Vietnam)Son (Vietnam)

K1+O1 M2+S2

= 18.9

Data from OceanusTM - http://tejo.dcea.fct.unl.pt

Tides for March 2000 Tides for March 2000 -- ManilaManila

K1+O1 M2+S2

= 2.15

Data from OceanusTM - http://tejo.dcea.fct.unl.pt

Tides for March 2000 Tides for March 2000 -- S. Francisco BayS. Francisco Bay

K1+O1 M2+S2

= 0.90

Data from OceanusTM - http://tejo.dcea.fct.unl.pt

Bay ofBay of FundyFundyExtreme tidal range (>16m max)Extreme tidal range (>16m max)

Low tide

High tide

TagusTagus estuary estuary -- Space shuttle imageSpace shuttle image

Caracterização geralCaracterização geral de umde umestuárioestuário

Limite debaixa-mar

Prisma de maréQ (m3 s-1)

Advecção& difusão Maré

Limite depreia-mar

Rio Oceano

Distribuição longitudinal de salinidade

Rio

510

2515

35

Oceano

Distribuição transversal de salinidade

Rio

510

2515

35

Secção transversal homogénea

Oceano

Distribuição transversal de salinidade

Rio

510

2515

35

Estratificação transversal

Oceano

Distribuição vertical de salinidade

Rio

Estratificação vertical

S

Haloclina

25 355 10 15

Oceano

Z (m) Coluna de água homogénea

Surface

0 10 20 km

GIS GIS -- SalinitySalinityTagusTagus estuaryestuarySummer Winter

0 10 20 km

Surface Summer Salinity (psu)

Bottom Winter Salinity (psu)

0 10 20 km

Bottom

0 10 20 km

GIS GIS -- SalinitySalinityTagusTagus estuary estuary -- SummerSummer

Surface

0 10 20 km

Bottom

0 10 20 km

Salinity (psu)

Surface - Bottom

0 10 20 km

Surface - BottomSalinity (psu)

GIS GIS -- SalinitySalinityTagusTagus estuary estuary -- WinterWinter

Surface Salinity (psu)

0 10 20 km

Bottom

0 10 20 km

Surface - Bottom

0 10 20 km

Surface - BottomSalinity (psu)

Salt wedge estuary

ClassificaçãoClassificação dede estuários estuários de Hansen &de Hansen & RattrayRattrayδS

S

UUs

f

3b1b

1a3a

2b

2a

Indi

cede

estr

atifi

caçã

o

Hansen & Rattray, 1966 - Limnology & Oceanography 11, 319-326

100

10-1

10-2

102101

Indice de circulação

DiagramaDiagrama dede diluição esquemáticodiluição esquemático-- SódioSódio --

Na+

(uni

dade

s ar

bitr

ária

s)

JusanteMontante

126 Cl-

DiagramaDiagrama dede diluição esquemáticodiluição esquemático-- CálcioCálcio --

Ca2

+ (u

nida

des

arbi

trár

ias)

Cl-

JusanteMontante

126

DiagramaDiagrama dede diluição esquemáticodiluição esquemático-- SílicaSílica ((invernoinverno) ) --

SiO

2 (µ

mol

l-1 )

JusanteMontante

126 Cl-

DiagramaDiagrama dede diluição esquemáticodiluição esquemático-- SílicaSílica (primavera/(primavera/verãoverão) ) --

SiO

2 (µ

mol

l-1 )

JusanteMontante

126 Cl-

DiagramaDiagrama dede diluição esquemáticodiluição esquemático-- NitratoNitrato (primavera/(primavera/verãoverão) ) --

NO

3- (µm

ol l-

1 )

JusanteMontante

126 Cl-

Salinidade

NO

3- (µm

ol l-

1 )

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Montante

DiagramaDiagrama dede diluiçãodiluiçãoEstuárioEstuário dodo Tejo Tejo -- Nitrato

JusanteNitrato

JusanteN

O3- (

µmol

l-1 )

