Controle de Nível Icos com CLP

8/3/2019 Controle de Nível Icos com CLP

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/controle-de-nivel-icos-com-clp 1/45

ZEISJ_ÎHLHJ CJHJ_LM HJ KZ_K V_JXK ZCKVJ^NKML HJ @IEL^ „ J@

NKMJAILHK HK NZ_^K HJ JEAJEBL_IL HJ NKEX_KMJ JLZXK@LÁÎK „ NJNLZ

NKEX_KMJ HJ EÀSJM HJ MI\ZIHK ZXIMITLEHK

NKEX_KMLHK_ MÞAINK V_KA_L@ÌSJM

@KEKA_LCIL HJ A_LHZLÁÎK J@ JEAJEBL_IL HJ NKEX_KMJ JLZXK@LÁÎK

LMSL_K @LNIJM ^NB@IHX

Kzrk Vrjxk- ?662



II

LMSL_K @LNIJM ^NB@IHX

NKEX_KMJ HJ EÀSJM HJ MÀ\ZIHK ZXIMITLEHK

NKEX_KMLHK_ MÞAINK V_KA_L@ÌSJM

@kekarlcil lvrj~jexlhl nk`k z` hk~rj|zi~ixk~ vlrl l koxjeáîk hk xàxzmk hj

Olnblrjm j` Jeajeblril hj Nkexrkmj j

Lzxk`láîk%

Krijexlhkrl4

Vrkc¤% Hr¤% Glrml Oklsjexzrl Vi`jexl

Kzrk Vrjxk- Dzmbk hj ?662%



III



IS

LA_LHJNI@JEXK^

Æ Hjz~%

Lk~ `jz~ vli~ Hr% Lry j Hr¤ Mjiml vjmk lvkik- ~zvkrxj j l`kr%

Æ~ ìebl~ ir`î~- `jz~ lsþ~ j j` j~vjnilm lk `jz Lsø Crleni~nk- |zj iecjmit`jexj eîk

vøhj sjr j~xl xrldjxþril nkenmzàhl%

L ìebl krijexlhkrl Glrml Oklsjexzrl Vi`jexl vjmk lvrjehitlhk- `kxisláîk j

vlniäenil%

Lk~ vrkcj~~krj~- czenikeìrik~ j k Nbink%

Æ ìebl |zjrihl ^ô%

Lk Bk`jr- Qjojr- Yzri- Iakr vieink- Crjh- Lhrilek- Nl~xlebjirl- vjml lìtlhj- ldzhl j

nkesisäenil%

Lk~ ozxjnk~- æ arlehj @lxl Siraj` j xlexl~ kzxrl~ rjvôominl~ |zj xkrelrl` l sihl

lnlhäìnl `jmbkr liehl%

L xkhk~ k~ lìak~ j `zmbjrj~ |zj nkebjni j` Kzrk Vrjxk%

Lk Njexrk Lnlhäìnk hj Jeajeblril hj Nkexrkmj j Lzxk`láîk%

Æ amkrik~l J~nkml hj @iel~ hj Kzrk Vrjxk%



S

NKEX_KMJ HJ EÀSJM HJ MÀ\ZIHK ZXIMITLEHKNKEX_KMLHK_ MÞAINK V_KA_L@ÌSJM

_J^Z@K

K nkexrkmj hj eàsjm hj mà|zihk~ é `zixk i`vkrxlexj j` vrknj~~k~ iehz~xrili~% J` `zixk~

nl~k~ z` nkexrkmj vrjni~k j jcinijexj é clxkr hjxjrìelexj vlrl k ~znj~~k vrkhzxisk%

Hj~~l ckr`l- koxjr `khjmk~ hj nkexrkmj lzxk`ìxink~ é `zixk iexjrj~~lexj% Lmé` hl~

iehô~xril~- kzxrk~ ~jxkrj~ nk`k k rj~ihjenilm j larkvjnzìrik- vkhj` ~jr ojejcinilhk~

nk` ~i~xj`l |zj rjhztl k~ vk~~àsji~ jrrk~ nlz~lhk~ vkr z` nkexrkmj `lezlm hk~vrknj~~k~ |zj jeskmsl` mà|zihk~% Vlrxiehk hj~xj vrienivik- ej~xl `kekarlcil é

lvrj~jexlhk z` `khjmk hj nkexrkmj hj eàsjm hj mà|zihk~ zximitlehk z` nkexrkmlhkr

mþaink vrkarl`ìsjm% L mieazlaj` hj vrkarl`láîk j~nkmbihl é l Mlhhjr j k lòijexj hj

hj~jeskmsi`jexk é k R^kcx% Liehl ~îk lvrj~jexlhk~ k~ ojejcànik~ j rjmláúj~

jnkeøìnl~ j ~knili~ hl lzxk`láîk j nke~j|zjexj`jexj hl ieckr`ìxinl iehz~xrilm- lmé`

hl~ nlrlnxjrà~xinl~ hj lmaze~ hj ~jz~ jmj`jexk~% K~ rj~zmxlhk~ koxihk~ `k~xrl` |zj k

nkexrkmj lzxk`ìxink hj eàsjm hj mà|zihk cjixk vkr z` NMV é ~lxi~clxþrik j lhj|zlhk%

VLMLS_L^NBLSJ4 NMV- Nkexrkmj hj eàsjm- lzxk`láîk- ieckr`ìxinl iehz~xrilm-

MLHHJ_%



SI

LO^X_LNX

Xbj nkexrkm kc mjsjm kc mi|zih i~ sjry i`vkrxlex ie iehz~xrilm vrknj~~j~% Ie `ley nl~j~ l

vrjni~j leh jccinijex nkexrkm i~ l hjni~isj clnxkr ckr xbj ~znnj~~ kc xbj vrkhznxike% ^k-

koxlieiea `khjm~ kc lzxk`lxin nkexrkm i~ sjry iexjrj~xiea% Lvlrx crk` iehz~xry- kxbjr

~jnxkr~ ~znb l~ rj~ihjexilm leh larinzmxzrlm `ly ojejcix qixb ~y~xj`~ xblx rjhznj~ xbj

vk~~iomj jrrkr~ nlz~jh oy l `lezlm nkexrkm kc vrknjhzrj~ ieskmsiea mi|zih~% Ke xbi~

vrienivmj- xbi~ `kekarlvb vrj~jex~ l `khjm kc nkexrkm kc mjsjm z~iea l vrkarl``lomj

mkain nkexrkmmjr% Xbj vrkarl`ìea mleazlaj nbk~je i~ Mlhhjr leh xbj hjsjmkv`jexjesirke`jex i~ xbj R^kcx% Lm~k vrj~jexjh lrj xbj jnkekìn leh ~knilm rjmlxike~ leh

ojejcix~ kc iehz~xrilm lzxk`lxike- ie lhhixike xk xbj nblrlnxjri~xin~ kc ~k`j kc ix~

jmj`jex~% Xbj rj~zmx~ ~bkq xblx xbj lzxk`lxin nkexrkm kc mjsjm kc mi|zih `lhj oy l VMN

i~ ~lxi~clnxkry leh ~zixlomj%

GJYQK_H^4 VMN- Nkexrkm kc mjsjm- lzxk`lxike- iehz~xrilm lzxk`lxike- MLHHJ_%



SII

^Z@Ì_IK

_J^Z@K%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% S

LO^X_LNX%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%SI

^Z@Ì_IK %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%SII

LO_JSILXZ_L^ J ^À@OKMK^%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% SIII

MI^XL HJ CIAZ_L^%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%IR

MI^XL HJ XLOJML^ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% R <% NLVÀXZMK I

<%<%IEX_KHZÁÎK%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<

?% NLVÀXZMK II

?%<% LZXK@LÁÎK IEHZ^X_ILM %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >

?%?% NKEX_KMJ HJ EÀSJM HJ MÀ\ZIHK%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%3

?%>%K NKEX_KMLHK_ MÞAINK V_KA_L@ÌSJM%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%1?%8% MIEAZLAJ@ HJ V_KA_L@LÁÎK %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<:

>% NLVÀXZMK III

>%<% @JXKHKMKAIL %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?:

>%?% ^J\ZJENIL HJ KVJ_LÁÎK%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?:

>%>% JRVJ_I@JEXK%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?3

>%8% V_KA_L@LÁÎK%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?1

>%:% Î@ZMLÁÎK A_ÌCINL%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%?2

8% NKENMZ^ÎK

8%<% NKENMZ^ÚJ^%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >>

8%?% X_LOLMBK CZXZ_K^%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >>

:% NLVÀXZMK S

:%<% OIOMIKA_LCIL%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%>8



SIII

LO_JSILXZ_L^ J ^À@OKMK^

J+^ Hi~vk~ixisk~ hj Jexrlhl j ^làhl

EL Ekr`lm`jexj Lojrxk

EC Ekr`lm`jexj Cjnblhk

Snn Skmx~ Nkrrjexj Nkexàezl

Sln Skmx~ Nkrrjexj Lmxjrelhl

LH+HL Lelmþaink Hiaixlm j Hiaixlm Lelmþaink

L Slriìsjm |zj rjvrj~jexl z` nkexlxk hk nirnzixk

O Slriìsjm |zj rjvrj~jexl z` nkexlxk hk nirnzixk

Y Slriìsjm |zj rjvrj~jexl z` j|zivl`jexk mialhk lk nirnzixk

_ Slriìsjm |zj rjvrj~jexl z` rj~i~xkr hk nirnzixk

MIAL Nkexlxk hk okxîk Mial- |zj ieinil k vrknj~~k%

HJ^MIAL Nkexlxk hk okxîk hj~mial |zj iexjrrk`vj k vrknj~~k

Ê@L Slriìsjm hk nkexlxk hk ~je~kr hj eàsjm ìi`k

^? ^je~kr hj eàsjm `ìi`k

^XS Slriìsjm hk nkexlxk hk ~je~kr hj eàsjm àei`k

^< ^je~kr hj eàsjm `àei`k

NKEX_KMJ Slriìsjm |zj iehinl |zj k ~i~xj`l j~xì mialhk

SJ Slriìsjm |zj iehinl k czenikel`jexk hl okòl

S^ Slriìsjm |zj iehinl l sìmszml hj ~làhl

XI@J_< Xj`vkritlhkr |zj nkexl hjt ~jazehk~ vlrl lnikelr l sìmszml hj ~làhl



IR

MI^XL HJ CIAZ_L^

CIAZ_L ?%< HILA_L@L HJ OMKNK^ HJ Z@ I^XJ@L HJ LZXK@LÁÎK%%% :

CIAZ_L ?%? L_\ZIXJXZ_L OÌÎNL HJ Z@ NMV %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2

CIAZ_L ?%> HILA_L@L HJ OMKNK^ HJ Z@ NMV %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9

CIAZ_L ?%8 NKEJNXK_ CÄ@JL _^?>? HJ 9 VIEK^%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<:

CIAZ_L ?%: J^\ZJ@L HJ Z@ NKEJNXK_ _^?>? HJ EKSJ VIEK^ %%%%%%%%%%% <:

CIAZ_L ?%3 „ NKECIAZ_LÁÎK HJ NKEXLXK EK HILA_L@L MLHHJ_ %%%%% <2

CIAZ_L ?%1 NK__JEXJ MÞAINL CINXÀNIL %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <9

CIAZ_L ?%2 NI_NZIXK J\ZISLMJEXJ ”Î@‐ J J@ MLHHJ_ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?6

CIAZ_L ?%9 NI_NZIXK J\ZISLMJEXJ KZ J J@ MLHHJ_%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?<

CIAZ_L ?%<6 NI_NZIXK J\ZISLMJEXJ ”J‐ J J@ MLHHJ_%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%?<

CIAZ_L ?%<< NI_NZIXK J\ZISLMJEXJ ”EÎK‐ J J@ MLHHJ_%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ??

