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HYPERLINK "../../index.html"..\..\index.html)*+ to theHYPERLINK "index.html"T&le o( Content$Cndin Jo,'nl o( Comm,ni*tionIdeolo!- #i$*o,'$e nd C,lt,'l t,die$0 The Cont'i&,tion o( 1i*hel P2*he,xHYPERLINK \l "EN3"1'tin 1ont!ome'-t,'t Allnni4e'$it- o( t'th*l-deA&$t'*t0 Thi$ 'ti*le o((e'$ n e4l,ti4e $$e$$ment o( the 5otentil *ont'i&,tion o(1i*hel P2*he,x6$ 'e$e'*h to *,''ent mo4ement 7ithin *,lt,'l $t,die$ to $e*,'e *on*e5t,l ('me7o'+ (o' the *'iti*l di$*o,'$e nl-$i$ o( the lin!,i$ti* me*hni$m$ o(ideolo!- 8exm5le$ o( 7hi*h 'e d'7n ('om ne7$ **o,nt$9.R:$,m:0 Cet 'ti*le 5'o5o$e ,ne 55':*ition et ,ne :4l,tion de l *ont'i&,tion5otentielle ,655o'tent le$ t'4,x de 'e*he'*he de 1i*hel P2*he,x < ,n *o,'nt *t,el de$:t,de$ $,' l *,lt,'e ,i 4i$e < 55,-e' $,' ,n *d'e *on*e5t,el to,te nl-$e *'iti,e d,di$*o,'$ et de$ m:*ni$me$ lin!,i$ti,e$ d6,ne id:olo!ie 8de$ exem5le$ $ont ti':$ de$*om5te 'end,$ de no,4elle$9.Int'od,*tionIn hi$ ex5lo'to'- 'ti*le >ht I$ C,lt,'l t,die$ An-7-?66 Ri*h'd John$on 83@B9li+en$ lin!,i$ti*$ to 5o$iti4e t'e$,'e*he$t (o' *,lt,'l nl-$i$66 one D,$t no7 &e!innin!to eme'!e ('om it$ &,'il in the !'o,nd$ o( hei!htened te*hni*l m-$ti,e nd *demi*5'o(e$$ionli$m66 83@B 5. @9. Pe'h5$ not $,'5'i$in!l- 5'*titione'$ o( *,lt,'l $t,die$h4e lon! &een 7'- o( lin!,i$ti*$ d,e to it$ ('e,ent *lim$ to n ex5lnto'- ,tonom- o'$*ienti(i*it- nd mo'eo4e' it$ tenden*ie$ to n hi$to'i*l (o'mli$m mon!$t othe'*on$ide'tion$. Re$e'4tion$ $ $e'io,$ $ the$e one$ (te' ll *ont'i&,ted to *,lt,'l$t,die$ do5tin! ('om the o,t$et ,$$,'en 4'int o( $emioti*$ 7hen !'55lin! 7ith themte'ilit- o( the lin!,i$ti* *om5onent o( *,lt,'l 5henomen.The $emioti* 5'oDe*t o((e'ed the 5'omi$e o( &'e+in! 7ith 55'o*he$ 7hi*h 'ed,*edln!,!e to ne,t'l66 in$t',ment th'o,!h 7hi*h 'elit-66 i$ ex5'e$$ed. )- (o'e!'o,ndin!the '&it''- nt,'e o( the $i!ni(-in! (ield$ in e4e'-d- li(e it $,!!e$ted ($*intin! ne77-$ to thin+ th'o,!h the >illim$in mxim tht 7ht 7$ t $t+e (o' *,lt,'l theo'- 7$the in4e$ti!tion o( the *om5lex o( 5tte'ned 'eltion$hi5$ &et7een element$ o( *,lt,'e $ 7hole 7- o( li(e 8>illim$ 3@F39. 1o'eo4e' $emioti*$ llo7ed (o' the o5enin! ,5 o(7ht hd &e*ome 'the' em5t- 5o$t,lte nmel- tht *,lt,'e i$ inhe'entl- menin!(,l $o$ to ,n5*+ the t'n$5'en*- o' nt,'lne$$ o( 'el menin!$ 'ooted in 5'*ti*l $o*ilex5e'ien*e.A$ h$ &een 7ell do*,mented ho7e4e' en$,in! ttem5t$ o4e' the 5$t t7o de*de$ to 'e*ent'e the domin o( *,lt,'l $t,die$ $o $ to m+e &ette' ,$e o( thi$ 'e(lexi4e $et o(

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methodolo!ie$ h4e *,lminted tod- in n *,te *'i$i$0 ho7 to de(ine the limit$ o(ln!,!e? I$ the'e 7o'ld o,t$ide o( the text? >he'e doe$ nondi$*,'$i4e 'elit- end ndln!,!e &e!in? 8$ee (o' exm5le Allo' 3@; Che4lie' 3@@G; Ch'lnd 3@@G; 'n+linL,'- t*e- 3@@3; 'o$$&e'! 3@; Hll 3@; John$on 3@B; L*l, 1o,((e3@; 1*C&e 3@; 1o''i$ 3@@G; Nel$on 'o$$&e'! 3@; Ro&in$on t'7 3@;

5i4+ 3@B9. Cle'l- in $ome hnd$ the tool$ o( $emioti*$ h4e &een 7ielded in $,*h 7- $ to 'ei(- 4ie7 o( ln!,!e 5'o*e$$ ntitheti*l to *'iti*l ,nde'$tndin! o( thelin!,i$ti* o&De*t. Thi$ i$ 5'ti*,l'l- $o 7he'e ln!,!e h$ o$ten$i&l- &e*ome di4o'*ed('om it$ mte'ilit- the'e&- e((*in! ('om the 5,'4ie7 o( $t,d- the 4e'- hi$to'i*l*ondition$ o( it$ exi$ten*e.In $ome *$e$ thi$ im5$$e h$ $temmed ('om 'el,*tn*e to 'e7o'+ *e'tin ideli$t5'e*e5t$ ,nde'5innin! ,$$,'e6$ 83@FF9 o7n (o'm,ltion$ the en$,in! theo'eti*l*ommitment$ ,$,ll- en!ende'in! 'ed,*ti4e di4i$ion &et7een (o'm66 nd *ontent.66Tht $id e4en tho$e theo'i$t$ 7ho h4e ende4o'ed to $e*,'e $-m5tomti* 'edin! o(,$$,'e ('e,entl- (ll 4i*tim to the e*onomi$ti* t'5 o( $$e'tin! tht the de*l'ed limit$o( ln!,!e 'e $t'i*tl- dete'mined 4i$

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t,'n n ele!nt 'e(,ttion o( t'ditionl $t',*t,'li$t lin!,i$ti*$ 7he'e the &$t'*t $-$tem8the *ode9 i$ **o,nted (o' t the ex5en$e o( the *t,l im5lementtion o( the *ode in$it,tion$ o( ,$e. Thi$ 'ti*le 7ill the'e(o'e 5'o*eed to exmine the nl-ti*l !end ono((e' to *,lt,'l $t,die$ &- thi$ theo'i$t 5'e*i$el- $ he $5e+$ to the 5'o(o,nd $ilen*e$ o(,$$,'en nd 1'xi$t lin!,i$ti* o'thodox- li+e. In ddition it i$ ho5ed tht th'o,!h thi$

55'i$l the !ene'l *onto,'$ o( t'De*to'- o,t o( the *on*e5t,l im5$$e m'+ed o(( &-the ln!,!e/'elit- 5'dox 7ill l$o &e hi!hli!hted.Ideolo!- in the P$tAlmo$t 3G -e'$ h4e 5$$ed $in*e the t'!i* deth o( 1i*hel P2*he,x -et hi$ 'e$e'*hinte'4ention$ *ontin,e to &e 'e!'ded &- mn- indi4id,l$ en!!ed in the 7o'+ o( *'iti*ldi$*o,'$e nl-$i$ $ 'i*h $o,'*e o( 5'*ti*&le ide$ 8$ee (o' exm5le Co,$in$ 3@;E!leton 3@@3; i'*lo,!h 3@@; 'o7 3@F; ood'i*h 3@O; Hll 3@O; 1*C&e3@; 1*donnell 3@F; 1o'le- 3@G; Thom5$on 3@9. )o'n in 'n*e in 3@P2*he,x ttended the L-*:e #e$*'te$ nd $t,died ,nde' Lo,i$ Alth,$$e' t the *oleno'mle $,5:'ie,'e ('om 3@@ to 3@F. Hi$ mDo' 7o'+$ in*l,de ,' l6hi$toi'e de$ $*ien*e$Anl-$e ,tomti,e d, di$*o,'$ Le$ 4:'it:$ de l 5li*e 85,&li$hed in En!li$h $Ln!,!e emnti*$ nd Ideolo!-9 nd L ln!,e int'o,4&le 87'itten 7ith 'nQoi$edet9. He 7$ l$o 'e$5on$i&le (o' $e'ie$ o( in(l,entil 'ti*le$ $e4e'l o( 7hi*h 7e'e5,&li$hed ,nde' the 5$e,don-m Thom$ He'&e't. At the time o( hi$ deth in 3@ P2*he,xheld the 5o$ition o( 'e$e'*h di'e*to' t the Cent'e ntionl de 'e*he'*he $*ienti(i,e.Tod- P2*he,x6$ *ommitment to 'e$e'*h 5'o!'m de'i4ed ('om Lo,i$ Alth,$$e'6$'e*on$t',*tion o( hi$to'i*l mte'ili$m h$ &een th'o7n into $h'5 'elie( e$5e*ill- 7henmn- (o'me' d4o*te$ 7ill *+no7led!e onl- 4e$ti!il lo-lt- to it in$i$tin! $ the- dotht the 'e$,ltnt 5oliti*l ('me7o'+ h$ 5'o4en int'*t&le. till the in(l,en*e o(Alth,$$e'in 1'xi$m on *,lt,'l $t,die$ h$ -et to &e e*li5$ed nd to di$mi$$ the im5o'to( thi$ 5'e$en*e i$ to im5o4e'i$h the di$*,$$ion. A de(inin! *on*e'n (o' *,lt,'l $t,die$'e$e'*h *ontin,e$ to &e it$ *ommitment to theo'iMin! the 7-$ in 7hi*h $o*il di4i$ion$nd hie''*hie$ 'e nt,'liMed o' exnominted 85l*ed &e-ond di$*o,'$e669 5'oDe*t7hi*h h$ it$ 'oot$ in the Alth,$$e'in moment. Indeed the $t',!!le Alth,$$e' initited o4e't7o de*de$ !o to di$5l*e n e$$entili$t lo!i* mo&iliMed to n*ho' *on*e5tion o(ideolo!- $ $e'ie$ o( ide$ $e5'ted ('om mte'il 5'*ti*e 8lon! 7ith the 5'llel 4ie7to 'tionl $el(*on$tit,ted ,nit'- h,mn $,&De*t9 h$ (o' the mo$t 5't &een (o,!ht nd7on.1,*h o( the te'minolo!- h$ &een 'e*$t o( *o,'$e in the li!ht o( in$i!ht$ d'7n ('om the7o'+ o( the neo'm$*in$ o,*,ltin$ de*on$t',*tioni$t$ nd mo$t im5o'tntl- in o,'4ie7 (emini$t 'e$e'*he'$. i!ni(i*ntl- mn- o( the 5o$tAlth,$$e'in$ nd thei' *'iti*$$till $h'e Alth,$$e'6$ inte'e$t in el,*idtin! the 4e'- o&4io,$ne$$ tht ln!,!et'n$5'entl-66 m+e$ 7o'd nme thin!66 o' h4e menin!.66 In !ene'l the- 'e in!'eement tht thi$ ideolo!i*l e((e*t66 i$ *',*il to n ,nde'$tndin! o( ho7 the5'mete'$ o( le!itimte66 55'o5'ite66 o' ,tho'itti4e66 di$*o,'$e 'e 5oli*ed. P2*he,xi$ th,$ one o( $e4e'l 'e$e'*he'$ 7ho (ollo7in! Alth,$$e'6$ led 4oid$ 5o$itin! themenin! o( 7o'd $ exi$tin! in it$el(66 (o' h,mn $,&De*t to then de*ode.66 E,ll-in55'o5'ite it (ollo7$ i$ the 5'e$,55o$ition tht the 7o'd *n $omeho7 &e nl-Medi''e$5e*ti4e o( ho7 di$*o,'$e$ *on$tit,ti4e o( thi$ $,&De*ti4it- 8$,*h $ tho$e o( *l$$!ende' o' '*e669 'e them$el4e$ the te''in o( ideolo!i*l *onte$ttion. Ne4e'thele$$ it i$5'e*i$el- t thi$ 5oint tht $e4e'l o( the mo$t $e'io,$ di((i*,ltie$ 7ith thi$ *on*e5t,l55'o*h h4e 'i$en. o' 7hile Alth,$$e' 55e'ed to &e 5o$in! $e4e'l o( the mo$t 4itl

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,e$tion$ the 5'o4i$ionl nt,'e o( hi$ n$7e'$ 7$ $,*h tht the- h4e el,ded 'i!o'o,$55li*tion.A$ mn- *ommentto'$ h4e 5ointed o,t one o( the mo$t 5e'5lexin! $5e*t$ o( Alth,$$e'6$(o'm,ltion$ on ideolo!- i$ the &$en*e o( n el&o'ted $tn*e 'e!'din! the 5o$$i&ilitie$(o' the 'eliMtion o( 'e$i$tnt o' *o,nte'he!emoni* 5oliti* t the le4el o( the text$,&De*t

