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7/21/2019 cosmos s01e01
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100:00:00,830 --> 00:00:03,241CARL SAGAN:<i>The cosmos is all there is,</i>
200:00:03,588 --> 00:00:04,787
<i>or ever was,</i>
300:00:05,285 --> 00:00:06,315<i>or ever will be.</i>
400:00:07,735 --> 00:00:09,069<i>Come with me.</i>
500:00:10,538 --> 00:00:12,506
NEIL DEGRASSE TYSON:<i>A generation ago,</i>
600:00:12,540 --> 00:00:14,908<i>the astronomer Carl Sagan</i><i>stood here</i>
700:00:14,943 --> 00:00:16,910and launched hundredsof millions of us
800:00:16,945 --> 00:00:18,912on a great adventure--
900:00:18,947 --> 00:00:22,749the exploration of the universerevealed by science.
1000:00:22,784 --> 00:00:25,752It's time to get going again.
1100:00:25,787 --> 00:00:28,755We're about to begin a journeythat will take us
1200:00:28,790 --> 00:00:31,858from the infinitesimalto the infinite,
1300:00:31,893 --> 00:00:34,861
from the dawn of timeto the distant future.
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1400:00:34,896 --> 00:00:39,199<i>We'll explore galaxies</i><i>and suns and worlds,</i>
1500:00:39,234 --> 00:00:42,236
<i>surf the gravity waves</i><i>of space-time,</i>
1600:00:42,270 --> 00:00:45,606<i>encounter beings that live</i><i>in fire and ice,</i>
1700:00:45,640 --> 00:00:49,376<i>explore the planets of stars</i><i>that never die,</i>
1800:00:49,410 --> 00:00:51,979<i>discover atoms</i><i>as massive as suns</i>
1900:00:52,013 --> 00:00:56,083<i>and universes smaller</i><i>than atoms.</i>
2000:00:56,117 --> 00:00:59,253
Cosmos<i> is also a story about us.</i>
2100:00:59,287 --> 00:01:03,423<i>It's the saga of how wandering</i><i>bands of hunters and gatherers</i>
2200:01:03,458 --> 00:01:08,128<i>found their way to the stars,</i>
2300:01:08,162 --> 00:01:11,932<i>one adventure with many heroes.</i>
2400:01:20,642 --> 00:01:24,111To make this journey,we'll need imagination.
2500:01:24,145 --> 00:01:26,446But imagination aloneis not enough
2600:01:26,481 --> 00:01:29,650because the reality of nature
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is far more wondrous
2700:01:29,684 --> 00:01:32,019than anything we can imagine.
28
00:01:36,057 --> 00:01:39,693This adventure is made possibleby generations of searchers
2900:01:39,727 --> 00:01:43,197strictly adheringto a simple set of rules...
3000:01:43,231 --> 00:01:47,034test ideas by experiment
and observation,
3100:01:47,068 --> 00:01:49,970build on those ideasthat pass the test,
3200:01:50,004 --> 00:01:52,206reject the ones that fail,
3300:01:52,240 --> 00:01:54,841
follow the evidencewherever it leads
3400:01:54,876 --> 00:01:57,511and question everything.
3500:01:57,545 --> 00:02:00,013Accept these terms,
3600:02:00,048 --> 00:02:03,984and the cosmos is yours.
3700:02:04,018 --> 00:02:07,321Now come with me.
3800:03:42,689 --> 00:03:45,823Sync and corrections by n17t01www.addic7ed.com
39
00:04:02,304 --> 00:04:04,304In this ship ofthe Imagination,
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4000:04:04,305 --> 00:04:06,907free from the shacklesof space and time,
41
00:04:06,941 --> 00:04:09,977we can go anywhere.
4200:04:10,011 --> 00:04:12,246If you want to seewhere we are in space,
4300:04:12,280 --> 00:04:15,449just look out the front window.
4400:04:19,387 --> 00:04:23,023In the dimension of time,the past lies beneath us.
4500:04:25,326 --> 00:04:29,530Here's what Earth looked like250 million years ago.
4600:04:33,134 --> 00:04:35,703If you want
to see the future, look up.
4700:04:35,737 --> 00:04:41,008And this is how it could appear250 million years from now.
4800:04:42,377 --> 00:04:43,811If we're goingto be venturing out
4900:04:43,845 --> 00:04:46,680into the farthest reachesof the cosmos,
5000:04:46,715 --> 00:04:49,616we need to knowour<i> cosmic</i> address,
5100:04:49,651 --> 00:04:53,353and this is the first line
of that address.
52
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00:04:53,354 --> 00:04:57,012 _
5300:05:14,542 --> 00:05:18,912<i>We're leaving the Earth,</i><i>the only home we've ever known,</i>
5400:05:18,947 --> 00:05:23,350<i>for the farthest reaches</i><i>of the cosmos.</i>
5500:05:27,389 --> 00:05:31,258<i>Our nearest neighbor,</i><i>the Moon, has no sky,</i>
56
00:05:31,292 --> 00:05:34,695<i>no ocean, no life--</i>
5700:05:34,729 --> 00:05:38,098<i>just the scars</i><i>of cosmic impacts.</i>
5800:05:51,112 --> 00:05:54,081<i>Our star powers the wind</i><i>and the waves</i>
5900:05:54,115 --> 00:05:57,918<i>and all the life on the surface</i><i>of our world.</i>
6000:05:57,952 --> 00:06:00,521<i>The Sun holds all the worlds</i><i>of the solar system</i>
6100:06:00,555 --> 00:06:05,092<i>in its gravitational embrace,</i><i>starting with Mercury...</i>
6200:06:23,645 --> 00:06:27,548<i>...to cloud-covered Venus,</i><i>where runaway greenhouse effect</i>
6300:06:27,582 --> 00:06:31,185<i>has turned it</i><i>into a kind of hell.</i>
6400:06:37,125 --> 00:06:38,926<i>Mars...</i>
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6500:06:38,960 --> 00:06:43,931<i>a world with as much land</i><i>as Earth itself.</i>
66
00:06:56,144 --> 00:06:59,446<i>A belt of rocky asteroids</i><i>circles the Sun</i>
6700:06:59,481 --> 00:07:01,949<i>between the orbits</i><i>of Mars and Jupiter.</i>
6800:07:13,461 --> 00:07:17,765<i>With its four giant moons</i>
<i>and dozens of smaller ones,</i>
6900:07:17,799 --> 00:07:21,268<i>Jupiter is like</i><i>its own little solar system.</i>
7000:07:21,303 --> 00:07:25,706<i>It has more mass than all</i><i>the other planets combined.</i>
71
00:07:35,350 --> 00:07:39,320<i>Jupiter's Great Red Spot...</i>
7200:07:39,354 --> 00:07:42,489<i>a hurricane three times</i><i>the size of our whole planet</i>
7300:07:42,524 --> 00:07:46,160<i>that's been raging</i><i>for centuries.</i>
7400:08:06,515 --> 00:08:10,384<i>The crown jewel</i><i>of our solar system, Saturn,</i>
7500:08:10,418 --> 00:08:13,654<i>ringed by freeways</i><i>of countless orbiting</i>
7600:08:13,688 --> 00:08:16,056
<i>and slowly tumbling snowballs--</i>
77
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00:08:16,091 --> 00:08:20,094<i>every snowball, a little moon.</i>
7800:08:50,725 --> 00:08:53,894<i>Uranus...</i>
7900:08:53,929 --> 00:08:55,896<i>and Neptune,</i>
8000:08:55,931 --> 00:09:00,234<i>the outermost planets,</i><i>unknown to the ancients</i>
