DESIGN E MODOS DE VIDA: UMA ESCUTA PARA CONEXÕES ENTRE OBJETOS E VALORES CONTEMPORÂNEOS

7/21/2019 DESIGN E MODOS DE VIDA: UMA ESCUTA PARA CONEXÕES ENTRE OBJETOS E VALORES CONTEMPORÂNEOS

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-e-modos-de-vida-uma-escuta-para-conexoes-entre-objetos-e-valores-contemporaneos 1/125

PEGV@SXGNKN@ KEL@OCG OMSPOCG

KEEK VÖSÖX

N@XGAE @ OMNMX N@ VGNK: POK @XHP^K TKSK HME@\Ð@X @E^S@

MCJ@^MX @ VKBMS@X HME^@OTMSÃE@MX

NGXX@S^KÁÈM N@ O@X^SKNM

O@X^SKNM @O N@XGAE

TSMASKOK N@ TØX/ASKNPKÁÈM X^SGH^M X@EXP





Xèm Tkubm" 34;3

PEGV@SXGNKN@ KEL@OCG OMSPOCG

KEEK VÖSÖX

N@XGAE @ OMNMX N@ VGNK:POK @XHP^K TKSK HME@\Ð@X @E^S@ MCJ@^MX @ VKBMS@XHME^@OTMSÃE@MX

NGXX@S^KÁÈM N@ O@X^SKNM

Ngss`rtkáèm kpr`sètknk km Trmarkok n` Tøs/Arknukáèm Xtrghtm Xèsu o N`sgae ‘ O`strknm" nk Pegv`rsgnkn` Kelòcg Omruocg" hmom r`qugsgtm pkrhgkb pkrkmctèáèm nm tïtubm n` O`str` ò N`sgae

Mrgètknmrk: Trmf k Nrk Hrgstgke` O`squgtk



Xèm Tkubm" 34;3

^mnms ms ngr`gtms r`s`rvknms Ç prmgcgnk k r`prmnuáèm tmtkb mu pkrhgkb nmtrkckblm sò kutmrgzkáèm nk Pegv`rsgnkn`" nm kutmr ` nm mrgètknmr

KEEK BPHGK NK XGBVK KSKÚJM VÖSÖX N`sgae`r fmroknk p`bk Pegv`rsgnkn` F`n`rkb nm Tkrkeë"ktuk hmom p`squgsknmrk ` hmom n`sgae`r ò prmj`tms n` mrakegzkáð`s nm 8ºs`tmr Hmetktm: keekvmrmsDaokgbhmo

V730n Vörös" Keek Buhgk nk Xgbvk Krkújm

N`sgae ` omnms n` vgnk: uok `shutk pkrk hme`xð`sètr` mcj`tms ` vkbmr`s hmetòpmrãe`ms - Keek Buhgk nkXgbvk Krkújm Vörös ‘ 34;3

;8; p: gb9 84 ho

Mrgètknmr: Trmfª Nrª Hrgstgke` O`squgtkNgss`rtkáèm ,O`strknm ò N`sgae' ‘ Pegv`rsgnkn`

Kelòcg Omruocg" Xèm Tkubm" 34;3Cgcbgmarkfgk: p ;36/;37

; N`sgae 3 Bgeaukaò nms mcj`tms 8 Omnms n``shutk > Qkbioke 0 Gpmn G ^ïtubm

HNN 1>;6



KEEK VÖSÖX

N@XGAE @ OMNMX N@ VGNK: POK @XHP^K TKSK HME@\Ð@X @E^S@MCJ@^MX @ VKBMS@X HME^@OTMSÃE@MX

Ngss`rtkáèm n` O`strknm kpr`sètknk km Trmarkok n` Tøs/Arknukáèm Xtrghtm Xèsu ò N`sgae" nk Pegv`rsgnkn` Kelòcg Omruocg" hmom r`qugsgtm pkrhgkb pkrkmctèáèm nm tïtubm n` O`str` ò N`sgae

Trmf k Nrk Hrgstgke` O`squgtkMrgètknmrkO`strknm ò N`sgae Kelòcg Omruocg

Trmf k Nrk Okrgst`bk Mem ,`xt`rem'Pegv`rsgnkn` ^`hembøaghk nm Tkrkeë / P^FTS

Trmf k Nrk Bugsk Tkrkaukg ,get`rem'Pegv`rsgnkn` Kelòcg Omruocg

Trmf% Nr% Jmfr` Xgbvk ,hmmrnèkáèm'Pegv`rsgnkn` Kelòcg Omruocg





KASKN@HGO@E^MX

Nks utmpgks

X` ks hmgsks sèm gektgeaïv`gsmrk+Eèm ç omtgvm pkrk eèm qu`rê/bks+

[u` trgst`s ms hkogelms" s` eèm fmrkK pr`sèák ngstket` nks str`bks+

Oërgm [ugetkek

Karkn`ám p`bk hmopkelgk n` ogelks `str`bks okt`rek ` pkt`rek" C`tl

` Kenrës Äs `str`bks frkt`reks Kbge` ` Kenrç Äs oubl`r`s nk fkoïbgk

Akrzuz`" `sp`hgkboèt` ä ‒`str`bk nkbvk‟ Kegtk ` kms sëcgms fèïhgms Kms

oùs kshènèt`s" ‒au`rr`grks ` au`rr`grms‟ nk fkoïbgk Xgbvk Krkújm ` Vörös%

Äs `str`bks hmopkel`grks n` tmnm ngk" k où qu`rgnm J`ff" k Iktg" Okrg" Frke"

Ju" Kbg" Kbê" Jç ` Sþ Okenm uok skunkáèm k ogelks qu`rgnks kogaks `

qu`rgnms kogams" qu` vèm hmogam p`bks `strknks nk vgnk nètrm nm où

hmrkáèm" ` äs mutrks ogb `str`bks ek ogelk hmest`bkáèm n`sn` ms tòpms okgs

ròmtms9 `bks skcò quò sèm

E`ssk hkogelknk" akel`g k hmopkelgk n` `str`bks k quò karkn`ám

hmo uok skunkáèm `sp`hgkb9 sò ks qukgs m p`rhursm t`rgk sgnm ougtm okgs

ngfïhgb" nurm ` `shurm Vgenks n` hmest`bkáð`s vërgks" hknk qukb vgcrmu uok

è`ragk: k qu`rgnk ` sukv` Iktlgk Hkstgblm" k ktèhgmsk ` aè`rmsk Ketmegk

Hmstk" k gestgaket` ` getugtgvk Oërhgk O`rbm" k gespgrknmrk ` ktètk Bugsk

Tkrkaukg" k pr`stktgvk ` n`bghknk Okrgst`bk Mem" k oúbtgpbk ` getèsk Hkrmb

Akrhgk" k uegv`rskb Jkek Crkak Eue`s" k hurken`grk Byagk OFT`r`grk" m

hmopkel`grm Knòkr L`òke ` m hmehgsm ^rgenkn` Km F`rekenm Xtghi`b"karkn`ám pmr khr`ngtkr e`stk p`squgsk ` hmetrgcugr pkrk qu` `bk fmss`

pmssïv`b @ äs `str`bks nm okr Tkubm A Xketkek ` Akcrg`bk Omengeg" karkn`ám

p`bk hmopkelgk

Mutrm karkn`hgoètm `sp`hgkb vkg pkrk tmnks ks p`ssmks qu` s`

ètusgksokrko ` kh`gtkrko hmetrgcugr hmo `ssk p`squgsk pkrtghgpkenm nks



ètr`vgstks: Kb`sskenrk" Jubgkek" Frkehge`" Egbtme" Kenrç" Jubgkek B`me`b"