CIAZ_L ?%<? NI_NZIXK J\ZISLMJEXJ ”EÎK KZ‐ J J@ MLHHJ_%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ??

CIAZ_L ?%<> NI_NZIXK J\ZISLMJEXJ ”EÎK J‐ J J@ MLHHJ_ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%??

CIAZ_L >%< ^JE^K_ HJ EÀSJM VL_L MÀ\ZIHK^ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?3

CIAZ_L >%? NKEXLXK^ HJ IEINIL_ J VL_L_ K V_KNJ^^K%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%?1

CIAZ_L >%> LNIKEL@JEXK HL OK@OL%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%?2

CIAZ_L >%8 XJ@VK_ITLHK_ J SÌMSZML HJ ^LÀHL%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?2

CIAZ_L >%: Î^XJ@L HJ^MIALHK %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?9

CIAZ_L >%3 Î^XJ@L MIALHK JENBJEHK K XLE\ZJ%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >6

CIAZ_L >%1 ^JE^K_ HJ EÀSJM @ÀEI@K LNIKELHK%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >6

CIAZ_L >%2 „ LNIKEL ^? J HJ^MIAL OK@OL%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ><

CIAZ_L >%9 LNIKEL@JEXK HL SÌMSZML HJ ^LÀHL%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >?

CIAZ_L >%<6 SÌMSZML HJ^MIALHL J OK@OL MIALHL%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >?



R

MI^XL HJ XLOJML^

XLOJML ?%< HI^VKÎXISK^ HJ JEX_LHL^ J ^LÀHL^ HI^N_JXL^ %%%%%%%%%%%%% <>

XLOJML ?%? HI^VKÎXISK^ HJ JEX_LHL^ J ^LÀHL^ EZ@É_INL^ %%%%%%%%%%% <8

XLOJML ?%> ÎELI^ HJ _JCJ_ÄENIL HK NKEJNXK_ _^?>?%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<3

XLOJML ?%8 J^XLHK^ MÞAINK^ HK^ NKEXLXK^%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?6



<

NLVIXZMK I

<%< Iexrkhzáîk

L hj`lehl vkr z`l `likr jciniäenil hj ~i~xj`l~ lzxk`lxitlhk~ oz~nl z`l `jmbkr

iexjrláîk jexrj blrhqlrj j ~kcxqlrj- lmé` hl nke~xlexj lxzlmitláîk hj xjnekmkail~%

L Ieckr`ìxinl Iehz~xrilm xj` jskmzàhk nk` arlehj sjmknihlhj hjsihk æ nke~xlexj

jskmzáîk j lvri`krl`jexk hl~ xjnekmkail~- |zj `ksi`jexl j i`vzm~ikel k~

vrkci~~ikeli~ l oz~nlrj` nkebjni`jexk~ |zj k~ xkrej` `li~ sjr~ìxji~ vlrl ~j

lhj|zlrj` æ~ ejnj~~ihlhj~ hl~ j`vrj~l~- |zj l nlhl hil oz~nl` `jmbkrj~ rj~vk~xl~

nk`k |zlmihlhj- cmjioimihlhj- rlvihjt- jciniäenil- rjhzáîk hj nz~xk~ j vrjni~îk vlrl

lxjehjr lk~ iexjrj~~j~ hk~ nmijexj~- nlhl sjt `li~ jiajexj~%

Ej~xj nkexjxk- k Nkexrkmlhkr Mþaink Vrkarl`ìsjm lxjehj lk~ rj|zi~ixk~ ejnj~~ìrik~ lk

lz`jexk hl vrkhzxisihlhj- vki~ ~îk j|zivl`jexk~ |zj ~j lhj|zl` rlvihl`jexj æ~

`zhleál~ ejnj~~ìril~- ~zvkrxl` l~ arlehj~ lhsjr~ihlhj~ jenkexrlhl~ j` lòijexj~

iehz~xrili~% Lmé` hi~~k- l~ kvjrláúj~ cjixl~ vkr nkexrkmj ieckr`lxitlhk ~îk `li~

jcinijexj~ j hj `likr |zlmihlhj hk |zj l~ `lezli~% Vkr i~~k- mjslehk j` nke~ihjrláîk

clxkrj~ jnkeøìnk~ j ~knili~- jenkexrl`~j l arlehj `kxisláîk vlrl k hj~jeskmsi`jexk

hj ~i~xj`l~ lzxk`ìxink~%

Vlrl `jmbkr zximitláîk hk Nkexrkmlhkr Mþaink Vrkarl`ìsjm- k IJN Iexjrelxikelm

Jmjnxrkxjnbeinlm Nk`ì~~ike|zj é z`l kraleitláîk ekr`lxisl iexjrelnikelm ckr`lhl

vkr rjvrj~jexlexj~ hj xkhk k `zehk- nrikz l ekr`l IJN 3<<><- jmlokrlhl nk` k

kodjxisk hj vlhrkeitlr hisjr~k~ l~vjnxk~ rjmlnikelhk~ lk~ Nkexrkmlhkrj~ Mþaink~

Vrkarl`ìsji~- l~~i` nk`k lvminlr `khjrel~ xéneinl~ j mieazlaje~ hj vrkarl`láîk vlrl

k hj~jeskmsi`jexk hj ~kcxqlrj vlrl j~xj~ ~i~xj`l~% L ekr`l é nk`vk~xl vkr 2 vlrxj~-



?

~jehk |zj l vlrxj > "3<<><>) é hj~xielhl lk `khjmk hj ~kcxqlrj j æ~ mieazlaje~ hj

vrkarl`láîk% @li~ ieckr`láúj~ ek ~ixik bxxv4++qqq%ijn3<<><%nk`%or%

K NMV é z` hi~vk~ixisk nk` hisjr~l~ lvminláúj~ el lzxk`láîk j ~zl j~xrzxzrl é ~iìmlr

æ hj z` nk`vzxlhkr vj~~klm- vk~~ziehk zeihlhj njexrlm hj vrknj~~l`jexk- `j`þril j

olrrl`jexk hj hlhk~% L `likr hicjrjeál j~xì ek~ `þhzmk~ hj jexrlhl+~làhl- |zj cltj` l

nk`zeinláîk nk` k lòijexj jxjrek%

Larjalehk xkhl~ j~~l~ xjnekmkail~ hl Ieckr`ìxinl Iehz~xrilm- cki hj~jeskmsihk z`

xrlolmbk vrìxink j rjlm- l lzxk`láîk hk nkexrkmj hj eàsjm hj mi|zihk hj z` xle|zj% Vlrl

i~~k k Nkexrkmlhkr Mþaink Vrkarl`ìsjm ajrjenil k~ ~ieli~ rjnjoihk~ vjmk~ ~je~krj~ jnk`lehl l lojrxzrl j cjnbl`jexk hj sìmszml~ j mial`jexk j hj~mial`jexk hj okòl~%

L mieazlaj` hj vrkarl`láîk zximitlhl cki l Mlhhjr ~jaziehk ieinilm`jexj k~ vlhrúj~

j~xlojmjnihk~ vjml~ ekr`l~ IJN <<><> j `li~ rjnjexj`jexj IJN 3<<><> |zj

vlhrkeitl k~ hisjr~k~ l~vjnxk~ hl~ mieazlaje~ hj vrkarl`láîk hk~ Nkexrkmlhkrj~

Mþaink~ Vrkarl`ìsji~%



>

NLVIXZMK II

?%< Lzxk`láîk Iehz~xrilm

L lzxk`láîk iehz~xrilm si~l æ ~zo~xixziáîk hk bk`j` ek nkexrkmj hl~ `ì|ziel~ j

vrknj~~k~ vkr nkexrkmj~ ieckr`lxitlhk~- lz`jexlehk l jciniäenil- |zlmihlhj-

vrkhzxisihlhj j hiìeziehk nz~xk~% L lzxk`láîk mjskz xlòé` lk ~zrai`jexk hj eksl~

vrkci~~új~- `lxjrili~ j j|zivl`jexk~% K~ lsleák~ xjnekmþaink~ vrkvkrnikelhk~ vjmllzxk`láîk vl~~l` vjmk hj~jeskmsi`jexk hj `lxéril~ `li~ nkeciìsji~ j hj `likr

|zlmihlhj nk`k vmì~xink~ j lák~ j~vjnili~- lmé` hj kvjrláúj~ vkr `ì|ziel~ |zj ~jril`

i`vk~~àsji~ vkr `îk hj korl hirjxl%

Hj lnkrhk nk` l LOIEJJ "?666)- l lzxk`láîk4

  Xrlxl~j hj z` vrknj~~k hj jskmzáîk xjnekmþainl irrjsjr~àsjm7  Slmkritl k ~jr bz`lek j` ~zl miojrláîk el jjnzáîk hj xlrjcl~

jexjhilexj~ j rjvjxixisl~- kz `j~`k ~ixzláúj~ hj xrlolmbk

ie~lmzorj~ j hj ri~nk~7

  Lz`jexl l |zlmihlhj hj sihl hj xkhl z`l ~knijhlhj- vrk`ksjehk

~jz nkeckrxk j `likr iexjarláîk7

  Jeri|zjnj vjmk `jekr nz~xk hk vrkhzxk "vjml olil `lezxjeáîk- kz

vjml rlvihjt j vrjni~îk el jjnzáîk hj xlrjcl~) kz vjmk lz`jexkhj vrkhzxisihlhj "ez` nzrxk vjràkhk hj xj`vk)7

  É z`l |zj~xîk hj ~korjsisäenil j ckrxj lvjmk hj `lrgjxiea- hjexrk hj

z` `jrnlhk lmxl`jexj nk`vjxixisk7

  Nril j`vrjak~ hirjxk~ j iehirjxk~- lmé` hj eksk~ j`vrjak~

rjmlnikelhk~ nk` l `lezxjeáîk- hj~jeskmsi`jexk j ~zvjrsi~îk hj

~i~xj`l~7

  Oz~nl l |zlmihlhj hk vrkhzxk j ~lxi~cláîk hk nmijexj%



8

Z`l hl~ nlrlnxjrà~xinl~ hl lzxk`láîk é l vk~~ioimihlhj hj ~j lslmilr z` ~i~xj`l lexj~

hj ~zl nke~xrzáîk- lxrlsé~ hj `khjmk~ ~i`zmlhk~ vkr nk`vzxlhkr%

Vlrl l `khjmlaj` hj ~i~xj`l~- é ejnj~~ìrik jexjehjr ~jz~ nkenjixk~ j miìxj~% ^jazehk

_k~ìrik "?66:)- z` ~i~xj`l é z` nkedzexk hj jmj`jexk~ hielìnl`jexj rjmlnikelhk~

jexrj ~i j |zj jjnzxl` z`l lxisihlhj vlrl lxieair z` kodjxisk- kvjrlehk ~korj l~

jexrlhl~ j ckrejnjehk ~làhl~%

Hj~~l ckr`l- hj~xlnl`~j nk`k vrienivli~ nk`vkejexj~ hj z` ~i~xj`l4

  Crkexjirl~7

  ^zo~i~xj`l~7

  Vrknj~~l`jexk7

  Jexrlhl~7

  ^làhl~7

  _jxrkláîk%

K~ `khjmk~ ~îk i`vkrxlexj~ xlòé` vlrl rjvminlr ~i~xj`l~ |zj vk~~zj` xl`lebk-

nk`vmjihlhj kz j~xrzxzrl |zj xkrel` iesiìsji~ k~ j~xzhk~ j leìmi~j~ hirjxl~-

vk~~ioimixlehk liehl l rjvrj~jexláîk hj lmaz`l vlrxj kz nlrlnxjrà~xinl j~~jenilm hk

vrknj~~k%

L vlrxir hk `khjmk- ~i`zml~j k vrknj~~k |zj k ~i~xj`l irì jjnzxlr% L ~i`zmláîk hj z`