8100:09:00,268 --> 00:09:05,306<i>and only discovered after</i>
<i>the invention of the telescope.</i>
8200:09:06,441 --> 00:09:08,809<i>Beyond the outermost planet,</i>
8300:09:08,844 --> 00:09:13,514<i>there's a swarm of tens</i><i>of thousands of frozen worlds.</i>
8400:09:31,032 --> 00:09:33,667
<i>And Pluto is one them.</i>
8500:09:39,941 --> 00:09:42,343(whooshing)
8600:09:46,348 --> 00:09:48,749<i>Of all our spacecraft,</i>
8700:09:48,784 --> 00:09:52,086<i>this is the one that's traveled</i><i>farthest from home--</i>
8800:09:52,120 --> 00:09:55,322<i>Voyager 1.</i>
8900:09:55,357 --> 00:09:59,994<i>She bears a message</i><i>to a billion years from now,</i>
90
00:10:00,028 --> 00:10:02,763<i>something of who we were,</i>
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9100:10:02,798 --> 00:10:04,932<i>how we felt</i>
9200:10:04,966 --> 00:10:06,934<i>and the music we made.</i>
9300:10:06,968 --> 00:10:09,270(Blind Willie Johnson's"Dark Was the Night" playing)
9400:10:09,304 --> 00:10:11,705(Blind Willie Johnson humming)
9500:10:18,180 --> 00:10:20,014
DEGRASSE TYSON:<i>The deeper waters</i>
9600:10:20,048 --> 00:10:21,882<i>of this vast cosmic ocean</i>
9700:10:21,917 --> 00:10:25,719<i>and their numberless worlds</i><i>lie ahead.</i>
98
00:10:25,754 --> 00:10:28,255("Dark Was the Night"continues to play, then fades)
9900:10:37,641 --> 00:10:41,510DEGRASSE TYSON: <i>From out here, theSun may look like just another star.</i>
10000:10:41,545 --> 00:10:43,946But it still exertsits gravitational hold
10100:10:43,981 --> 00:10:46,349on a trillion frozen comets,
10200:10:46,383 --> 00:10:49,118<i>leftovers from the formation</i><i>of the solar system</i>
10300:10:49,152 --> 00:10:51,954
<i>nearly five billion years ago.</i>
104
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00:10:51,989 --> 00:10:54,590<i>It's called the Oort Cloud.</i>
10500:10:54,625 --> 00:10:57,326<i>No one has ever seen it before,</i><i>nor could they,</i>
10600:10:57,361 --> 00:10:59,595<i>because each one</i><i>of these little worlds</i>
10700:10:59,630 --> 00:11:01,831<i>is as far</i><i>from its nearest neighbor</i>
108
00:11:01,865 --> 00:11:05,468<i>as Earth is from Saturn.</i>
10900:11:05,502 --> 00:11:09,305This enormous cloud of cometsencloses the solar system,
11000:11:09,339 --> 00:11:13,142which is the second lineof our cosmic address.
11100:11:13,143 --> 00:11:16,947 _
11200:11:18,048 --> 00:11:21,684<i>We've only been able to detect</i><i>the planets of other stars</i>
11300:11:21,718 --> 00:11:23,686<i>for a few decades,</i>
11400:11:23,720 --> 00:11:27,456<i>but we already know</i><i>that planets are plentiful--</i>
11500:11:27,491 --> 00:11:30,126<i>they outnumber the stars.</i>
11600:11:30,160 --> 00:11:33,563<i>Almost all of them will be</i>
<i>very different from Earth,</i>
117
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00:11:33,597 --> 00:11:36,065<i>and hostile</i><i>to life as we know it.</i>
11800:11:36,099 --> 00:11:38,467<i>But what do we know about life?</i>
11900:11:38,502 --> 00:11:41,537<i>We've met only one kind so far.</i>
12000:11:41,572 --> 00:11:43,506<i>Earthlife.</i>
12100:11:43,540 --> 00:11:44,840See anything?
12200:11:44,875 --> 00:11:46,842Just empty space, right?
12300:11:46,877 --> 00:11:49,645Human eyes seeonly a sliver of the light
12400:11:49,680 --> 00:11:51,647that shines in the cosmos.
12500:11:51,682 --> 00:11:55,885But science gives us the powerto see what our senses cannot.
12600:11:55,919 --> 00:11:58,654Infrared isthe kind of light made visible
12700:11:58,689 --> 00:12:00,690by night-vision goggles.
12800:12:00,724 --> 00:12:03,359Throw an infrared sensoracross the darkness...
12900:12:04,795 --> 00:12:06,395Rogue planet.
130
00:12:06,430 --> 00:12:08,698World without a sun.
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13100:12:10,601 --> 00:12:15,037Our galaxy has billions of them,adrift in perpetual night.
13200:12:15,072 --> 00:12:18,608
They're orphans, cast awayfrom their mother stars
13300:12:18,642 --> 00:12:22,078during the chaotic birthof their native star systems.
13400:12:23,814 --> 00:12:26,449<i>Rogue planets</i><i>are molten at the core</i>
13500:12:26,483 --> 00:12:28,451<i>but frozen at the surface.</i>
13600:12:28,485 --> 00:12:30,453<i>There may be oceans</i><i>of liquid water</i>
13700:12:30,487 --> 00:12:33,489<i>in the zone</i>
<i>between those extremes.</i>
13800:12:38,061 --> 00:12:41,664<i>Who knows what</i><i>might be swimming there?</i>
13900:12:46,436 --> 00:12:49,605This is what the Milky Waylooks like in infrared.
14000:12:49,640 --> 00:12:52,708Every single dot,not just the bright ones,
14100:12:52,743 --> 00:12:54,911is a star.
14200:12:54,945 --> 00:12:56,913How many stars?
14300:12:56,947 --> 00:12:58,915How many worlds?
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14400:12:58,949 --> 00:13:01,417How many ways of being alive?
14500:13:01,451 --> 00:13:04,420
<i>Where are</i> we<i> in this picture?</i>
14600:13:04,454 --> 00:13:06,889<i>See that trailing outer arm?</i>
14700:13:06,924 --> 00:13:09,091<i>That's where we live--</i>
14800:13:09,126 --> 00:13:12,328
<i>about 30,000 light-years</i><i>from the center.</i>
14900:13:12,362 --> 00:13:14,063<i>The Milky Way Galaxy</i>
15000:13:14,097 --> 00:13:17,400<i>is the next line</i><i>of our cosmic address.</i>
151
00:13:17,434 --> 00:13:19,802<i>We're now a hundred thousand</i><i>light-years from home.</i>
15200:13:19,837 --> 00:13:23,072<i>It would take light,</i><i>the fastest thing there is,</i>
15300:13:23,106 --> 00:13:26,976<i>a hundred thousand years</i><i>to reach us from Earth.</i>
15400:13:29,713 --> 00:13:32,114This is the Great Spiralin Andromeda,
15500:13:32,149 --> 00:13:34,116the galaxy next door.
15600:13:34,151 --> 00:13:36,119
We call our two giant galaxies
157
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00:13:36,153 --> 00:13:38,120and a smatteringof smaller ones
15800:13:38,155 --> 00:13:40,490the "local group."
15900:13:41,587 --> 00:13:46,877 _
16000:13:48,165 --> 00:13:51,467<i>Can't even find our home galaxy</i><i>from out here.</i>
16100:13:51,502 --> 00:13:55,705
<i>It's just one of thousands</i><i>in the Virgo Supercluster.</i>
16200:13:55,739 --> 00:13:57,640<i>On this scale,</i>
16300:13:57,674 --> 00:14:01,277all the objects we see,including the tiniest dots,
164
00:14:01,311 --> 00:14:03,112are galaxies.