Jçssghk" Knrgkek" Imbmt`bm" Hrgstgek" Buhks" Tkubgelm" Vgvgke` ` Tktrïhgk

N` tmnks ks `str`bks qu` o` khmopkelkrko ` gbuogekrko où

hkogelm amstkrgk n` n`stkhkr okgs uok" hmo k qukb ougtks v`z`s `stgvòms

ò sgbêehgm ` r`sp`gtm" kprènènm k kcrgr hkogelms: Hrgs O`squgtk" où

hmrkáèm vgcrk n` kbàrgk+

Keek Buhgk



S@XPOM

M pr`sèt` trkckblm gev`stgak m N`sgae èquketm krtghubknmr n` bgeaukaès"vgskenm gnètgfghkr ksp`htms ò tmrem n` get`rkáð`s qu` s` `stkc`b`hò ètr`mcj`tms" usuërgms ` omnms n` vgnk prmògeèt`s em hmetòpmrãe`m Tkrkn`bge`kr tkgs hmrr`spmenêehgks" kpr`sètk uok cr`v` r`vgsèm hmeh`gtukb

smcr` k fmroubkáèm nk sucj`tgvgnkn` krtghubknk ä kcmrnkaò qu` mfgbøsmfm Agbb`s Bgpmv`tsiy okegf`stk pkrk k hmetòpmrke`gnkn` k pkrtgr n`sùs kpmetkoètms smcr` m sgstòk Omnk" cò hmom nks prmpmstks qu` m`shrgtmr gtkbgkem Ïtkbm Hkbvgem vgsbuocrk pkrk k bgt`rkturk nm t`rh`grm ogbêegmHmopkrtgblk kgenk uok r`vgsèm nks t`mrgks r`bktgvks ä bgeaukaò nms mcj`tmsn` N`sgae" krtghubkenm kutmr`s hmom C`relkrn @ Còrnì" Skfk`b Hkrnmsm `Knrgke Fmrty @o ngëbmam hmo ks hmeh`gtukáð`s" k p`squgsk gev`stgak ksp`htmsnms omnms n` `shutk pr`nmogeket`s ems ngks ktukgs" k fgo n` o`blmr n`bge`krm hmet`xtm nks get`rkáð`s ètr` usuërgms ` nmgs mcj`tms s`b`hgmeknms ‘ m wkbioke ` m gpmn Tkrk tketm" fmrko r`kbgzknks ètr`vgstks hujksget`rpr`tkáð`s `stkc`b`hò `gxms hmenutmr`s pkrk o`blmr ètèngoètm nks

hmrr`spmenêehgks ètr` mcj`tms n` N`sgae ` omnms n` vgnk hmetòpmrãe`ms

Tkbkvrks/hlkv`: n`sgae" bgeaukaò nms mcj`tms" omnms n` `shutk"wkbioke" gpmn





KCX^SKH^

^lgs pkp`r gev`stgakt`s N`sgae ks k bkeauka` krtghubktmr" ken kgos tm gnètgfyksp`hts surrmuengea get`rkhtgmes `stkcbgsl`n c`tw`è mcj`hts" us`rs kenpkrkomuet hmetòpmrkry bgf`styb`s ^m mutbge` suhl hmrr`spmenèh`s" gt pr`sèts k crg`f hmeh`ptukb r`vgsgme kcmut tl` gn`k mf sucj`htgvgty" kshmee`ht`n tm tl` kpprmkhl getrmnuh`n cy tl` plgbmsmpl`r Agbb`s Bgpmv`tsiyfmr tl` pr`sèt tgo`s" cks`n me emt`s kcmut tl` Fkslgme Xystò" ks w`bb ksÏtkbm Hkbvgem‗s prmpmskbs fmr tl` tlgrn ogbbèeguo bgt`rktur` Gt kbsm slkr`s kekekbysgs mf tl` tl`mrg`s ràkrngea tl` bkeauka` mf N`sgae mcj`hts" bgeigeakutlmrs suhl ks C`relkrn @ Còrnì" Skfk`b Hkrnmsm ken Knrgke Fmrty ^lgspkp`r kbsm gev`stgakt`s tl` hmetòpmrkry bgstègea omn`s tm mutbge` tl`get`rkhtgmes c`tw`è us`rs ken gts s`b`ht`n mcj`hts ‘ Qkbioke ken gpmn Fmrtlkt oktt`r" k s`rg`s mf get`rvg`ws wks okn` ken gts get`rpr`tktgmes n`fge`hmenuhtgv` kx`s tm c`tt`r uen`rstken tl` hmrr`spmenèh`s c`tw`è n`sgaemcj`hts ken pr`sèt/nky bgf`styb`s

I`ywmrns: n`sgae" bkeauka` mf mcj`hts" bgstègea omn`s" wkbioke"

gpmn



XPOËSGM

GE^SMNPÁÈM %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;1 ;% M N@XGAE HMOM KS^GHPBKNMS N@ BGEAPKA@EX %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 30 ;; MCJ@^M" KS^@FK^M" TSMNP^M 3< ;3 ^SÊX FPEÁÐ@X NMX MCJ@^MX: sgocøbghk" n` usm ` tçheghk 84 ;8 KXT@H^MX NM N@XGAE @E[PKE^M KS^GHPBKNMS N@ BGEAPKA@EX 86 3% XPCJ@^GVGNKN@ @ HPB^PSK: PO MBLKS TKSK M HME^@OTMSÃE@M0; 3; KBAPOKX HMEXGN@SKÁÐ@X XMCS@ XPCJ@^GVGNKN@ @ HPB^PSK 08 33 GENGVGNPKBGXOM" @X^@^GHGXOM @ @F@O@SGNKN@: três v`tmr`s 6; 38 [PK^SM VKBMS@X HME^@OTMSÃE@MX 61 38; B`v`zk 6< 383 Skpgn`z 14 388 Vgsgcgbgnkn` 1; 38> Oubtgpbghgnkn` 18 8% MCJ@^MX N@ N@X@JM @ OMNMX N@ @XHP^K: GE^@SKÁÐ@X @E^S@

N@X@JM" GENGVGNPKBGXOM @ OMCGBGNKN@% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 10 8; KXT@H^MX NMX OMNMX N@ @XHP^K EM HME^@OTMSÃE@M 11 83 GENGVGNPKBGNKN@ @ OMCGBGNKN@: PO @X^PNM XMCS@ M QKBIOKE @

M GTMN <; 88 MEZ@ @XHP^KX GENGVGNPKGX XMCS@ M QKBIOKE @ M GTMN << 88; Get`rpr`tkáèm smcr` @shutks: Omnms n` usm ` vkbmr`s qu` p`ro`gko k

sucj`tgvgnkn` hmetòpmrãe`k 7> 88;; Vgsèm a`rkb 70 88;3 Psm" ètmrem" nurkáèm" pmetm n` vgstk" ngshursm ` `xp`rgêehgk 76 88;8 B`v`zk" rkpgn`z" vgsgcgbgnkn` ` oubtgpbghgnkn` ;41



HMEXGN@SKÁÐ@X FGEKGX: KXXMHGKÁÐ@X @E^S@ MCJ@^MX @ VKBMS@X

TS@X@E^@X EK HME^@OTMSKE@GNKN@ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;;0 S@F@SÊEHGKX %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;34 KE@\M ;: SM^@GSM NKX @E^S@VGX^KX %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;3> KE@\M 3: T@SFGB NMX @E^S@VGX^KNMX %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;30



BGX^K N@ FGAPSKX

Fgaurk ;: Hëpsubks spkhgkgs 87 Fgaurk 3:S`bøagm ` ockbkaò ketgams hmom mcj`tms n`hmrktgvms >; Fgaurk 8: @sprò`nmr n` bgoèm Jughy Xkbgf" n` Tlgbbgp` Xtkrhi >3 Fgaurk >: Qgbbgko Omrrgs r`trktknm pmr A`mra` Fr`n`rgh Qktts" ;<14" ` m

bgvrm ‒Qgbbgko Omrrgs" krts ken hrkfts‟% >0 Fgaurk 6: Ng`t`r Skos ` rëngm ^8 prmj`tknm pkrk Crkue >6 Fgaurk 0: Skyomen Bm`wy ` k bmhmomtgvk Tèesybvkegk Skgbrmkn!s X; st`ko

bmhmomtgv` >6 Fgaurk 1: QQXtmmb" nm n`sgae`r frkehês Tlgbbgp` Xtkrhi >7 Fgaurk <: Ngshoke N/04" prgo`grm omn`bm nm kpkr`blm" n` ;7<> 17 Fgaurk 7: Ngshoke omn`bm N;3; 17 Fgaurk ;4: Trgo`grm omn`bm nm wkbioke" n` ;717 <8 Fgaurk ;;: Omn`bm n` rëngm nk nçhknk n` ;784 ` rëngm pmrtëtgb <8 Fgaurk ;3: Trmpkakenk nm #Lg/fg hmopkht 3444#" kpkr`blm n` ëungm bkeáknm

em geïhgm nms kems ;714 p`bk òpr`sk `b`fueiè <> Fgaurk ;8: Omn`bms n` ogegngsh nk okrhk Xmey <6 Fgaurk ;>: op8 pbky`r EQZ/C;13F ` kpkr`blm h`bubkr Kenrmgn Qkbioke ZOT8 Tbky`r kocms nk okrhk Xmey @rrm+ Genghknmr eèm n`fgegnm% Fgaurk ;0: M usm nm wkbioke kssmhgknm ä nkeák ` ä ageëstghk kpkr`h` ò uok

prmpkakenk v`ghubknk ek t`b`vgsèm ;46

http://h/Elidia/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%B5es%20e%20Teses/Anna%20Voros/Anna%20Voros_dissertacao%20impressao%20fev2013.docx%23_Toc348144403


































