en*o,nte'. Ho7 to $,**eed in m+in! *ommon $en$e66 ,n*ommon? 1o'e o(ten thn not7e 7o,ld '!,e Alth,$$e'in *te!o'ie$ 'e &ein! de5lo-ed in $,*h 7- $ to 'ende'indi$tin*t the im&'i*tion o( ln!,!e 7ith the *ondition$ 8in$tit,tionl $ite$9 o( it$ ,$ethe'e&- m+in! it m,*h mo'e di((i*,lt to theo'iMe the 5'od,*tion o( 5'ti*,l' 'n!e o(8tendentil9 $,&De*t 5o$ition$ in 'eltion to $o*ill- *ontin!ent di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion.Al'min!l- the 'e$,ltnt *lim$ 'e ('e,entl- mde to 'e$t on 4!,e 'e(e'en*e$ to themni5,lti4e 5'*ti*e$66 o( Ideolo!i*l tte A55't,$e$ 8IA$9 o( 7hi*h the m$$ medi'e *on$ide'ed to &e o( +e- $i!ni(i*n*e. o' othe'$ mo'eo4e' mi$'e*o!nition66 *ome$ to$tnd in (o' the te''in (o'me'l- m'+ed o(( $ (l$e *on$*io,$ne$$.66 Thi$ 7hen Alth,$$e'7$ t *on$ide'&le 5in$ to $ho7 ho7 it i$ tht thi$ ideolo!i*l mi$'e*o!nition i$,n4oid&le0 the'e $im5l- i$ no t',e66 *on$*io,$ne$$ (lotin! &o,t in lim&o.Alth,$$e' i$ l$o to &e *'edited in o,' 4ie7 7ith 5in5ointin! the need to 5'o&lemtiMe the5'o*ed,'e$ th'o,!h 7hi*h the dominnt66 o' 5'e(e''ed66 te'm$ nd de(inition$ o( ',lin!66ideolo!ie$ 'e ,ltimtel- t'n$lted $ nt,'l o' ine4it&le. till thi$ (o'm,ltion o( theIAinte'5elltion lin+!e doe$ not de4ote de,te ttention to $t'te!i* ,nde'$tndin!o( the lin!,i$ti* me*hni$m$ 7o'+in! to 5'od,*e te'm$ o( dd'e$$ (o' h,mn $,&De*t $ heo' $he ne!otite$ 5o$$i&le identi(i*tion$ 7ith 'elit- o,t the'e.66 Thi$ i$ $e'io,$dilemm 7hi*h othe' theo'i$t$ '!,&l- the mo$t *on$5i*,o,$ o( 7hi*h 'e theo,*,ltin$ h4e *ho$en to $ide$te5. Hen*e the im5o't o( 1i*hel P2*he,x6$ theo'eti*linte'4ention $ it *on$tit,te$ ''e ttem5t to dd'e$$ the 4e'- $ite 7he'e the 5l- o( 5o7e'nd ideolo!- in di$*o,'$e o'in the L*nin idiom 7hi*h he do5t$ the 5oliti*$ o( the$i!ni(ie'66*on(i!,'e0 the $ite o( inte'5elltion it$el(.He'e 7e 7ill ,nde't+e to exmine the im5li*tion$ o( thi$ 'di*l mo4e to lo*te thedete'minin! e((e*t$ o( hete'o!eneo,$ $o*iohi$to'i*l *ondition$ in nd th'o,!h lin!,i$ti*me*hni$m$ $ o55o$ed to n ex*l,$i4e im5o$ition t the le4el o( the h,mn $,&De*t5'o5e'. A$ 7ill &e $ho7n P2*he,x6$ inte!'tion o( n Alth,$$e'in 5o$ition on ideolo!-7ith ('e$h 55'o*h to di$*o,'$e nl-$i$ *'ete$ the *on*e5t,l $5*e ne*e$$'- to &e!inthe 7o'+ o( ex5li*tin! the *on$tit,tion nd 5otentilitie$ o( the (o'*e$ !o4e'nin!$,&De*ti4it- nd (,'the'mo'e the *ondition$ (o' n o55o$itionl 5oliti*$ o( menin!5'od,*tion. Con$ide'ed in thi$ li!ht hi$ 7o'+ 5'omi$e$ to $5'+ de*i$i4e 'e55'i$l o(the &$i* $$,m5tion$ ,nde'5innin! 'e*ent e((o't$ to $e*,'e ne7 (o'm$ o( *'iti*l di$*o,'$enl-$i$ (o' *,lt,'l $t,die$.Ln!,e nd P'ole Re4i$itedThe ',diment'- element$ o( P2*he,x6$ 'e$e'*h 5e'tinent to o,' *on*e'n$ he'e 'e (i'$thi!hli!hted in hi$ de*l'ed o55o$ition to n- ttem5t to *on$tit,te the o&De*t o( lin!,i$ti*$t,d- in te'm$ o( di$tin*tion &et7een &$t'*t $-$tem66 4e'$,$ *ontin!ent nd,n$-$temti* e4ent66 e$5e*ill- 7he'e thi$ di$tin*tion i$ ,$ed to (o*,$ ,5on the (o'me' tothe ex*l,$ion o( the ltte'. Tht i$ in 'e(,$in! to i$olte the &$t'*t lin!,i$ti* $-$tem ('om$o*il 5'o*e$$e$ P2*he,x 83@O9 i$ mo4in! to di$mi$$ ('om the o,t$et n- notion o( (ixedo' $t&le menin! in4'i&l- tt*hed to $5e*i(i* lin!,i$ti* entitie$. A$ he 7'ite$ 7o'dex5'e$$ion o' 5'o5o$ition doe$ not h4e menin! o( it$ o7n menin! tt*hed to it$lite'lit-. ...S 1enin! i$ l7-$ 7o'd ex5'e$$ion o' 5'o5o$ition (o' nothe' 7o'd

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nothe' ex5'e$$ion o' nothe' 5'o5o$ition66 83@O 5. 39. I( menin! (o' P2*he,x doe$ not'e$ide in 5'edete'mined 7- in 5'o5e'tie$ o( the ln!,e 8(o' exm5le theinte''eltion$hi5$ o( the lexi*on o' the $-ntx9 it (ollo7$ tht it *n not &e theo'iMedo,t$ide66 o( hi$to'- 8the imm,t&ilit- o( the $i!n9. 1enin! then doe$ not exi$tn-7he'e ex*e5t in the met5ho'i*l 'eltion$hi5$ 8'eliMed in $,&$tit,tion e((e*t$

5'5h'$e$ $-non-m (o'mtion$9 7hi*h h55en to &e mo'e o' le$$ 5'o4i$ionll- lo*ted in !i4en di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion0 7o'd$ ex5'e$$ion$ nd 5'o5o$ition$ !et thei' menin!$ ('omthe di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion to 7hi*h the- &elon!66 83@O 5. 39. Th,$ in loo+in! to 'e*$t4e'$ion$ o( the ln!,e 4e'$,$ 5'ole di*hotom- P2*he,x i$ intendin! to 'e(o'm,lte thedi$tin*tion &et7een $-$tem nd e4ent $ ne7 one &et7een lin!,i$ti* &$i$ nd di$*,'$i4e5'o*e$$.To $,55o't thi$ $$e'tion P2*he,x m,$t (i'$t *le' the 7- to *hllen!e *e'tin ,$$,'en5'e*e5t$ 7ith n e-e to em5h$iMin! the 'ole o( di$*,'$i4e 5'o*e$$ it$el(. Li+e othe' *'iti*llin!,i$t$ &e(o'e him 8the *ont'i&,tion$ o( the )+htin Ci'*le l$o (i!,'e 5'ominentl-9 he$t'on!l- o&De*t$ to the mnne' in 7hi*h di$*o,'$e h$ &een 'ed,*ed to the *on*'ete *t$ o(ln!,!e ,$e. In mo$t in$tn*e$ the $it,tion o( the ,tte'n*e i$ di$mi$$ed $ $,&De*ti4e66o' *i'*,m$tntil the'e&- en$,'in! tht ,e$tion$ *on*e'nin! the $o*il dete'mintion o(menin! 'e le(t l'!el- ,nttended. imil'l- the ln!,e/5'ole o55o$ition h$ 'o,tinel-&een in4o+ed $o $ to *on$tit,te the o&De*t o( lin!,i$ti* $t,d- in n ,nne*e$$'il-*on$t'ined 7- $,*h tht ln!,!e $ $-$tem &e*ome$ the *ent'e o( *on*e'n to theex*l,$ion o( i$$,e$ o( 'heto'i* 5oeti*$ 5oliti*$ nd ideolo!-. Lin!,i$ti*$ in the ,$$,'ent'dition **o'din! to P2*he,x i$ in the end *ondemned to 'e!'e$$ &ehind the &'e+7hi*h in,!,'ted it &- +ind o( 'et,'n o( the 'e5'e$$ed6 7ho$e *ent'l element 8(o'min!it$ 7e+e$t lin+9 i$ lo*ted in the 'e!ion o( $emnti*$ nd 'ti*,lted 'o,nd theln!,e/5'ole *o,5le66 83@O 5. 3B9.HYPERLINK \l "ENO"He th,$ 'eDe*t$ ,$$,'e6$ 7- o( 5o$in! the o55o$ition nd 'eint'od,*e$ in t,'n thedi$*'ded 'e$ o( 5'ole &- 7- o( di((e'ent 5i' o( *te!o'ie$ nmel- lin!,i$ti* &$i$nd di$*,'$i4e 5'o*e$$. A**o'din!l- P2*he,x $ee+$ to 'elte the o5e'tion o( de(in&lelin!,i$ti* ,nit$ o,t7'd$ to l'!e' (o'mtion$ (o' $ 7e $hll $ee the o5e'tion o( 5'ti*,l'*om5o$itionl tenden*ie$ $,*h $ 'elti4e *l,$e$ 'e 'elted to di$*,'$i4e nd ideolo!i*l(o'mtion$ nd th,$ to the $t',!!le (o' 5oliti*l he!emon-.To $ome extent e4en 7hen 'e*$tin! the ln!,e/5'ole di$tin*tion P2*he,x $eem$ to **e5tm,*h tht i$ im5lied in the t'ditionl de(inition o( ln!,e. E4e'- lin!,i$ti* $-$tem he$t'e$$e$ $ $et o( 5honolo!i*l mo'5holo!i*l nd $-nt*ti* $t',*t,'e$ i$ endo7ed 7ith 'elti4e ,tonom- tht m+e$ it $,&De*t to inte'nl l7$ 7hi*h *on$tit,te 5'e*i$el- theo&De*t o( lin!,i$ti*$66 83@O 5. 9. It then (ollo7$ tht e4e'- lin!,i$ti* $-$tem i$ to &eendo7ed 7ith 'elti4e ,tonom- ('om 'eltion$ o( *l$$ 8n''o7l- de(ined9 7hi*h int,'n m+e$ it $,&De*t to inte'nl l7$0 the $-$tem o( ln!,e (te' ll i$ indeed the $me(o' the mte'ili$t nd the ideli$t (o' the 'e4ol,tion'- nd the 'e*tion'-66 83@O 5. 9.,'the'mo'e it i$ on the &$i$ o( the$e inte'nl l7$ tht di$*,'$i4e 5'o*e$$e$ de4elo5 8on*e!in 5'o*e$$e$ o( $,&$tit,tion $-non-m- nd 5'5h'$e9 tht h4in! &een e$t&li$hedth'o,!h the ,nit- o( ln!,e 'e l7-$ in$*'i&ed 8o4e'dete'mined9 in 'eltion$ o( 5o7e'nd 'e$i$tn*e. Pe'h5$ not $,'5'i$in!l- P2*he,x l$o loo+$ to 'di*ll- 'e*on*e5t,liMethe domin o( 5'ole &- ('min! it in te'm$ o( thi$ di$*,'$i4it- o' di$*,'$i4e 5'o*e$$.#i$*,'$i4it- i$ not to &e *on(lted 7ith 5'ole0 tht i$ it i$ not *on*'ete6 indi4id,l 7-o( inh&itin! the &$t'*tion6 o( the ln!,e66 83@O 5. 9. till di$*,'$i4it- m-

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dmittedl- &e 5'edi*ted ,5on ln!,e 7hi*h i$ the indi$5en$&le 5'e'e,i$ite o( n-di$*,'$i4e 5'o*e$$66 83@O 5. 9 $in*e it i$ on the &$i$ o( the$e inte'nl l7$ 8o( ln!,e9tht di$*,'$i4e 5'o*e$$e$ de4elo566 83@O 5. 9.At the $me time ho7e4e' ltho,!h ln!,!ethe 'elti4el- ,tonomo,$ lin!,i$ti* &$i$8ln!,e9m- &e indi((e'ent to 5oliti*l $t',!!le di$*,'$i4it- i$ de*idedl- not &e*,$e

e4e'- di$*,'$i4e 5'o*e$$ i$ in$*'i&ed into n ideolo!i*l *l$$ 'eltion$hi566 83@O 5. @9.Thi$ i$ the *',x o( the mtte' (o' P2*he,x; nd hi$ *lim he'e mt*he$ *lo$el- )+htin Volo$ino46$ 83@B9 7ell+no7n $$e'tion tht e4e'- $i!n i$ $,&De*t to the *'ite'i o(ideolo!i*l e4l,tion66 $o tht $ 'e$,lt $i!n &e*ome$ n 'en o( the *l$$ $t',!!le6683@B 55. 3G O9. Indeed P2*he,x6$ notion o( 'elti4el- ,tonomo,$ inte'nl l7$*on$tit,tin! the lin!,i$ti* &$i$66 4e'$,$ ideolo!i*ll- in(o'med nd di((e'entiteddi$*,'$i4e 5'o*e$$e$66 7hi*h 'e 5'edi*ted ,5on tht &$i$ &,t di$tin*t ('om it $eem$ *lo$ein $5i'it to )+htin Volo$ino46$ di$tin*tion &et7een menin! nd theme 7he'e&-menin! $ the lo7e' limit o( lin!,i$ti* $i!ni(i*n*en &$t'*t $el(identi*l elementi$$,&$,med ,nde' theme nd to'n 5't &- theme6$ li4in! *ont'di*tion$ $o $ to 'et,'n in the$h5e o( ne7 (ixit- nd $el(identit- onl- (o' 7hile D,$t $ it hd &e(o'e66 83@B 5. 3GF9.The 1te'ilit- o( Ideolo!i*l t',!!leIm5o'tnt di((e'en*e$ eme'!e ho7e4e' in the 7- the $et o( di$tin*tion$ &et7een thelin!,i$ti* nd the di$*,'$i4e 'e de4elo5ed. o' )+htin Volo$ino4 the di$tin*tion led$to (i'l- di'e*t 'o,te &*+ into the $o*il 5'o*e$$ in te'm$ o( the dete'minin! 5o7e' o(ext'4e'&l *ontext$ 7hi*h 'e in $tte o( *on$tnt ten$ion o' in*e$$nt inte'*tion nd*on(li*t66 83@B 5. G9.HYPERLINK \l "EN"o' P*he,x on the othe' hnd the di$tin*tion led$ him ('om di$*,'$i4it- on to the 4e'-5o7e'/'e$i$tn*e d-nmi* it$el( $ it 5$$e$ th'o,!h66 the (ield o( the Ideolo!i*l tteA55't,$e$ o' IA$. )'ie(l- he ele*t$ to do5t 'e4i$ed Alth,$$e'in ('me7o'+ (o'*on*e5t,liMin! the 'it,liMed men$ o( he!emoni* $,&D,!tion 4i$

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$o*il di4i$ion$ o4e' thei' t'n$(o'mtion 83@O 5. 3GG9. Ideolo!i*l $t',!!le &et7een t7ont!oni$ti* *l$$e$ o' !'o,5$ i$ on*e !in not $-mmet'i*l0 thi$ 5'o*e$$ o( 7innin!o,t66 i$ *hie4ed l'!el- th'o,!h o&$t',*tion o' $,55'e$$ion. Neithe' $ee+$ the $me thin!66$ the othe' th,$ the 'e5'od,*tion/t'n$(o'mtion 'eltion i$ *h'*te'iMed &- mo4ementnd not n o&De*ti4e (o'm o( ine'ti 83@O 5. 3G39. To &e!in the t$+ o( 'e$ol4in! the