16500:14:03,147 --> 00:14:05,681<i>Each galaxy contains</i><i>billions of suns</i>
16600:14:05,716 --> 00:14:07,784<i>and countless worlds.</i>
16700:14:07,818 --> 00:14:11,454<i>Yet, the entire</i><i>Virgo Supercluster itself</i>
16800:14:11,488 --> 00:14:14,690<i>forms but a tiny part</i><i>of our universe.</i>
16900:14:16,393 --> 00:14:20,363<i>This is the cosmos</i>
<i>on the grandest scale we know--</i>
170
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00:14:20,397 --> 00:14:23,699<i>a network</i><i>of a hundred billion galaxies.</i>
17100:14:23,734 --> 00:14:27,170<i>It's the last line</i>
<i>of our cosmic address...</i>
17200:14:27,204 --> 00:14:29,205<i>for now.</i>
17300:14:29,206 --> 00:14:30,579 _
17400:14:30,774 --> 00:14:32,241
<i>Observable</i> universe?!
17500:14:32,276 --> 00:14:34,143What does that mean?
17600:14:34,178 --> 00:14:36,913Even for us, in ourShip of the Imagination,
17700:14:36,947 --> 00:14:40,550
there's a limit to how farwe can see in space-time.
17800:14:40,584 --> 00:14:42,985It's our cosmic horizon.
17900:14:43,020 --> 00:14:46,089Beyond that horizonlie parts of the universe
18000:14:46,123 --> 00:14:48,257that are too far away.
18100:14:48,292 --> 00:14:50,259There hasn't been enough time
18200:14:50,294 --> 00:14:53,362in the 13.8 billion yearhistory of the universe
18300:14:53,397 --> 00:14:55,898for their light
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to have reached us.
18400:14:57,935 --> 00:15:01,337<i>Many of us suspect</i><i>that all of this--</i>
18500:15:01,371 --> 00:15:05,575<i>all the worlds, stars,</i><i>galaxies and clusters</i>
18600:15:05,609 --> 00:15:08,010<i>in our observable universe--</i>
18700:15:08,045 --> 00:15:12,749<i>is but one tiny bubble</i>
<i>in an infinite ocean</i>
18800:15:12,783 --> 00:15:14,817<i>of other universes...</i>
18900:15:16,420 --> 00:15:18,888<i>...a multiverse.</i>
19000:15:18,922 --> 00:15:22,692<i>Universe upon universe.</i>
19100:15:22,726 --> 00:15:25,294<i>Worlds without end.</i>
19200:15:30,000 --> 00:15:32,068Feeling a little small?
19300:15:32,102 --> 00:15:35,571Well, in the contextof the cosmos, we<i> are</i> small.
19400:15:35,606 --> 00:15:38,908We may just be little guysliving on a speck of dust,
19500:15:38,942 --> 00:15:41,310afloat ina staggering immensity,
196
00:15:41,345 --> 00:15:43,446but we don't think small.
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19700:15:43,480 --> 00:15:46,916This cosmic perspectiveis relatively new.
19800:15:46,950 --> 00:15:51,220
A mere four centuries ago,our tiny world was oblivious
19900:15:51,255 --> 00:15:53,222to the rest of the cosmos.
20000:15:53,257 --> 00:15:55,224There were no telescopes.
201
00:15:55,259 --> 00:15:58,995The universe was only what youcould see with the naked eye.
20200:15:59,029 --> 00:16:01,097Back in 1599,
20300:16:01,131 --> 00:16:04,467everyone knew that the Sun,planets and stars
20400:16:04,501 --> 00:16:08,504were just lights in the skythat revolved around the Earth,
20500:16:08,539 --> 00:16:12,575<i>and that we were the center</i><i>of a little universe,</i>
20600:16:12,609 --> 00:16:15,378<i>a universe made for us.</i>
20700:16:16,947 --> 00:16:19,315<i>There was only one man</i><i>on the whole planet</i>
20800:16:19,350 --> 00:16:22,185<i>who envisioned</i><i>an infinitely grander cosmos.</i>
209
00:16:22,219 --> 00:16:24,754<i>And how was</i> he<i> spending</i><i>New Year's Eve</i>
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21000:16:24,788 --> 00:16:27,924<i>of the year 1600?</i>
21100:16:27,958 --> 00:16:30,793
<i>Why, in prison, of course.</i>
21200:16:37,855 --> 00:16:40,023DEGRASSE TYSON:<i> There comes</i><i>a time in our lives</i>
21300:16:40,057 --> 00:16:43,293when we first realize we're notthe center of the universe,
21400:16:43,327 --> 00:16:46,529that we belong to somethingmuch greater than ourselves.
21500:16:46,564 --> 00:16:48,531It's part of growing up.
21600:16:48,566 --> 00:16:50,800And as it happens to each of us,
21700:16:50,834 --> 00:16:53,136so it began to happento our civilization
21800:16:53,170 --> 00:16:55,138in the 16th century.
21900:16:55,172 --> 00:16:57,040<i>Imagine a world</i><i>before telescopes,</i>
22000:16:57,074 --> 00:16:59,309<i>when the universe</i><i>was only what you could see</i>
22100:16:59,343 --> 00:17:00,843<i>with the naked eye.</i>
22200:17:00,878 --> 00:17:04,047
<i>It was obvious that Earth</i><i>was motionless,</i>
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22300:17:04,081 --> 00:17:05,782<i>and that everything</i><i>in the heavens--</i>
22400:17:05,816 --> 00:17:08,117
<i>the Sun, the Moon,</i><i>the stars, the planets--</i>
22500:17:08,152 --> 00:17:10,987<i>revolved around us--</i><i>and then...</i>
22600:17:11,021 --> 00:17:13,289a Polish astronomer and priestnamed Copernicus
22700:17:13,324 --> 00:17:17,293made a radical proposal.The Earth was not the center.
22800:17:17,328 --> 00:17:19,796It was just one of the planets,and, like them,
22900:17:19,830 --> 00:17:21,798
it revolved around the Sun.
23000:17:21,832 --> 00:17:25,134Many, like the Protestantreformer Martin Luther,
23100:17:25,169 --> 00:17:28,137took this idea as a scandalousaffront to Scripture.
23200:17:28,172 --> 00:17:30,406They were horrified.
23300:17:30,441 --> 00:17:34,878But for one man,Copernicus didn't go far enough.