N`nghm" hmo komr" ä ogelk arken` fkoïbgk



GE^SMNPÁÈM

K pr`sèák ` k gefbuêehgk nms mcj`tms em hmtgngkem nks p`ssmks ç uo

tòk qu` tò n`sp`rtknm get`r`ss` ò ngf`rèt`s ër`ks nm hmel`hgoètm"tkgs hmom k Xmhgmbmagk" k Ketrmpmbmagk" k @hmemogk ` k Fgbmsmfgk Nm o`som

omnm" p`squgsknmr`s bgaknms km hkopm nm N`sgae; vêo nòmestrkenm

get`r`ss` p`bm tòk ` mcs`rvkenm k prmfusèm n` p`squgsks qu` trktko nm

kssuetm ‘ pmr o`gm n` ngf`rèt`s èfmqu`s ‘" hmom eks ër`ks nks

èaèlkrgks" nm hmesuom" nk sustètkcgbgnkn`

M p`squgsknmr Knrgke Fmrty ,3441'" gestgaknm p`bk prmògeêehgk nm

N`sgae eks smhg`nkn`s mhgnètkgs" r`kbgzmu uok p`squgsk smcr` ms mcj`tms ` k

smhg`nkn` genustrgkb" kcrkeaènm m p`rïmnm n` ;104 ktç k nçhknk n` ;7<4"

pucbghknk ò ;7<63 em bgvrm ‒Mcj`tms n` n`s`jm: n`sgae ` smhg`nkn` n`sn`

;104‟% Em bgvrm" Fmrty kpr`sètk uo b`vketkoètm lgstørghm em qukb kekbgsk m

suragoètm nk prmfgssèm nm n`sgae`r" k prmnuáèm n` mcj`tms sàuenm bøaghks

genustrgkgs" cò hmom trkesfmrokáð`s em hmtgngkem nks p`ssmks ` em

hmet`xtm nks smhg`nkn`s genustrgkbgzknks

Kbço n` Fmrty ,3441'" Skfk`b Hkrnmsm ,34;3' ` N`yke Xunjgh ,34;4'

tkocço kcmrnkrko m tòk nk gefbuêehgk nm N`sgae em ngk k ngk n` smhg`nkn`s

` gengvïnums @equketm m prgo`grm kutmr trkz uo hmet`xtm smhgm`hmeþoghm `

hubturkb nm p`rïmnm `stunknm" Hkrnmsm ,34;3' ` Xunjgh ,34;4' kckrhko

ksp`htms smcr` k r`bkáèm ètr` usuërgms hmesuognmr`s ` mcj`tms" m qu`

hmetrgcug pkrk k gev`stgakáèm nks qu`stð`s n` vkbmrgzkáèm ` `stkc`b`hgoètm

n` vïehubms ètr` kocms

; E`stk p`squgsk" k pkbkvrk N`sgae" `shrgtk hmo b`trk okgúshubk" r`f`r`/s` km hkopm nmhmel`hgoètm nèmogeknm N`sèlm Genustrgkb mu N`sgae n` Trmnutm" Arëfghm" n` Omnk`th" ` èabmck tketm suks t`mrgks quketm ks ktgvgnkn`s prmj`tukgs Tmr mutrm bknm" k pkbkvrk`shrgtk hmo b`trks ogeúshubks fmg utgbgzknk ò r`f`rêehgk km prmj`tm n` kbauo prmnutm

3 Em Crksgb" m bgvrm ‒Mcj`tms n` n`s`jm: n`sgae ` smhg`nkn` n`sn` ;104‟ fmg pucbghknm ò3441



;<

M tòk" tkocço pr`sèt` e`stk p`squgsk" ç kqug kcmrnknm k pkrtgr nk

p`rsp`htgvk nm N`sgae" ` mcj`tgvk gev`stgakr ksp`htms qu` p`ro`gko ks

r`bkáð`s qu` ks p`ssmks `stkc`b`hò hmo ms mcj`tms" b`vkenm/s` ò

hmesgn`rkáèm omnms n` vgnk ` vkbmr`s qu` s` smcr`sskò ò n`t`rogeknk

çpmhk Tkrk tketm" k p`squgsk s` mrgètk p`bm ètèngoètm nm N`sgae hmom

uo hkopm krtghubknmr n` bgeaukaès" getrges`hkoèt` r`bkhgmeknm hmo m

hmet`xtm n` get`rkáèm" men` s` `ngfghko ks r`bkáð`s ètr` p`ssmks ` mcj`tms

M trkckblm fkz uo r`hmrt` `spkám/tòpmrkb qu` hmopr`èn` ks

nçhknks n` ;704 k 3444" km qukb s` nèmogemu e`stk p`squgsk hmom p`rïmnm

hmetòpmrãe`m" km bmeam nm qukb s` hmesmbgnko ngv`rsms nms omnms n` vgnk

prmògeèt`s eks smhg`nkn`s mhgnètkgs @ss` hmet`xtm ç ètèngnm pmr

X`vhèim ,344;' hmom uo p`rïmnm kcrkeaènm uok sçrg` n` trkesfmrokáð`s

smhgkgs qu` s` r`fb`tgrko ò ounkeáks ems omnms n` vgnk" eks `struturks

smhgm`hmeþoghks ` ò tketms mutrms ãocgtms nk smhg`nkn` Ek `sf`rk nm

N`sgae" okgs `sp`hgfghkoèt`" kutmr`s hmom Bgpmv`tsiy ,344>'" Hkrnmsm

,34;3' ` Xunjgh ,34;4' kssgekbko k kpkrgáèm ` pmtèhgkbgzkáèm n`

trkesfmrokáð`s ek prmnuáèm n` mcj`tms" s`jk ò t`roms prmj`tukgs" tçheghms"

s`jk ek hr`shèt` êefks` nknk kms ksp`htms getkeaïv`gs nms mcj`tms

mcs`rvknms" pmr `xòpbm" k okgmr ktèáèm pkrk s` hmestrugr ` hmoueghkrsùs vkbmr`s sgocøbghms

E`stk ngss`rtkáèm" mptmu/s` pmr hrgkr uo hkogelm qu` s` augkss` pmr

uok r`vgsèm cgcbgmarëfghk pkutknk ò p`squgsks nm N`sgae" nk sucj`tgvgnkn`

` nk hmetòpmrke`gnkn` Kbço n`ssks r`vgsð`s" cushkenm hmev`ragr pkrk m

`stkc`b`hgoètm n` hme`xð`s ètr` mcj`tms ` kbaues nms vkbmr`s `stgoknms

em pr`sèt`" fmg r`kbgzknm uo `stunm smcr` omnms n` `shutk ek çpmhk

hmetòpmrãe`k ` smcr` nmgs mcj`tms usknms pkrk k `shutk n` oúsghk: m

wkbioke8 ` m gpmn >

8 M Qkbioke ç uo kpkr`blm hmo k fgekbgnkn` n` trkesogtgr oúsghk ktrkvçs nk fgtk hkss`t` `nks rëngms Fmg hrgknm p`bk òpr`sk Xmey" em Jkpèm" ò ;717 N`vgnm ä suk pmpubkrgzkáèm"k pkbkvrk wkbioke fmg kssmhgknk km mcj`tm ò sg" vgrkenm sgeþegom n` kpkr`blm n` `shutkgengvgnukb" tkb qukb k Agb`tt` tmremu/s` sgeþegom n` kpkr`blm n` ckrc`krFmet`:2lttp:--wwwt`hltunmhmocr-krtgams-emtghgk-34;;-46-prgehgpkgs/hrgkhm`s/nk/smey/qu`/ounkrko/lgstmrgk/nk/t`hembmagkltob5% Kh`ssm ò 34-jub-34;3



;7

@o rkzèm ngssm" k gev`stgakáèm ngvgn`/s` ò quktrm hkpïtubms Ems nmgs

prgo`grms" sèm f`gtks uok r`vgsèm hmeh`gtukb nm N`sgae hmom krtghubknmr n`

bgeaukaès ` mutrk nm p`rïmnm hmetòpmrãe`m" cushkenm hbkssgfghkr kbaues

nms vkbmr`s prmògeèt`s e`ss` èquknrkoètm M t`rh`grm èh`rrk uok

kcmrnkaò smcr` omnms n` `shutk prmògeèt`s ek ktukbgnkn`" cò hmom

uo `stunm smcr` m wkbioke ` m gpmn pmr o`gm n` p`squgsk nmhuoètkb" cò

hmom n` nknms hmb`tknms ò ètr`vgstks sòg`struturknks hmo mez`

usuërgms ,OMS@GSK `t kb " 344<'