5'in*i5l di((i*,lt- t i$$,e he'e0 nmel- the ,e$tion o( ho7 to $e*,'e (o' nl-$i$ theideolo!i*l *ondition$ o( the 'e5'od,*tion/t'n$(o'mtion o( $o*il hie''*hie$ in ide$P2*he,x mo4e$ to 'e*on(i!,'e Alth,$$e'6$ 83@B39 *ont'o4e'$il notion tht ideolo!-inte'5ellte$ indi4id,l$ $ $,&De*t$.i'$t then the 4e'- $el(e4identne$$66 o( the h,mn $,&De*t $ he o' $he i$ hiled66 intohie''*hi*l 'eltion$ o( $,&D,!tion need$ to &e t'eted 7ith m,*h !'ete' 5'e*i$ion.C'editin! Alth,$$e'6$ notion o( ho7 the h,mn $,&De*t 7o'+$ &- it$el(66 $ the 5'in*i5l5oint o( de5't,'e P2*he,x $,!!e$t$ tht it i$ th'o,!h the exmintion o( the men$ &-7hi*h ,n*on$*io,$ 'e5'e$$ion nd ideolo!i*l $,&De*tion 'e mte'ill- lin+ed tht *'iti*le((o't$ m- &e$t t'n$*end the limittion$ o( e'lie' (o'm,ltion$ 7hi*h held tht ideolo!ie$'e ide$ 8not mte'il (o'*e$9 tht h4e thei' $o,'*e$ in h,mn $,&De*t$. It i$ the'e(o'e hi$intention to 5'o&lemtiMethe 5'o*e$$e$ o( im5o$ition*on*elment66 tht *on$tit,te tht $,&De*t &- 5,ttin! him o'he'S into 5l*e66 8&- $i!ni(-in! to him o' he'S 7ht he o' $heS i$9 nd &- *on*elin! ('omhim o' he'S t the $me time tht 5,ttin! into 5l*e66 8tht $,&De*tion9 thn+$ to theill,$ion o( ,tonom- *on$tit,ti4e o( the $,&De*t $,*h tht the $,&De*t 7o'+$ &- him$el(66o' &- he'$el(66S. 83@O 5. @39A(te' ll he 5oint$ o,t $lo!n$ $,*h $ Alth,$$e'6$ ideolo!- i$ ete'nl66 o' 'e,d6$ the,n*on$*io,$ i$ ete'nl66 $im5l- *n not (ill the -7nin! &$en*e o( 7o'+ed o,t*on*e5t,l 'ti*,ltion &et7een ideolo!- nd the ,n*on$*io,$0 7e 'e $till t the $t!e o(theo'eti*l !limme'$6 in 5'e4ilin! o&$*,'it-66 83@O 5. 3G9.Con$e,entl- h4in! ((i'med tht the 'ti*,ltion o( ideolo!- 7ith the ,n*on$*io,$ i$*on*eled 7ithin 7e& o( $,&De*ti4e e4ident t',th$66 P2*he,x lo*te$ the lin+!e &et7eenthe *on$tit,tion o( menin! nd tht o( the *on$tit,tion o( the h,mn $,&De*t 7ithin the(i!,'e o( inte'5elltion it$el(. It i$ the'e tht the di$*'e5n*- in the (o'm,ltionindi4id,l/$,&De*t 8the 5'dox66 &- 7hi*h the h,mn $,&De*t i$ *lled into exi$ten*e9 m-&e$t &e de$i!nted. P2*he,x note$ tht Alth,$$e'6$ (o'm,ltion *'e(,ll- 4oid$5'e$,55o$in! the exi$ten*e o( the h,mn $,&De*t on 7hom the o5e'tion o( inte'5elltion i$5e'(o'med. A$ o55o$ed to $ttin! tht the $,&De*t i$ inte'5ellted &- ideolo!-66 Alth,$$e'$,!!e$t$ tht the non$,&De*t i$ inte'5ellted/*on$tit,ted $ $,&De*t &- ideolo!-. He'einlie$ the (o'ementioned 5'dox ho7e4e' $ P2*he,x '!,e$ tht inte'5elltion $o*on*ei4ed 5o$$e$$e$ 1,n*h,$en e((e*t660 tht i$ !i4en tht e4e'- indi4id,l hiled &-ideolo!i*l di$*o,'$e i$ l7-$l'ed- $,&De*t66 *i'*,l' o' 'et'o*ti4e66 e((e*t'e$,lt$. To ill,$t'te thi$ 5oint P2*he,x *ll$ (o'th the im!e o( the immo'tl )'on1,n*h,$en 7ho **o'din! to le!end li(ted him$el( o,t o( &o! nd into the i' &-5,llin! 7ith ll the $t'en!th o( one 'm on lo*+ o( hi$ o7n hi'.66Ho7 to e$*5e thi$ di((i*,lt- then? A$ 7ill &e $ho7n (o' P2*he,x the initil $te5 i$ toe$t&li$h tht the e((e*t o( the 5'e*on$t',*ted $ the di$*,'$i4e modlit- o( thedi$*'e5n*- &- 7hi*h the indi4id,l i$ inte'5ellted $ $,&De*t ...S7hile $till &ein! l7-$l'ed- $,&De*t6 66 ne4e'thele$$ o5e'te$ &- *ont'di*tion 83@O 5. 3GB9. Thi$ mnoe,4'ethen llo7$ the t'n$5'en*- o( ln!,!e66 to &e !'55led 7ith *on*'etel-0 tht i$ thi$55'ent *ont'di*tion &et7een the (o'm,ltion (te' L*n 83@BB9 o( h,mn $,&De*t$ $

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5'o*e$$e$ o( 'e5'e$enttion 8*,!ht66 in net7o'+ o( $i!ni(ie'$9 nd the 'e*',itment o($,&De*t$ 84i inte'5elltion9 ('om indi4id,l$ 7ho **e5t $ e4ident the menin! o( 7htthe- he' $- 'ed nd 7'ite $ $5e+in! $,&De*t$66 7ill &e o5ened ,5 (o' in4e$ti!tion83@O 55. 3G 3G@9.The T'n$5'en*- o( Ln!,!e

P2*he,x (ind$ *on4in*in! Alth,$$e'6$ '!,ment tht thi$ $en$e o( e4identne$$66 7hte4e'-one +no7$66 th'o,!h h&it66 nd ,$!e66 i$ **om5li$hed th'o,!h ideolo!-0ideolo!- t+e$ ,5 the $l*+66 it de$i!nte$ &oth 7ht i$ nd 7ht o,!ht to &e 83@O 5.33G9. 1o'eo4e' ideolo!- $,55lie$ the e4identne$$ tht m+e$ 7o'd o' n ,tte'n*emen 7ht it $-$66 th,$ 7ht P2*he,x te'm$ the mte'il *h'*te' o( the menin! o(7o'd$ nd ,tte'n*e$ i$ $,&$e,entl- m$+ed66 in the t'n$5'en*- o( ln!,!e66 83@O55. 33G3339. Thi$ m$+in!66 5'o*e$$ i$ theo'iMed $ &ein! the o,t*ome o( the 'ti*,ltiono( 'e5'e$enttionl 5'*ti*e$ 8t time$ nt!oni$ti*ll-9 *'o$$ the (ield o( the IA$. An,ne4en *ont'di*to'- 'eltion$hi5 o( *o''e$5onden*e i$ in thi$ 7- *on$t',*ted the 5'e*i$ent,'e o( 7hi*h P2*he,x 5'o*eed$ to $5e*i(- 4i t7o 'di*l the$e$. The (i'$t 5'o5o$itionhold$ tht 7o'd$ ex5'e$$ion$ 5'o5o$ition$ et*. *hn!e thei' menin! **o'din! to theideolo!i*lS 5o$ition$ held &- tho$e 7ho ,$e them 7hi*h $i!ni(ie$ tht the- (ind thei'menin! &- 'e(e'en*e to tho$e 5o$ition$; tht i$ &- 'e(e'en*e to the ideolo!i*l (o'mtion$on*e !in the *on(i!,'tion o( IA$S in 7hi*h tho$e 5o$ition$ 'e in$*'i&ed66 83@O 5.3339. The $emioti* 5ol-4len*e o( 7hi*h )+htin 83@39 7'ite$ i$ he'e 'e*o!niMed $ &ein!*on$t'ined &- hie''*hi*l $et o( ',le$ tied to ideolo!i*l *onte$ttion; tht i$ $5e*i(i*7o'd (ind$ it$ menin!66 &- 'e(e'en*e to it$ in$*'i5tion 7ithin one o' mo'e 5o$ition$lo*ted *'o$$ n in$tit,tionl *on(i!,'tion. Thi$ $et o( ',le$ to &e theo'iMed $*on$tit,ti4e o( di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion m'+$ the no'mti4e limit$ o( 7ht *n nd $ho,ld&e $id66 in hi$to'i*l *onD,n*t,'e. A di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion *,!ht ,5 in m,lti5li*it- o($t',!!le$ o4e' 55'o5'itene$$ **om5li$he$ *e'tin menin! e((e*t$66 (o' the h,mn$,&De*t 7hile $im,ltneo,$l- *on*elin! the *ont'di*to'- *h'*te' o( the $,&De*t6$ o7ndi$*o,'$e to him o' he'$el(.>ht P2*he,x i$ o((e'in! he'e i$ (o'ml **o,nt o( di$*,'$i4e 5'o*e$$e$ &oth 7ithindi$*o,'$e$ nd &et7een one di$*o,'$e nd nothe' 'the' thn $,&$tnti4e **o,nt o(5'ti*,l' ideolo!ie$ nd di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion$ in *on*'ete $it,ted ($hion. A**o'din! tothi$ de(inition di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion $eem$ &e$t ,nde'$tood $ $et o( 'e!,lti4e5'in*i5le$ tht ,nde'lie *t,l di$*o,'$e$ &,t 'emin $e5'te ('om them. Thi$ (o'm,ltion$,!!e$t$ then tht 7o'd$ ex5'e$$ion$ nd 5'o5o$ition$ o&tin thei' menin! ('om thedete'minte di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion in 7hi*h the- 'e 5'od,*ed 8the lin!,i$ti* element$$ele*ted ho7 the- 'e *om&ined9 th,$ menin! &e*ome$ n e((e*t ,5on n *ti4e h,mn$,&De*t nd not $t&le 5'o5e't-. n*e !in n ex5'e$$ion o' 5'o5o$ition doe$ not h4e menin! o( it$ o7n66 5e'5et,ll- tt*hed to it. P2*he,x $t'e$$e$ the ttendnt 5oint tht!i4en the eme'!en*e o( thi$ mt'ix o( menin!66 indi4id,l$ 'e then inte'5ellted $$5e+in! $,&De*t$ 8$ $,&De*t$ o( thei' di$*o,'$e9 &- the di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion$ 7hi*h'e5'e$ent in ln!,!e6 the ideolo!i*l (o'mtion$ tht *o''e$5ond to them66 83@O 55. 33333O9. ,*h *on*e5tion led$ P2*he,x to de*l'e tht the h,mn $,&De*t i$ (o'!et(,l660 heo' $he mi$'e*o!niMe$ o' o**l,de$ the *,$e66 o' dete'mintion o( hi$ o' he' di$*o,'$ethin+in! in$ted the he o' $he i$ it$ ,tho' in 'elit-.66 )- hi!hli!htin! ho7 the nt,'lne$$o' o&4io,$ne$$ o( 7o'd$ o' ex5'e$$ion$ 7ill in t,'n *hn!e thei' menin!66 $ the-$lide66 o' $li566 ('om one dete'minte di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion to nothe' P2*he,x$,&$tnti4el- 'e(ine$ the notion o( inte'text,lit- 8the 5$$!e ('om one $i!n $-$tem to

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nothe'9 5o$ited &- )+htin. He'e the inte'7e4in! o( element$ &et7een *ontendin!di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion$ i$ to &e $5e*i(ied $ the o,t*ome o( the di*tte$ o( he!emoni*$t',!!le$ t'4e'$in! the $o*il (ield.The $e*ond the$i$ P2*he,x d4n*e$ di*tte$ tht e4e'- di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion &- thet'n$5'en*- o( the menin! *on$tit,ted in it *on*el$ it$ de5enden*e on the *om5lex

7hole in dominn*e6 o( di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion$ it$el( im&'i*ted 7ith the *om5lex o(ideolo!i*l (o'mtion$66 83@O 5. 339. At (i'$t $i!ht 'ti*,ltin! di$*o,'$e to ideolo!- inthi$ 7- $eem$ to h4e the me'it o( o5enin! ,5 the $t,d- o( ideolo!- to mo'e *on*'ete$o*iohi$to'i*l nl-$i$. I( di$*o,'$e in$tntite$ o' en,n*ite$ ideolo!- then the ltte' i$mde tn!i&le nd 5'e$ent to $t,d- in 5'ti*,l'l- 5'*ti*&le 7-$. In the el&o'tion7hi*h (ollo7$ ho7e4e' P2*he,x 'e(,$e$ to de(ine the 5'e*i$e nt,'e o( thi$*o''e$5onden*e &e-ond the notion o( n im&'i*tion. He i$ ,n&le to &e $5e*i(i* &o,t thent,'e o( the 'eltion$hi5 &et7een ideolo!i*l (o'mtion$ nd di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion$. Atmoment$ he $eem$ to $,!!e$t tht ideolo!i*l (o'mtion$ 5'o4ide 5'in*i5le$ o( *ohe'en*etht ,nde'5in the intelli!i&ilit- o( thei' *o''e$5ondin! di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion$; &,t the'eltion$hi5 o( one to nothe' 'emin$ 5e'$i$tentl- 4!,e. imil'l- hi$ *on*e5tion o(di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion$ 'emin$ illde(ined. It i$ not *le' 7hethe' the- 'e &e$t ,nde'$tood inte'm$ o( in$tit,tionl 5'o4enn*e 8e.!. the di$*o,'$e o( the de(en*e e$t&li$hment669 o'to5i*l $*o5e 8e.!. the di$*o,'$e o( n,*le' dete''en*e669. No' *',*ill- i$ it *le' t 7htle4el o( &$t'*tion ('om *t,l ,tte'n*e$ the- $ho,ld &e 'e*o!niMed $ o5e'tin! on. And$in*e no hint i$ !i4en $ to ho7 the &o,nd'ie$ o( n- di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion m- &eidenti(ied it i$ di((i*,lt to $ee ho7 the $,&$tnti4e *on$tit,ent$ o( !i4en di$*,'$i4e(o'mtion *n &e $5e*i(ied in 5'*ti*e. Th,$ mDo' 5,tti4e !in in the delinetion o(ideolo!ie$ in *on*'ete $it,tion$ i$ th'o7n 7-.HYPERLINK \l "EN"Not7ith$tndin! thi$ di((i*,lt- ho7e4e' P2*he,x demon$t'te$ in *on4in*in! mnne' thed4nt!e$ o( theo'iMin! menin! $ (,n*tion not o( 5'ti*,l' 7o'd$ o' 7o'din!$ &,t'the' o( the di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion in 7hi*h $,*h ex5'e$$ion$ o**,'. Thi$ i$ not to $,!!e$ttht menin! i$ 5,'el- **identl nd *ontin!ent. Altho,!h 4'i&le *e'tin !ene'liMednd $t&le me*hni$m$ o' 5'o*e$$e$ m- &e $een $ ,nde'l-in! thi$ 5'od,*ti4it- ll o(7hi*h (ll ,nde' the domin o( the notion o( di$*,'$i4e 5'o*e$$ o,tlined &o4e 8&'ie(l- $-$tem o( 'eltion$hi5$ o( $,&$tit,tion 5'5h'$e$ $-non-mie$ nd $o (o'th 7hi*ho5e'te &et7een lin!,i$ti* element$ o' $i!ni(ie'$ in !i4en di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion9. The$e5'o*e$$e$ 7o'+ to $e*,'e the 5l- o( menin! 7ithin the *om5lex 7hole o( the di$*,'$i4e(o'mtion$66 into ,ni4e'$l 8o' nt,'liMed9 hie''*h-. 1o'e 5'e*i$el- n- in$tn*e o(en,n*ited di$*o,'$e h$ it$ intelli!i&ilit- en$,'ed t le$t in 5't &- the o5e'tion o( ',le$o( in*l,$ion nd ex*l,$ion o' inte'di$*o,'$e. Tht i$ the men$ &- 7hi*h $5e*i(i*''n!ement o( di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion$ it$el( the lo*liMed ex5'e$$ion o' 5'od,*t o(ideolo!i*l he!emon- i$ medited 7ith text i$ 4i the$e ',le$. The de*l'ed menin!66 o( !i4en text i$ in thi$ 7- 'emo4ed ('om the ,tho' $ $5e+in! $,&De*t ex*l,$i4el- 8,$,ll-li!ned 7ith 4ie7 to hi$ o' he' intentionlit-9 nd i$ in$ted *on(i'med $ the e((e*t o('eltion$hi5$ o( ln!,!e ,$e 7ithin nd &et7een thi$ *om5lex 7hole o( di$*,'$i4e(o'mtion$.66At i$$,e no7 i$ the need to 5,$h (o'7'd ('om thi$ *ontention tht the h,mn $,&De*t6$mi$'e*o!nition o( ,tonom- nd *ent'edne$$ 8the ill,$ion o( ,ni(ied $el(identit-9 i$n*ho'ed 7ithin the 5l- o( hi$ o' he' o7n66 di$*o,'$e nd th,$ tho$e o( the domintin!