~i~xj`l é `zixk ôxim j` vrkdjxk~- vjrìxiehk l nkehzáîk hj jvjri`jexk~ nk` z`

`khjmk- vjrìxiehk l leìmi~j- nk`vrjje~îk j lslmiláîk hj j~xrlxéail~ vlrl l kvjrláîkhj z` ~i~xj`l rjlm% Vlrl _k~ìrik "?66:)- l ~i`zmláîk hj z` ~i~xj`l é cjixl |zlehk4

  Vrkdjxl`~j ~i~xj`l~ eîk ji~xjexj~7

  É i`vk~~àsjm cltjr jvjri`jexk~ nk` k ~i~xj`l rjlm7

  Hj~jdl~j kzxrl j~nlml hj xj`vk7

  Hj~jdl~j lslmilr k hj~j`vjebk hk ~i~xj`l7

  Xrjiel`jexk~ j ie~xrzáúj~ ~îk ejnj~~ìrik~%



:

Hj lnkrhk nk` ÎMSJI_L "<999) l lzxk`láîk é z` nkedzexk hj xéneinl~ |zj

hj~jeskmsj` ~i~xj`l~ lxisk~ nlvltj~ hj lxzlr nk` z`l jciniäenil þxi`l l vlrxir hj

ieckr`láúj~ rjnjoihl~ hk `jik j` |zj kvjrl`% Nk` ol~j ek~ hlhk~- k ~i~xj`l nlmnzml

l láîk nkrrjxisl `li~ lvrkvrilhl- nlrlnxjritlehk z` ~i~xj`l j` `lmbl cjnblhl kz

rjlmi`jexlhk- `lexjehk z`l rjmláîk jexrj k slmkr hl ~làhl j hl jexrlhl hj rjcjräenil hk

vrknj~~k% J~~l rjmláîk jexrlhl+~làhl ~jrsj vlrl nkrriair jsjexzli~ slmkrj~ iehj~jdlhk~ el

~làhl%

Vlrl i~~k- z` ~i~xj`l lzxk`ìxink hjsjrì ~jazir lmaz`l~ mji~% ^jazehk DKSIN "<923)

z`l hjml~ é |zj xkhk ~i~xj`l hkxlhk hj rjxrkláîk j nkexrkmj i`vminl el vrj~jeál hj xrä~

nk`vkejexj~ oì~ink~- nkexrkmlhkr- lxzlhkr j ~je~kr- nzdl vrienivlm nlrlnxjrà~xinl é lrjlmi`jexláîk hl~ ieckr`láúj~ rj|zjrihl~ vlrl ~jz nkexrkmj- nkeckr`j imz~xrl l `lmbl

hj rjlmi`jexláîk hl ciazrl ?%<%

Ciazrl ?%< Hilarl`l hj omknk~ hj z` ~i~xj`l hj lzxk`láîk "ckexj Dksin- <923)%

^je~kr é z` hi~vk~ixisk ~je~àsjm l z`l arlehjtl cà~inl nk`k4 xj`vjrlxzrl- zìhlhj-

mzt- vrj~~îk- jexrj kzxrk~% Vkr `jik hj~xl ~je~ioimihlhj- k~ ~je~krj~ jesil` z` ~ielm-

vlrl k~ j|zivl`jexk~ hj `jhiáîk j nkexrkmj% Vlrl GZK "<92:)- |zlehk bkzsjr l

ejnj~~ihlhj hj `jhir z`l arlehjtl jméxrinl l vlrxir hj z` cjeø`jek cà~ink jeskmsjehk

arlehjtl~ |zj eîk ~jdl` hj elxzrjtl jméxrinl zximitl~j z` xrle~hzxkr- |zj rj~vkehj l

z` cjeø`jek cà~ink kz j~xà`zmk j nkesjrxj ~zl `laeixzhj j` z` ~ielm jméxrink

vrkvkrnikelm ì l`vmixzhj hj~~j j~xà`zmk%



3

K~ lxzlhkrj~ ~îk hi~vk~ixisk~ |zj- |zlehk lnikelhk~- jjnzxl` z`l láîk cà~inl-

hjcieihl vjmk ~i~xj`l nkexrkmlhkr vkr `jik hj z`l láîk hj nkexrkmj% Vkhj` ~jr

`laeéxink~- bihrìzmink~- vejz`ìxink~- jméxrink~ kz hj lnikel`jexk ì~xk% Vkhj` ~jr

`kxkrj~- nimiehrk~ vejz`ìxink~- orlák~ `jnïeink~- sìmszml~- okòl~- jexj kzxrk~%

?%? Nkexrkmj hj Eàsjm hj Mà|zihk~

Nkexrkmlr k eàsjm hj mà|zihk~ é czehl`jexlm j` hisjr~k~ vrknj~~k~- ~jdl` j` iehô~xril~-

rj~ihäenil~- mlokrlxþrik~- jexrj kzxrk~%

J` lòijexj~ iehz~xrili~- `zixk~ vrknj~~k~ ejnj~~ixl` |zj k~ eàsji~ hj mà|zihk~ ~jdl`

`lexihk~ ek~ vlxl`lrj~ hj~jdlhk~ vlrl k ~znj~~k hl vrkhzáîk% Vkhj ~jr i`vkrxlexj

xlòé` vlrl k lrrjcjni`jexk hj j|zivl`jexk~ j `ì|ziel~- j vlrl i~~k z` nkexrkmj

lzxk`ìxink é `zixk ôxim- vjrìxiehk l rjeksláîk vkr z` mi|zihk j` `jekr xj`vjrlxzrl-`lexjehk k rj~cril`jexk hj~jdlhk%

Nmzoj~ j rj~ihäenil~ vkhj` nkexlr xlòé` nk` z` nkexrkmj lzxk`ìxink vlrl l

`lezxjeáîk hk eàsjm hj ìazl hj vi~niel~- nlil~ h¸ìazl j l|zjnjhkrj~% ^j j~~j nkexrkmj

ckr jcinijexj vkhj rjhztir vk~~àsji~ vrkomj`l~ nlz~lhk~ vkr clmxl hj mi|zihk ek~

~i~xj`l~- knl~ikelehk clmxl hj ìazl el~ xkrejirl~- vrkomj`l~ j` cimxrk~ hj vi~niel- |zj

ejnj~~ixl` hk cmzk hj mi|zihk nke~xlexj vlrl k czenikel`jexk nkrrjxk%

Kzxrk~ ~jxkrj~ vkhj` ~j ojejcinilr hj z` nkexrkmj hj mà|zihk~ jcinijexj% J` cltjehl~

kehj ji~xj l nriláîk hj lei`li~- z` ~i~xj`l |zj `lexjebl l ìazl hk~ lmi`jexlhkrj~

hk~ lei`li~ j` z` eàsjm lhj|zlhk vkhj ~jr i`vkrxlexj% Lmé` hi~~k- j` `zixk~ nl~k~ l

rjeksláîk hl ìazl é i`vkrxlexj vlrl l ~lôhj j nkeckrxk hk~ lei`li~%

L ìazl vlrlhl vkr `zixk xj`vk vkhj lnz`zmlr olnxéril~ j ie~jxk~- vkhjehk nlz~lr

vrkomj`l~ ek~ lei`li~- lmé` hj `lexjr l ìazl ~j`vrj j` xj`vjrlxzrl larlhìsjm-



1

j~vjnilm`jexj j` ojojhkzrk~ jvk~xk~ lk ~km% J` lmaze~ nl~k~- k~ slmkrj~ hj `jrnlhk

hj~~j~ lei`li~ ~îk `zixk jmjslhk~- l~~i` xkhk k nzihlhk é iehi~vje~ìsjm- nk`vje~lehk

k~ nz~xk~ hj i`vmlexláîk hk ~i~xj`l%

Lmaze~ vrknj~~k~ ejnj~~ixl` hj z` nkexrkmj vrjni~k hk eàsjm hj mà|zihk~- nk`k j`

iehô~xril~ |zàìnl~ j mlokrlxþrik~% Ej~xj~ mknli~- `zixk~ vrknj~~k~ ~îk cjixk~ l vlrxir hl

nkòieláîk hj ~zo~xlenil~ j l vrkvkráîk hjsj ~jr jlxl- vlrl k ~znj~~k hl rjláîk%

Hj~~l ckr`l- z` nkexrkmj lzxk`ìxink vkhj kxiìtlr l vrkhzáîk- hiìezir k~ ri~nk~ hj

jrrk hj hk~laj` lmé` hj lcl~xlr xrlolmblhkrj~ hj lòijexj `zixl~ sjtj~ ie~lmzorj~-

nk`k j` vrknj~~k~ |zj jeskmsl` ìnihk~ j ~zo~xlenil~ xþinl~%

J~~l~ j kzxrl~ lvminláúj~ dz~xicinl` z` j~xzhk ~korj vrknj~~k~ lzxk`lxitlhk~ vlrl

nkexrkmj hj eàsji~ hj mà|zihk~% ^j j~~j nkexrkmj ckr jcinijexj- ~i`vmj~ j hj cìnim

`lezxjeáîk- k~ ojejcànik~ ~îk liehl `likrj~%

?%> K Nkexrkmlhkr Mþaink Vrkarl`ìsjm

K Nkexrkmlhkr mþaink vrkarl`ìsjm "NMV)- xlòé` nkebjnihk vjml ~iaml VMN hk ieamä~

Vrkarl``lomj Mkain Nkexrkmmjr - é z` hi~vk~ixisk hj~jeskmsihk vlrl ~zo~xixzir k~

hi~vk~ixisk~ l rjmä- |zj rjlmitlsl` l mþainl ~j|ýjenilm ek nkexrkmj hl~ `l|ziel~% K~

NMV’~ ckrl` iexrkhztihk~ el hénlhl hj <936 j lxé `jlhk~ hl hénlhl hj <916- l

xjnekmkail li~ nk`z` ek~ NMV¸~ jrl l ì|ziel hj J~xlhk j|ýjenilm%

Hj lnkrhk nk` l LOEX "L~~kniláîk Orl~imjirl hj Ekr`l~ Xéneinl~)- k NMV ”é z`

j|zivl`jexk jmjxrøeink hiaixlm nk` blrhqlrj j ~kcxqlrj nk`vlxàsji~ nk` lvminláúj~

iehz~xrili~‐% ^jazehk l EJ@L " Elxikelm Jmjnxrinlm @lezclnxzrj~ L~~knilxike)- ”é z`

lvlrjmbk jmjxrøeink hiaixlm |zj zximitl z`l `j`þril vrkarl`ìsjm vlrl lr`ltjelr

iexjrel`jexj ie~xrzáúj~ j vlrl i`vmj`jexlr czeáúj~ j~vjnàcinl~- xli~ nk`k mþainl-