Em hkpïtubm ;" prmhurmu/s` gnètgfghkr ` hmeh`gtukr ksp`htms nms

mcj`tms ` n` sù usm" em qu` hmeh`re` k trkesogssèm n` vkbmr`s" tkgs hmom

suks fueáð`s ` m ètèngoètm n`bks pmr sù usuërgm @ssk r`vgsèm

pmssgcgbgtmu m `stkc`b`hgoètm n` hktàmrgks n` keëbgs` qu` hmetrgcuïrko

pkrk m `stunm nm wkbioke ` nm gpmn " kssgo hmom pkrk k r`kbgzkáèm ` k

get`rpr`tkáèm n` ètr`vgstks hmo kbaues n` sùs usuërgms

K t`mrgk qu` ètèn` m N`sgae hmom uo krtghubknmr n` bgeaukaès

hmesgn`rk qu` ms mcj`tms sèm pmrtknmr`s tketm n` fueáèm quketm n`

gefmrokáèm N` khmrnm hmo `ssk t`mrgk" ms mcj`tms r`v`bko uok vkrg`nkn` n`

nknms smcr` k okrhk ä qukb sèm vgehubknms pkrk hmo`rhgkbgzkáèm9 smcr` ms

prmh`ssms utgbgzknms pkrk suk prmnuáèm" mu" kgenk9 nknms smcr` m púcbghm/

kbvm k qu` s` ngrgaò ` sùs ksp`htms hubturkgs" ètr` tketks mutrks

gefmrokáð`s Tkrk Còrnì ,3446'" Xunjgh ,34;4' ` Hkrnmsm ,34;3'" ms mcj`tms

pmnò kgenk r`fb`tgr mcj`tgvms ` vkbmr`s n` uok smhg`nkn` pmr o`gm nk

trkesogssèm n` gefmrokáð`s e`b`s okt`rgkbgzknk

K cr`v` r`vgsèm hmeh`gtukb smcr` k sucj`tgvgnkn` hmetrgcug pkrk k

hmopr`èsèm nm kpkr`hgoètm" fmrtkb`hgoètm ` n`sfkvmr`hgoètm n` omnmsn` vgnk qu` s` smcr`sskò ò n`t`rogeknms p`rïmnms lgstørghms Krtghubknk

ä kcmrnkaò qu` m fgbøsmfm frkehês Agbb`s Bgpmv`tsiy kpr`sètk pkrk k

hmetòpmrke`gnkn`" k pkrtgr n` sùs kpmetkoètms smcr` m sgstòk Omnk" k

r`vgsèm t`v` hmom getugtm hmopr`èn`r kbaues nms vkbmr`s prmògeèt`s ek

smhg`nkn` mhgnètkb hmetòpmrãe`k Juetm n`ssk r`vgsèm" sèm kpmetknms

> Kpkr`blm n` r`prmnuáèm n` krqugvms op8" hrgknm p`bk òpr`sk Kppb`



34

ksp`htms lgstørghms ` hubturkgs smcr` m N`sgae" k prmnuáèm ` m usm n` mcj`tms"

ò `sp`hgkb k pkrtgr nks kcmrnkaès n` Knrgke Fmrty ,3441'" N`yke Xunjgh

,34;4' ` Skfk`b Hkrnmsm ,34;3'

E`ssk `tkpk" hmestk tkocço uo b`vketkoètm smcr` vkbmr`s qu` s`

n`stkhko ek hmetòpmrke`gnkn`" tènm hmom cks` uo trkckblm nm `shrgtmr

Ïtkbm Hkbvgem ,;774' ` kbauoks krtghubkáð`s prmpmstks p`bm n`sgae`r Aug

Cmesg`p` ,34;;'" qu` mrgètkrko k s`b`áèm nms mcj`tms n` p`squgsk ` k

`bkcmrkáèm n` qu`stð`s nks ètr`vgstks Fmrko s`b`hgmeknms nmgs mcj`tms" m

wkbioke ` m gpmn " k fgo n` s` kv`rgaukr k r`bkáèm ètr` mcj`tms ` vkbmr`s pmr

`b`s r`pr`sètknms ` trkesogtgnms" ` ms vkbmr`s gnètgfghknms ` hmeh`gtuknms

em sàuenm hkpïtubm K pkrtgr nk gnètgfghkáèm ` s`b`áèm nms nmgs mcj`tms"

r`kbgzmu/s` uo `stunm smcr` suk hmeh`páèm ` prmj`tm Hmo gssm" fmrko

gnètgfghknms mutrms sucsïngms pkrk k hmestruáèm nks ètr`vgstks

sòg`struturknks" ks qukgs èfmhko omnms n` usm ` cushko kv`rgaukr suks

pmssïv`gs r`bkáð`s hmo omnms n` vgnk ` vkbmr`s hmetòpmrãe`ms

Tmr fgo" sèm `xpmstks hmesgn`rkáð`s smcr` kssmhgkáð`s `

hmrr`spmenêehgks ètr` mcj`tms ` vkbmr`s hmetòpmrãe`ms em sètgnm n`

krtghubkr ks gev`stgakáð`s nk p`squgsk



3;

Pok emtk smcr` k get`rngshgpbgekrgnkn`

Hmo m getugtm n` o`blmr n`bge`kr ms hkogelms nks gev`stgakáð`s

trkáknks e`stk p`squgsk" vkb` kpr`sètkr uok cr`v` hmesgn`rkáèm smcr` k

get`rngshgpbgekrgnkn` Tkrk hmopmr tkgs hmesgn`rkáð`s" tmokrko/s` pmr cks`

b`gturks smcr` k get`rngshgpbgekrgnkn` em ãocgtm nks p`squgsks ò N`sgae

Ngf`rèt`s kutmr`s hmeh`cò `ss` hkopm n` hmel`hgoètm hmom

sènm n` hkrët`r get`rngshgpbgekr Cmesg`p` ,34;3'" pmr `xòpbm" mcs`rvk qu`

tkb p`hubgkrgnkn` mhmrr` ò vgrtun` nm sù ngr`hgmekoètm cks`knm ek

p`rsp`htgvk prmj`tukb" sènm qu` suks káð`s s` ngfuenò ò uo `spkám n`

‒get`rs`háèm ètr` genústrgk" o`rhknm" t`hembmagk ` hubturk‟ ,34;3" p%38>'"

ksp`htm qu` pmr sg sø jë bl` hmef`r` uok hmengáèm fkvmrëv`b ä

get`rngshgpbgekrgnkn` Kbço ngssm" m kutmr n`stkhk hmom uo nms pmetms fmrt`s

kssmhgknms ä ktgvgnkn` nm N`sgae m gehètgvm ä hrgkáèm n` emvks `xp`rgêehgks"

m qu` bl` ktrgcug uok tènêehgk n` cushkr hmel`hgoètms n` ngf`rèt`s

ër`ks" k fgo n` karàë/bms ò gev`stgakáð`s qu` pmssgcgbgtò gemvkáð`s ek

prëtghk prmj`tukb ` eks `sf`rks n` hmel`hgoètm nm N`sgae

E`ss` sètgnm" Hkrnmsm ,gcgn ' tkocço `xpr`ssk hmesgn`rkáð`s k

r`sp`gtm nk get`rngshgpbgekrgnkn`" km pmetukr qu` m N`sgae ‒tèn` km gefgegtm‟

,gcgn " p38>'" pmgs fgaurk hmom uo hkopm qu` mrk s` kprmxgok" mrk s`

ngstkehgk nks okgs ngv`rsks ër`ks" hrgkenm vkrgknks trkoks n` gefmrokáèm"

prmpèsm k ngkbmakr hmo prktghkoèt` tmnms ms hkopms nm hmel`hgoètm

Ms ngëbmams ` get`rs`háð`s ètr` m N`sgae ` ks nòkgs ër`ks nm

hmel`hgoètm s` prmnuzgrko ` s` prmnuzò ò ngf`rèt`s eïv`gs n`

getèsgnkn` ` nurkáèm" hmefgaurkenm ngstgetks t`ssgturks ` prmvmhkenm

geúo`rms r`subtknms @o suk b`gturk smcr` `ss` hkopm" Cr`sbku ,34;4'