23400:17:34,912 --> 00:17:38,014<i>His name was Giordano Bruno,</i>
23500:17:38,048 --> 00:17:40,517<i>and he was</i>
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<i>a natural-born rebel.</i>
23600:17:40,551 --> 00:17:43,720<i>He longed to bust out of that</i><i>cramped little universe.</i>
23700:17:43,754 --> 00:17:46,189<i>Even as a young Dominican monk</i><i>in Naples,</i>
23800:17:46,223 --> 00:17:48,391<i>he was a misfit.</i><i>This was a time</i>
23900:17:48,425 --> 00:17:50,727
<i>when there was</i><i>no freedom of thought in Italy.</i>
24000:17:50,761 --> 00:17:52,162<i>But Bruno hungered to know</i>
24100:17:52,196 --> 00:17:53,997<i>everything</i><i>about God's creation.</i>
242
00:17:54,031 --> 00:17:56,766<i>He dared to read the books</i><i>banned by the Church,</i>
24300:17:56,801 --> 00:17:58,568<i>and that was his undoing.</i>
24400:17:58,602 --> 00:18:00,603<i>In one of them,</i>
24500:18:00,638 --> 00:18:04,741<i>an ancient Roman, a man dead</i><i>for more than 1,500 years</i>
24600:18:04,775 --> 00:18:07,710<i>whispered to him</i><i>of a universe far greater,</i>
24700:18:07,745 --> 00:18:10,747<i>one as boundless</i>
<i>as his idea of God.</i>
248
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00:18:14,885 --> 00:18:16,853<i>Lucretius asked the reader</i>
24900:18:16,887 --> 00:18:19,255<i>to imagine standing</i><i>at the edge of the universe</i>
25000:18:19,290 --> 00:18:21,257<i>and shooting an arrow outward.</i>
25100:18:21,292 --> 00:18:23,560<i>If the arrow keeps going,</i><i>then clearly,</i>
25200:18:23,594 --> 00:18:26,463
<i>the universe extends beyond</i><i>what you thought was the edge.</i>
25300:18:26,497 --> 00:18:28,898<i>But if the arrow</i><i>doesn't keep going--</i>
25400:18:28,933 --> 00:18:31,601<i>say it hits a wall--</i><i>then that wall must lie</i>
25500:18:31,635 --> 00:18:34,571<i>beyond what you thought</i><i>was the edge of the universe.</i>
25600:18:34,605 --> 00:18:37,907<i>Now if you stand on</i> that<i> wall</i><i>and shoot another arrow,</i>
25700:18:37,942 --> 00:18:40,643<i>there are only the same</i><i>two possible outcomes...</i>
25800:18:40,678 --> 00:18:43,046<i>it either flies forever</i><i>out into space,</i>
25900:18:43,080 --> 00:18:45,048<i>or it hits some boundary</i>
260
00:18:45,082 --> 00:18:47,817<i>where you can stand and shoot</i><i>yet another arrow.</i>
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26100:18:47,852 --> 00:18:50,420<i>Either way,</i><i>the universe is unbounded.</i>
262
00:18:50,454 --> 00:18:53,723<i>The cosmos must be infinite.</i>
26300:18:53,757 --> 00:18:56,226<i>This made perfect sense</i><i>to Bruno.</i>
26400:18:56,260 --> 00:18:58,595<i>The God he worshiped</i><i>was infinite.</i>
26500:18:58,629 --> 00:19:02,465<i>So how, he reasoned, could</i><i>Creation be anything less?</i>
26600:19:02,500 --> 00:19:03,833(door opens)
26700:19:12,476 --> 00:19:13,476(door opens)
26800:19:18,115 --> 00:19:20,950<i>It was the last steady job</i><i>he ever had.</i>
26900:19:24,955 --> 00:19:27,157(wind whistles softly)
27000:19:30,361 --> 00:19:32,762<i>And then, when he was 30,</i>
27100:19:32,797 --> 00:19:36,433<i>he had the vision</i><i>that sealed his fate.</i>
27200:19:36,467 --> 00:19:38,935<i>In this dream,</i><i>he awakened to a world</i>
273
00:19:38,969 --> 00:19:42,005<i>enclosed inside</i><i>a confining bowl of stars.</i>
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27400:19:42,039 --> 00:19:45,041<i>This was the cosmos</i><i>of Bruno's time.</i>
275
00:20:03,494 --> 00:20:06,029<i>He experienced</i><i>a sickening moment of fear,</i>
27600:20:06,063 --> 00:20:07,564<i>as if the bottom of everything</i>
27700:20:07,598 --> 00:20:10,200<i>was falling away</i><i>beneath his feet.</i>
27800:20:10,234 --> 00:20:12,702<i>But he summoned up his courage.</i>
27900:20:20,745 --> 00:20:23,546BRUNO:<i> I spread</i><i>confident wings to space</i>
28000:20:23,581 --> 00:20:27,150<i>and soared toward the infinite,</i>
<i>leaving far behind me</i>
28100:20:27,184 --> 00:20:30,520<i>what others strained to see</i><i>from a distance.</i>
28200:20:30,554 --> 00:20:33,923<i>Here, there was no up,</i><i>no down, no edge,</i>
28300:20:33,958 --> 00:20:35,492<i>no center.</i>
28400:20:35,526 --> 00:20:38,928<i>I saw that the Sun</i><i>was just another star,</i>
28500:20:38,963 --> 00:20:42,899<i>and the stars were other Suns,</i><i>each escorted by other Earths</i>
28600:20:42,933 --> 00:20:44,534
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<i>like our own.</i>
28700:20:44,568 --> 00:20:47,837<i>The revelation</i><i>of this immensity was like</i>
28800:20:47,872 --> 00:20:49,305<i>falling in love.</i>
28900:20:52,777 --> 00:20:54,744DEGRASSE TYSON:<i>Bruno became an evangelist,</i>
29000:20:54,779 --> 00:20:58,181<i>spreading the gospel</i>
<i>of infinity throughout Europe.</i>
29100:20:58,215 --> 00:21:01,785<i>He assumed that other lovers</i><i>of God would naturally embrace</i>
29200:21:01,819 --> 00:21:04,854<i>this grander and more glorious</i><i>view of Creation.</i>
293
00:21:04,889 --> 00:21:07,924BRUNO:<i>What a fool I was.</i>
29400:21:09,960 --> 00:21:11,628DEGRASSE TYSON:<i>He was excommunicated</i>
29500:21:11,662 --> 00:21:13,563<i>by the Roman Catholic Church</i><i>in his homeland,</i>
29600:21:13,597 --> 00:21:16,032<i>expelled by the Calvinists</i><i>in Switzerland,</i>
29700:21:16,067 --> 00:21:18,268<i>and by the Lutherans</i><i>in Germany.</i>
298
00:21:18,302 --> 00:21:21,304<i>Bruno jumped at an invitation</i>
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29900:21:21,339 --> 00:21:24,174<i>to lecture at Oxford,</i><i>in England.</i>
30000:21:25,576 --> 00:21:27,410
<i>At last, he thought,</i>
30100:21:27,445 --> 00:21:31,081<i>a chance to share his vision</i><i>with an audience of his peers.</i>
30200:21:31,115 --> 00:21:33,249(laughter)
303
00:21:33,284 --> 00:21:35,151(laughter continues)
30400:21:35,186 --> 00:21:38,254I have come to presenta new vision of the cosmos.
30500:21:38,289 --> 00:21:41,324Copernicus was rightto argue that our world
30600:21:41,359 --> 00:21:43,059is<i> not</i> the centerof the universe.
30700:21:43,094 --> 00:21:45,128The Earth goes around the Sun.
30800:21:45,162 --> 00:21:47,631It's a planet,just like the others.
30900:21:47,665 --> 00:21:49,733But Copernicuswas only the dawn.
31000:21:49,767 --> 00:21:51,935I bring you the sunrise.
31100:21:53,337 --> 00:21:55,405
The stars are other fiery suns,
312
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00:21:55,439 --> 00:21:57,641made of the same substanceas the Earth,
31300:21:57,675 --> 00:22:00,677and they have
their own watery earths,
31400:22:00,711 --> 00:22:03,780with plants and animalsno less noble than our own.
31500:22:03,814 --> 00:22:06,082Are you mad or merely ignorant?
316
00:22:06,117 --> 00:22:07,851Everyone knowsthere is only one world.
31700:22:07,885 --> 00:22:10,353What everyone knows is wrong.
31800:22:10,388 --> 00:22:13,356Our infinite God has createda boundless universe
31900:22:13,391 --> 00:22:15,258with an infinitenumber of worlds.
32000:22:15,293 --> 00:22:17,294Do they not read Aristotlewhere you come from?
32100:22:17,328 --> 00:22:19,029Or even the Bible?
32200:22:19,063 --> 00:22:23,667I beg you, reject antiquity,tradition, faith, and authority.