~j|ýjenil`jexk- xj`vkritláîk- nkexlaj` j lrix`éxinl- nkexrkmlehk- vkr `jik hj

`þhzmk~ hj jexrlhl~ j ~làhl~- sìrik~ xivk~ hj `ì|ziel~ kz vrknj~~k~‐%



2

Nk` k hj~jeskmsi`jexk hk~ ìnrkvrknj~~lhkrj~- k~ NMV¸~ nk`jálrl` l zximitìmk~-

`jmbkrlehk l vjrckr`lenj j lz`jexlehk l~ vk~~ioimihlhj~ hj lvminláîk%

El hénlhl hj <926- l hisi~îk hj bihrl`ìxinl hl Ajejrlm @kxkr~ vj~|zi~kz lmxjrelxisl~

|zj xkrel~~j` k vrknj~~k vrkhzxisk `li~ cmjàsjm- `l~ |zj vzhj~~j ~jr vrkarl`lhk j

`lexihk vjmk~ jeajebjirk~ j xéneink~ hl clorinl- lmé` hj ~zvkrxlr z` lòijexj bk~xim-

nk` rzàhk~- vkmziáîk- vkjirl- siorláúj~ j jxrj`k~ hj xj`vjrlxzrl j zìhlhj-

nlrlnxjrà~xinl~ nk`ze~ j` lòijexj~ iehz~xrili~% Nk` i~~k k~ NMV¸~ aleblrl` `zixl

slexlaj`- vki~ l `zhleál hj z` j|zivl`jexk kz nk`lehk vl~~kz l ~jr cjixk vkr

~kcxqlrj- jnkekìtlehk xj`vk j hiebjirk- jsixlehk l xrknl hj j|zivl jexk~ cà~ink~% Lciazrl ?%? `k~xrl l lr|zixjxzrl oì~inl hj z` NMV%

Ciazrl ?%? Lr|zixjxzrl oì~inl hj z` NMV "ckexj4 @ll~~- ?666)

?%>%< Czenikel`jexk

K vrienàvik hj czenikel`jexk hj z` NMV é l jjnzáîk vjml ZNV- zeihlhj njexrlm hj

vrknj~~l`jexkhj z` vrkarl`l jjnzxisk- |zj nkexé` k lmakrix`k vrkarl`lhk vjmk

z~zìrik |zj cinl lr`ltjelhk el `j`þril hk NMV- rjlmitlehk ninminl`jexj k



9

`keixkrl`jexk hj ~zl~ jexrlhl~- j hjvjehjehk hj ~jz~ j~xlhk~- mialehk kz hj~mialehk

~zl~ ~làhl~% L jjnzáîk hj~~l~ rkxiel~ nk`vúj z` ~i~xj`l j~vjnilmi~xl%

L~~i`- k NMV `keixkrl k j~xlhk hl~ jexrlhl~ j ~làhl~- j` rj~vk~xl æ~ ie~xrzáúj~

vrkarl`lhl~ el `j`þril vjmk z~zìrik j jejraitl kz hj~jejraitl l~ ~làhl~- hjvjehjehk

hk rj~zmxlhk mþaink nke~jazihk lxrlsé~ hl~ ie~xrzáúj~ hj vrkarl`l% Vkrxlexk ~zl xlrjcl é

mjr hj ckr`l nànminl l~ ie~xrzáúj~ lr`ltjelhl~ j` ~zl `j`þril- iexjrvrjxlml~ j

vrknj~~lr l~ kvjrláúj~ nkrrj~vkehjexj~% El ciazrl ?%> é lvrj~jexlhk z` hilarl`l hj

omknk~ hj z` NMV%

Ciazrl ?%> Hilarl`l hj omknk~ hj z` NMV "ckexj4 @ll~~- ?666)%

L jjnzáîk hl~ xlrjcl~ ckr`l z` ninmk hj slrrjhzrl kz ~nleeiea- j k xj`vk hj~~j ninmk

hjvjehj hl sjmknihlhj j nlrlnxjrà~xinl~ hk vrknj~~lhkr zximitlhk- hk xl`lebk hk

vrkarl`l hj nkexrkmj hk z~zìrik- lmé` hl |zlexihlhj j xivk hj vkexk~ hj jexrlhl+~làhl%

Ajrlm`jexj j~~j xj`vk j~xì el clil hj ìmi~jazehk~%

?%>%? Nk`vkejexj~

Z` NMV é nke~xixzàhk ol~inl`jexj vkr z`l ckexj hj lmi`jexláîk- z`l ZNV- `j`þril~-

hi~vk~ixisk~ hj jexrlhl j ~làhl "J+^) j xjrìelm hj vrkarl`láîk%



<6

L ckexj hj lmi`jexláîk rjnjoj l nkrrjexj jméxrinl lmxjrelhl mknlm j rjxicinl j~~l nkrrjexj

vlrl ~jr z~lhl vjmk NMV% J` nl~k hj clmxl hj jejrail- |zlehk k NMV eîk é hkxlhk hj

olxjril lzimilr- lvjel~ k~ hlhk~ nkexihk~ el `j`þril JV_K@ ~îk vrj~jrslhk~-

vk~~ioimixlehk k rjieànik hk ninmk hj xrlolmbk |zlehk l jejrail ckr rj~xlojmjnihl%

L ZNV- kz zeihlhj njexrlm hj vrknj~~l`jexk- é nk`vk~xl vkr nirnzixk~ hj nkexrkmj hl

iexjrvrjxláîk j jjnzáîk hl~ ie~xrzáúj~ hk vrkarl`l lr`ltjelhl~ el `j`þril% Jml é

rj~vke~ìsjm vjml jjnzáîk hk vrkarl`l hk z~zìrik- lxzlmitláîk hl `j`þril hj hlhk~ j

l j`þrili`laj` hl~ jexrlhl~ j ~làhl~%

?%>%> @j`þril

L~ `j`þril~ ~îk hisihihl~ hj lnkrhk nk` ~zl~ nlrlnxjrà~xinl~ j czeáúj~ j vkhj` ~jr hk

xivk4

_L@4 " _lehk` Lnnj~~ @j`kry) é z`l `j`þril skmìxim j ~jz~ hlhk~ vkhj` ~jr

arlslhk~ j lmxjrlhk~ clnim`jexj- hj lnkrhk nk` l~ ejnj~~ihlhj~ hk z~zìrik% Ek~ NMV’~-

~îk zximitlhl~ vlrl ckr`lr z`l ìrjl hj lr`ltjel`jexk xj`vkrìrik%

_K@4 " _jlh Kemy @j`kry) é z`l `j`þril eîk skmìxim vrkdjxlhl vlrl `lexjr

lr`ltjelhl~ ieckr`láúj~ eîk vkhjrîk ~jr lmxjrlhl~- mkak ~þ vkhj ~jr lnj~~lhl vlrlkvjrláúj~ hj mjixzrl%

V_K@4 "Vrkarl``lomj _jlh Kemy @j`kry) é xivk hj `j`þril ~iìmlr æ _K@- vkré`

vjrìxj l arlsláîk- z`l ôeinl sjt- hj hlhk~ vjmk vrþvrik z~zìrik%

JV_K@4" Jrl~lomj Vrkarl``lomj _jlh Kemy @j`kry) é z`l `j`þril eîk skmìxim-

vrkarl`lhl vkr hi~vk~ixisk~ jméxrink~ |zj ckrejnj` skmxlaje~ `likrj~ hk |zj l~ z~lhl~

ekr`lm`jexj j` nirnzixk~ jméxrink~- j ~þ vkhj` ~jr lvlalhl~ nk` jvk~iáîk l z`l



<<

ckrxj mzt zmxrlsikmjxl% Vkr `lexjr ~jz~ hlhk~ `j~`k ~j` jejraitláîk- lr`ltjel k

vrkarl`l jjnzxisk- ajrjenilehk l ~j|ýäenil hj kvjrláîk j k rkxjirk hj hlhk~%

L vlrxir hj~~j~ xivk~ hj `j`þril~- hjciej`~j l~ |zj ~îk `li~ lhj|zlhl~ vlrl l~

hisjr~l~ kraleitláúj~ hl~ j`þril~ ek~ NMV’~%

L `j`þril hj z~zìrik lr`ltjel k vrkarl`l |zj ~j hj~jdl jjnzxlr j` rjmláîk lk

j|zivl`jexk% J~~j vrkarl`l é vrknj~~lhk vjml ZNV- |zj lxzlmitl l `j`þril hj hlhk~

iexjrek~ j i`laj` J+^ j rjxkrel k~ hlhk~ vlrl j~~l ìrjl hl `j`þril%

El `j`þril hj hlhk~ cinl` lr`ltjelhk~ k~ hlhk~ rjcjrjexj~ lk vrknj~~l`jexk hkvrkarl`l hk z~zìrik%

@j`þrili`laj` é l `j`þril hl~ jexrlhl~ j ~làhl~ j é rj~jrslhl vlrl l iexjrmialáîk hk

NMV nk` k~ j|zivl`jexk~- j cinl` lr`ltjelhk~ k~ hlhk~ hk j|zivl`jexk- ~jdl` hj

jexrlhl kz ~làhl%

?%>%8 Jexrlhl~ j ^làhl~

L~ jexrlhl~ ~îk k~ hi~vk~ixisk~ |zj mjslrîk lk NMV l~ slriìsji~ hk ~i~xj`l |zj ~j

hj~jdl nkexrkmlr% L~ ieckr`láúj~ hl~ slriìsji~ hk ~i~xj`l ~îk mjslhl~ lxrlsé~ hj~je~krj~ |zj ckrejnj` eàsjm mþaink ”<‐ kz ”6‐- |zj nkrrj~vkehj` l 'SNN "Skmx~

nkrrjexj nkexiezl) skmx~ kz tjrk skmx~- rj~vjnxisl`jexj% Vkhj` ~jr zximitlhk~ MJH’~-

hikhk~ jì~~kr hj mzt- |zj lnjehj` |zlehk z` eàsjm mþaink < "'SNN) é lvminlhk lk~

xjrìeli~ hj jexrlhl iehinlehk hirjxl`jexj k j~xlhk hj nlhl jexrlhl%

L~ ~làhl~ lvrj~jexl` l~ `j~`l~ nlrlnxjrà~xinl~ cà~inl~ hl~ jexrlhl~- j vkr jml~ k NMV

jesil l~ ieckr`láúj~ lk~ lxzlhkrj~- vkhjehk ~jr rjmé~- xriln~- xrle~i~xkrj~- jxn% \zlehk

ji~xj` MJH¸~ el~ ~làhl~- jmj~ iehinl` hl `j~`l ckr`l k j~xlhk mþaink hj nlhl ~làhl%



<?