mcs`rvk ks ngv`rsks bøaghks qu` p`rpksskrko k lgstørgk nm N`sgae ` kpmetk

uo n`snmcrkoètm ò nuks bgelks prgehgpkgs n` pèskoètm: m N`sgae

hbëssghm" qu` pmn` s`r hmesgn`rknm hmom k bgelk o`strk ètr` ms kems n`

;<04 k ;7<4 kprmxgoknkoèt`" ` m N`sgae hmetòpmrãe`m



33

M prgo`grm" nèmogeknm N`sgae hbëssghm" kpkr`h` bgaknm k uo

pèskoètm rkhgmekbgstk" mrgètknm pkrk m omn`bm n` prmnuáèm ` hmesuom

n` okssk" okrhknm p`bk prmògeêehgk nks hgêehgks `xktks ` p`bm èfmqu` eks

qu`stð`s nk oktçrgk Tkrk Cr`sbku" `ss` ngr`hgmekoètm pmn` s`r `xpr`ssm

p`bk frks` ‒k fmrok sàu` k fueáèm‟0" r`hmrrèt` ò `stunms nm N`sgae" tkb

hmom kpmetk tkocço Hkrnmsm ,34;3' qukenm r`sskbtk k mrgètkáèm pkrk

prmj`tkr smbuáð`s kn`quknks k uo prmpøsgtm `sp`hïfghm n` prmnuáèm

genustrgkb ò bkrak `shkbk" frutm n` prmj`tms n` huelm okgs rkhgmekb nm qu`

sèsïv`b" mrekoètkb ` òmhgmekb ,HKSNMXM" 34;3" p;6'

M N`sgae hmetòpmrãe`m" getgtubknm pmr Cr`sbku ,34;4' hmom ‒n`sgae

n` sucj`tgvgnkn`s‟ ç" pmr suk v`z" kqu`b` qu` s` mrgètk pkrk ` p`bks r`bkáð`s

` get`rkáð`s ètr` ks p`ssmks ` ms mcj`tms" kssuogenm mutrk kcmrnkaò nms

prmcbòks: ‒èquketm uo n`sgae “genustrgkb‗ pr`mhupk/s` hmo k fmrok nks

hmgsks" uo n`sgae n` sucj`tgvgnkn`s s` pr`mhupk hmo k ektur`zk n`bks‟ ,gcgn "

p><'

Hmesgn`ròms" pmrtketm" qu` `ssks nuks vgsð`s n` Cr`sbku ,34;4'

smcr` ms prmpøsgtms nm N`sgae pmnò s`r hmopr`èngnks pmr nmgs hkogelms

Po n`b`s ç m N`sgae hbëssghm" pkutknm p`bk r`smbuáèm n` ‒prmcbòks n`

prmj`tm‟ k pkrtgr nk r`pr`sètkáèm ` sgaegfghkáèm nm ouenm `xt`rem" mu s`jk"

mrgètknm pkrk k hmefmrokáèm nk oktçrgk hmom kbam `stëtghm ` hmo oèmr

arku n` r`bkáèm get`rkáèm hrgktgvk hmo sù usuërgm Mcs`rvk/s` qu` m kutmr"

km r`f`rgr/s` km ‒ouenm `xt`rem‟" prmhurk `xpr`sskr k vgsèm qu` mrgètk m

N`sgae k prmj`tkr mcj`tms n`t`rogeknms k ‒sgaegfghkr m ouenm `xt`rem"

fmroktkenm mcj`tms ä oke`grk n` bgelks n` prmnuáèm" èhkn`knms ò uok

bøaghk mrgètknk ä oktçrgk" pkutknk p`bk fmrok ` fueáèm" ` ek bge`krgnkn`

hrmembøaghk n` oèm úeghk‟ ,gcgn " p><'" sò b`vkr ò hmesgn`rkáèm ksp`htms

nk get`rkáèm ètr` ks p`ssmks" suks r`kbgnkn`s sèsïv`gs ` ks sucj`tgvgnkn`s

0 Trmeuehgknm p`bm krqugt`tm `stknuegnès` Bmugs Xubbgvke" hmel`hgnm pmr suks hrgkáð`s bgaknkskm omvgoètm krtïstghm ` krqugt`tþeghm omn`regstk" tkgs hmom ms krrkelk/hçus ` prçngmshmo`rhgkgs n` arken`s kbturks Fmet`: 2lttp:--w`cogt`nu-ousùo-hlghkam-subbgvkeltob 5 Kh`ssm ò 4<-mut-34;3



38

M mutrm hkogelm kpmetknm p`bm kutmr" m N`sgae hmetòpmrãe`m" pmn`

s`r ètèngnm hmom uok ktukáèm pkutknk p`bks ` pkrk ks r`bkáð`s ` get`rkáð`s

ètr` ks p`ssmks ` ms mcj`tms @ssk vgsèm ç p`ro`knk p`bm ètèngoètm nm

N`sgae hmom ‒hrgknmr n` r`kbgnkn`s" hmoueghknmr `" smcr`tunm" `struturknmr

n` bgeaukaès ` sucj`tgvgnkn`s‟ ,CS@XBKP" 34;4" p%><' `" prgehgpkboèt`" p`bk

hmopr`èsèm nk hmengáèm sèsïv`b ` r`kaèt` nms mcj`tms

E`stk p`squgsk" m get`r`ss` okgmr ç n`t`r k ktèáèm ek hmeh`gtukáèm

nm N`sgae hmetòpmrãe`m" uok v`z qu` suks gn`gks prgehgpkgs hmetrgcuò

pkrk k gev`stgakáèm nms tòks kqug pr`sèt`s Xùs hmeh`gtms sèm èuehgknms

pmr Cr`sbku ,34;4' k pkrtgr nks r`fb`xð`s smcr` k get`rkáèm ètr` gengvïnums `

arupms" ` ms uegv`rsms p`rh`ptgvms ` hmaegtgvms km bmeam n` suks vgnks

Xàugenm `ssks gn`gks" n`stkhk/s` uo vgçs em qukb `b` hmeh`c` ‒m ouenm qu`

sètgoms‟ hmom sènm m frutm n` get`rkáð`s hmo uo uegv`rsm gefgegtm `

sèsïv`b" r`kaèt`" em qukb s` p`rh`cò ` s` hrgko fmroktms pkrk r`kbgnkn`s

,gcgn " pp8>/81' Km s` fkz`r uok b`gturk nm N`sgae hmetòpmrãe`m k pkrtgr

n`ssks prògssks" ç pmssïv`b n`bge`kr o`blmr emssk hmopr`èsèm hmom uo

hkopm qu` hmetrgcug ` pkrtghgpk nk hrgkáèm n` r`kbgnkn`s" bgeaukaès ` omnms

n` vgnk" tkb hmom tkocço sua`r` Còrnì ,3446' km trktkr nm ètèngoètm

qu` ms usuërgms têo n` n`t`rogeknm mcj`tm Tkrk `b`" ks fueáð`s nms mcj`tms:

Y_ eknk okgs sèm nm qu` ngstgeáð`s bgeauïstghks f`gtks pmruo mcs`rvknmr Ks fueáð`s eèm `stèm ems prmnutms ` sgo ekbgeaukaò Hmo gstm" fghk hmefgroknm m hkrët`r nkhmefgaurkáèm ‘ ç kssgo pmrqu` kssgo m fkám ,kpun CÒSN@I"3446" p3<1'

Tkrtgenm n`ssks hmesgn`rkáð`s" hkc` trkckblkr ks qu`stð`s kpmetknks

e`stk p`squgsk" b`vkenm ò hmetk kbauoks hmetrgcugáð`s n` mutrms hkopmsnm hmel`hgoètm pkrk krtghubkr okegf`stkáð`s nm N`sgae ` trkesfmrokáð`s

smhgkgs" t`hembøaghks ` hubturkgs r`bkhgmeknks km p`rïmnm n` gev`stgakáèm



3>



30

;% M N@XGAE HMOM KS^GHPBKNMS N@ BGEAPKA@EX

Tkrk bkvkr k rmupk: momTkrk vgkaò bmeak: jktm

Tkrk ngfïh`gs hmetks: hkbhubknmrk

Y_

,Okrgsk Omet`'6

Nk `pïarkf` qu` getrmnuz `st` prgo`grm hkpïtubm" uo tr`hlm nk oúsghk

Ngkrgkoèt` ,OME^@" ;77;'" n`stkhko/s` nuks frks`s% K prgo`grk" ‒pkrk

ngfïh`gs hmetks: hkbhubknmrk‟ ,gcgn '" geghgk/s` hmo k genghkáèm n` uok káèm ‘

r`kbgzkr hmetks ngfïh`gs ‘ ` r`pr`sètk uok gn`gk ckstket` hmouo em qu`tkea` ms mcj`tms: pkrk s` r`kbgzkr uok káèm" us` nknm mcj`tm X`jk ò