32300:22:23,701 --> 00:22:24,968Let us begin anew,
32400:22:25,002 --> 00:22:27,003
by doubtingeverything we assume
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32500:22:27,038 --> 00:22:28,138- has been proven.- Heretic!
32600:22:28,172 --> 00:22:29,205
Infidel!
32700:22:29,240 --> 00:22:31,107Your God is too small.
32800:22:31,142 --> 00:22:33,143(scholars shouting angrily)
32900:22:35,680 --> 00:22:39,049
DEGRASSE TYSON: <i>A wiser manwould have learned his lesson.</i>
33000:22:39,083 --> 00:22:42,385But Bruno was not such a man.
33100:22:42,420 --> 00:22:46,656He couldn't keep his soaringvision of the cosmos to himself,
332
00:22:46,691 --> 00:22:49,626despite the fact thatthe penalty for doing so
33300:22:49,660 --> 00:22:52,662in his worldwas the most vicious form
33400:22:52,697 --> 00:22:54,698of cruel and unusual punishment.
33500:22:58,803 --> 00:23:01,471Giordano Bruno lived at a timewhen there was no such thing
33600:23:01,506 --> 00:23:03,440as the separationof church and state,
33700:23:03,474 --> 00:23:06,009
or the notion that freedomof speech was a sacred right
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33800:23:06,043 --> 00:23:07,978of every individual.
33900:23:08,012 --> 00:23:10,847Expressing an idea that didn't
conform to traditional belief
34000:23:10,882 --> 00:23:13,483could land you in deep trouble.
34100:23:15,486 --> 00:23:18,155Recklessly, Brunoreturned to Italy.
342
00:23:18,189 --> 00:23:19,823Maybe he was homesick.
34300:23:19,857 --> 00:23:23,093But still, he must have knownthat his homeland
34400:23:23,127 --> 00:23:25,195was one of the most dangerousplaces in Europe
34500:23:25,229 --> 00:23:26,963he could possibly go.
34600:23:26,998 --> 00:23:30,033The Roman Catholic Churchmaintained a system of courts
34700:23:30,068 --> 00:23:31,868known as the Inquisition,
34800:23:31,903 --> 00:23:35,439and its sole purposewas to investigate and torment
34900:23:35,473 --> 00:23:39,342anyone who dared voice viewsthat differed from theirs.
35000:23:42,380 --> 00:23:46,316
It wasn't long before Brunofell into the clutches
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35100:23:46,351 --> 00:23:48,218of the thought police.
35200:23:54,258 --> 00:23:56,893<i>This wanderer, who worshiped</i>
<i>an infinite universe,</i>
35300:23:56,928 --> 00:24:00,063<i>languished in confinement</i><i>for eight years.</i>
35400:24:00,098 --> 00:24:01,898<i>Through relentless</i><i>interrogations,</i>
35500:24:01,933 --> 00:24:04,634<i>he stubbornly refused</i><i>to renounce his views.</i>
35600:24:04,669 --> 00:24:06,203<i>Why was the Church willing</i>
35700:24:06,237 --> 00:24:09,906<i>to go to such lengths</i><i>to torment Bruno?</i>
35800:24:09,941 --> 00:24:11,975<i>What were they afraid of?</i>
35900:24:12,009 --> 00:24:15,212<i>If Bruno was right,</i><i>then the sacred books</i>
36000:24:15,246 --> 00:24:17,381<i>and the authority of the Church</i>
36100:24:17,415 --> 00:24:20,751<i>would be open to question.</i>
36200:24:20,785 --> 00:24:22,486<i>Finally, the cardinals</i><i>of the Inquisition</i>
36300:24:22,520 --> 00:24:24,421
<i>rendered their verdict.</i>
364
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00:24:24,455 --> 00:24:26,023CARDINAL BELLARMINE:You are found guilty
36500:24:26,057 --> 00:24:28,892of questioning the Holy Trinity
36600:24:28,926 --> 00:24:31,595and the divinityof Jesus Christ.
36700:24:31,629 --> 00:24:34,898Of believing that God'swrath is not eternal,
368
00:24:34,932 --> 00:24:36,400that everyone will be saved.
36900:24:36,434 --> 00:24:41,238Of asserting the existenceof other worlds.
37000:24:42,373 --> 00:24:45,275All of the booksyou have written
37100:24:45,309 --> 00:24:48,779will be gathered up and burnedin St. Peter's Square.
37200:24:48,813 --> 00:24:52,382Reverend Father,these eight years of confinement
37300:24:52,417 --> 00:24:53,950have given memuch time to reflect.
37400:24:53,985 --> 00:24:54,951CARDINAL BELLARMINE:So...
37500:24:54,986 --> 00:24:56,353you will recant?
376
00:24:56,387 --> 00:24:58,355My love and reverencefor the Creator
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37700:24:58,389 --> 00:25:02,025inspires in me the visionof an infinite Creation.
378
00:25:02,060 --> 00:25:05,629You shall be turned overto the Governor of Rome
37900:25:05,663 --> 00:25:09,032to administerthe appropriate punishment
38000:25:09,067 --> 00:25:11,134for those who will not repent.
38100:25:11,169 --> 00:25:13,203(crowd jeers)
38200:25:13,237 --> 00:25:17,140It may be that youare more afraid
38300:25:17,175 --> 00:25:20,510to deliver this judgment
than I am to hear it.
38400:25:52,777 --> 00:25:55,679(crowd shouting)
38500:26:28,646 --> 00:26:30,881Ten yearsafter Bruno's martyrdom,
38600:26:30,915 --> 00:26:33,350Galileo first lookedthrough a telescope,
38700:26:33,384 --> 00:26:36,019realizing that Brunohad been right all along.
38800:26:36,054 --> 00:26:38,789The Milky Way was madeof countless stars
38900:26:38,823 --> 00:26:40,524
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invisible to the naked eye,
39000:26:40,558 --> 00:26:44,494and some of those lights in thesky were actually other worlds.
39100:26:44,529 --> 00:26:46,797Bruno was no scientist.
39200:26:46,831 --> 00:26:49,299His vision of the cosmoswas a lucky guess,
39300:26:49,334 --> 00:26:51,802because he had
no evidence to support it.
39400:26:51,836 --> 00:26:55,072Like most guesses, it couldwell have turned out wrong.
39500:26:55,106 --> 00:26:57,674But once the ideawas in the air,
396
00:26:57,709 --> 00:26:59,743it gave othersa target to aim at.
39700:26:59,777 --> 00:27:01,378If only to disprove it.
39800:27:03,414 --> 00:27:07,084<i>Bruno glimpsed</i><i>the vastness of space.</i>
39900:27:07,118 --> 00:27:11,889<i>But he had no inkling of the</i><i>staggering immensity of time.</i>
40000:27:15,460 --> 00:27:18,529How can we humans, who rarelylive more than a century,
40100:27:18,563 --> 00:27:21,331
hope to graspthe vast expanse of time
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40200:27:21,366 --> 00:27:23,567that is the historyof the cosmos?
40300:27:23,601 --> 00:27:28,372
The universe is13.8 thousand million years old.
40400:27:28,406 --> 00:27:30,774In order to imagineall of cosmic time,
40500:27:30,808 --> 00:27:34,444let's compress itinto a single calendar year.
40600:27:46,570 --> 00:27:51,564The cosmic calendar begins on January 1stwith the birth of our universe.
40700:27:51,599 --> 00:27:54,249It contains everything that'shappened since then,
40800:27:54,284 --> 00:27:55,338
up to now,
40900:27:55,373 --> 00:27:59,891which on this calendaris midnight December 31st.
41000:27:59,926 --> 00:28:03,864On this scale, every monthrepresents about a billion years.