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di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion$ di$5e'$ed ,ne4enl- *'o$$ the $o*il (ield. P2*he,x 5'o*eed$ &-loo+in! to (,'the' ,n'4el the th'ed o( the di$*o,'$e o( the $,&De*t.66 He'e he di$*e'n$ t7o5'in*i5l element$ o( thi$ th'ed66 o' inte'di$*o,'$e nmel- the 5'e*on$t',*ted66 nd'ti*,ltion66 &oth o( 7hi*h 'e em&edded in the mte'ilit- o( the h,mn $,&De*t nd hi$o' he' the'. )'ie(l- the 5'e*on$t',*ted in thi$ (o'm,ltion *o''e$5ond$ to the l7-$

l'ed- the'e66 o( the ideolo!i*l inte'5elltion $ it $,55lie$/im5o$e$ l'ed- 4il&le5o$ition$0 tht i$ the '7 mte'il66 o( 'elit-66 nd it$ menin!66 in the (o'm o(,ni4e'$lit- 8the 7o'ld o( thin!$66 the e4ident (*t$66 o' 7ht e4e'-one +no7$ to &e'el669 o' o&4io,$ne$$ 83@O 55. 33 3O39. Th,$ the 5'e*on$t',*ted $tnd$ in *ont'$t 7iththt 7hi*h i$ $id to &e *on$t',*ted66 &- the ,tte'n*e. Alte'nti4el- the element o('ti*,ltion 8$,55o't e((e*t9 $,$tin$ the h,mn $,&De*t in 'eltion to tht menin! 8$ Ih4e $id &e(o'e66 o' $ I $hll $- (te'7'd$669 $ i( it 7e'e $omethin! ex*l,$i4el- inte'nlto him o' he'. In thi$ $en$e thei' domin o( o5e'tion i$ the $-nt!mti* *hin o( di$*o,'$e 5lne o( 'eltion$hi5$ tht P2*he,x m- no7 'e(e' to $ int'di$*o,'$e o' the o5e'tion o(di$*o,'$e 7ith 'e$5e*t to it$el(.Int'di$*o,'$e then i$ l7-$ the di$*o,'$e o( $,&De*t66 7hile inte'di$*o,'$e i$em&edded in 5'e4io,$ $ttement$0 the 7o'd $-m&ol o' *on*e5t to &e 'e*o!niM&le $ $,*hm,$t &e lin+ed 7ith 5'eexi$tent !i4en66 &e(o'e &ein! &$o'&ed into 5'ti*,l' text.Ho7e4e' 7ith 'e$5e*t to the menin! e((e*t$ 5'od,*ed lon! the ho'iMontl 5lne o(di$*o,'$e 8int'di$*o,'$e9 P2*he,x note$ ho7 the$e int'di$*,'$i4e 'eltion$hi5$ m- &eim5in!ed ,5on nd ((e*ted &- di$*o,'$e$ ('om el$e7he'e. Tht i$ ('om $ome7he'e7ithin the *om5lex 7hole in dominn*e o( di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion$; in othe' 7o'd$ ('ominte'di$*o,'$e. He i$ the'e&- $i!nllin! tht it i$ inte'di$*o,'$e 7hi*h dete'mine$ thedomintion o( the $,&De*t (o'm &- m+in! it t+e ,5 5o$ition$ $ $5e+in! $,&De*tthe'e&- en$,'in! the h,mn $,&De*t n ex5e'ien*e o( ,nit- tht 7o,ld othe'7i$e &e denied83@O 55. 33 3O39. At 5'ti*,l' *',*il 5oint$ in the 5lne o( int'di$*o,'$e element$('om inte'di$*o,'$e m- e',5t $ l'ed- the'e660 the$e 5'e*on$t',*ted element$ 'e lte'l'eminde'$ o( mte'il e$t&li$hed in nothe' di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion. In thi$ 7- one line66 o'5lne66 o( di$*o,'$e m- inte'$e*t 7ith nothe' 5'o4idin! t*it $,55o't ('om el$e7he'e ininte'di$*o,'$e to n int'di$*,'$i4e en,n*ition. >hen the intelli!i&ilit- o( nint'di$*o,'$e len$ (o' $,55o't on it$ inte'$e*tion 7ith 5'ee$t&li$hed di$*,'$i4e mte'il('om inte'di$*o,'$e P2*he,x *hoo$e$ to *ll thi$ 5henomenon t'n$4e'$e di$*o,'$e.T7o me*hni$m$ $tnd o,t $ &ein! he4il- im5li*ted in the o5e'tion o( t'n$4e'$edi$*o,'$e 4iM. dete'minti4e nd ex5li*ti4e 'elti4e *l,$e$. A$ !'mmti*l *on$t',*tion$8*o''e$5ondin! to the di$tin*tion in !'mmti*l de$*'i5tion &et7een de(inin! nd nonde(inin! 'elti4e *l,$e$9 the$e *o,ld &e $een $ 5't o( 7ht P2*he,x h$ de$*'i&ed $ thelin!,i$ti* &$i$. The- 5'o4ide him ho7e4e' 7ith in$t',*ti4e exm5le$ o( the 7- in 7hi*hon the &$i$ o( the$e inte'nl l7$ 8o( ln!,e9 di$*,'$i4e 5'o*e$$e$ de4elo5. o' &oth +ind$o( *on$t',*tion 5'o4ide 5oint$ 7he'e int'di$*o,'$e i$ $,$*e5ti&le to the 7o'+in!$ o(t'n$4e'$e di$*o,'$e0 in othe' 7o'd$ e*h *on$t',*tion in it$ o7n 7- llo7$ mte'il toin(ilt'te &- men$ o( t'n$4e'$e di$*o,'$e into the en,n*ited int'di$*o,'$e. Thi$ *n &e$een mo'e *le'l- &- *on*'ete ill,$t'tion.Ex5li*ti4e nd #ete'minti4e Relti4e Cl,$e$ $ #i$*,'$i4e P'o*e$$The (ollo7in! $enten*e 5'o4ided &- P2*he,x exhi&it$ n ex5li*ti4e 8nonde(inin!9'elti4e *l,$e0 N5oleon 7ho 'e*o!niMed the dn!e' to hi$ 'i!ht (ln+ him$el( led hi$!,'d$ !in$t the enem- 5o$ition. E*h *l,$e o( the $enten*e m- &e $een $*o''e$5ondin! to $e5'te 5'o5o$ition 4iM.0 839 N5oleon led hi$ !,'d$ !in$t the

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enem- 5o$ition. 8O9 N5oleon 'e*o!niMed the dn!e' to hi$ 'i!ht (ln+.A 5,'el- !'mmti*l 55'o*h to the $enten*e 7o,ld *lim tht the 'elti4e *l,$e 8initli*$9 he'e me'el- ex5li*te$ o' dd$ in(o'mtion in *ontin!ent ($hion &o,t $omeelement o( the min *l,$e 8$ee (o' exm5le in*li' 3@BO9. Th,$ the 'elti4e *l,$e he'edd$ in(o'mtion &o,t the 'e(e'ent N5oleon66 o( the min *l,$e. P2*he,x ho7e4e'

'!,e$ tht the in(o'mtion 8o' the 5'o5o$ition9 o( the $,&o'dinte *l,$e i$ not in thi$ *$eo( 5,'el- **e$$o'- o' *ontin!ent nt,'e. n the *ont''- 'ti*,ltin! the t7o5'o5o$ition$ to!ethe' th'o,!h the ,$e o( n ex5li*ti4e h$ in thi$ *$e the e((e*t o(im5l-in! *,$l 'eltion$hi5 &et7een the t7o $,*h tht0 N5oleon led hi$ !,'d$ !in$tthe enem- 5o$ition &e*,$e he 'e*o!niMed the dn!e' to hi$ 'i!ht (ln+. Indeed the$,&o'dinte *l,$e 87ho 'e*o!niMed the dn!e' to hi$ 'i!ht (ln+9 doe$ in thi$ 'edin!ex5'e$$ mo'e th'o,!h it$ *onne*tion 7ith the min *l,$e thn it 7o,ld in i$oltion. o' the*,$l 'eltion$hi5 to &e *ti4ted ho7e4e' 'e,i'e$ the 'e*o!nition o( $ome !ene'l&*+!'o,nd $$,m5tion $,*h $0 I( 8&ein! !ene'l o' &ein! N5oleon9 one 'e*o!niMe$ dn!e' th'etenin! one m,$t one$el( led the tt*+ to 7'd it o((.Ex5li*ti4e *l,$e$ the'e(o'e *t **o'din! to P2*he,x $ lte'l 'eminde'$66 5'om5tin! +ind o( 'et,'n o( the +no7n in tho,!ht.66 In the ill,$t'tion &o4e it mi!ht &e '!,ed tht di$*o,'$e o( moti4e$ nd intention$ 8('om $ome7he'e in inte'di$*o,'$e9 inte'$e*t$ 7ith di$*o,'$e o( $t'i*t hi$to'i*l n''tion.Attention no7 t,'n$ to *on$ide' the 7o'+in!$ o( dete'minti4e 8de(inin!9 'elti4e *l,$en ill,$t'tion o( 7hi*h i$ 5'o4ided 7ith the (ollo7in! $enten*e0 He 7ho di$*o4e'ed theelli5ti*l o'&it o( the 5lnet$ died in mi$e'-.The 'elti4e *l,$e in thi$ exm5le 8P2*he,x &o''o7$ it ('om 'e!e6$ 'ti*le n en$e ndRe(e'en*e669 doe$ not $o m,*h dd in(o'mtion &o,t the 'e(e'ent o( *on$tit,ent in themin *l,$e &,t *t,ll- dete'mine$ 'e$t'i*t$ o' de(ine$ 7ho tht 'e(e'ent i$. #ete'minti4eo' de(inin! 'elti4e *l,$e$ in (*t t-5i*ll- *on$tit,te 5't o( the *on$tit,ent it$el( 'the'thn &ein! in 7e+e' 55o$itionl 'eltion$hi5 to it. P2*he,x *lim$ tht thi$ (o'm o(em&eddin! llo7$ (o' the in$e'tion into int'di$*o,'$e o( element$ 5'e*on$t',*tedel$e7he'e 85'e*i$el- 7he'e el$e7he'e66 i$ P2*he,x ne4e' $-$9. 1o'e 5'ti*,l'l- he*lim$ tht in the exm5le !i4en &o4e the di$*o,'$e o( $*ienti(i* hi$to'- e',5t$ in 5'e*on$t',*ted ($hion into the di$*o,'$e o( 5e'$onl &io!'5h-. In thi$ *$e 'e!'din! thee'mn $t'onome' Johnne$ Ke5le' P2*he,x 5oint$ to the mte'il *ondition$ in 7hi*h hedied in 3FG; 'elit- 7hi*h h$ little to do 7ith the di$*o4e'- o( the l7$ o( 5lnet'-motion ex*e5t o( *o,'$e in 'eli!io,$ o' mo'l 5e'$5e*ti4e (o' 7hi*h mi$e'- i$ the*o,nte'5't o( !eni,$ nd 5,ni$hment (o' +no7led!e $een $ t'n$!'e$$ion66 83@O 5. F9.Ce'tinl- it i$ 'e$on&le to *lim tht *on$t',*tion$ o( thi$ t-5e 5'e$ent lo!i*ll-ne*e$$'- entilment 8$omeone di$*o4e'ed the elli5ti*l o'&it o( the 5lnet$669 $ 5't o( $-nt*ti* nominliMtion 'the' thn $ n inde5endentl- $$e'ted nd the'e(o'e mo'e e$il-*onte$ted 5'o5o$ition. A**o'din!l- the 5'e*on$t',*ted $,'(*e$ $ t'n$5'ent66 nl7-$l'ed-the'e66 in 7hi*h $ome $e!ment o( 'elit- i$ in4o+ed $ i( l'ed- !i4en in 5'e*on$tit,ted 7o'ldo(thin!$$the-'e.66The$e lin!,i$ti* *on$t',*tion$ 'e ('om one 5e'$5e*ti4e &- 4i't,e o( the !'mmti*l*on$t'int$ 7hi*h !o4e'n thei' o5e'tion lo*ted in the lin!,i$ti* &$i$. At the $me timeho7e4e' 7hen im5lemented in n- int'di$*,'$i4e en,n*ition the- o5en ,5 $5*e$ (o' theo5e'tion o( t'n$4e'$e di$*o,'$e $o tht the ltte' $,$tin$ the (o'me' $,55l-in!$,55o'ti4e *onne*tion$ &- 5'o*e$$ o( im5li*tion &et7een the 5'o5o$ition$ o(int'di$*o,'$e. In$m,*h $ ex5li*ti4e$ nd dete'minti4e$ 'e $,$*e5ti&le to the line$ o(

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(o'*e ',nnin! lon! t'n$4e'$e di$*o,'$e ('om inte'di$*o,'$e the- 'e ('om thi$ lte'ed5e'$5e*ti4e ne4e' le$$ thn di$*,'$i4e 5'o*e$$e$.It 7o,ld $eem tht (o' P2*he,x the 'elti4e *l,$e i$ im5o'tnt &e*,$e it *n &e ,$ed toill,$t'te ho7 detiled de$*'i5tion o( the !'mm' o( $,*h *on$t',*tion$ *nnot in it$el(**o,nt (o' ho7 di$*,'$i4e 'eltion$ o( im5li*tion *n &e $et ,5 &et7een min nd