o`tmnmbmagks n` prmj`tm" s`jk ò sgtukáð`s n` usm" mcs`rvk/s` k tènêehgk"

tketm pmr pkrt` n` n`sgae`rs quketm n` usuërgms" n` r`bkhgmekr uo mcj`tm k

uok káèm ,mu káð`s' fkhtïv`b p`bm ngtm mcj`tm mu hmo `b` K sàuenk frks`

n`stkhknk" ‒pkrk bkvkr rmupk: mom‟" kpr`sètk mutrk gn`gk fr`quètòèt`

r`bkhgmeknk kms mcj`tms: m òpràm nk okrhk hmo`rhgkb nm mcj`tm pkrk

emo`ë/bm: e`st` hksm" r`f`r` m skcèm ò pø" mu s`jk" k okrhk Mom Kqug"mcs`rvk/s` m usm n` uok o`tmeïogk" uskenm k okrhk nm skcèm ò pø pkrk

sgaegfghkr m prmnutm skcèm ò pø Kekbgsknm p`bm vgçs nks bøaghks

o`rhknmbøaghks" tkb usm okegf`stk uo nms prgehïpgms nm ‒sgstòk/okrhk‟

,X@OTSGEG" 3446' m qukb ç prktghknm ems ngshursms smhgkgs pkrk hmenuzgr k

prmnuáèm n` sètgnms E`ss` hksm" k okrhk Mom" m skcèm ò pø ` ms

sgaegfghknms r`f`rèt`s k `ssk okrhk `sp`hïfghk pmnò s`r krtghubknms hmo

cks` ek kssmhgkáèm ètr` ms vkbmr`s nk okrhk" m mcj`tm ` m usm nm emo` nk

okrhk hmom sgeþegoms n` skcèm ò pø Kssgo" kqu`b`s qu` r`hmel`hò k

okrhk n`ss` mcj`tm pmn`rèm get`rpr`tkr ks kssmhgkáð`s n` vkbmr pbke`jknks `

hmoueghknks9 em hksm nk frks`" m usm nk pkbkvrk Mom prmpghgk ngf`rèt`s

kssmhgkáð`s" pr`vgkoèt` hmel`hgnks pmr sùs usuërgms" tkgs hmom m tgpm n`

6 ^r`hlm nk oúsghk ‒Ngkrgkoèt`‟" hmopmsgáèm n` Ekenm S`gs ` get`rpr`tkáèm nk hketmrkOkrgsk Omet`



36

bgop`zk" m krmok" ks hkrkht`rïstghks nk bgop`zk ò r`bkáèm äs hmr`s nks

rmupks" ètr` mutrks @ ç hmo `ssks nuks frks`s qu` s` fkzò emtkr ksp`htms

a`rkgs r`bkhgmeknms ä trkesogssèm n` gefmrokáð`s pmr o`gm n` mcj`tms: suks

fueáð`s" ms vkbmr`s k `b`s ktrgcuïnms" cò hmom ksp`htms qu` p`ro`gko k

r`bkáèm ètr` ks p`ssmks ` ms mcj`tms

E`st` hkpïtubm" kocms ms kssuetms sèm trktknms ò nmgs `gxms t`ørghms:

m nks o`tmnmbmagks prmj`tukgs ` m nk t`mrgk qu` ètèn` m N`sgae hmom

krtghubknmr n` bgeaukaès

Hkc` mcs`rvkr qu` `stk p`squgsk èfmhk ms ksp`htms ge`rèt`s äs

get`rkáð`s ètr` ks p`ssmks ` ms mcj`tms" ` eèm s` kprmfuenk ò qu`stð`s

èvmbvgnks ek ngoèsèm prmj`tukb Hmetunm" ò rkzèm nk p`rsp`htgvk qu`

hmesgn`rk ms mcj`tms hmom okt`rgkbgnkn`s qu` ‒prmnuzò‟ gefmrokáð`s `

bgeaukaès 1" cò hmom nks kcmrnkaès qu` ètènò lkv`r r`bkáð`s n`

sgaegfghkáèm k pkrtgr nms mcj`tms" `bkcmrmu/s` uok r`vgsèm nm hmeh`gtm n`

fueáèm nms mcj`tms" hmefmro` ks o`tmnmbmagks n` N`sgae

N`ss` omnm" ngshmrr`/s` prgo`grkoèt` smcr` ks fueáð`s nms mcj`tms

vgk o`tmnmbmagks nm N`sgae" cushkenm n`stkhkr ms três ãocgtms prgehgpkgs n`

trkesogssèm n` gefmrokáèm n` uo mcj`tm" hmefmro` pr`vgstm p`bkso`tmnmbmagks n` prmj`tm @o sàugnk" kpr`sètk/s` k p`rsp`htgvk t`ørghk qu`

hmopr`èn` m N`sgae hmom uo hkopm krtghubknmr n` bgeaukaès

Fmrko r`vgsknms hmeh`gtms smcr` fueáð`s prmpmstms pmr ngf`rèt`s

kutmr`s: Hkrnmsm ,34;3'" Mem ,3446'" Cmesg`p`" Cmofgo ,;7<>'" Ckxt`r

,3444'" Nègs ,3444' ` Böckhl ,344;'" pkrk getàrkr uok hmeh`gtukáèm qu`

s` kjustkss` k `stk p`squgsk Tkrk emo`kr `ssks fueáð`s" utgbgzkrko/s` ms

t`roms kpr`sètknms pmr Mem ,3446'" k fgo n` s` n`stkhkrò ks fgekbgnkn`s

prgehgpkgs n` uo mcj`tm: fueáð`s sgocøbghks" fueáð`s n` usm ` fueáð`s

tçheghks ,gcgn " p84' Ks fueáð`s sèm trktknks ò s`pkrknm pkrk fkhgbgtkr k

1 Hkc` oèhgmekr qu` emssm ètèngoètm nk trkesogssèm n` gefmrokáð`s pmr o`gm nmsmcj`tms" hmestruïnk k pkrtgr n` Xunjgh ,34;4'" Fmrty ,3441' ` Hkrnmsm ,34;3'" ètr` mutrmskutmr`s" n` oke`grk a`rkb" hmefgrok ssks p`rsp`htgvks kcmrnkaès



31

hmopr`èsèm n` ksp`htms hmaegtgvms" hubturkgs" ètr` mutrms" r`bkhgmeknms ä

p`rh`páèm n` hknk uok n`bks pmr pkrt` nm usuërgm

Em sàuenm omoètm" pmr o`gm n` uok r`vgsèm hmeh`gtukb" `xpð`/s`

uo cr`v` lgstørghm nk fmrokáèm nks t`mrgks qu` hmopr`ènò m N`sgae

hmom hkopm krtghubknmr n` bgeaukaès ^kb t`mrgk kckrhk ks r`bkáð`s qu` ks

p`ssmks `stkc`b`hò hmo ms mcj`tms" eks qukgs s` hmefgaurko omnms n`

get`rkáèm" qu` sèm" pmr suk v`z" gefbuèhgknms pmr ngf`rèt`s vkrgëv`gs" tkgs

hmom ksp`htms nm ètmrem men` mhmrr` k get`rkáèm" m omnm hmom ks p`ssmks

ètènò ms mcj`tms ` suks fgekbgnkn`s" k nurkáèm nk get`rkáèm" ks vkrgëv`gs

smhgmhubturkgs qu` r`pr`sètko gefbuêehgk ò ngv`rsks ngoèsð`s" ètr`

tketks mutrks qu` p`ro`gko ngtks r`bkáð`s

Ç mpmrtuem r`sskbtkr" e`st` pmetm" k kcmrnkaò `sp`hïfghk qu` hmenuzgu

`stk p`squgsk Cks`knk em pmetm n` vgstk nks o`tmnmbmagks nm N`sgae" `bk

hkogelk pkrk k r`bkáèm nms prmh`ssms n` sgaegfghkáèm ` vkbmr n` mcj`tms"

sàuenm k `xp`rgêehgk nms usuërgms

Ket`s" pmrço" n` prmssàugr hmo `ssk `xpmsgáèm" hkc` trkákr

hmesgn`rkáð`s smcr` três t`roms qu` kpkr`hò eks t`mrgks nm N`sgae ‘

mcj`tm" krt`fktm ` prmnutm ‘ k fgo n` s` kpr`sètkrò ks prògssks utgbgzknkspkrk k s`b`áèm nkqu`b` qu` o`blmr s` kjustk ä pr`sèt` p`squgsk