41100:28:03,899 --> 00:28:08,423Every day represents nearly40 million years.
41200:28:08,458 --> 00:28:10,312Let's go back as far as we can,
41300:28:10,347 --> 00:28:13,494to the very first momentof the universe.
41400:28:14,436 --> 00:28:18,351
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January 1st, the Big Bang.
41500:28:20,724 --> 00:28:22,655(explosion)
416
00:28:29,169 --> 00:28:32,291It's as far back aswe can see in time...
41700:28:32,964 --> 00:28:34,610for now.
41800:28:35,791 --> 00:28:40,528Our entire universe emerged froma point smaller than a single atom.
41900:28:40,620 --> 00:28:43,589Space itself explodedin a cosmic fire,
42000:28:43,623 --> 00:28:45,958launching the expansionof the universe
42100:28:45,992 --> 00:28:48,360
and giving birthto all the energy
42200:28:48,394 --> 00:28:50,329and all the matterwe know today.
42300:28:50,363 --> 00:28:52,664I know that sounds crazy,
42400:28:52,699 --> 00:28:54,633but there's strongobservational evidence
42500:28:54,667 --> 00:28:56,268to support the Big Bang theory.
42600:28:56,302 --> 00:28:58,771And it includes the amountof helium in the cosmos
42700:28:58,805 --> 00:29:02,441
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and the glow of radio wavesleft over from the explosion.
42800:29:02,475 --> 00:29:04,943As it expanded,the universe cooled,
42900:29:04,978 --> 00:29:09,848and there was darknessfor about 200 million years.
43000:29:09,883 --> 00:29:12,818Gravity was pulling togetherclumps of gas and heating them
431
00:29:12,852 --> 00:29:15,821until the first starsburst into light
43200:29:15,855 --> 00:29:18,057on January 10th.
43300:29:22,996 --> 00:29:26,799On January 13th,these stars coalesced
43400:29:26,833 --> 00:29:31,703into the first small galaxies.
43500:29:31,738 --> 00:29:34,540<i>These galaxies merged</i><i>to form still larger ones,</i>
43600:29:34,574 --> 00:29:37,910<i>including our own Milky Way,</i>
43700:29:37,944 --> 00:29:42,381<i>which formed about</i><i>11 billion years ago,</i>
43800:29:42,415 --> 00:29:45,250<i>on March 15th of the cosmic year.</i>
43900:29:47,120 --> 00:29:49,588Hundreds of billions of suns.
44000:29:49,622 --> 00:29:51,423
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Which one is ours?
44100:29:51,458 --> 00:29:53,659It's not yet born.
442
00:29:53,693 --> 00:29:58,163It will rise from the ashesof other stars.
44300:29:58,198 --> 00:30:01,400<i>See those lights</i><i>flashing like paparazzi?</i>
44400:30:01,434 --> 00:30:03,869<i>Each one is a supernova,</i>
44500:30:03,903 --> 00:30:07,039<i>the blazing death</i><i>of a giant star.</i>
44600:30:07,073 --> 00:30:10,442<i>Stars die and are born</i><i>in places like this one--</i>
44700:30:10,477 --> 00:30:12,344
<i>a stellar nursery.</i>
44800:30:12,379 --> 00:30:14,046<i>They condense like raindrops</i>
44900:30:14,080 --> 00:30:16,715<i>from giant clouds</i><i>of gas and dust.</i>
45000:30:16,750 --> 00:30:19,718<i>They get so hot</i><i>that the nuclei of the atoms</i>
45100:30:19,753 --> 00:30:22,254<i>fuse together deep within them</i>
45200:30:22,288 --> 00:30:25,457<i>to make the oxygen we breathe,</i><i>the carbon in our muscles,</i>
45300:30:25,492 --> 00:30:28,927<i>the calcium in our bones,</i>
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<i>the iron in our blood,</i>
45400:30:28,962 --> 00:30:30,729<i>all of it was cooked</i>
455
00:30:30,764 --> 00:30:34,233<i>in the fiery hearts</i><i>of long-vanished stars.</i>
45600:30:34,267 --> 00:30:37,970You, me, everyone--
45700:30:38,004 --> 00:30:42,441we are made of star stuff.
45800:30:44,244 --> 00:30:46,545<i>This star stuff</i><i>is recycled and enriched,</i>
45900:30:46,579 --> 00:30:48,113<i>again and again,</i>
46000:30:48,148 --> 00:30:50,816<i>through succeeding</i><i>generations of stars.</i>
46100:30:55,088 --> 00:30:57,456<i>How much longer until</i><i>the birth of our Sun?</i>
46200:30:57,490 --> 00:30:59,258<i>A long time.</i>
46300:30:59,292 --> 00:31:00,559It won't begin to shine
46400:31:00,593 --> 00:31:03,429for another six billion years.
46500:31:05,131 --> 00:31:08,100<i>Our Sun's birthday is August 31st</i>
46600:31:08,134 --> 00:31:09,935<i>on the Cosmic Calendar...</i>
46700:31:12,472 --> 00:31:14,740
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<i>...four and a half</i><i>billion years ago.</i>
46800:31:14,774 --> 00:31:17,242As with the other worldsof our solar system,
46900:31:17,277 --> 00:31:20,346Earth was formedfrom a disk of gas and dust
47000:31:20,380 --> 00:31:22,514orbiting the newborn Sun.
47100:31:22,549 --> 00:31:25,985
Repeated collisions produceda growing ball of debris.
47200:31:32,392 --> 00:31:33,792<i>See that asteroid?</i>
47300:31:33,827 --> 00:31:35,127<i>No, not that one.</i>
47400:31:35,161 --> 00:31:36,829
<i>The one over there.</i>
47500:31:36,863 --> 00:31:40,599<i>We exist because the gravity</i><i>of that one next to it</i>
47600:31:40,634 --> 00:31:43,769<i>just nudged it</i><i>an inch to the left.</i>
47700:31:43,803 --> 00:31:45,804<i>What difference</i><i>could an inch make</i>
47800:31:45,839 --> 00:31:47,873<i>on the scale the solar system?</i>
47900:31:47,907 --> 00:31:50,809<i>Just wait, you'll see.</i>
48000:31:52,379 --> 00:31:54,179<i>The Earth took</i>
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<i>one hell of a beating</i>
48100:31:54,214 --> 00:31:56,048<i>in its first billion years.</i>
482
00:31:59,486 --> 00:32:02,354<i>Fragments of orbiting debris</i><i>collided and coalesced,</i>
48300:32:02,389 --> 00:32:04,990<i>until they snowballed</i><i>to form our Moon.</i>
48400:32:07,160 --> 00:32:10,696<i>The Moon is a souvenir</i>
<i>of that violent epoch.</i>
48500:32:10,730 --> 00:32:13,732<i>If you stood on the surface</i><i>of that long ago Earth,</i>
48600:32:13,767 --> 00:32:16,468<i>the Moon would have looked</i><i>a hundred times brighter.</i>
487
00:32:16,503 --> 00:32:18,671<i>It was ten times</i><i>closer back then,</i>
48800:32:18,705 --> 00:32:23,409<i>locked in a much more intimate</i><i>gravitational embrace.</i>
48900:32:23,443 --> 00:32:26,378<i>As the Earth cooled,</i><i>seas began to form.</i>
49000:32:26,413 --> 00:32:29,481<i>The tides were</i><i>a thousand times higher then.</i>
49100:32:29,516 --> 00:32:32,718<i>Over the eons,</i><i>tidal friction within Earth</i>
492
00:32:32,752 --> 00:32:34,853<i>pushed the Moon away.</i>
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49300:32:40,727 --> 00:32:43,429Life begansomewhere around here,
49400:32:43,463 --> 00:32:45,531
September 21st,
49500:32:45,565 --> 00:32:48,601three and a half billionyears ago on our little world.