Ievzx _jmly~ ~îk nkexlxk~ nkejnxlhk~ lk `zehk jxjrek% Ji~xj` ci~inl`jexj j rjnjoj`

~ieli~ hj nblsj~- ~je~krj~- jexrj kzxrk~% Vkré`- ajrlm`jexj eîk ~îk rjmä~ j ~i`

xrle~i~xkrj~%

Iexjrelm Zximixy _jmly~ ~îk nkexlxk~ |zj eîk ji~xj` ci~inl`jexj- l~~i` eîk rjnjoj`

~ieli~ jxjrek~% Jmj~ ~îk ~i`zmlhk~ j vjrìxj` lk~ NMV¸~ jmiìelrj` rjmä~ jxjrek~%

K~ nkexlhkrj~- nkzexjr~- ~îk ~i`zmlhk~- eîk ji~xj` ci~inl`jexj j vkhj` ~jr

vrkarl`lhk~ vlrl nkexlr vzm~k~ ”zv‐ kz ”hkqe‐%

Xj`vkritlhkrj~- xi`jr~- ~îk ~i`zmlhk~ j ~jz~ ienrj`jexk~ slril` hj < `~ l <~%

Kzxvzx _jmly~- ~îk nkexlxk~ jvk~xk~ lk `zehk jxjrek j lxzl` nk`k okoiel~% Ji~xj`

ci~inl`jexj j jesil` ~ieli~ ke+kcc vlrl ~kmjeþihj~- mztj~- jexrj kzxrk~% Vkhj` ~jr

xrle~i~xkrj~- rjmä~ kz xriln~- hjvjehjehk hk khjmk%

Hlxl ^xkrlaj- ~îk rjai~xrlhkrj~ hjhinlhk~ lk lr`ltjel`jexk hj hlhk~% Vkhj` ~jr

xj`vkrìrik~ kz vjr`lejexj~- lexjehk ieckr`láúj~ |zlehk k VMN j~xì hj~mialhk%

L~ iexjrclnj~ hj jexrlhl~ j ~làhl~ vkhj` ~jr hi~nrjxl~ kz ez`érinl~- hjvjehjehk hl

nkejîk cà~inl |zj ~jrì cjixl nk` j|zivl`jexk~ jxjrek~%

L~ hi~nrjxl~ ~îk k~ xivk~ hj ~ieli~ `li~ jenkexrlhk~ j` ~i~xj`l~ lzxk`lxitlhk~ nk`

NMV- kehj l ieckr`láîk nke~i~xj j` z` ôeink oix nzdk j~xlhk vkhj lvrj~jexlr hzl~

vk~~àsji~ ~ixzláúj~4 mialhk kz hj~mialhk% Lmaze~ jj`vmk~ hj iexjrclnj hi~nrjxl vkhj`~jr si~xk~ el xlojml ?%<%



<>

Xlojml ?%< Hi~vk~ixisk~ hj jexrlhl~ j ~làhl~ hi~nrjxl~% "ckexj4 @ll~~- ?666)%

Ej~xj nl~k- k~ hi~vk~ixisk~ ~îk lnikelhk~ vkr ckexj~ hj lmi`jexláîk hicjrjexj~ j vkhj`

eîk ~jr hl `j~`l `laeixzhj kz elxzrjtl% Hj~~l ckr`l- hi~vk~ixisk~ hj jexrlhl+~làhl

hi~nrjxk~ ~îk hi~vkeàsji~ j` sìrik~ eàsji~ hj xje~îk NL "nkrrjexj lmxjrelhl) kz NN

"nkrrjexj nkexàezl)%

El~ iexjrclnj~ ez`érinl~- l nk`zeinláîk hk~ ~ieli~ é lelmþainl- k |zj i`vminl el

ji~xäenil hj z` nirnzixk nkesjr~kr LH+HL "lelmþaink hiaixlm j hiaixlm lelmþaink) ek

NMV% Ej~xj nl~k- `li~ hj z` oix hjsjrîk ~jr `leivzmlhk~- ~jdl vlrl l nkesjr~îk kz

vlrl lnikel`jexk hj j|zivl`jexk~ `zmxoix~ nk`k `kxkrj~ hj vl~~k% El xlojml ?%? ~îk

lvrj~jexlhk~ lmaze~ hi~vk~ixisk~ hj iexjrclnj ez`érinl%



<8

Xlojml ?%? Hi~vk~ixisk~ hj jexrlhl~ j ~làhl~ ez`érinl~% "ckexj4 @ll~~- ?666)%

?%>%: Vrkarl`láîk

K xjrìelm hj vrkarl`láîk é k hi~vk~ixisk |zj vjrìxj l nk`zeinláîk jexrj k z~zìrik j

k NMV- vkhjehk ~jr z` xjnmlhk kz z` hi~vmly nk` vkznl~ czeáúj~ kz lxé `j~`k z`

ìnrknk`vzxlhkr nk` z` ~kcxqlrj lvminlxisk j czeáúj~ nk`vmjl~% zl~ nlrlnxjrà~xinl~

vrienivli~ ~îk lzxkhilaeþ~xink- lmxjrláîk hj hlhk~ kemiej- vrkarl`láîk hj ie~xrzáúj~-

`keixkrláîk hj hlhk~ j arlsláîk j lvlal`jexk hj j`þril%

K~ ~kcxqlrj~ hj vrkarl`láîk vkhj` ~jr4

Kccmiej4 Ek |zlm eîk bì ejnj~~ihlhj hj nkejîk nk` l ZNV hk NMV vlrl l

vrkarl`láîk%

Kemiej4 K~ rjnzr~k~ hj vrkarl`láîk j~xîk hi~vkeàsji~ |zlehk ji~xj l nkejîk nk` l

ZNV hk VMN%



<:

Hjvjehjehk hk xjrìelm- l vrkarl`láîk vkhj ~jr cjixl j` hilarl`l~ mþaink~- hj

nkexlxk kz ek vrþvrik jehjrják hj `j`þril%

Vlrl l nk`zeinláîk jexrj k xjrìelm hj vrkarl`láîk j k NMV- zximitl~j nlok~

lvrkvrilhk~- ajrlm`jexj lxrlsé~ hj vkrxl ~jrilm _^?>?% Vkré` kzxrk~ xivk~ hj vkrxl~

vkhj` ~jr jenkexrlhk~ ek~ NMV’~- blsjehk ejnj~~ihlhj hj nkesjr~krj~ |zlehk j~xl~

vkrxl~ eîk ji~xirj` xjrìelm hj vrkarl`láîk% El ciazrl ?%8 é lvrj~jexlhk z` jj`vmk

hj nkejnxkr _^?>?- j el ciazrl ?%: k j~|zj`l hj z` nkejnxkr _^?>?%

Ciazrl ?%8 Nkejnxkr Cä`jl _^?>? hj 9 viek~% "ckexj4 LAA^kcxqlrj)%

Ciazrl ?%: J~|zj`l hj z` nkejnxkr _^?>? hj eksj viek~% "ckexj4 LAA^kcxqlrj)%



<3

Kehj k~ viek~ ~îk ihjexicinlhk~ el xlojml ?%>%

Viek îelm Viek îelm

< Vkrxlhkrl hjxjnxlhl 3 Nkedzexk hj Hlhk~ Vrkexk

? _jnjváîk hj hlhk~ 1 Vrkexk vlrl jesilr

> Xrle~ì~~îk hj Hlhk~ 2 Jesij k~ hlhk~

8 Xjrìelm hj Hlhk~ Vrkexk 9 Iehinlhkr hj xk|zj

: Xjrrl

Xlojml ?%> îeli~ hj rjcjräenil hk~ viek~ hk nkejnxkr _^?>?%

?%8 Mieazlaje~ hj vrkarl`láîk

L ci` hj jsixlr hôsihl~ j lòiaýihlhj~ el~ i`vmj`jexláúj~- cki nrilhk z` nkìxä hl

IJN rj~vke~ìsjm vjml zeicinláîk j vlhrkeitláîk hk~ ~àòkmk~ arìcink~- ~j|ýäenil~ hk~

~i~xj`l~ j hk~ nk`vkejexj~ zximitlhk~ vjmk~ hicjrjexj~ clorinlexj~ hj NMV% J~~j nkìxäé rj~vke~ìsjm vjml j~vjnicinláîk hl~ jxlvl~ hj vrkdjxk- hj~hj blrhqlrj- xj~xj-

hknz`jexláîk- vrkarl`láîk- nk`zeinláîk j ie~xlmláîk% Nk` i~~k cki nrilhl l ekr`l

iexjrelnikelm IJN 3<<><> |zj hjciej k~ vkexk~ hj iexjrxrlsl`jexk hj ~i~xj`l~

~j|ýjenili~- kodjxislehk l si~ioimihlhj- j|zivl`jexk~- `lezli~- mieazlaje~ hj

vrkarl`láîk j ~i~xj`l~ hj nk`zeinláîk%

L ekr`l IJN 3<<><> vlhrkeitkz nienk mieazlaje~ hj vrkarl`láîk- ~jehk hzl~xjxzli~ j xrä~ arìcinl~- |zj lxzlm`jexj ~îk zximitlhl~ vkr |zl~j xkhk~ k~ nkexrkmlhkrj~

mþaink~ vrkarl`ìsji~- nz~xkìtlhl~- hj lnkrhk nk` k clorinlexj% L~ ekr`l~

vlhrkeitlhl~ ~îk4

IM "ie~xrznxike mi~x kz mi~xl hj ie~xrzáúj~)4 Mieazlaj` hj olik eàsjm- ~j`jmblexj æ

l~~jòmjr - xjxzlm j lvrj~jexl lmxl jciniäenil j` vj|zjel~ lvminláúj~%



<1

^X "~xrznxzrjh xjx kz xjxk j~xrzxzrlhk)4 Mieazlaj` hj lmxk eàsjm- ~j`jmblexj lk

Vl~nlm- xjxzlm j |zj ienkrvkrl sìrik~ nkenjixk~ iexzixisk~% É jcinijexj j`

i`vmj`jexláúj~ nk`vmjl~- kehj é hicànim jvrj~~lr nk` mieazlaj` arìcinl- nk`k

mieazlaj` hj lmakrixi`k~ hj kxiìtláîk j iexjmiaäenil lrxicinilm%

MH " Mlhhjr hilarl` kz hilarl`l Mlhhjr)4 Mieazlaj` arìcinl ol~jlhl j` ~àòkmk~ j

j~|zj`l~ jméxrink~ nk`k rjmä~- okoiel~ j nkexlxk~%

COH "Czenxike omkng hilarl` kz hilarl`l hj omknk~ hj czeáîk)4 Mieazlaj` arìcinl

|zj vjrìxj vrknjhi`jexk~ nkòielnikeli~ nk`vmjk~ lxrlsé~ hk~ omknk~vlhrîk nk`k

LEH- K_- EKX - jexrj kzxrk~%

^CN "~j|zjexilm czenxike nblrx kz hilarl`l czenikelm ~j|ýjenilm)4 Hisihj k vrknj~~k

j` z` ez`jrk hjcieihk hj vl~~k~ ~jvlrlhk~ vkr xrle~iáîk% Xlòé` é nkebjnihl nk`k

Arlcnjx%

?%8%< Arlcnjx

K Arlcnjx cki hj~jeskmsihk l vlrxir hj <91: vkr vj~|zi~lhkrj~ crlenj~j~ |zj- vlrxiehk

hj jvjriäenil~ vrþvril~ j` ~i~xj`l~ hj nkexrkmj hi~nrjxk- nke~xrzàrl` z` `khjmk

nz~xkìtlhk j `li~ lhj|zlhk l ~i~xj`l~ hj `lezclxzrl nk`vmjk~% ^jazehk Ajkraiei

"?666)- k `khjmk vrkvk~xk vk~~zàl nkenjixk~ oì~ink~ `zixk hirjxk~ j ~i`vmj~- ~jehk”jxlvl‐- ”láîk l~~knilhl æ jxlvl‐- ”xrle~iáîk‐ j ”nkehiáîk l~~knilhl æ xrle~iáîk‐%

K vrienàvik hj czenikel`jexk é |zj z`l jxlvl ~jdl ~jazihl hj kzxrl- |zj ~jrì

jjnzxlhl- kz ~jdl- blsjrì xrle~iáîk hj z`l jxlvl vlrl kzxrl- ~j l vrjnjhjexj j~xisjr

lxisl- j |zj l nkehiáîk l~~knilhl æ xrle~iáîk ~jdl sjrhlhjirl%



<2

Lmé` hl ~j|ýäenil ~i`vmj~- l j~xrzxzrl vkhj ~jr rjvrj~jexlhl vkr ~zojxlvl~- lxrlsé~ hj