$,&o'dinte *l,$e$. Inte'5'ettion o( the$e 'eltion$ in4ol4e$ di$*,'$i4e 5'o*e$$ tht led$&e-ond *oded element$ o( the $enten*e into $,''o,ndin! di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion$ nd hen*einto the $5he'e o( ideolo!-. o' P2*he,x the di$*,'$i4e 'eltion$ tht n inte'5'ete' *ome$to 'e*o!niMe $ *onne*tin! 'elti4e *l,$e 7ith it$ min *l,$e d'7 ,5on 7ht 7e +no7l'ed- ('om el$e7he'e in t+en(o'!'nted ($hion0 $o tht (o' n inte'5'ete' to'e*o!niMe n ,n*oded 'eltion$hi5 mo,nt$ to *on(i'mtion o' 'ti(i*tion o( the l'ed-+no7n. Ho7e4e' $ome im5o'tnt l*,ne nd ,n*e'tintie$ 'emin in P2*he,x6$ **o,nt. Iti$ not *le' (o' in$tn*e i( he i$ *limin! tht e4e'- in$tn*e o( 'elti4e *l,$e 7ill *''-n ideolo!i*l im5li*tion; o' indeed 7hethe' ll ideolo!i*l im5li*tion$ 7ill ne*e$$'il-&e *''ied onl- &- 'elti4e *l,$e$.C',*ill- t $t+e he'e i$ the de!'ee to 7hi*h di$*,'$i4e e((e*t $tnd$ in onetoone'eltion$hi5 7ith !'mmti*l 5'o*e$$. A (,ndmentl 5'emi$e o( di$*o,'$e $t,die$ $the- h4e de4elo5ed o4e' the l$t 3 -e'$ i$ tht no $im5le *o''eltion i$ to &e ex5e*ted&et7een !'mmti*l 8$,&$ententil9 5'o*e$$e$ nd di$*,'$i4e 5'o*e$$e$0 it i$ not 5o$$i&lein othe' 7o'd$ to 'ed o(( di$*,'$i4e e((e*t$ ('om $ententil $t',*t,'e$ in n- di'e*t onetoone ($hion. Th,$ the $me di$*,'$i4e e((e*t m- &e *hie4ed &- 4'iet- o( !'mmti*l'eliMtion$. Altho,!h P2*he,x 'i!htl- '!,e$ (o' $e5'tion o( the t7o domin$ o(!'mm' nd di$*o,'$e 8in hi$ te'm$ lin!,i$ti* &$i$66 nd di$*,'$i4e 5'o*e$$669 he (il$ to(ollo7 th'o,!h the (,ll lo!i* o( hi$ '!,ment 7hi*h i$ inhi&ited &- hi$ tenden*- to 7o'+('om !'mm' to di$*o,'$e in line 7ith hi$ 5'in*i5le tht di$*,'$i4e 5'o*e$$e$ de4elo5 onthe &$i$ o( the$e inte'nl l7$66 83@O 5. 9. P2*he,x doe$ dmittedl- 'i$e the im5o'tnti$$,e o( ho7 ideolo!i*l *on$ide'tion$ m- ,nde'5in di$*,'$i4e 5'o*e$$e$. ),t mo'e'di*l $te5 'e(le*tin! mo'e (,ll- the *on$e,en*e$ o( hi$ 5o$ition 7o,ld entil 7o'+in!('om di$*,'$i4e 5'o*e$$e$ $ $,*h *on*ei4ed in mo'e ,tonomo,$ ($hion nd notin! the'n!e o( !'mmti*l 5'o*e$$e$ tht 5otentill- m- &e $$o*ited 7ith them.In n- *$e 'elti4e *l,$e$ o( the t-5e identi(ied &- P2*he,x 'e 'elti4el- ''e ine4e'-d- di$*o,'$e. E4en ,i*+ !ln*e t the (i'l- (o'ml 5'o$e o( ,lit-66 ne7$55e'(ind$ tht the- m- o**,' 7ith ('e,en*- o( le$$ thn one in 3G $enten*e$. The (o*,$ on'elti4e *l,$e$ $eem$ in *on$e,en*e to &e ext'emel- limitin!. In o'de' to de4elo5P2*he,x6$ $,&$tnti4e in$i!ht$ &o,t ideolo!- in ln!,!e then it i$ im5o'tnt to 7iden the'n!e o( *on$t',*tion$ *on$ide'ed $,$*e5ti&le to 7ht mi!ht &e *lled ideolo!i*le((e*ti4it-.66 In thi$ 'e$5e*t +e- $t'tin! 5oint i$ 5'o4ided &- the 'n!e o( *on$t',*tion$tht m- $tnd in the 5l*e o( (,ll 'elti4e *l,$e$ nd $e'4e $imil' (,n*tion to them.Relti4e Cl,$e T-5e Con$t',*tion$ in m5le Ne7$ TextAlte'nti4e *on$t',*tion$ to the (,ll ex5li*ti4e 'elti4e *l,$e m- &e $een itli*iMed in the(ollo7in! $e!ment 8d'7n $ 'e ll o( the $,&$e,ent exm5le$ (o' thi$ $e*tion ('om one5!e o( the ,nd- Ex5'e$$ #e*em&e' O@ 3@@3 )'iti$h &'od$heet6690 ,&De*t$ *e$edto mtte'0 5,5il$ 7e'e t,!ht li(e$+ill$6 7hile ed,*tion6$ 5,'5o$eto ex*ite nd $ti$(-the de$i'e (o' +no7led!e(ell $ide. In the ixtie$ the Plo7den Re5o't &- 5'ominentmem&e'$ o( the *htte'in! *l$$e$ !4e o((i*il endo'$ement.66 The *lo$e 'e$em&ln*e o(the$e *on$t',*tion$ 8 non(inite *l,$e nd 5'e5o$itionl !'o,5 'e$5e*ti4el-9 toex5li*ti4e$ m- &e *on(i'med &- the e$e 7ith 7hi*h e*h *n &e ex5nded into (,ll

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ex5li*ti4e 'elti4e *l,$e 7ith little o' no *hn!e in menin!. Th,$0 ...ed,*tion6$5,'5o$e87hi*h i$9 to ex*ite nd $ti$(-....66 ...the Plo7den Re5o't 87hi*h 7$9 &-5'ominent mem&e'$ o( the *htte'in! *l$$e$....66 1o'eo4e' it i$ not di((i*,lt to identi(- nideolo!i*l 'ole (o' the$e 5$e,do'elti4e$. The 5!e o( the ,nd- Ex5'e$$ ('om 7hi*hthe- *ome del$ 7ith $,55o$ed de(i*ien*ie$ in the 5,&li*l-(,nded ed,*tion $-$tem; nd

the (i'$t ex5li*ti4e in the &o4e exm5le $5ell$ o,t the 5,'5o$e o( ed,*tion in 5'tilte'm$ $ to ex*ite nd $ti$(- the de$i'e (o' +no7led!e66 $ i( thi$ $el(e4identl- 7$ed,*tion6$ onl- 5,'5o$e in$ted o( it &ein! onl- de&t&le $$e'tion. imil'l- the'e(e'en*e to 5'ominent mem&e'$ o( the *htte'in! *l$$e$66 i$ 7- o( deni!'tin! the,tho'$hi5 o( the Plo7den Re5o't. In &oth *$e$ 5otentill- *ontentio,$ mte'il i$'ele!ted $-nt*ti*ll- to *on$t',*tion$ tht *o,ld in e((e*t &e de$*'i&ed $ 'ed,*ed o'5$e,do'elti4e *l,$e$ nd mde the le$$ ,e$tion&le &e*,$e in $,*h 5o$ition$ thei'$$e'ti4e nt,'e i$ di$!,i$ed in (o'm$ tht l*+ (,ll 5'o5o$itionl $tt,$.A (,'the' ill,$t'tion o( 'ed,*ed ex5li*ti4e 8e!lit'ini$m669 m- &e (o,nd in the(ollo7in! exm5le 7he'e !in 5'ti*,l'l- *ontentio,$ mte'il m- &e identi(ied &oth inthi$ ex5li*ti4e nd the (,ll 'elti4e *l,$e 7hi*h $,**eed$ it. In ll the$e in$tit,tion$ $in!le dm!in! 5hilo$o5h- h$ 5'e4iled $in*e the 3@FG$0 e!lit'ini$m 7hi*h hold$ thtll *hild'en 'e e,l nd $o none $ho,ld &e llo7ed to (ll &ehind.6 66 ome $$e'tion$ o( di$5,ttio,$ nt,'e 7hi*h 'e im5li*ted in thi$ $ttement *n &e identi(ied $ (ollo7$0 839A $in!le dm!in! 5hilo$o5h- h$ 5'e4iled $in*e the 3@FG$ in ll the$e in$tit,tion$ 8i.e.*olle!e$ ed,*tion de5'tment$ the $*hool$ in$5e*to'te ed,*tionl Do,'nl$ nd the#E it$el( 9. 8O9 Thi$ 5hilo$o5h- i$ e!lit'ini$m. 89 E!lit'ini$m hold$ tht ll*hild'en 'e e,l nd tht none $ho,ld &e llo7ed to (ll &ehind. >hil$t the (i'$t $$e'tioni$ 5otentill- ,e$tion&le it &e*ome$ $o onl- in li!ht o( the $e*ond nd thi'd $$e'tion$nd the$e $i!ni(i*ntl- 'e 5'e$ented in non5'ominent 5o$ition nd in 'ed,*ed (o'm.Altho,!h P2*he,x !ene'll- de$*'i&e$ the e((e*t o( ex5li*ti4e$ $ e((e*tin! the 'et,'n o(the +no7n in tho,!ht66 in mn- *$e$ the- mi!ht mo'e 5tl- &e ,nde'$tood $ t'n$(o'min!the ,e$tion&le nd the *ontentio,$ into the o&4io,$ nd the $el(e4ident.,ll dete'minti4e 'elti4e *l,$e$ li+e the (o'e!oin! ex5li*ti4e$ m- &e $imil'l-'e5l*ed &- 'n!e o( lte'nti4e *on$t',*tion$. P'o&&l- the mo$t ('e,ent i$ *l,$eint'od,*ed &- non(inite 4e'& in$ted o( 'elti4e 5'ono,n $ itli*iMed in the (ollo7in!exm5le0The *l$$ (e$tooned 7ith 5o$te'$ nd 5i*t,'e$ i$ di4ided into t7o *htte'in! !'o,5$ 5l-in!7ith 55e' $h5e$ nd 5l$ti* t'in!le$. ...S ),t the- 'e not -o,n!$te'$. The- 'e O3 nd inthe (o,'th -e' o( te*he' t'inin! *o,'$e $5e*iliMin! in the 5'o!'e$$i4e *hild*ent'ed6655'o*h to le'nin!.A!in $im5le 5'5h'$e e$il- 5oint$ ,5 thei' 'e$em&ln*e to dete'minti4e 'elti4e*l,$e$. Th,$0 $5e*iliMin! in the 5'o!'e$$i4e *hild*ent'ed66 55'o*h to le'nin!. i$*lo$el- 'elted to the (,ll dete'minti4e 'elti4e *l,$e 7hi*h/tht $5e*iliMe$ in the5'o!'e$$i4e *hild*ent'ed66 55'o*h to le'nin!. 1o'eo4e' not D,$t *l,$e$ &,t l$o5'e5o$itionl !'o,5$ m- 5e'(o'm thi$ (,n*tion $ in the (ollo7in!0 A 7ide'n!in!5'i4te 5oll (o' the Con$e'4ti4e Re$e'*h #e5'tment in A,!,$t $ho7ed tht BFU o(4ote'$ *me o,t !in$t mixedte*hin! &ilit- $i*S.66 7he'e (o' the Con$e'4ti4e Re$e'*h#e5'tment in A,!,$t o5e'te$ $ 'ed,*ed lte'nti4e to 7hi*h 7$ *ond,*ted (o' theCon$e'4ti4e Re$e'*h #e5'tment in A,!,$t.Th,$ the 'n!e o( *on$t',*tion$ 7hi*h *n *t li+e (,ll dete'minti4e 'elti4e *l,$e$ i$e,ll- $ 7ide $ tho$e tht *n *t li+e ex5li*ti4e$. To $ome extent thei' 'e$5e*ti4e 'ole$

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mi!ht &e $een $ o4e'l55in!. Con$ide' (o' in$tn*e the (ollo7in! $enten*e0 Tho$elo,de$t in de(endin! the $-$tem h4e &een tho$e 7ith the 'e$5on$i&ilit- (o' im5'o4in! itthe ed,*tionli$t$6 7ho$e em5i'e in*l,de$ *olle!e$ nd ed,*tion de5'tment$ the$*hool in$5e*to'te ed,*tionl Do,'nl$ nd the #E it$el(.66 The 5h'$e tho$e lo,de$t inde(endin! the $-$tem66 m- &e $een $ de'i4ed ('om tho$e 7ho 'e the lo,de$t in

de(endin! the $-$tem.66 The 'ole o( $,*h 'ed,*ed dete'minti4e$ &e'$ *lo$e *om5'i$on7ith P2*he,x6$ !ene'l de$*'i5tion o( dete'minti4e$ $ !i4in! exi$tentil $olidit- to $ome$e!ment o( 'elit- 7hi*h i$ in4o+ed $ i( l'ed- !i4en in 5'e*on$tit,ted 7o'ld o(thin!$$the-'e.66 In thi$ *$e i( 7e in*l,de the $,**eedin! ex5li*ti4e$ $ 7ell $ theo5enin! dete'minti4e$ o( the $enten*e 7e *n t'*e *om5li*ted $e'ie$ o( 5'o5o$ition$$,*h tht0 839 Ed,*tionli$t$ exi$t 8$ de(in&le !'o,59. 8O9 The- h4e 'e$5on$i&ilit-.89 Thei' 'e$5on$i&ilit- i$ to im5'o4e the $-$tem 8o( ed,*tion9. 89 The- de(end thi$$-$tem. 89 The- 'e it$ lo,de$t de(ende'$. 8F9 The- h4e n em5i'e. 8B9 The em5i'ein*l,de$ *olle!e$ nd ed,*tion de5'tment$ the $*hool in$5e*to'te ed,*tionl Do,'nl$nd the #E it$el(.In the *ontext o( thi$ 5'ti*,l' o5inion *ol,mn the$e 5'o4e to &e ,ite *',*il $$e'tion$ll the mo'e $o (o' &ein! 5'o5o$ed in non$lient 5o$ition$. Ho7 othe'7i$e *n the*ol,mni$t n 4o7ed Ri!ht7in! P'o(e$$o' o( Ae$theti*$66 7'itin! in the ,nd-Ex5'e$$ de*idedl- 5'oCon$e'4ti4e P't- ne7$55e' tt*+ the exi$tin! ed,*tionl$-$tem 7itho,t t'ni$hin! the 'e5,ttion o( the Con$e'4ti4e o4e'nment 7hi*h h$ hde((e*ti4e *ont'ol o( it (o' 7ell o4e' de*de? The n$7e' lie$ in tt'i&,tin! 'e$5on$i&ilit- to *om5letel- di((e'ent !'o,5 5'ominent mem&e'$ o( 7hi*h 'e identi(ied $,&$e,entl- &-nme $ o*ili$t do!mti$t66 Comm,ni$t P'o(e$$o'66 P'o(e$$o' t Londonni4e'$it-6$ 5e'ni*io,$ In$tit,te o( Ed,*tion66 nd $o (o'th.ne (inl in$tn*e o( the 5'e*on$t',*ted m- &e identi(ied $ nominliMtion 5henomenon 7he'e 5'o*e$$e$ *5&le o( &ein! en*oded &- 4e'& 'e en*oded &- no,n!'o,5.HYPERLINK \l "EN"o' in$tn*e to $$e't tht $tnd'd$ in $tte $*hool$ h4e de*lined66 i$ ,e$tion&let',th *lim. Ho7e4e' to 7'ite0 The de*line o( $tnd'd$ in $tte $*hool$ h$ &een55'ent to ,ni4e'$it- te*he'$ (o' -e'$ &,t o,' 7'nin!$ h4e &een di$mi$$ed $ the'ntin!$ o( n eliti$t6 mino'it-66 not onl- *on4e't$ (,ll *l,$e into no,n 5h'$e &,t$im,ltneo,$l- h$ the e((e*t o( t'n$(o'min! the ,e$tion&le t',th *lim into 5'e*on$t',*ted 5'e$,55o$ition. Th,$ it m- &e $een tht 4'iet- o( !'mmti*l $t',*t,'e$'eliMe ideolo!i*l nd di$*,'$i4e e((e*t$ o( the +ind tht P2*he,x $o,!ht to d'7 ttentionto e4en i( he n''o7l- lo*ted then in 'elti4e *l,$e$.1odlitie$ o( ,&De*ti4e 5e'tionA (,'the' $et o( di((i*,ltie$ 7hi*h m- no7 &e dd'e$$ed *on*e'n$ the ,e$tion o( ho7 toidenti(- the 5l- o( di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion$ $ the- 7o'+ to inte'5ellte h,mn $,&De*t$. A$7e h4e $een di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion$ 'e 5'ti*,l' o'de'$ o( di$*o,'$e e*h im&'i*ted7ithin n ideolo!i*l (o'mtion 7hi*h $e*,'e the menin! o( $5e*i(i* 7o'd$ ex5'e$$ion$nd 5'o5o$ition$. A di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion i$ tht 7hi*h in !i4en ideolo!i*l (o'mtioni.e. ('om !i4en 5o$ition in !i4en *onD,n*t,'e dete'mined &- the $tte o( the *l$$$t',!!le dete'mine$ 7ht *n nd $ho,ld &e $id 8'ti*,lted in the (o'm o( $5ee*h $e'mon 5m5hlet 'e5o't 5'o!'mme et*.966 83@O 5. 3339. n(o't,ntel- $in*e noone di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion i$ di$*,$$ed in *on*'ete te'm$ the'e i$ m,*h m&i!,it- inP2*he,x $ to 7hethe' the$e mo,nt to ($hion$ o( $5e+in! 8e.!. *ode$ $o*il dile*t$