49600:32:48,635 --> 00:32:50,402We still don't knowhow life got started.
49700:32:50,437 --> 00:32:52,071For all we know,
49800:32:52,105 --> 00:32:54,106it may have come fromanother part of the Milky Way.
49900:32:54,140 --> 00:32:55,941The origin of life
50000:32:55,976 --> 00:32:59,211is one of the greatestunsolved mysteries of science.
50100:33:02,816 --> 00:33:04,850That's life cooking,
50200:33:04,885 --> 00:33:07,419<i>evolving all</i><i>the biochemical recipes</i>
50300:33:07,454 --> 00:33:11,123<i>for its incredibly</i><i>complex activities.</i>
50400:33:11,157 --> 00:33:16,695<i>By November 9th,</i><i>life was breathing, moving,</i>
505
00:33:16,730 --> 00:33:20,599<i>eating, responding to</i><i>its environment.</i>
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50600:33:20,634 --> 00:33:23,536<i>We owe a lot</i><i>to those pioneering microbes.</i>
507
00:33:23,570 --> 00:33:25,604<i>Oh, yeah-- one other thing.</i>
50800:33:25,639 --> 00:33:28,974<i>They also invented sex.</i>
50900:33:32,412 --> 00:33:34,580December 17th was quite a day.
510
00:33:34,614 --> 00:33:37,049Life in the sea really took off,
51100:33:37,083 --> 00:33:39,218it was explodingwith a diversity
51200:33:39,252 --> 00:33:41,220of larger plants and animals.
513
00:33:41,254 --> 00:33:46,358<i>Tiktaalik</i> was one of the firstanimals to venture onto land.
51400:33:48,261 --> 00:33:51,630It must have feltlike visiting another planet.
51500:33:53,133 --> 00:33:55,501Forests, dinosaurs,
51600:33:55,535 --> 00:33:57,837birds, insects,
51700:33:57,871 --> 00:34:01,240they all evolvedin the final week of December.
51800:34:01,274 --> 00:34:03,108The first flower...
51900:34:03,143 --> 00:34:07,446
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bloomed on December 28th.
52000:34:10,851 --> 00:34:13,586As these ancient forestsgrew and died
52100:34:13,620 --> 00:34:15,588and sank beneath the surface,
52200:34:15,622 --> 00:34:18,457their remains transformedinto coal.
52300:34:18,492 --> 00:34:21,093300 million years later,
52400:34:21,127 --> 00:34:24,430we humans are burningmost of that coal to power
52500:34:24,464 --> 00:34:27,533and imperil our civilization.
52600:34:27,567 --> 00:34:29,969(whooshing)
52700:34:32,506 --> 00:34:33,873Remember that asteroidback in the formation
52800:34:33,907 --> 00:34:35,541of the solar system--
52900:34:35,575 --> 00:34:37,710the one that got nudgeda little to the left?
53000:34:37,744 --> 00:34:40,045Well, here it comes.
53100:34:40,080 --> 00:34:42,515<i>It's 6:24 AM</i>
53200:34:42,549 --> 00:34:46,852
<i>on December 30th</i><i>on the Cosmic Calendar.</i>
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53300:34:46,887 --> 00:34:48,354(impact thundering)
53400:34:53,860 --> 00:34:55,795For more than
a hundred million years,
53500:34:55,829 --> 00:34:58,030the dinosaurs were lordsof the Earth,
53600:34:58,064 --> 00:35:00,800while our ancestors,small mammals,
53700:35:00,834 --> 00:35:02,968scurried fearfully underfoot.
53800:35:03,003 --> 00:35:05,371The asteroid changed all that.
53900:35:05,405 --> 00:35:07,206Suppose it hadn'tbeen nudged at all.
54000:35:07,240 --> 00:35:09,041It would have missedthe Earth entirely,
54100:35:09,075 --> 00:35:11,343and for all we know, thedinosaurs might still be here
54200:35:11,378 --> 00:35:12,978but we wouldn't.
54300:35:13,013 --> 00:35:15,981This is a good exampleof the extreme contingency,
54400:35:16,016 --> 00:35:18,751the chance nature, of existence.
54500:35:20,420 --> 00:35:23,689
<i>The universe is already</i><i>more than 13 and a half</i>
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54600:35:23,723 --> 00:35:25,091billion years old.
54700:35:25,125 --> 00:35:26,926Still no sign of us.
54800:35:26,960 --> 00:35:31,097In the vast ocean of timethat this calendar represents,
54900:35:31,131 --> 00:35:34,200we humans only evolvedwithin the last hour
550
00:35:34,234 --> 00:35:39,238of the last dayof the cosmic year.
55100:35:44,611 --> 00:35:48,347<i>11:59 and 46 seconds.</i>
55200:35:48,382 --> 00:35:52,585All of recorded history occupiesonly the last 14 seconds,
55300:35:52,619 --> 00:35:55,354and every personyou've ever heard of
55400:35:55,389 --> 00:35:57,390lived somewhere in there.
55500:35:59,259 --> 00:36:03,195All those kings and battles,migrations and inventions,
55600:36:03,230 --> 00:36:07,700wars and loves,everything in the history books
55700:36:07,734 --> 00:36:09,769happened here,in the last seconds
558
00:36:09,803 --> 00:36:11,871of the Cosmic Calendar.
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55900:36:11,905 --> 00:36:14,073But if we want to explore
56000:36:14,107 --> 00:36:16,642such a brief moment
of cosmic time...
56100:36:19,279 --> 00:36:21,347...we'll have to change scale.
56200:36:38,211 --> 00:36:40,579We are newcomers to the cosmos.
56300:36:40,613 --> 00:36:45,017
Our own story only begins on thelast night of the cosmic year.
56400:36:45,051 --> 00:36:48,420It's 9:45 on New Year's Eve.
56500:36:48,454 --> 00:36:50,856Three and a halfmillion years ago,
566
00:36:50,890 --> 00:36:54,793our ancestors, yours and mine,left these traces.
56700:36:56,162 --> 00:36:59,798We stood up,and parted ways from them.
56800:36:59,832 --> 00:37:01,733Once we were standingon two feet,
56900:37:01,768 --> 00:37:04,903our eyes were no longerfixated on the ground.
57000:37:04,937 --> 00:37:08,573Now we were freeto look up in wonder.
571
00:37:11,177 --> 00:37:13,645For the longest partof human existence,
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58500:38:00,293 --> 00:38:03,795a mere 30,000 years ago.