3<

;; MCJ@^M" KS^@FK^M" TSMNP^M

Mcj`tm" krt`fktm ` prmnutm sèm t`roms òpràknms ò t`mrgks nm

N`sgae" mrk hmo sgaegfghknms sgogbkr`s" mrk nïspkr`s Xènm kssgo" hmevço

`shbkr`hê/bms n` omnm k `vgtkr hmefusð`s hmeh`gtukgs Ngf`rèt`s kutmr`s

fmrko tmoknms hmom cks` pkrk k `xpmsgáèm k sàugr

Ç hurgmsm ètèn`r kbauoks nks ngf`rèáks `tgombøaghks< ètr` `ssks

três pkbkvrks" tmnks `bks mrgageërgks nm bktgo Krt`fktm" pmr `xòpbm" vò nm

bktgo" krt` fkhtus" ` sgaegfghk ‒fkz`r hmo krt`‟ ,HPELK" ;777" p13' Mcj`tm"

pmr suk v`z" hmrr`spmen` k ‒hmgsk" oktçrgk" mcj`tgvm‟ ,gcgn " p00>'" èquketm

qu` prmnutm pmn` s`r ètèngnm hmom ‒kqugbm qu` ç prmnuzgnm p`bk

ektur`zk" mu m “r`subtknm n` qukbqu`r ktgvgnkn` luokek‗ ,fïsghk mu oètkb'‟,gcgn " p681' ^kgs ngf`rèáks getrmnuzò emssk gev`stgakáèm" pmgs hmbkcmrko

pkrk hmopr`èn`r pmrqu` `ssks três pkbkvrks qu` pkr`hò ngstgetks ò sùs

sgaegfghknms `tgombøaghms sèm èhmetrknks hmo sgaegfghknms prøxgoms" sèèm

sò`blket`s" tketm ò t`mrgks nm N`sgae quketm em ètèngoètm nm sèsm

hmouo

Sgpp`r ètèn` qu` ‒ms hmeh`gtms vkrgko em `spkám ` em tòpm"

vkrgko ètr` hubturks ` ò uok o`sok hubturk‟ ,344<" p%3;'% E`ss` sètgnm"

`b` kpmetk qu` k s`b`áèm pkrk òpràkr hknk uo nms t`roms ‘ mcj`tm"

krt`fktm mu prmnutm ‘ `stë ngr`tkoèt` r`bkhgmeknk k `ssks vkrgëv`gs"

p`rogtgenm/s` kfgrokr qu` k kpbghkáèm n` qukbqu`r n`b`s mhmrr` n` khmrnm

hmo k n`hgsèm nm tòk ` hmet`xtm qu` s` gev`stgak Tmrtketm" hmefmro` `ss`

rkhgmhïegm" ç pmssïv`b ètèn`r pmrqu` ks três pkbkvrks pkr`hò ngstgetks ò

sùs sgaegfghknms `tgombøaghms" r`h`cènm sgaegfghknms prøxgoms" sèèm

sò`blket`s" tketm ò t`mrgks nm N`sgae quketm em sèsm hmouo

Xàuenm m kpmrt` nknm pmr Hkrnmsm ,344<' pkrk m N`sgae em hmet`xtm

nks smhg`nkn`s mhgnètkgs hmetòpmrãe`ks" m t`rom okgs kn`quknm pkrk

trktkr n` suks prmnuáð`s ç krt`fktm" uok v`z qu` m hmeh`c` hmom kbam

< Vkb` oèhgmekr qu` Fbuss`r ,3441'" ò ‒M ouenm hmngfghknm: pmr uok fgbmsmfgk nm n`sgae `nk hmoueghkáèm‟ fkz uok cr`v` gev`st gakáèm `tgombøaghk nk pkbkvrk N`sgae" hmef`rgenm/bl`" gehbusgv` kbaues sètgnms pmçtghms pmuhm hmevèhgmekgs



37

prmnuzgnm p`bm trkckblm luokem @ss` òpràm s` n`v` km fktm n` m kutmr

hmesgn`rkr m N`sgae uo fèþoèm luokem kcrkeaèt`" mu s`jk" ‒m prmh`ssm

n` prmj`tkr ` fkcrghkr‟ ,gcgn " p3;'" em qukb s` cushk k hmehr`tgzkáèm n` gn`gks

kcstrktks ` sucj`tgvks Ktrkvçs n` suk hmeh`páèm" m N`sgae ktgea` uok

kopbgtun` n` káð`s ` ktgvgnkn`s" r`fb`tgenm/s` em usm nk pkbkvrk krt`fktm

Kssgo" m t`rom krt`fktm hkrkht`rgzk uok gn`gk kcrkeaèt` qu` n`sgaek

qukbqu`r hmgsk prmnuzgnk pmr uok p`ssmk" uok v`z qu` kckrhk uok kopbk

akok n` mcj`tms" hmom quknrms" oëqugeks" rmupks" cmrnknms" pke`bks n`

ckrrm" pràms ` pkrkfusms Ç uok hmeh`páèm qu` hmev`ra` pkrk m

ètèngoètm nm kutmr smcr` m N`sgae

Tkrk Sgpp`r ,344<'" m t`rom mcj`tm ç m okgs kn`quknm pkrk

r`pr`sètkr k hmeh`páèm nknk pkrk k pkbkvrk krt`fktm pmr Hkrnmsm ,344<'

Sgpp`r ,344<' kfgrok qu` uo mcj`tm pmn` s`r ètèngnm hmom k

‒okt`rgkbgzkáèm n` gn`gks‟ ` ç r`subtknm nk ktrgcugáèm n` sètgnm sàuenm uo

‒uegv`rsm smhgkb n` r`f`rêehgk‟ pr``xgstèt`% M t`rom mcj`tm pmn` s`r"

pmrtketm" hmopr`èngnm" sàuenm m kutmr" hmom kqugbm qu` m lmoò utgbgzk

ò sù hmtgngkem ` qu`" km o`som tòpm" hmestgtug uo sïocmbm Cmofgo

,;771' kpr`sètk uok n`sgaekáèm prøxgok k `ss` hmeh`gtm" km `bà`r m t`rom

mcj`tm hmom kn`quknm pkrk n`sgaekr kqugbm qu` sura` nk vmetkn` hrgktgvk nmlmoò" ‒hmesucstkehgknk em prmh`ssm n` hmefmrokáèm nk oktçrgk‟ ,gcgn "

p86' Xàuenm `ssks nuks hmeh`páð`s" pmrtketm" ç n` s` hmesgn`rkr qu` m

t`rom mcj`tm pmn` s`r ètèngnm hmom uo sgeþegom n` krt`fktm" hmefmro`

n`shrgtm pmr Hkrnmsm ,344<'

M t`rh`grm t`rom kpr`sètknm ‘ prmnutm ‘ pmn` s`r hmopr`èngnm

p`bm hmeh`gtm `xpmstm pmr Fkrcgkrz ,344<'" qu` m n`fge` hmom m r`subtknm n`

uo prmj`tm" s`jk `b` okt`rgkbgzknm mu ngagtkbgzknm M kutmr eèm fkz ngstgeáèm

ètr` prmnutms fkcrghknms pmr prmh`ssms genustrgkgs mu krt`skekgs" ò

p`quèk mu bkrak `shkbk M prmnutm s` r`f`r` km r`subtknm n` uo prmj`tm"

ktr`bknm ä pmssgcgbgnkn` n` s`r hmesuognm Tmnò/s` hgtkr ngf`rèt`s

`xòpbms n` prmnutms: hkrrms" hke`tks" hkrtkz`s" prmarkoks n` hmoputknmr

mu prmj`tms n` s`rvgáms" hmom uo sgstòk n` hmb`tk n` bgxm @ssk ç uok

pkbkvrk qu`" emvkoèt`" s` r`f`r` ä hrgkáèm luokek9 pmrço" ngf`rètòèt`



84

nms t`roms krt`fktm ` mcj`tm kpr`sètknms ket`rgmroèt`" `stë ngr`tkoèt`

hme`htknk k uo prmj`tm ` km hmesuom M pmetm n` vgstk n` Fkrcgkrz ,344<'