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ntiln!,!e$ nd $o (o'th9 o((i*ill- 'ti(ied o' in$tit,tionliMed (ield$ o( di$*o,'$ede(ined &- to5i* 8$*ienti(i* di$*o,'$e$66 medi*l di$*o,'$e$66 le!lD,'idi*ldi$*o,'$e$66 nd $o (o'th9 o' !ene'i* (o'm$ o( di$*o,'$e 8$,*h $ Do+e$66 ne*dote$66$5ee*he$66 o' $e'mon$669.HYPERLINK \l "ENF"

In P2*he,x6$ **o,nt thi$ 5'o&lem o( de(inition led$ to *,te di((i*,ltie$ 7hen ex5lo'in!the 'ole o( t'n$4e'$e di$*o,'$e. The $,$tinin! e((e*t 7hi*h he tt'i&,te$ to thi$ +ind o(di$*o,'$e i$ 5'edi*ted ,5on the inte'$e*tion o( one t-5e o( di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion 7ithnothe'. Thi$ e((e*t ho7e4e' i$ di((i*,lt to demon$t'te 7itho,t *le' *'ite'i (o'di$tin!,i$hin! one +ind o( di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion ('om nothe'. And in 5'*ti*e it $eem$,ite 5o$$i&le (o' $,$tinin! e((e*t to &e *hie4ed 7itho,t in$i$tin! ,5on the &*+!'o,nd5'e$en*e o( 'i4l di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion. o' exm5le in one o( the ,nd- Ex5'e$$ item$'e(e''ed to &o4e it 7o,ld $eem tht 'e*,''ent ,$e o( ex5li*ti4e 'elti4e *l,$e$ 8o'55o$itionl *on$t',*tion$ o( n $$o*ited t-5e9 in4ol4e$ the D,xt5o$ition o( one tem5o'l$tte o( ((i'$ 7ith nothe'. Thi$ m- l$o &e $een in the (ollo7in! exm5le$ d'7n ('om ,nd- Time$ **o,nt0 8A9 >'i!ht 7hom the- hi$ (o'me' *olle!,e$S no7 de$5i$e7$ one o( thei' mo$t t',$ted o((i*e'$.66 8)9 >il$on on*e $o !'',lo,$ &o,t 1I 7ill nolon!e' di$*,$$ it...66 8C9 ),t )'&' C$tle then *&inet mini$te' $id l$t 7ee+ tht hei.e. >il$onS hd &een in*en$ed &- the $me' *m5i!n.66Thi$ +ind o( D,xt5o$ition doe$ (ollo7in! P2*he,x6$ '!,ment *'ete $ it 7e'e nint'di$*,'$i4e im5li*tionl $5*e 7hi*h *n &e (illed in 4'io,$ 7-$. In 8A9 (o' in$tn*ethe *ont'$t &et7een 5'e$ent *ontem5t nd 5$t t',$t *$t$ $ome do,&t on the 'eli&ilit- o(the D,d!ment$ exe'*i$ed &- >'i!ht6$ (o'me' *olle!,e$. In 8)9 the *ont'$t &et7een>il$on6$ (o'me' !'',lit- on the $,&De*t o( 1I nd hi$ 5'e$ent t*it,'nit- $,!!e$t$ $ome,n$tted inte'4enin! e4ent 7hi*h *,$e$ the *hn!e in ttit,de. In neithe' *$e ho7e4e' dothe 5o$$i&le im5li*tion$ $eem to de'i4e ne*e$$'il- ('om 'i4l di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion. nthe *ont''- it i$ ,ite 5o$$i&le to '!,e tht the- i$$,e ('om 7ithin the 4e'- di$*,'$i4e(o'mtion ,5on 7hi*h the text i$ 5'edi*ted. Th,$ it $eem$ tht t'n$4e'$e di$*o,'$ee$5e*ill- 7hen di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion$ them$el4e$ 'e de$i!nted in '&it''- te'm$**o'din! to $hi(tin! *'ite'i i$ not ne*e$$'il- de5endent ,5on 'i4l di$*,'$i4e (o'mtionto (ill the $5*e$ o( int'di$*o,'$e 8*(. Che4lie' 3@@G9.He'e it i$ *',*il to 'e*ll tht im5li*it to P2*he,x6$ notion o( int'di$*o,'$e i$ n *ti4e$,&De*ti4it-. 1,*h e((o't h$ &een ex5ended to ill,$t'te ho7 di((e'ent (o'm$ o( $ele*tionnd *om&intion 'ende' the *ont'di*to'- text *ohe'ent.66 The int'di$*o,'$einte'di$*o,'$e d-nmi* h$ l$o &een th'o7n into $h'5 'elie( $ it h$ &een $ho7n to &e*5&le o( 5'o4idin! *'iti*l di$*o,'$e nl-$i$ 7ith the ',diment'- element$ to el,*idtethe inte'5elltion o( the indi4id,l $ the (o'!et(,l66 $,&De*t o( it$ di$*o,'$e 8nd in thi$7- 'e(ine $,&$tnti4el- Alth,$$e'6$ 4ie7 to the im!in'- 'eltion9. Inte'5elltion it h$&een noted i$ *hie4ed &- the identi(i*tion o( the h,mn $,&De*t 7ith the di$*,'$i4e(o'mtion tht dominte$ him o' he'0 tht i$ the 'eltion in 7hi*h he' o' $he i$ *on$tit,ted$ $,&De*t nd 7he'e hi$ o' he' *om5lete ('eedom66 $ $5e+in! $,&De*t i$ lo*ted83@O 55. 33 3O9. It i$ thi$ 'eltion o( identi(i*tion 7hi*h in t,'n l7-$ *t$ to'ein(o'*e the im!in'- ,nit- o( the h,mn $,&De*to' doe$ it?He'e n int'i!,in! 5'o&lem m- &e &'o,!ht to the (o'e. It 7o,ld 55e' tht thi$ 'eltion5'o4ide$ l'ed- 4il&le66 $,&De*t 5o$ition$ (o' the !ood $,&De*t 7ho 'eliMin! hi$ o' he'$,&De*tion in the (o'm o( the ('eel- *on$ented to66 $5ontneo,$l-66 $$,me$ the 5o$ition

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o((e'ed &- the ,ni4e'$l ,&De*t in ll li&e't-66 83@O 55. 33 3F9. Thi$ $,&De*t **e5t$the im!e o( $el( 5'oDe*ted &- the dominnt di$*o,'$e. P2*he,x 5'o4ide$ hi$to'i*lexm5le0 'n*e i$ in dn!e' / >e 'e ll 'en*hmen / >e 'e t 7' o'S A 'en*holdie' ne4e' 'et'et$6 To the l$t mn6 66 83@O 5. 3F9. ),t 7ht o( the $,&De*t 7ho doe$not **e5t the 5'e(e''ed im!e o( $el( $ it i$ in(le*ted?

The di$*o,'$e o( 7ht then &e*ome$ &d $,&De*t t,'n$ !in$t66 the dominntidenti(i*tion 5'im'il- &- t+in! ,5 5o$ition tht *on$i$t$ o( inititin! $e5'tion*hllen!e o' 'e4olt !in$t 7ht the ,ni4e'$l ,&De*t6 !i4e$ him o' he'S to thin+60 $t',!!le !in$t ideolo!i*l e4identne$$ on the te''in o( tht e4identne$$ n e4identne$$7ith ne!ti4e $i!n 'e4e'$ed in it$ o7n te''in66 83@O 5. 3B9. Tht i$ P2*he,x '!,e$the t'o,&lem+in!66 $,&De*t doe$ not 'e*o!niMe tho$e menin!$ li4ed &- the !ood $,&De*t$$ &ein! o&4io,$66 o' nt,'l66 &,t 'the' $ *hie4ed *ont'di*to'il- nd the'e(o'e theidentit- on o((e' i$ 'e(,$ed. The 5hilo$o5hi*l nd 5oliti*l (o'm$ o( *o,nte'di$*o,'$e7ill then 5'od,*e in the &d66 $,&De*t *o,nte'identi(i*tion 7ith the di$*,'$i4e(o'mtion im5o$ed on him o' he' &- inte'di$*o,'$e -et one 7he'e the e4identne$$ o(menin! 'emin$ *om5li*it 7ith it in thi$ *$e to &e 'eDe*ted 83@O 5. 3B9. o' exm5le0 It i$ l7-$ the $me 5eo5le 7ho !et +illed6 / #o7n 7ith 7'6 / Lon! li4e 5e*e6 6683@O 55. 3F3FF9.P2*he,x th,$ ele*t$ to int'od,*e into hi$ $*heme thi'd modlit- o( $,&De*ti4e o5e'tiontht o( di$identi(i*tion 7hi*h **o,nt$ (o' the t+in! ,5 o( n nt!oni$ti* o' non$,&De*ti4e 5o$ition n e((e*t 7o'+in! to t'n$(o'm o' di$5l*e 8&,t ne4e' e$*5e enti'el-9the dominnt 5'*ti*e$ o( ideolo!i*l $,&De*tion 83@O 5. 3@9. )- o5e'tin! in 'e4e'$e66o' on nd !in$t it$el(66 ideolo!- $ the 5'o*e$$ o( inte'5elltion th'eten$ to 'e''n!e66o' o4e'th'o766 &oth the *om5lex o( ideolo!i*l (o'mtion$ nd the o4e'l55in! di$*,'$i4e(o'mtion$ 83@O 5. 3@9. To 'eo'!niMe the 'eltion$hi5$ *on*eled in the o55o$ition7'/5e*e indi*ti4e o( the &o4e exm5le$ it 7o,ld &e 'e*o!niMed tht $t',!!le (o'5e*e 7hi*h i$S not l$o t the $me time $t',!!le (o' $o*ili$m i$ non$en$e &e*,$e5*i(i$m i$ n ill,$ion $o lon! $ $o*ili$m h$ not &een e$t&li$hed66 83@O 5. 3F9.Ho7 then to *ontin,e 7ith thi$ 7o'+ o( theo'iMin! the 'e*ti4e *ont'di*to'- o'nt!oni$ti* nt,'e o( thi$ 5'o*e$$ $ di$tin*t ('om dominnt ideolo!-66? I( $ theAlth,$$e'in$ 7o,ld $,!!e$t to *on$ide' the ,e$tion o( ideolo!- ('om the $tnd5oint o('e5'od,*tion l$o im5lie$ &- de(inition *on$ide'in! ideolo!- ('om the $tnd5oint o('e$i$tn*e to 'e5'od,*tion then (o' P2*he,x 83@9 nl-$i$ m,$t &e 'e$it,ted $o $ to**o,nt (o' the m,ltit,de o( hete'o!eneo,$ 'e$i$tn*e$ nd 'e4olt$ 7hi*h $mo,lde'&eneth dominnt ideolo!- th'etenin! it *on$tntl-66 83@ 5. OF9. He th,$ *ll$ (o'*'iti*l 'e$e'*h to ,nde't+e 'ee4l,tion o( dominted ideolo!ie$ $,!!e$tin! tht the-&e t'eted $ $e'ie$ o( ideolo!i*l e((e*t$ to &e identi(ied $ the- eme'!e ('om domintionnd 7o'+ in o55o$ition to it th'o,!h it$ inhe'ent !5$ nd (il,'e$ 83@ 5. OB9. imil'l-hi$ o&$e'4tion tht nl-$e$ m,$t loo+ to7'd 7ht i$ h55enin! &elo7660 nmel- in the$5*e tht *on$tit,te$ the o'din'- o( the m$$e$ i$ n $t,te one 83@ 5. F9. It i$&e*omin! in*'e$in!l- o&4io,$66 P2*he,x 7'ite$ tht 7e m,$t le'n to li$ten to thi$ o(ten$ilent $5ee*h en*lo$ed 7ithin the ,'!en*- o( $,'4i4l. ...S >e m,$t he' the 'ti*,ltion$em&edded in the o'din'- 7-6 o( menin!66 83@ 5. F9.A Po$tmode'n the'?The $t+e$ (o' the t-5e o( 55'o*h 7e 'e de4elo5in! he'e h4e ne4e' &een hi!he'. Anin*'e$in! n,m&e' o( 'e$e'*he'$ 'e de*l'in! tht t 5'e$ent the (o'emo$t theo'eti*l*hllen!e to *,lt,'l $t,die$ h$ *e$ed to &e o'!niMed 'o,nd the *om5etin! *lim$ o(

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'di*l 5oliti*l e*onom-. In it$ 5l*e 'e the *ontendin! $t'nd$ o( 5o$tmode'ni$m n'!,&l- mo'e in$idio,$ 'i4l $ in 1'tin Allo'6$ 83@B9 7o'd$ it denie$ the im5o'tn*eo( medition it$el( $ 5'o&lemti* (o' the nl-$i$ o( mode'n 5o7e' (o'mtion$66 83@B 5.3B9.HYPERLINK \l "ENB"