58600:38:12,038 --> 00:38:14,606<i>This is when</i>
<i>we invented astronomy.</i>
58700:38:14,641 --> 00:38:17,809<i>In fact, we're all descended</i><i>from astronomers.</i>
58800:38:17,844 --> 00:38:21,213<i>Our survival depended on</i><i>knowing how to read the stars</i>
58900:38:21,247 --> 00:38:23,549<i>in order to predict</i><i>the coming of the winter</i>
59000:38:23,583 --> 00:38:26,184<i>and the migration</i><i>of the wild herds.</i>
59100:38:26,219 --> 00:38:29,187<i>And then,</i>
<i>around 10,000 years ago,</i>
59200:38:29,222 --> 00:38:32,190<i>there began a revolution</i><i>in the way we lived.</i>
59300:38:32,225 --> 00:38:35,460<i>Our ancestors learned</i><i>how to shape their environment,</i>
59400:38:35,495 --> 00:38:37,863<i>taming wild plants and animals,</i>
59500:38:37,897 --> 00:38:40,866<i>cultivating land</i><i>and settling down.</i>
59600:38:40,900 --> 00:38:43,468<i>This changed everything.</i>
59700:38:43,503 --> 00:38:45,470<i>For the first time</i>
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<i>in our history,</i>
59800:38:45,505 --> 00:38:48,874<i>we had more stuff</i><i>than we could carry.</i>
59900:38:48,908 --> 00:38:51,310<i>We needed a way</i><i>to keep track of it.</i>
60000:38:51,344 --> 00:38:53,512<i>At 14 seconds to midnight,</i>
60100:38:53,546 --> 00:38:57,015<i>or about 6,000 years ago,</i>
<i>we invented writing.</i>
60200:38:57,050 --> 00:38:59,518<i>And it wasn't long</i><i>before we started recording</i>
60300:38:59,552 --> 00:39:01,253<i>more than bushels of grain.</i>
60400:39:01,287 --> 00:39:03,255
<i>Writing allowed us</i><i>to save our thoughts</i>
60500:39:03,289 --> 00:39:06,525<i>and send them much further</i><i>in space and time.</i>
60600:39:06,559 --> 00:39:08,927<i>Tiny markings on a clay tablet</i>
60700:39:08,962 --> 00:39:12,197<i>became a means for us</i><i>to vanquish mortality.</i>
60800:39:12,232 --> 00:39:15,334<i>It shook the world.</i>
60900:39:15,368 --> 00:39:18,437<i>Moses was born</i><i>seven seconds ago.</i>
61000:39:18,471 --> 00:39:21,373
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<i>Buddha, six seconds ago.</i>
61100:39:21,407 --> 00:39:24,276<i>Jesus, five seconds ago.</i>
612
00:39:24,310 --> 00:39:27,713<i>Mohammed, three seconds ago.</i>
61300:39:27,747 --> 00:39:31,116<i>It was not even two seconds ago</i><i>that, for better or worse,</i>
61400:39:31,150 --> 00:39:34,453<i>the two halves of the Earth</i><i>discovered each other.</i>
61500:39:34,487 --> 00:39:36,722<i>And it was only</i><i>in the very last second</i>
61600:39:36,756 --> 00:39:39,725<i>of the Cosmic Calendar</i><i>that we began to use science</i>
61700:39:39,759 --> 00:39:42,895
<i>to reveal nature's secrets</i><i>and her laws.</i>
61800:39:42,929 --> 00:39:45,631<i>The scientific method</i><i>is so powerful</i>
61900:39:45,665 --> 00:39:47,633<i>that in a mere four centuries,</i>
62000:39:47,667 --> 00:39:50,969<i>it has taken us from Galileo's</i><i>first look through a telescope</i>
62100:39:51,004 --> 00:39:54,473<i>at another world to leaving</i><i>our footprints on the Moon.</i>
62200:39:54,507 --> 00:39:58,977<i>It allowed us to look out</i>
<i>across space and time</i>
623
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00:39:59,012 --> 00:40:04,750<i>to discover where</i><i>and when we are in the cosmos.</i>
62400:40:04,784 --> 00:40:09,321CARL SAGAN: <i>We are a way for
the cosmos to know itself.</i>
62500:40:09,355 --> 00:40:11,657Carl Sagan guidedthe maiden voyage of<i> Cosmos</i>
62600:40:11,691 --> 00:40:13,425a generation ago.
627
00:40:13,459 --> 00:40:15,627He was the most successfulscience communicator
62800:40:15,662 --> 00:40:17,129of the 20th century,
62900:40:17,163 --> 00:40:19,898but he was first and foremosta scientist.
63000:40:19,933 --> 00:40:23,435<i>Carl contributed enormously</i>
63100:40:23,470 --> 00:40:25,637<i>to our knowledge</i><i>of the planets.</i>
63200:40:25,672 --> 00:40:28,640<i>He correctly predicted</i><i>the existence of methane lakes</i>
63300:40:28,675 --> 00:40:30,642<i>on Saturn's giant moon Titan.</i>
63400:40:30,677 --> 00:40:33,946<i>He showed that the atmosphere</i><i>of the early Earth</i>
63500:40:33,980 --> 00:40:36,915
<i>must have contained</i><i>powerful greenhouse gases.</i>
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63600:40:36,950 --> 00:40:40,919<i>He was the first to understand</i><i>that seasonal changes on Mars</i>
63700:40:40,954 --> 00:40:43,422
<i>were due to windblown dust.</i>
63800:40:43,456 --> 00:40:44,990<i>Carl was a pioneer</i>
63900:40:45,024 --> 00:40:46,425<i>in the search</i><i>for extraterrestrial life</i>
640
00:40:46,459 --> 00:40:49,328<i>and intelligence.</i>
64100:40:49,362 --> 00:40:52,631<i>He played a leading role in</i><i>every major spacecraft mission</i>
64200:40:52,665 --> 00:40:55,134<i>to explore the solar system</i><i>during the first 40 years</i>
64300:40:55,168 --> 00:40:57,536<i>of the Space Age.</i>
64400:40:59,305 --> 00:41:02,174But that's not all he did.
64500:41:04,410 --> 00:41:08,514This is Carl Sagan'sown calendar from 1975.
64600:41:10,483 --> 00:41:13,485Who was I back then?
64700:41:13,520 --> 00:41:16,321I was just a 17-year-old kidfrom the Bronx
64800:41:16,356 --> 00:41:18,724with dreams
of becoming a scientist,
649
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00:41:18,758 --> 00:41:22,060and somehow the world's mostfamous astronomer found time
65000:41:22,095 --> 00:41:24,897to invite me to Ithaca,
in upstate New York,
65100:41:24,931 --> 00:41:26,698and spend a Saturday with him.
65200:41:26,733 --> 00:41:30,135I remember that snowy daylike it was yesterday.
653
00:41:30,170 --> 00:41:31,970He met me at the bus stop
65400:41:32,005 --> 00:41:34,873and showed me his laboratoryat Cornell University.
65500:41:34,908 --> 00:41:39,344Carl reached behind his deskand inscribed this book for me.
65600:41:43,082 --> 00:41:45,751"For Neil, a future astronomer.
65700:41:45,785 --> 00:41:47,586Carl."
65800:41:47,620 --> 00:41:51,023At the end of the day, he droveme back to the bus station.
65900:41:51,057 --> 00:41:53,025The snow was falling harder.
66000:41:53,059 --> 00:41:55,027He wrote his phone number--his home phone number--
66100:41:55,061 --> 00:41:58,530on a scrap of paper and he said,
"If the bus can't get through,
662
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00:41:58,565 --> 00:42:02,367call me and spend the nightat my home with my family."
66300:42:02,402 --> 00:42:05,204I already knew I wanted
to become a scientist,
66400:42:05,238 --> 00:42:07,606but that afternoon,I learned from Carl
66500:42:07,640 --> 00:42:09,875the kind of personI wanted to become.
66600:42:09,909 --> 00:42:13,545He reached out to meand to countless others,
66700:42:13,580 --> 00:42:18,050inspiring so many of usto study, teach and do science.
66800:42:18,084 --> 00:42:20,452Science is
a cooperative enterprise,
66900:42:20,487 --> 00:42:22,855spanning the generations.
67000:42:22,889 --> 00:42:27,192It's the passing of a torch fromteacher to student to teacher,
67100:42:27,227 --> 00:42:30,696a community of mindsreaching back to antiquity
67200:42:30,730 --> 00:42:32,698and forward to the stars.
67300:42:32,732 --> 00:42:35,534Now, come with me.
674
00:42:35,568 --> 00:42:38,971Our journey is just beginning.