~j|ýäenil~ ~jmjxisl~ "lmxjrelxisl~)- ~i`zmxïejl~ "vlrlmjml~)- rjzximitláîk hj z`l

~j|ýäenil kz hjxlmbl`jexk hj z`l jxlvl%

?%8%? Mlhhjr

Mlhhjr é l mieazlaj` hj vrkarl`láîk `li~ zximitlhl ek~ NMV¸~% J~~l mieazlaj` é z`l

lhlvxláîk hj z` hilarl`l jméxrink czenikelm |zj zximitl z` ~i~xj`l arìcink hj ~àòkmk~j xjr`k~% Jml vjrìxj vrkarl`lr hj~hj czeáúj~ oieìril~ oì~inl~ lxé czeáúj~ hiaixli~

nk`vmjl~- |zj ckrejnj` l~ hjni~új~ |zj ~jrîk xk`lhl~ vjmk NMV j` rjmláîk lk

lxzlhkr mialhk l jmj%

K Mlhhjr é ol~jlhk j` ~àòkmk~ ~j`jmblexj~ lk~ jenkexrlhk~ ek~ j~|zj`l~ jméxrink~

"nkexlxk~ j okoiel~)% Nkexlxk~ ekr`lm`jexj lojrxk~ "EL) j ekr`lm`jexj cjnblhk~ "EC)

~îk zximitlhk~ vlrl nk`vkr l~ ~j|ýäenil~ hl vrkarl`láîk- nk`k `k~xrl l ciazrl ?%3%

Ciazrl ?%3 „ Nkeciazrláîk hj nkexlxk ek hilarl`l Mlhhjr%

Vlrl |zj z` hi~vk~ixisk hj ~làhl "okoiel- nkexlhkr- xj`vkritlhkr- jxn%) ~jdl lxislhk é

ejnj~~ìrik ”jejraitìmk mkainl`jexj‐% Vlrl i~~k nke~ihjrl~j |zj jexrj l~ olrrl~

sjrxinli~ ji~xl z`l hicjrjeál hj vkxjenilm "l olrrl hl j~|zjrhl vk~ixisl j l hl hirjixl

ejalxisl) j |zj jexrj jml~ ji~xl` nkexlxk~ |zj ckr`l` l Mþainl hj Nkexrkmj%

El ciazrl ?%1 é lvrj~jexlhk z` jj`vmk hj nkrrjexj mþainl cinxànil% \zlehk k vrkarl`l

j` Mlhhjr é jjnzxlhk z`l nkrrjexj xjexlrì ~jr ckr`lhl lxrlsé~ hl~ miebl~ j hj ~jz~

nkexlxk~%



<9

R< Y<

Y?

"') "-)

Ciazrl ?%1 Nkrrjexj Mþainl cinxànil% "ckexj4 Ajkraiei- ?666)%

^j k~ nkexlxk~ j` z`l miebl vjrìxirj` l ckr`láîk j vl~~laj` hj~~l nkrrjexj- k

jmj`jexk hj ~làhl hj~~j rzea ~jrì lxislhk%

Z`l ie~xrzáîk ”ekr`lm`jexj lojrxk‐ oz~nl z` mknlm hl `j`þril hk NMV- kehj ji~xl l

nkehiáîk jejraitlhl "eàsjm mþaink ”<‐) j ~j j~xl ckr sjrhlhjirl- xj` z`l nkexiezihlhj

mþainl% Z`l ie~xrzáîk ”ekr`lm`jexj cjnblhk‐ oz~nl z` mknlm hl `j`þril hk NMV kehj

ji~xl z`l nkehiáîk hj~jejraitlhl "eàsjm mþaink ”6‐) j nl~k k NMV hjxjnxj j~~l

nkehiáîk- l ie~xrzáîk é sjrhlhjirl j xj` nkexiezihlhj mþainl%

L ie~xrzáîk Jejraitlr ^làhl é nkexrkmlhl vjml nkehiáîk |zj l vrjnjhj j` z`l miebl j

jejraitl z` jmj`jexk el xlojml i`laj` hj ~làhl- nl~k l~ nkehiáúj~ hl miebl ~jdl`

sjrhlhjirl~% Jml é j|zislmjexj l z`l okoiel hj rjmä ek~ hilarl`l~ jméxrink~% \zlehk

ji~xj nkexiezihlhj mþainl j` z`l miebl- l nkehiáîk jejraitlhl é arlslhl ek mknlm hl

`j`þril l~~knilhk l j~xl ie~xrzáîk% ^j k jehjrják ckr k hj z` hi~vk~ixisk hj ~làhl

jxjrek- k NMV jejraitl ~làhl hzrlexj l slrrjhzrl hl~ ~làhl~- ~j ckr clm~l- k NMV

hj~jejraitl l ~làhl% J~xl ie~xrzáîk nkexrkml hi~vk~ixisk~ rjli~%

Lmaz`l~ ie~xrzáúj~ ~îk nkòielhl~ j nk`vúj` kvjrláúj~ mþainl~ czehl`jexli~% Vkhj

~jr hk xivk ”mþainl LEH‐- |zj rjxkrelrì z`l ~làhl sjrhlhjirl ~k`jexj ~j xkhl~ l~

nkehiáúj~ j` ~érij~ ckrj` sjrhlhjirl~% ^j lmaz`l nkehiáîk ckr clm~l- eîk xjrì

nkexiezihlhj mþainl j l ~làhl cinlrì hjtjejraitlhl%

Kzxrk xivk é l mþainl K_- |zj rjxkrelrì slmkr sjrhlhjirk ~j |zlm|zjr hl~ nkehiáúj~ j`

vlrlmjmk ckr sjrhlhjirl% Jml rjxkrelrì clm~k |zlehk xkhk~ l~ nkehiáúj~ ckrj` clm~l~- vki~hj~~l ckr`l eîk blsjrì nkexiezihlhj mþainl%



?6

Z`l zeáîk hj z`l rlìcinláîk é vjrìxir |zj l~ ie~xrzáúj~ hj nkehiáîk j hj nkexrkmj

~jdl` vrkarl`lhl~ j` z`l ôeinl miebl j` vlrlmjmk% L~ ie~xrzáúj~ hj nkehiáîk

vrkarl`lhl~ j` vlrlmjmk j|zislmj` l z`l kvjrláîk K_ j l~ ie~xrzáúj~ hj nkexrkmj

vrkarl`lhl~ j` ~érij j|zislmj` l z`l kvjrláîk LEH% J~~l ie~xrzáîk j|zislmj- ek~

nirnzixk~ hj rjmä~- k nkexlxk lzimilr hj ~jmk- |zj `lexä` jejraitlhl ~zl ~làhl lvþ~ z`

~ielm `k`jexïejk hj vlrxihl eîk j~xlr `li~ vrj~jexj% L xlojml ?%8 `k~xrl k~ j~xlhk~

mþaink~ hk~ nkexlxk~ el vrkarl`láîk%

Xlojml ?%8 J~xlhk~ mþaink~ hk~ nkexlxk~%

?%8%> Nirnzixk~ jméxrink~ j|zislmjexj~ j` Mlhhjr

K~ hilarl`l~ Mlhhjr ~îk nke~xrzàhk~ l vlrxir hj ~zl~ j|zislmäenil~ j` rjmláîk lk~

nirnzixk~ jméxrink~ j nke~j|zjexj`jexj ~zl~ czeáúj~ mþainl~% El ciazrl j~xì rjvrj~jexlhk

z`l czeáîk mþainl Î@- kehj z` nkexlxk L ekr`lm`jexj lojrxk vjrìxj l nirnzmláîk hj

nkrrjexj |zlehk lnikelhk- jejraitlehk k j|zivl`jexk Y%

Ciazrl ?%2 Nirnzixk j|zislmjexj Î@ j ~zl rjvrj~jexláîk j` Mlhhjr% "Ckexj4 Vi`jexl- ?662)



?<

L czeáîk mþainl KZ é rjvrj~jexlhl j` z` nirnzixk j|zislmjexj kehj hki~ nkexlxk~- L j

O- ekr`lm`jexj lojrxk~ j~xîk j` vlrlmjmk% Ej~xj nl~k- blsjrì nirnzmláîk hj nkrrjexj ~j

vjmk `jek~ z` hk~ nkexlxk~ ckr lnikelhk% El ciazrl ?%9 é lvrj~jexlhk k nirnzixk

j|zislmjexj j l nkrrj~vkehäenil j` hilarl`l Mlhhjr%

Ciazrl ?%9 Nirnzixk j|zislmjexj KZ j ~zl rjvrj~jexláîk j` Mlhhjr% "Ckexj4 Vi`jexl- ?662)%

L czeáîk mþainl J vkhj ~jr rjvrj~jexlhl vkr hki~ nkexlxk~ ekr`lm`jexj lojrxk~ "L j O)

j` ~érij- vjrìxiehk l nirnzmláîk hj nkrrjexj ~k`jexj ~j k~ hki~ nkexlxk~ ckrj`

lnikelhk~% L ciazrl ?%<6 `k~xrl k nirnzixk j|zislmjexj J j ~zl rjvrj~jexláîk j` Mlhhjr%

Ciazrl ?%<6 Nirnzixk j|zislmjexj J j ~zl rjvrj~jexláîk j` Mlhhjr% "Ckexj4 Vi`jexl- ?662)%

Kzxrl~ czeáúj~ mþainl~ vkhj` ~jr rjvrj~jexlhl~ zximitlehk k~ rjnzr~k~ hl mieazlaj`

Mlhhjr% Vlrl l czeáîk mþainl EÎK- k nirnzixk j|zislmjexj vkhj ~jr rjvrj~jexlhk nk`

z` rj~i~xkr _ j z` nkexlxk EL% Nk`k j` Mlhhjr eîk ji~xj l vk~~ioimihlhj hj zximitlr

z` rj~i~xkr- l j~xrzxzrl é ckr`lhl vkr z` nkexlxk EC j z`l okoiel kz jexîk vkr z`

nkexlxk EL j z`l okoiel olrrlhl "ejalhl)- j ~îk `k~xrlhk~ el ciazrl ?%<<%



??