In o,' 4ie7 theo'i$t$ *ontent to $im5l- *ele&'te di$*ontin,it- ('!menttion 5$ti*he nd$,'(*e$ nd *on$e,entl- $,55lnt ('om *'iti*l nl-$i$ notion$ o( totlit- *ohe'en*e*lo$,'e teleolo!- n''ti4it- nd hie''*h- h4e t+en the 5th o( le$t 'e$i$tn*e. ,*h 5o$ition doe$ not den- ho7e4e' tht the'e 'e 'el d4nt!e$ to &e !ined 4i thei'in$i$ten*e tht it i$ in55'o5'ite to $$,me ne*e$$'il- line' *o''e$5onden*e &et7een$o*il 5o$ition nd *,lt,'l ex5e'ien*e &et7een the menin!$ o( text nd it$ dete'minte*ontext o' (inll- &et7een m,lti5li*it- o( 5o7e' 'eltion$ nd the *om5etin! lo!i*$ o($o*il 'e5'od,*tion.till to *+no7led!e the &ene(it$ o( $e'ie$ o( di$',5ti4e $t'te!ie$ i$ not to endo'$e the'e$,ltnt *on*e5t,l o' 5oliti*l 5'oDe*t. >ht $ome theo'i$t$ o((e' in thei' 7illin!ne$$ to&ndon the the dile*ti* &et7een *ondition$ nd *on$*io,$ne$$66 i$ ('e,entl- 5,'*h$edin*'e$in!l- in the nme o( 5o$tmode'ni$m t the 5'i*e o( 4lo,'iMin! the 5o7e''e$i$tn*ed-nmi* $ 5'in*i5le nd not $ (o'*e *ontin!ent on *on*'ete hi$to'i*l *i'*,m$tn*e$.He'e 7e 7o,ld 7nt to ((i'm the 4l,e o( P2*he,x6$ 4ie7 to the dile*ti* o( di4e'!ent5'*ti*e$ menin!$ nd identitie$ 7ithin the *ode$ o' 'e!ime$ o( $i!ni(i*tion nt,'liMed$ *ommon $en$e $ the 'elit- o( ',lin! ideolo!-. To *on('ont the hie''*hie$ o(othe'ne$$66 o( the m'!inl66 the lien66 o' the ille!itimte66 P2*he,x6$ in$i!ht tht the'e$i$tn*e 5oint$ o( *o,nte'he!emoni* 5oliti* m,$t &e mde !'$5&le66 5'e*i$el- $the- 'e im5li*ted in 7ht he 5tl- *ll$ the o'din'- 7-66 o( menin! i$ *',*il.The'ein lie$ the ne*e$$'- &$i$ (o' 5oliti*ll- 'e(lexi4e (o'm o( nl-$i$ $ it 5l*e$ the'e'ti*,ltion 4i lin!,i$ti* me*hni$m$ o( $o*il identi(i*tion nd othe'ne$$ $,'el- onthe !end. #e$5ite the limittion$ o( P2*he,x6$ notion o( di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion tht 7eh4e do*,mented &o4e it$ *5*it- (o' 'ti*,ltin! the 'eltion$hi5 &et7een on the onehnd the no'mti4e ',le$66 o( ideolo!- nd on the othe' hnd $5e*t$ o( it$ $,&De*ti4e55'o5'ition o' ne!otition o((e'$ $i!ni(i*nt he,'i$ti* d4nt!e$. A$ he him$el(*h'*te'iMe$ hi$ 5'oDe*t0 All m- 7o'+ (ind$ it$ de(inition he'e in thi$ lin+in! o( the,e$tion o( the *on$tit,tion o( menin! to tht o( the *on$tit,tion o( the $,&De*t lin+in!7hi*h i$ not m'!inl 8(o' exm5le the $5e*il *$e o( the ideolo!i*l 'it,l$6 o( 'edin!nd 7'itin!9 &,t lo*ted in$ide the *ent'l the$i$6 it$el( in the (i!,'e o( inte'5elltion6683@O 5. 3G9. Ho7 then to de4elo5 (,'the' the *onne*tion &et7een the *on$tit,tion o(menin! nd the *on$tit,tion o( the h,mn $,&De*t? At (i'$t !ln*e the mo$t$t'i!ht(o'7'd 55'o*h 7o,ld &e to extend n d5ted >ho'(in o' ,$$,'en **o,nt7he'e&- ex5e'ien*e 8$,&De*ti4it-9 'emin$ in*hote nd in (l,x ,ntil the ent'- into the$-m&oli* o'de' ln!,!e 7hi*h m+e$ 4il&le *te!o'ie$ te'm$ nd 5'o*e$$e$ not onl-(o' the 'ende'in! o( ex5e'ien*e &,t l$o (o' it$ *ti4e $h5in! nd o'!niMtion.The 5'o&lem ho7e4e' 7ith de4elo5in! the lin+!e in the$e te'm$ i$ tht the $-m&oli*o'de'the ln!,!ei$ *on*e5t,liMed 7ithin >ho'(in nd ,$$,'en 55'o*he$ $ ,ni(ied totlit- im5l-in! in *on$e,en*e tht ideolo!- 8he'e $ 7o'ld 4ie79 7o,ld &e the$me (o' ll mem&e'$ o( the ln!,!e *omm,nit-. P2*he,x6$ di$tin*tion &et7een lin!,i$ti*&$i$ nd di$*,'$i4e 5'o*e$$ i$ 5'e*i$el- de$i!ned to o((e' di((e'ent 7- o( 'ti*,ltin!thi$ inte'de5enden*e. ,&De*ti4it- i$ not e4enl- *on$tit,ted on the lin!,i$ti* &$i$66 inte'm$ o( ,ni(ied $-m&oli* o'de'. In$ted $ 7e h4e $een P2*he,x 5'o5o$e$ tht

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5'ti*,l' menin!$ 'e *on$tit,ted in 5'ti*,l' di$*,'$i4e 5'o*e$$e$; nd $in*e e4e'-di$*,'$i4e 5'o*e$$ i$ in$*'i&ed into n ideolo!i*l 'eltion$hi566 $,&De*ti4it- i$ *on$tit,tedin ,ne4en nd *ont'di*to'- 7-$ de5endin! ,5on the di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion tht the5'o*e$$e$ 'e lo*+ed into. n*e !in inte'5elltion i$ th,$ 5'edi*ted ,5on the di$*,'$i4eo5e'tion o( the 5'e*on$t',*ted66 nd the $,$tinin! e((e*t.66

In mo'e *on*'ete te'm$ 7ht $eem$ to &e t $t+e i$ $ (ollo7$. An- en,n*ition 7ithinint'di$*o,'$e o5en$ ,5 im5li*tionl $5*e$ eithe' (o' the o5e'tion o( the 5'e*on$t',*tedo' (o' the $,$tinin! e((e*t. The$e $5*e$ 8in(e'entil !5$9 'e,i'e *om5letion &- the$,&De*t to $e*,'e the intelli!i&ilit- o( 7hte4e' h$ &een en,n*ited. The $,&De*t $,55lie$the $en$e o( the en,n*ition &- 'e*o,'$e to t'n$4e'$e di$*o,'$e. A**o'din!l- $,55l-in! thein(e'entil lin+$ o' (illin! the im5li*tionl $5*e 7ithin inte'di$*o,'$e i$ t the $me timeto &e 'e*',ited to the te'm$ o( tht 4e'- t'n$4e'$e di$*o,'$e 7hi*h 5'o4ide$ the !'o,nd$ o(it$ intelli!i&ilit-. ),t in$o(' $ the $,&De*t in thi$ 7- m+e$ the en,n*ition intelli!i&lehe o' $he h$ &- thi$ 4e'- *t &een inte'5ellted. C',*ill- o( *o,'$e thi$ m- o**,'o,t$ide the le4el o( *on$*io,$ 7'ene$$. It i$ $ i( ideolo!- lon! the xi$ o( t'n$4e'$edi$*o,'$e ,nde'5in$ the o&4io,$ne$$ o( the en,n*ition; ndin the *t o( 'e*o!nition tht$,&$*'i&e$ to thi$ o&4io,$ne$$the $,&De*t i$ inte'5ellted.P2*he,x &- (o*,$in! 5'ti*,l'l- on the 'ole o( ln!,!e in thi$ 5'o*e$$ $,55lie$ mo'edetil &o,t ho7 ideolo!- i$ $,&De*ti4el- 55'o5'ited in the *t o( inte'5elltion. Hi$t'etment 5'o4ide$ 7- o( de4elo5in! the notion o( inte'5elltion in $,*h ($hion tht itextend$ &e-ond the mo'e &$t'*t *h'*te'iMtion$ o( the 5o$itionin! o( the h,mn $,&De*t7ithin ideolo!- t-5i*l o( m,*h 7o'+ in *,lt,'l $t,die$. ne not&le limittion o( theAlth,$$e'in **o,nt e$5e*ill- 7hen it i$ 'ende'ed in it$ mo$t $*hemti* (o'm i$ tht the'ole nd 5'*ti*e o( $5e*i(i* ideolo!ie$ &e*ome$ o&$*,'ed ,nde' n hi$to'i*l ',&'i*!o4e'nin! the o5e'tion o( Ideolo!-in!ene'l0 in *on$e,en*e hi$ em5h$i$ (ll$ ,5on the*on$tit,tion o( the ,&De*t $ $,*h 8thi$ &ein! D,$ti(ied &- 'e(e'en*e to it &ein! theelement'- ideolo!i*l e((e*t669 t the ex5en$e o( ex5lo'in! 5'ti*,l' inte'5elltion$ intodi$tin*t ideolo!ie$. In thi$ 'e$5e*t P2*he,x6$ em5h$i$ on di$*,'$i4e 5'o*e$$ $ mode o(inte'5elltion llo7$ 5'e*i$el- (o' !'ete' de!'ee o( $5e*i(i*it-. A$ lon! $ it i$ 5o$$i&le todelinete the 5'e*i$e 5'mete'$ o( *on*'ete di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion$ it $ho,ld &e 5o$$i&le to!o &e-ond me'el- (o'ml **o,nt$ o( the 5o$itionin! o( the h,mn $,&De*t 7ithin ideolo!-nd to dd'e$$ in$ted the inte'5elltion o( him o' he' &- 5'ti*,l' ideolo!ie$ in en,n*iteddi$*o,'$e$.To *lo$e then 7e 'e *llin! (o' the 5o$iti4e el&o'tion o( P2*he,x6$ 5'o4o*ti4edi$*,$$ion o( the mte'ilit- o( ln!,!e. >e en4i$ion thi$ 7o'+ 5'o*eedin! lon! th'ee*',*il t'De*to'ie$0 (i'$t to '!,e tht the notion o( di$*,'$i4e (o'mtion i$ ne*e$$'- to mte'ili$t theo'- o( ln!,!e nd ideolo!- i$ t the $me time to *+no7led!e tht it $till'e,i'e$ mo'e 'i!o'o,$ de(inition. I( n,m&e' o( 5'o&lem$ de'i4e ('om the $hee'$+et*hine$$ o( P2*he,x6$ demon$t'tion the mo$t 5'e$$in! di((i*,lt- noted &o4e i$ the'ed,*ti4e $en$e o( dete'mintion t 7o'+ one 7hi*h o5e'te$ ,nidi'e*tionll-do7n7'd$66 ('om the ,tte'n*e to $o*il o'!niMtion. e*ond the notion o( di$*,'$i4e5'o*e$$ need$ to &e de4elo5ed to in*l,de 7ide' 'n!e o( 5'*ti*e$ thn tho$e $$o*ited7ith 'elti4e *l,$e *on$t',*tion$. inll- (,'the' ttem5t$ m,$t &e ,nde't+en to mo&iliMethe he,'i$ti* nl-ti* nd $t'te!i* 5o$$i&ilitie$ o( thi$ 'i*h i( in*hote *te!o'- o(di$identi(i*tion.A$ the 'i!id di$*i5lin'- &o,nd'ie$ $e5'tin! di$*o,'$e nl-$i$ ('om the 'elm o( *,lt,'ltheo'- 'e $lo7l- di$mntled *,lt,'l $t,die$ 'e$e'*he'$ 7ill &e 7ell 5oi$ed to *,i'e

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ne7 $et o( lin!,i$ti* tool$ (o' the ex5li*it 5,'5o$e o( theo'iMin! thi$ 5l- o( ideolo!- nd5o7e' in di$*o,'$e. At time 7hen the *on*e5t,l te''in (o'me'l- m'+ed o(( &-$t',*t,'e$ o( (eelin!66 nd inte'5elltion66 'e *on$i$tentl- &ein! 'e7'itten into the$,5e'(i*il te'm$ o( e$theti* !e$t,'e$ the $t',!!le to de4elo5 nd 'e(ine ne7 *'iti*l4o*&,l'- (o' $5e+in! the 7o'ld i$ inten$i(-in!. >e h4e the'e(o'e ende4o'ed to $ho7