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Montante

DiagramaDiagrama dede diluiçãodiluiçãoEstuárioEstuário dodo Guadiana Guadiana -- NitratoNitrato

Salinidade

DiagramaDiagrama dede diluição esquemáticodiluição esquemático-- FerroFerro dissolvidodissolvido --

Fe (m

g l-1

)

JusanteMontante

126 Cl-

DiagramaDiagrama dede diluição esquemáticodiluição esquemático-- Azoto amoniacalAzoto amoniacal --

NH

4+(µ

mol

l-1 )

Vila de CimaVila de baixo

JusanteMontante

126 Cl-

Jusante

Salinidade

NH

4+(µ

mol

l-1 )

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Montante

DiagramaDiagrama dede diluiçãodiluiçãoEstuárioEstuário dodo TejoTejo -- Azoto amoniacalAzoto amoniacal

Jusante

Salinidade

NH

4+(µ

mol

l-1 )

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Montante

DiagramaDiagrama dede diluiçãodiluiçãoEstuárioEstuário dodo SadoSado -- Azoto amoniacalAzoto amoniacal

Surface area to volume ratio (sinking rates)Surface area to volume ratio (sinking rates)Sea surface

1mm cubesurface area = 6mm2

volume = 1mm3

surface area = 6volume

Fall velocity

W=2 g(D-d)r2

9 u

10mm cubesurface area = 600mm2

volume = 1000mm3

surface area = 0.6volume

Relationshipbetween forces

Re=udv

z (depth)

Reynolds number for different organisms

Organism Re

Large whale (10 ms-1) 300 000 000Tuna (10 m s -1) 30 000 000Duck flying (20 ms -1) 300 000Dragonfly (7 m s -1) 30 000Copepod in a pulse of 20 cm s -1 300Smallest flying insects 30Invertebrate larva 0.3mm long at 1 mm s -1 0.3Sea urchin sperm advancing the species at 0.3 mm s -1 0.03

Vogel, S, 1981 - Life in moving fluids. The physical biology of flow. Willard Grant Press, Boston, 352 pp.

Re = ud/v (2500 ~ threshold between laminar and turbulent flow)

Re = 1.4 X 106 d 1.86

Relationship between length and swimming speed u (m s-1) = 1.4 X d 0.86 (kinematic viscosity = 10-6 m2 s-1)

Relação entreRelação entre oocomprimentocomprimentoe oe o númeronúmero de de

ReynoldsReynolds10 comprimentos s-1 1 comprimento s-1

Re = 1.4 X 106 d 1.86

Log

núm

ero

de R

eyno

lds

(Re)

Log comprimentoComprimento

MamíferosPeixesAnfípodesZooplânctonProtozoáriosFitoplânctonBactériasHomem

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

-6 -4 -2 0 21 µm 100 µm 1 m1 cm 100 m

The length scaleThe length scale11µµmm--100000km100000km

Largestwhale Mean depth

of the oceanFish

Zooplankton Internal Rossbyradius

Mixed-layerdepth

Diffusionlimitation

PhytoplanktonOcean basin

Bacteria

1µm 1cm 1m 1km 1000km10-6 10-4 10-2 100 102 104 106 108

Mann & Lazier, Dynamics of Marine Ecosystems, Blackwell 1991

Amostragem Euleriana

A B C D

Amostragem EulerianaAmostragem Euleriana

∫ V dt = h/3 (y0+4y1+2y2+...+4yn-1+yn)

Velocidade máximade vazante

Velocidade máximade enchente

t (s)

V (ms-1)Estofo deBM e PM

0

0 200 400 600

Actual period-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

800

Sampling window

Actual period is double the apparent period

Apparent period

Sampling period and actual Sampling period and actual periodperiod

Sampling frequency and event Sampling frequency and event occurrenceoccurrence

Event

12Month

0 102 4 6 8Sampling occasions

Event occurs every 3 months (seasonally), but appears to occur every six months