Ciazrl ?%<< Nirnzixk j|zislmjexj EÎK j ~zl~ rjvrj~jexláúj~ j` Mlhhjr% "Ckexj4 Vi`jexl- ?662)%

L czeáîk mþainl ”EÎK KZ‐ "KZ olrrlhk) vk~~zi z` nirnzixk jméxrink j|zislmjexj

nk`vk~xk vkr z` rj~i~xkr j hki~ nkexlxk~ EL j` vlrlmjmk% Ej~xj nl~k zximitl~j j`

Mlhhjr z`l nkeciazrláîk `zixk i`vkrxlexj- nbl`lhl ~jmk% @j~`k ~j` k rj~i~xkr- l

czeáîk vkhj ~jr rjvrj~jexlhl vkr hki~ nkexlxk~ EL j` vlrlmjmk- ckr`lehk k ~jmk-

mialhk~ æ z`l okoiel olrrlhl- nk`k `k~xrl l ciazrl ?%<?%

Ciazrl ?%<? Nirnzixk j|zislmjexj ”EÎK KZ‐ j ~zl rjvrj~jexláîk j` Mlhhjr% "Ckexj4 Vi`jexl- ?662)%

Vlrl l czeáîk mþainl ”EÎK J‐- k nirnzixk j|zislmjexj j ~zl nkrrj~vkehäenil j`

hilarl`l Mlhhjr ~îk `k~xrlhk~ el ciazrl ?%<>% Ej~xl nkeciazrláîk- hki~ nkexlxk~ EL

"L j O) j~xîk mialhk~ j` ~érij nk` z` okoiel olrrlhl%

Ciazrl ?%<> Nirnzixk j|zislmjexj ”EÎK J‐ j ~zl rjvrj~jexláîk j` Mlhhjr% "Ckexj4 Vi`jexl- ?662)%



?>

?%8%8 Ie~xrzáúj~ lsleálhl~

Vlrl kvjrláúj~ `li~ nk`vmjl~- kehj l mþainl hj rjmé~ eîk é ~zcinijexj- ckrl`

hj~jeskmsihk~ nk`lehk~ lsleálhk~ j` mieazlaj` Mlhhjr- |zj vk~~ioimixl` l

`leivzmláîk hj hlhk~ j` oyxj~ j vlmlsrl~- j eîk ~k`jexj nk` slmkrj~ 6 j <%Vlrl l

i`vmj`jexláîk- j~~l~ ie~xrzáúj~ ~îk rjvrj~jexlhl~ nk`k omknk~ czenikeli~%

Ie~xrzáúj~ hj nkexrkmj iexjrek ~îk ie~xrzáúj~ |zj lnk`vlebl` k~ iexjrslmk~ hj xj`vk

kz jsjexk- nkexlhk~ hj lnkrhk nk` l nkexiezihlhj mþainl hl miebl- ldzhlehk ek nkexrkmj

hk j|zivl`jexk- vkhjehk ~jr z` xj`vkritlhkr kz nkexlhkr%

L ie~xrzáîk xj`vkritlhkr vkhj jejraitlr kz hj~jejraitlr z` j|zivl`jexk hj lnkrhk

nk` k iexjrslmk hj xj`vk vrkarl`lhk el ie~xrzáîk% El `j`þril hj hlhk~ hk NMV- jml

knzvl xrä~ oyxj~ vlrl k nkexrkmj- ~jehk |zj k vri`jirk j~xì rj~jrslhk vlrl k hlhk

vrjcilhk- k ~jazehk vlrl l xj`vkritláîk j k xjrnjirk vlrl k~ oix~ hj nkexrkmj hl

ie~xrzáîk%

L ie~xrzáîk nkexlhkr vkhj jejraitlr kz hj~jejraitlr z` j|zivl`jexk |zlehk lnkexlaj` hk~ jsjexk~ knkrrihk~ ckr iazlm lk slmkr vrkarl`lhk% El `j`þril hk

nkexrkmlhkr vrkarl`ìsjm- k nkexlhkr knzvl xrä~ oyxj~ vlrl k nkexrkmj- ~jehk |zj k

vri`jirk oyxj é rj~jrslhk vlrl k hlhk vrjcilhk- k ~jazehk oyxj vlrl l nkexlaj` j k

xjrnjirk oyxj- vlrl k~ oix~ hj nkexrkmj% L hicjrjeál vlrl k xj`vkritlhkr é l nkexlaj` hk~

jsjexk~ j` |zj k eàsjm mþaink `zhl- j eîk k xj`vk hjnkrrihk%

L vrkarl`láîk hj~~l~ ie~xrzáúj~ é cjixl lxrlsé~ hk xjrìelm hj vrkarl`láîk- |zj hjsjvk~~zir z`l czeáîk j~vjnicinl% Nloj lk vrkarl`lhkr hjcieir nkrrjxl`jexj k

jehjrjál`jexk j vrknzrlr `lexjr z`l ~j|ýäenil hj ie~xrzáúj~ el `j`þril hk

nkexrkmlhkr vrkarl`ìsjm- jsixlehk- vkr jj`vmk- |zj z` nkexlhkr ~j ~korjvkebl l

kzxrk% L~ ie~xrzáúj~ ~îk hjcieihl~ nk`k4

  Hj `leivzmláîk hj hlhk~- |zj jejraitl` kz hj~jejraitl` z` j|zivl`jexk l

vlrxir hl xrle~cjräenil kz nk`vlrláîk hj hlhk~ lr`ltjelhk~ el `j`þril hj

z~zìrik7



?8

  @ksjr- |zj xrle~cjrj hlhk~ jexrj jehjrják~ hj `j`þril- vk~~ioimixlehk lk

vrkarl`l jjnzxlr hicjrjexj~ czeáúj~ nk` k `j~`k hlhk7

  Nk`vlrlr- |zj clt l nk`vlrláîk hj hlhk~ jexrj jehjrják~- vjrìxiehk lk

vrkarl`l jjnzxlr hicjrjexj~ czeáúj~- ol~jlhl~ j` z` hlhk hj rjcjräenil7

  @lxj`ìxinl~- |zj rjlmitl` nìmnzmk~ hj hlhk~ lr`ltjelhk~ el `j`þril hj

hlhk~% Jml~ vkhj` ~jr4 ^k`l- ~zoxrláîk- `zmxivminláîk j hisi~îk% Jcjxzlehk

kvjrláúj~ nkrrj~vkehjexj~ nk` k~ hlhk~ ~j l~ nkehiáúj~ ckrj` sjrhlhjirl~7

  Mþainl~- |zj rjlmitl` kvjrláúj~ mþainl~ nk` k~ hlhk~ lr`ltjehlhk~ el

`j`þril hj hlhk~ j vkhj` ~jr z~lhl~ vlrl l nk`vlrláîk hj oix~ j hilaek~xink

hj hlhk~- vkhjehk ~jr hk xivk LEH- K_ kz Jnmz~isj K_%



?:

NLVIXZMK III

>%< @jxkhkmkail

Vlrl l lvminláîk hk z~k hk nkexrkmlhkr mþaink vrkarl`ìsjm- cki z~lhk z` xle|zj hj

sihrk- hki~ ~je~krj~ hj eàsjm- z`l okòl- z`l sìmszml j z` rj~jrslxþrik% K~ ~je~krj~

j~xîk ie~xlmlhk~ el~ mlxjrli~ hk xle|zj j cjnbl` kz lorj` ~jz~ nkexlxk~ hj lnkrhk nk`

k eàsjm hk mà|zihk hjexrk hk xle|zj%

Z`l okòl é rj~vke~ìsjm vjml jexrlhl hj mà|zihk vjml vlrxj ~zvjrikr hk xle|zj- Z`l

sìmszml el vlrxj iecjrikr vjrìxj kz i`vjhj l ~làhl hk mà|zihk% L okòl hj~mknl k

mi|zihk hk rj~jrslxþrik vlrl k xl|zj%

L mþainl hj `keixkrl`jexk hk~ ~je~krj~ j hk~ lxzlhkrj~ lk mkeak hk vrknj~~k é

nkexrkmlhl vkr z` Nkexrkmlhkr Mþaink Vrkarl`ìsjm "NMV) |zj é vrkarl`lhk zximitlehk

l mieazlaj` Mlhhjr% J~~l mieazlaj` cki j~nkmbihl vkr ~jr ol~jlhl j` ~àòkmk~ j

j~|zj`l~ jméxrink~ j hj cìnim zximitláîk j nk`vrjje~îk% Lmé` hi~~k- jml xj` xkhk~ k~

rjnzr~k~ ejnj~~ìrik~ æ lvminláîk vrjxjehihl%

L vrkarl`láîk cki ~i`zmlhl ek ~kcxqlrj R~kcx hl @kjmmjr j` z` lòijexj arìcink |zj

jmj kcjrjnj%

>%? ^j|ýäenil hj kvjrláîk

\zlehk k ~i~xj`l é mialhk- l okòl é mialhl j ieinil k jenbi`jexk hk xle|zj% Nk` klz`jexk ek eàsjm- k mà|zihk cjnbl k nkexlxk hk ~je~kr hj eàsjm `àei`k "Ê@)% \zlehk



?3

nbjal lk eàsjm hk ~je~kr hj eàsjm `ìi`k "Ê@L)- lorj j~~j nkexlxk- hj~mialehk l

okòl% J` ~jazihl z` xj`vkritlhkr nkexl hjt ~jazehk~ j mial l sìmszml hj ~làhl

vjrìxiehk l ~làhl hk mi|zihk% Nk` l hiìeziáîk hk eàsjm- cjnbl k nkexlxk hk ~je~kr hj

eàsjm `ìi`k j |zlehk k eàsjm nbjal eksl`jexj lk ~je~kr hj eàsjm `àei`k- cjnbl j~~j

nkexlxk mialehk eksl`jexj l okòl j rjvjxiehk k ninmk%

>%> „ Jvjri`jexk

El `kexlaj` j~xîk ie~xlmlhk~ ek xle|zj hki~ ~je~krj~ hj eàsjm vlrl mà|zihk~ hl `lrnl

INK^- kvjrlehk j` xje~îk hj nk`zxláîk hj <?1 Sln "nkrrjexj lmxjrelhl) j xj`

vkxäenil `ìi`l hj nk`zxláîk hj ?6Q% L j~nkmbl hj~~j~ ~je~krj~ cki cjixl nk` ol~j

ek~ rj|zi~ixk~ vlrl k vrkdjxk j nz~xk~% K~ ~je~krj~ ckrl` ie~xlmlhk~ nk` nkeciazrláîk

EL- cjnblehk ~jz~ nkexlxk~ |zlehk k eàsjm hk mà|zihk ek xle|zj k~ lmnleál% L ciazrl

>%< `k~xrl k ~je~kr zximitlhk%

Ciazrl >%< ^je~kr hj eàsjm vlrl mà|zihk~% "Ckexj4 Ink~)%

L okòl zximitlhl é hl `lrnl V`kexi- nk` xje~îk hj <?1 Sln "nkrrjexj lmxjrelhl)- 36

Bt j vkxäenil `ìi`l hj >8Q% ^zl j~nkmbl cki cjixl vkr ~jr lhj|zlhl vlrl k

jvjri`jexk j ~jz nz~xk% \zlehk jejraitlhl- l okòl xrle~cjrj k mà|zihk hk

rj~jrslxþrik vlrl k xle|zj% K~ nk`lehk~ hj mialr j hj~mialr l okòl ~îk cjixk~ vjmk

NMV l vlrxir hk~ j~xlhk~ rjxkrelhk~ vjmk~ ~je~krj~%



?1

Kzxrk nk`vkejexj hk jvjri`jexk é z`l sìmszml- lnikelhl nk` xje~îk <?1 Sln

ie~xlmlhl el vlrxj iecjrikr hk xle|zj% Nk`lehlhl vjmk NMV hj lnkrhk xlòé` nk` k~

j~xlhk~ hk~ ~je~krj~- jml- |zlehk lnikelhl- vjrìxj l ~làhl hk mà|zihk hk xle|zj%

>%8 Vrkarl`láîk

L ~i`zmláîk hl vrkarl`láîk- cjixl el mieazlaj` Mlhhjr ek R~kcx ~jaziz l mþainl hk

lnikel`jexk hj nkexlxk~ EL vlrl jejraitlr lxzlhkrj~- lxrlsé~ hl~ nkrrjexj~ mþainl

cinxànil~%

Ek vri`jirk rzea- k nkexlxk EL ”MIAL‐ lnikel l okoiel ”NKEX_KMJ‐- j ieinil k

vrknj~~k% Z` nkexlxk EL ”NKEX_KMJ‐- l~~knilhk æ okoiel `lexé` k ~i~xj`l mialhk

|zlehk k okxîk ”MIAL‐ lorir- lvþ~ vlrl hj ~jr vrj~~ikelhk% Z` nkexlxk ”HJ^MIAL‐EC "ekr`lm`jexj cjnblhk) j~xì j` ~érij j iexjrrk`vj l nkrrjexj |zlehk vrj~~ikelhk-

hj~mialehk k ~i~xj`l J~xl mþainl é `k~xrlhl el ciazrl >%?%

Ciazrl >%? Nkexlxk~ hj ieinilr j vlrlr k vrknj~~k%

J` kzxrk rzea- l mþainl `k~xrl |zj ~j k nkexlxk ^XS |zj rjvrj~jexl k ~je~kr ^< "eàsjm