ho7 P2*he,x6$ 'e$e'*h ('me7o'+ i$ o( *ontin,in! 'ele4n*e to *,lt,'l $t,die$5o$$e$$in! $ it doe$ m,*h 5otentil (o' nl-Min! *on*'ete in$tn*e$ o( ideolo!i*l nddi$*,'$i4e e((e*ti4it-. 3 >e 7o,ld li+e to ex5'e$$ o,' thn+$ to J*,e$ Che4lie' Line'enie' nd >illim t'7 $ 7ell $ to the edito' nd non-mo,$ 'e4ie7e'$ o( thi$Do,'nl (o' thei' tho,!ht(,l *'iti,e$ o( n e'lie' 4e'$ion o( thi$ mn,$*'i5t. ,ndin! (o'thi$ 'e$e'*h 7$ 5'o4ided in 5't &- the o*il *ien*e$ nd H,mnitie$ Re$e'*hCo,n*il o( Cnd. Thi$ i$ (mili' *'iti*i$m one l$o to &e (o,nd in i'th 83@B9 H-me$83@F9 nd Hllid- 83@B9. Inte'e$tin!l- it l$o 'e*ll$ )+htin Volo$ino46$ 83@B9$t'i*t,'e$ on &$t'*t o&De*ti4i$m0 The *t,l 'elit- o( ln!,!e$5ee*h i$ not the &$t'*t$-$tem o( lin!,i$ti* (o'm$ ...S &,t the $o*il e4ent o( 4e'&l inte'*tion im5lemented in n,tte'n*e o' ,tte'n*e$66 83@B 5. @9. He'e *'e m,$t &e t+en $o $ to en$,'e tht +e-dimen$ion i$ not $*'i(i*ed in thi$ $hi(t nmel- the &ilit- to t'*e the *on*'ete t'De*to'-o( the $i!n6$ m,lti**ent,lit- (o' the ex5li*it 5,'5o$e o( identi(-in! &oth 5o$$i&le nd*t,l 5oint$ o( di$*ontin,it- nd ',5t,'e *'o$$ the (ield o( he!emoni* 'ti*,ltion$ 8$eeL*l, 1o,((e 3@9. i!ni(i*ntl- one im5o'tnt ttem5t to 55l- $5e*t$ o( P2*he,x6$7o'+ *,t$ thi$ o'din +not me'el- &- *oll5$in! the 5lne o( ideolo!- into tht o(di$*o,'$e &- $5e+in! o( the ideolo!i*ldi$*,'$i4e (o'mtion$66 8$ee i'*lo,!h 3@@9. A(,'the' exm5le o( ho7 the ,e$tion o( nominliMtion in ne7$ text m- &e dd'e$$ed i$(o,nd in Hod!e K'e$$ 3@. In thei' **o,nt nominliMtion m- &e $een $ n ext'eme*$e o( !'mmti*l 'ed,*tion in$m,*h $ nominl$ $,*h $ ne!otition$66 o'mn!ement66 'e de'i4ed ('om ,nde'l-in! 5'edi*te $t',*t,'e$ &,ilt 'o,nd 4e'&. Th,$n exm5le $,*h $0 Ne!otition$ too+ 5l*e t ACA66 i$ t'eted &- Hod!e K'e$$ $ i(de'i4ed ('om n ,nde'l-in! $t',*t,'e $,*h $ the (ollo7in!0 W ne!otited 7ith Y t ACA7he'e the 4e'& 8ne!otite669 (,n*tion$ $ t7o 5l*e 5'edi*te in n ,nde'l-in! *l,$e in7hi*h the $$o*ited 5'ti*i5nt 'ole$ 8W nd Y9 'e,i'e $5e*i(i*tion (o' the *l,$e to &e$t',*t,'ll- *om5lete 8$,*h i$ l$o the *$e 7ith0 The mine'$ ne!otited 7ith the Col)o'd t ACA669. A**o'din!l- the- '!,e 7hen $t',*t,'e $,*h $ thi$ i$ nominliMed8e.!. ne!otition$669 one im5o'tnt *on$e,en*e i$ tht the 5'ti*i5nt 'ole$ 8e.!.mine'$66 nd the Col )o'd669 m- e$il- &e deleted 7he'e the !'mmti*l 5'o*e$$ o('ed,*tion led$ to 'ei(i*tion nd o&De*ti(i*tion o( the ,nde'l-in! 5'o*e$$.In$m,*h $ the 5'o*e$$ i$ t',l- one o( o&De*ti(i*tion 7he'e n *tion 'e5'e$ented &- 4e'& &e*ome$ 'ende'ed thin!li+e66 &- nominliMtion then it &e'$ $ome *om5'i$on 7ithP2*he,x6$ **o,nt o( the 5'e*on$t',*ted66 in 7hi*h entitie$ 8e.!. He 7ho $4ed the7o'ld &- d-in! on the C'o$$669 $$,me exi$tentil $olidit- e4en 7he'e thei' exi$ten*e i$denied el$e7he'e in the $me en,n*ition 8e.!. He 7ho $4ed the 7o'ld &- d-in! on theC'o$$ doe$ not exi$t669. A 'e*ent **o,nt o( di$*o,'$e$66 ttem5t$ to 'e$ol4e thi$ +ind o(m&i!,it- in the (ollo7in! 7-0 An- **o,nt o( di$*o,'$e o' di$*,'$i4e 5'*ti*e m,$tin*l,de it$ to5i* 'e it$ $o*il o'i!in nd it$ ideolo!i*l 7o'+0 7e $ho,ld not the'e(o'ethin+ &o,t di$*o,'$e o( e*onomi*$ o' o( !ende' &,t o( *5itli$t 8o' $o*ili$t9di$*o,'$e o( e*onomi*$ o' the 5t'i'*hl 8o' (emini$t9 di$*o,'$e o( !ende'. ,*hdi$*o,'$e$ ('e,entl- &e*ome in$tit,tionliMed 5'ti*,l'l- &- the medi ind,$t'ie$ in $o(' $ the- 'e $t',*t,'ed &- $o*ill- 5'od,*ed $et o( *on4ention$ tht 'e t*itl- **e5ted

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&- &oth ind,$t'- nd *on$,me'$. In thi$ $en$e 7e *n tl+ &o,t the di$*o,'$e o( the ne7$o' o( d4e'ti$in!0 the$e di$*o,'$e$ $till exhi&it o,' th'ee de(inin! *h'*te'i$ti*$ to5i*'e $o*il lo*tion nd the 5'omotion o( 5'ti*,l' $o*il !'o,566 8i$+e 3@B 55. 339. Thi$ 5'o5o$ed $ol,tion ho7e4e' *on(lte$ $e4e'l di((e'ent nd *ont'di*to'- le4el$ o(&$t'*tion nd me'el- in$i$t$ &- $$e'tion on the exi$ten*e o( tho$e 4e'- di$*o,'$e$ it

$ho,ld &e t 5in$ to de(ine. Indeed it i$ Allo'6$ 83@9 *ontention tht 5o$tmode'ni$m6$extended di$4o7l o( $i!ni(i*tion nd medition i$ it$el( '5idl- (o'min! the $ite o( ne75'dox0 nmel- tht in *oll5$in! the de5th model *h'*te'i$ti* o( $emioti*$ 87he'e the5l- o( $i!ni(ie'$ lin+$ 7ith hie''*h- o( le4el$ o' in$tn*e$9 5o$tmode'ni$m h$ &'o,!ht&o,t n in*'e$ed (o*,$ on di$*,'$i4e nd text,l nl-$i$ 83@ 5. GG9. Tht i$ thi$di$mi$$l o( 5'o&lemti* *ent'ed on *on4ention$ o( h,mn 5'*ti*e 8menin!'e5'e$enttion9 elide$ the *ont'di*to'- e((e*ti4it- o( $o*il 5'*ti*e$ the'e&- en!ende'in! mode o( *'iti,e tht 7ill ,ltimtel- &e (o'*ed to (ind 'e(,!e in (,n*tionli$m. Thi$ t-5eo( nl-$i$ he '!,e$ *n not $tnd 7itho,t 'e*o,'$e to e5o*hl lo!i*$66 to ex5lin the''n!ement$ o( $,'(*e$66 ,nde' exmintion.Re(e'en*e$Allo' 1'tin. 83@B9. P'oDe*ti4e 'edin!$0 C,lt,'l $t,die$ ('om he'e. Cndin Jo,'nl o(Politi*l nd o*il Theo'- 3383O9 33.Allo' 1'tin. 83@9. Theo'eti*l 5'*ti*e in the 5o$t. Comm,ni*tion 3G O@G.Alth,$$e' Lo,i$. 83@F@9. o' 1'x. Ne7 Yo'+0 Vint!e.Alth,$$e' Lo,i$. 83@B39. Ideolo!- nd ideolo!i*l $tte 55't,$e$0 Note$ to7'd$ nin4e$ti!tion. In Lenin nd Philo$o5h- 855. 3OB3F9. Ne7 Yo'+ nd London0 1onthl-Re4ie7.)+htin 1i+hil. 83@39. The dilo!i* im!intion. A,$tin0 ni4e'$it- o( Tex$ P'e$$.)+htin 1i+hil Volo$ino4 V. N. 83@B9. 1'xi$m nd the 5hilo$o5h- o( ln!,!e.Cm&'id!e 1A0 H'4'd ni4e'$it- P'e$$.),mn X-!m,nt. 83@9. I$ the'e 5o$tmode'n $o*iolo!-? Theo'- C,lt,'e nd o*iet- O3BOB.Ch'lnd 1,'i*e. 83@@G9. Reh&ilittin! 'heto'i*0 Con('ontin! &lind$5ot$ in di$*o,'$e nd$o*il theo'-. Comm,ni*tion 3389 OOF.Che4lie' J*,e$ 1. 83@@G9. emioti*$ 'omnti*i$m nd the $*'i5t,'e$. )e'lin nd Ne7Yo'+0 1o,ton de ',-te'.Co,$in$ 1'+. 83@9. Jo+e$ nd thei' 'eltion to the mode o( 5'od,*tion. E*onom- ndo*iet- 3839 @33O.E!leton Te''-. 83@@39. Ideolo!-. London0 Ve'$o.i'*lo,!h No'mn. 83@@9. Ln!,!e nd 5o7e'. London0 Lon!mn.i'th J. R. 83@B9. P5e'$ in lin!,i$ti*$ 3@3@3. London0 x(o'd ni4e'$it- P'e$$.i$+e John. 83@B9. Tele4i$ion *,lt,'e. London0 1eth,en.o,*,lt 1i*hel. 83@B39. 'de'$ o( di$*o,'$e. o*il *ien*e In(o'mtion 3G8O9 BG.o,*,lt 1i*hel. 83@BO9. The '*heolo!- o( +no7led!e. Ne7 Yo'+0 Pntheon.o7le' Ro!e' Hod!e )o& K'e$$ ,nthe' T'e7 Ton-. 83@B@9. Ln!,!e nd *ont'ol.London0 Ro,tled!e Ke!n P,l.'n+lin 'h L,'- Celi t*e- J*+ie 8Ed$.9. 83@@39. ((*ent'e0 emini$m nd*,lt,'l $t,die$. London0 H'5e' Collin$.'o7 John. 83@F9. 1'xi$m nd lite''- hi$to'-. x(o'd0 )$il )l*+7ell.ood'i*h Pete'. 83@O9. 1te'ili$m nd lin!,i$ti*$. Rdi*l Philo$o5h- O.'m$*i Antonio. 83@B39. ele*tion$ ('om the 5'i$on note&oo+$. Ne7 Yo'+0 Inte'ntionl.

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'o$$&e'! L7'en*e. 83@9. C,lt,'l $t,die$0 Re4i$ited nd 'e4i$ed. In 1'- . 1nde'8Ed.9 Comm,ni*tion$ in t'n$ition 855. @BG9. Ne7 Yo'+0 P'e!e'.Hll t,'t. 83@O9. The 'edi$*o4e'- o( ideolo!-660 Ret,'n o( the 'e5'e$$ed in medi$t,die$. In 1i*hel ,'e4it*h Ton- )ennett Jme$ C,''n Jnet >ooll*ott 8Ed$.9C,lt,'e $o*iet- nd the medi 855. F@G9. London0 1eth,en.

Hll t,'t. 83@9. i!ni(i*tion 'e5'e$enttion ideolo!-0 Alth,$$e' nd the 5o$t$t',*t,'li$t de&te$. C'iti*l t,die$ in 1$$ Comm,ni*tion O8O9 @333.Hllid- 1. A. K. 83@B9. Ln!,!e $ $o*il $emioti*. London0 Ed7'd A'nold.H'tle- John 1ont!ome'- 1'tin. 83@9. Re5'e$enttion$ nd 'eltion$0 Ideolo!- nd5o7e' in 5'e$$ nd TV ne7$. In T. A. 4n #iD+ 8Ed.9 #i$*o,'$e nd *omm,ni*tion 855.OOF@9. Ne7 Yo'+0 >lte' de ',-te'.Hod!e Ro&e't K'e$$ ,nthe'. 83@9. o*il $emioti*$. Ith*0 Co'nell ni4e'$it-P'e$$.H-me$ #ell H. 8Ed.9. 83@F9. Ln!,!e in *,lt,'e nd $o*iet-. Ne7 Yo'+0 H'5e' Ro7.John$on Ri*h'd. 83@B9. >ht i$ *,lt,'l $t,die$ n-7-? o*il Text 3F G.L*n J*,e$. 83@BB9. *'it$0 A $ele*tion. Ne7 Yo'+0 >. >. No'ton.L*l, E'ne$to 1o,((e Chntl. 83@9. He!emon- nd $o*ili$t $t'te!-. London0Ve'$o.1*C&e Colin. 83@9. Theo'eti*l e$$-$0 ilm lin!,i$ti*$ lite't,'e. 1n*he$te'01n*he$te' ni4e'$it- P'e$$.1*donnell #ine. 83@F9. Theo'ie$ o( di$*o,'$e. London0 )$il )l*+7ell.1ont!ome'- 1'tin Alln t,'t. 83@@3 1- O@39. C,lt,'l $t,die$ nd the t,'n todi$*o,'$e nl-$i$. Ann,l Con(e'en*e o( the Cndin Comm,ni*tion A$$o*itionLe'ned o*ietie$ o( Cnd Con(e'en*e ,een6$ ni4e'$it- t Kin!$ton.1o'le- #4id. 83@G9. The ntion7ide ,dien*e. London0 )I.1o''i$ 1e!hn. 83@@G9. )nlit- in *,lt,'l $t,die$. In Pt'i*i 1ellen*m5 8Ed.9 Lo!i*$o( tele4i$ion 855. 39. London0 )I.1,'5h- John >. 83@9. 1+in! $en$e o( 5o$tmode'n $o*iolo!-. )'iti$h Jo,'nl o(o*iolo!- @89 FGGF3.Nel$on C'- 'o$$&e'! L7'en*e 8Ed$.9. 83@9. 1'xi$m nd the inte'5'ettion o(*,lt,'e. '&n nd Chi*!o0 ni4e'$it- o( Illinoi$ P'e$$.Ni*hol$on Lind 8Ed.9. 83@@G9. emini$m/5o$tmode'ni$m. Ne7 Yo'+ nd London0Ro,tled!e.P2*he,x 1i*hel. 83@O9. Ln!,!e $emnti*$ nd ideolo!- Ne7 Yo'+0 t. 1'tin6$ P'e$$.P2*he,x 1i*hel. 83@9. L ln!,e int'o,4&le. Cndin Jo,'nl o( Politi*l nd o*ilTheo'- B83O9 OO.P2*he,x 1i*hel. 83@&9. Ideolo!-0 o't'e$$ o' 5'doxi*l $5*e. In +'i Hnninen Leen Pldn 8Ed$.9 Rethin+in! ideolo!-0 A m'xi$t de&te 855. 39. Ne7 Yo'+0Inte'ntionl ene'l.P2*he,x 1i*hel. 83@9. #i$*o,'$e0 t',*t,'e o' e4ent? In C'- Nel$on L7'en*e'o$$&e'! 8Ed$.9 1'xi$m nd the inte'5'ettion o( *,lt,'e 855. FFG9. '&n ndChi*!o0 ni4e'$it- o( Illinoi$ P'e$$.Ro&in$on e't',de J. t'7 >illim . 83@9. emioti*$ nd *omm,ni*tion$ $t,die$0Point$ o( *ont*t. In )'end #e'4in 1el4in J. Voi!t 8Ed$.9 P'o!'e$$ in *omm,ni*tion$t,die$ 8Vol. 55. @3339. No'7ood NJ0 A&lex.Ro$$ And'e7 8Ed.9. 83@9. ni4e'$l &ndon?0 The 5oliti*$ o( 5o$tmode'ni$m.1inne5oli$0 ni4e'$it- o( 1inne$ot P'e$$.

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,$$,'e e'dinnd de. 83@FF9. Co,'$e in !ene'l lin!,i$ti*$. Ne7 Yo'+0 1*'7 Hill.in*li' J. 1*H. 83@BO9. A *o,'$e in $5o+en En!li$h0 'mm'. London0 x(o'dni4e'$it- P'e$$.5i4+ -t'i Ch+'4o't-. 83@B9. In othe' 7o'ld$0 E$$-$ in *,lt,'l 5oliti*$. Ne7Yo'+0 1eth,en.

Thom5$on John ). 83@9. t,die$ in the theo'- o( ideolo!-. Cm&'id!e0 Polit- P'e$$.>illim$ R-mond. 83@F39. The lon! 'e4ol,tion. London0 Chtto nd >ind,$.PRIVATEPRIVATE "TYPE=PICT;ALT="INCL#EPICTRE \d "../../Im!e$/line%lon!.!i(")*+ to theHYPERLINK "index.html"T&le o( Content$Cndin Jo,'nl o( Comm,ni*tion