`àei`k) j k nkexlxk Ê@L- |zj rjvrj~jexl k ~je~kr ^? "eàsjm `ìi`k)- j~xisjrj`

lnikelhk~- l okoiel SJ- |zj rjvrj~jexl l okòl- ~jrì lnikelhl% Z` mlák clt l

l~~kniláîk hj z` nkexlxk rjcjrjexj æ okoiel SJ vlrl |zj k ~i~xj`l `lexjebl l okòl

lnikelhl lxé k vrþi`k nk`lehk% Ej~xl miebl- xlòé` j~xì k lnikel`jexk hl okòl

|zlehk k nkexlxk NKEX_KMJ é lnikelhk% J~xl mþainl é `k~xrlhl el ciazrl >%>%



?2

Ciazrl >%> Lnikel`jexk hl okòl%

L okoiel S^ rjvrj~jexl l sìmszml hj ~làhl% ^jz lnikel`jexk é nkexrkmlhk vkr z`

xj`vkritlhkr- |zj nkexl hjt ~jazehk~ lvþ~ k nkexlxk Ê@L ~jr cjnblhk% Vlrl i~~k- k

nkexlxk ^XS xlòé` xjrì |zj j~xlr cjnblhk- nk`k `k~xrl l ciazrl >%8%

Ciazrl >%8 Xj`vkritlhkr j sìmszml hj ~làhl%

>%: î`zmláîk Arìcinl

El ~i`zmláîk- cjixl ek lòijexj arìcink hk R~kcx- j~xîk rjvrj~jexlhk~4

  Xle|zj7  ^je~krj~7

  Okòl7

  Sìmszml7

  Mà|zihk%

\zlehk l rkxiel é ieinilhl- k~ j|zivl`jexk~ |zj j~xîk lnikelhk~ cinl` el nkr sjrhj- j

|zlehk eîk j~xîk lnikelhk~ cinl` sjr`jmbk~% K~ eàsji~ hk mà|zihk ~îk rjvrj~jexlhk~ elnkr ltzm j imz~xrl` l ~i`zmláîk%



?9

Z` okxîk ”MIAL‐ EL |zlehk lnikelhk ieinil l rkxiel- mialehk l okòl% Z` si~kr

”NKEX_KMJ‐- |zlehk j~xì el nkr sjrhj `k~xrl |zj k ~i~xj`l j~xì mialhk% Ji~xj

xlòé` z` okxîk ”HJ^MIAL‐ |zj iexjrrk`vj k czenikel`jexk%

L ciazrl >%: `k~xrl k ieànik hl ~i`zmláîk nk` k ~i~xj`l hj~mialhk% Ej~xl ~ixzláîk xkhk~

k~ j|zivl`jexk~ j~xîk j` sjr`jmbk- vki~ eîk j~xîk lnikelhk~%

Ciazrl >%: î~xj`l hj~mialhk%



>6

\zlehk k okxîk ”MIAL‐ é vrj~~ikelhk- lnikel k ”NKEX_KMJ‐ |zj ieinil k vrknj~~k%

Ej~xj `k`jexk l okòl é lnikelhl j jenbj k xle|zj- nk`k `k~xrl l ciazrl >%3

Ciazrl >%3 î~xj`l mialhk jenbjehk k xle|zj%

\zlehk k eàsjm hk mà|zihk lmnleál k ~je~kr ^<- |zj é k ~je~kr hj eàsjm `àei`k- cjnbl knkexlxk hj~xj ~je~kr- xkrelehkk sjrhj el ~i`zmláîk- nk`k k~xrl l ciazrl >%1%

Ciazrl >%1 ^je~kr hj eàsjm `àei`k lnikelhk%



><

L okòl nkexiezl mialhl jenbjehk k xle|zj lxé k ~je~kr ^?- |zj é k hj eàsjm `ìi`k%

Ej~xj `k`jexk- nk` ^< j ^? lnikelhk~- l okòl é hj~mialhl j z` xj`vkritlhkr é

ieinilhk j nkexl hjt ~jazehk~% K lnikel`jexk hj ^? j k hj~mial`jexk hl okòl ~îk

`k~xrlhk~ el ciazrl >%2%

Ciazrl >%2 „ Lnikel ^? j hj~mial okòl%

Lvþ~ hjt ~jazehk~- nkexlhk~ vjmk xj`vkritlhkr- l sìmszml hj ~làhl é lnikelhl-

vjrìxiehk l ~làhl hk mi|zihk- j~sltilehk k xle|zj% L nkr sjrhj iehinl k lnikel`jexk

hl sìmszml- j nk`k k eàsjm hk mà|zihk hiìezi- lorj eksl`jexj k nkexlhk hk ~je~kr ^<%

L ciazrl >%9 `k~xrl j~xl ~ixzláîk%



>?

Ciazrl >%9 Lnikel`jexk hl sìmszml hj ~làhl%

\zlehk k eàsjm hk mà|zihk cinl lolik hk ~je~kr ^?- |zj é hj eàsjm `àei`k- lorj k

nkexlxk hj~~j ~je~kr% Nk` k~ nkexlxk~ ^< j ^? lojrxk~- l sìmszml é hj~mialhl j l okòl

é mialhl eksl`jexj- skmxlehk l jenbjr k xle|zj% L vlrxir hlà- ~jazj l rkxiel vlrl jenbjr

j j~sltilr k xle|zj lvjel~ vjmk nk`lehk hk NMV% L ciazrl >%<6 `k~xrl k~ ~je~krj~ ^< j^? lojrxk~- l sìmszml hj ~làhl hj~mialhl j l okòl mialhl eksl`jexj%

Ciazrl >%<6 Sìmszml hj~mialhl j okòl mialhl%



>>

NLVIXZMK IS

8%< „ Nkenmz~új~

L vrkvk~xl ieinilm hj~xj xrlolmbk cki z` j~xzhk ~korj NMV- ~zl nke~xixziáîk- mieazlaj`

j z`l lvminláîk iehz~xrilm j~vjnàcinl- k nkexrkmj hk eàsjm hj mà|zihk% Vkr `kxisk~

lmbjik~ eîk cki vk~~àsjm l nkejnxisihlhj jexrj k NMV j k jvjri`jexk- vkr i~~k cki

zximitlhk z` ~kcxqlrj misrj vlrl cltjr k vrkarl`l j ~i`zmlr- k R^kcx% L `l|zjxj cki

hj~jeskmsihl vlrl l hi~nivmiel hj Ieckr`ìxinl Iehz~xrilm j j~xì ek mlokrlxþrik hj

Nkexrkmj j Lzxk`láîk hl Zeisjr~ihlhj Cjhjrlm hj Kzrk Vrjxk%

Hj~~l ckr`l- l vrkarl`láîk lvrj~jexlhl cki nlvlt hj ~i`zmlr k nkexrkmj hj eàsjm hj

mi|zihk% L mieazlaj` Mlhhjr cki ~lxi~clxþril j nk` rjnzr~k~ ~zcinijexj~ vlrl l

i`vmj`jexláîk- oj` nk`k k lòijexj hj hj~jeskmsi`jexk R^kcx%

8%? „ Xrlolmbk~ Czxzrk~

Vlrl xrlolmbk~ czxzrk~- l ~zaj~xîk é cltjr l nkejnxisihlhj jexrj k NMV j l `l|zjxj-l~~i` |zj k NMV j~xisjr hi~vkeàsjm% Kzxrl ~zaj~xîk é |zj el `j~`l `l|zjxj- ~jdl`

ie~xlmlhk~ z` `kxkr vlrl laixlr ~zo~xlenil~ j z` ~i~xj`l hj nkexrkmj hj xj`vjrlxzrl%

Liehl vkhj~j nkexrkmlr k eàsjm hl ìazl j` z`l nlsl hj mlsrl- zximitlehk kzxrk~

~je~krj~- ienmz~isj nk` nk`zeinláîk ~j` cik% Vlrl j~~l lvminláîk k NMV xlòé` ~jril

lhj|zlhk%



>8

NLVIXZMK S

:%< Oiomikarlcil

LOIEJJ- L~~kniláîk Orl~imjirl hl Iehô~xril Jméxrinl j Jmjxrøeinl% L lzxk`láîk ajrl

hj~j`vrjak;% e%<<% v% <6<:% ^îk Vlzmk4 ?666%

LAA^KCXQL_J% Viekzx leh îaelm~ ckr xbj ~jrilm vkrx~ nkeejnxkr% Hi~vkeàsjm j`

=bxxv4++qqq%laa~kcx%nk`+r~?>?viekzxnlomj+~jrilmnlomjnkeejnxike~%bx`5% Lnj~~k j`

?9 hj `lik hj ?662%

AJK_AIEI- @% Lzxk`láîk Lvminlhl4 Hj~nriáîk j i`vmj`jexláîk hj ~i~xj`l~

~j|ýäenil~ nk` VMN¸~% Jrinl- îk Vlzmk4 ?666%

INK^% Cmzk#Eàsjm% Hi~vkeàsjm j` =qqq%ink~%nk`%or5% Lnj~~k j` <: hj dzebk hj

?662%

DKSIN- C% Vrknj~~ nkexrkm ~y~xj`~4 Vrienivmj~ kc hj~iae leh kvjrlxike% Azmc vzomi~biea

nk`vley% Bkz~xke- Xjl~4 <923%

GZK- O% î~xj`l~ hj nkexrkmj lzxk`ìxink% Vrjxinj Blmm hk Orl~im% _ik hj Dlejirk4

<92:%

MJQI^% _%Q% Vrkarl`ìea iehz~xrilm nkexrkm ~y~xj`~ z~iea IJN <<><->% ^xjsjelaj%

Ie~xixzxike kc Jmjnxrinlm Jeaiejjr~4 <992%

@LL^^- Q% ^% Lzxk`láîk hj z` ckrek vlrl xrlxl`jexk hj nblvl~ nk` nkexrkmj

sil NMV j ~i~xj`l ~zvjrsi~þrik% ?666% 99c% _jmlxþrik hj j~xìaik% Arlhzláîk%

Zeisjr~ihlhj _jaikelm hj Omz`jelz% Omz`jelz4 ?666%



>:

KALXL- G% Jeajeblril hj nkexrkmj `khjrek% VrjxinjBlmm hk Orl~im% _ik hj Dlejirk4

<99>%

VI@JEXL- G% O% ?662- Ekxl~ hj lzml „ Ieckr`ìxinl Iehz~xrilm% ZCKV „ Kzrk Vrjxk%

VK_XLM IJN% Hi~vkeàsjm j` =bxxv4++qqq%ijn3<<><%nk`%or5% Lnj~~k j` ?1 `lik%

?662%

_K^Ì_IK- D% Vrienàvik~ hj @jnlxrøeinl% ^îk Vlzmk% Vjlr~ke4 ?66:%

ÎMSJI_L- V%_%7 ^LEXK^- Q% Lzxk`láîk j nkexrkmj hi~nrjxk% Érinl% ^îk Vlzmk4<999%

Documents

Controle de Nível Icos com CLP