kpr`sètk m usm nm t`rom prmnutm hmom m okgs kn`quknm pkrk n`fgegr uo

r`subtknm n` uo prmj`tm9 s`jk r`f`rgenm/s` k mcj`tms hmehr`tms" s`jk k

hmoueghkáèm vgsukb" káð`s o`ngket` uo n`sgae `th ^kb hmeh`páèm" ckstket`

utgbgzknk ò o`tmnmbmagks nm N`sgae" kcrkea` vërgks ngoèsð`s `spkhgkgs

hmo uo sø t`rom" sò bgogtë/bm ä ngoèsèm `sp`hïfghk nms mcj`tms

trgngoèsgmekgs

Ngf`rèt` n` Fkrcgkz ,344<'" Nègs ,;77<' prmpð` m usm nks pkbkvrks

prmnutm ` krt`fktm pkrk hrgkr uok ngstgeáèm ètr` m qu` ç tkeaïv`b ` m qu` ç

getkeaïv`b Tkrk m kutmr" m t`rom prmnutm ç usknm pkrk nèmogekr" pmr

`xòpbm" uo èn`r`ám `b`trþeghm ,ngagtkbgzknm'" qu` `b` ètèn` hmom

getkeaïv`b" ` k pkbkvrk krt`fktm" pkrk s` r`f`rgr äqugbm qu` ç tkeaïv`b

,okt`rgkbgzknm'" hmom m hmoputknmr

E`stk p`squgsk" mptmu/s` pmr uskr m t`rom mcj`tm hmom sgeþegom n`

prmnutm pkrk n`sgaekr m qu` ç prmnuzgnm k pkrtgr n` prmj`tms n` N`sgae

Hmesgn`rk/s` qu` `ss` t`rom pmssgcgbgtk uok kcrkeaêehgk okgmr nm qu` m

t`rom prmnutm" kssmhgknm n` omnm okgs `st`r`mtgpknm km hmesuom" hmom

mcs`rvk Fkrcgkrz ,344<' Kbço ngssm" khr`ngtk/s` lkv`r uok sua`stèm n`

kcrkeaêehgk nm t`rom mcj`tm pkrk kbço nk gn`gk n` hmesuom" gehbugenm/s`

mutrks bgelks n` fmráks qu` gefbuèhgko suk get`rpr`tkáèm ` r`bkáèm hmo ks

p`ssmks" tkgs hmom ks vkrgëv`gs pmbïtghks ` hubturkgs Gssm" khr`ngtk/s`" fkz

r`kbákr k getèáèm n`stk p`squgsk n` gev`stgakr `bms ètr` prmj`tms" prmnutms

` usms" smc ngf`rèt`s pmetms n` vgstk nks r`bkáð`s ètr` p`ssmks ` mcj`tms

;3 ^SÊX FPEÁÐ@X NMX MCJ@^MX: sgocøbghk" n` usm ` tçheghk

@st` tøpghm kpr`sètk hmesgn`rkáð`s smcr` fueáð`s ` vkbmr`s

ktrgcuïnms kms mcj`tms" ek o`ngnk ò qu` vgsk kcmrnkr ms mcj`tms sàuenm

o`tmnmbmagks nm N`sgae" ` trkákr uo hkogelm n` keëbgs` smcr` uo mcj`tm ò

`sp`hgkb @stk keëbgs` s`rë kpr`sètknk em hkpïtubm 8



8;

N` uo omnm suhgetm" ç pmssïv`b ètèn`r qu` k fueáèm n` qukbqu`r

mcj`tm ngz r`sp`gtm äqugbm qu` `b` pmn` r`kbgzkr N` khmrnm hmo Bugz K n`

Xkcmyk ,344<'" k fueáèm ngz r`sp`gtm km omnm hmom ks káð`s s`rèm

n`sòpèlknks pmr uo mcj`tm pkrk ktgeagr m prmpøsgtm pr`vgstm ò uo

prmj`tm Ngket` n`ss` ètèngoètm" ks p`rauetks ‒pkrk quê=‟ ` ‒hmom=‟

kjunko k hmopr`èn`r ms prmpøsgtms n` uo prmj`tm" cò hmom ks fueáð`s n`

uo mcj`tm

Xàuenm Mem ,3446'" uo o`som mcj`tm pmn` kssuogr ngf`rèt`s

fueáð`s ` sgaegfghknms" n` khmrnm hmo k hmopr`èsèm n` sùs usuërgms E`ss`

sètgnm" k kutmrk n`stkhk qu` ms mcj`tms kpr`sètko ksp`htms qu`

trkesogtò gefmrokáð`s tketm mcj`tgvks quketm sucj`tgvks" trknuzgnks pmr

o`gm n` suks fueáð`s ` `bòètms fmrokgs" sgocøbghms" òmhgmekgs" psïqughms"

`hmeþoghms `th

Cushkenm hbkssgfghkr ks fueáð`s nms mcj`tms pkrk fkhgbgtkr/bl`s k

hmopr`èsèm" fmrko tmoknks hmom r`f`rêehgk ks hktàmrgks kpr`sètknks

pmr Mem ,gcgn '" uok v`z qu` eks o`tmnmbmagks nm N`sgae pmnò/s`

èhmetrkr ngf`rèt`s t`roms pkrk emo`kr ks fueáð`s n` uo mcj`tm Hmom

r`subtknm n` uo prmj`tm ,n`sgae'" k kutmrk emo`gk ks fueáð`s n` uo mcj`tm

hmom ‒fueáð`s sgocøbghks" n` usm ` tçheghks‟ ,gcgn " p84'

K hktàmrgk sgocøbghk mhmrr` qukenm ks p`ssmks ktrgcuò sgaegfghknms

kms mcj`tms k pkrtgr nks get`rkáð`s ` vïehubms `stkc`b`hgnms @stë" pmrtketm"

r`bkhgmeknk äs omtgvkáð`s psghmbøaghks ` kms hmopmrtkoètms nms gengvïnums

mu arupms em omoètm ò qu` p`rh`cò uo mcj`tm ` get`rkaò hmo `b`"

ngspkrkenm uo prmh`ssm n` `stkc`b`hgoètm n` r`bkáð`s hmo `ss` mcj`tm"

o`ngknm pmr r`p`rtørgms smhgmhubturkgs ` oòørgks n` `xp`rgêehgksket`rgmr`s" hmehmogtketòèt` hmo m sgstòk n` vkbmr`s ` hrèáks n` suk

hubturk Xàugenm `ss` ètèngoètm" ç get`r`ssket` n`stkhkr qu` ms ksp`htms

hubturkgs gefbuèhgko ks fueáð`s nms mcj`tms n` ngf`rèt`s oke`grks" s`jk p`bk

hmestktkáèm n` lëcgtms n` usm qu` pr`hgsko s`r b`vknms ò hmesgn`rkáèm" s`jk

p`bk ktrgcugáèm n` ngf`rèt`s sgaegfghknms pkrk n`t`rogeknks hmr`s" ètr`

mutrks hkrkht`rïstghks qu` gefbuèhgko ek p`rh`páèm ` ètèngoètm nm mcj`tm



83

Mem ,3446' tkocço r`sskbtk qu` ks fueáð`s sgocøbghks `stèm

`str`gtkoèt` r`bkhgmeknks kms ksp`htms `stçtghms n` uo mcj`tm" äs sèskáð`s

qu` `b`s sushgtko ` ä p`rh`páèm sèsmrgkb bgaknk ä vgsèm" tktm" kungáèm" mbfktm

` pkbknkr" ms qukgs n`pènò cksghkoèt` n` nmgs fktmr`s: k' nm r`p`rtørgm

gengvgnukb ` hubturkb hmel`hgnm n` fmroks" hmr`s" skcmr`s `th ` c' nm `stknm

òmhgmekb ` psïqughm nm usuërgm Tmn`/s` ngz`r qu` ks fueáð`s sgocøbghks

genghko bgakáð`s pmtèhgkgs qu` m usuërgm `stkc`b`h`rë ètr` m qu` `b`

hmel`h` ‘ sù r`p`rtørgm hubturkb ` gengvgnukb n` sèskáð`s ` `xp`rgêehgks

ket`rgmr`s ‘ ` m mcj`tm: suk fmrok" hmr`s" t`xturks" okt`rgkb" ètr` mutrks

hkrkht`rïstghks fïsghks

Böckhl ,344;' hmetrgcug pkrk `ss` ètèngoètm" hmopbòètkenm

qu` ks fueáð`s sgocøbghks gehbuò tketm ksp`htms bgaknms ä p`rh`páèm nk

ngoèsèm tkeaïv`b nms mcj`tms ` n` suks utgbgnkn`s hmom ksp`htms getkeaïv`gs

èvmbvgnms em hmesuom" hmom kqu`b`s qu` gefbuèhgko k `shmblk n` uo

omn`bm" ms omnms n` usm" ètr` mutrks hkrkht`rïstghks p`rtgeèt`s km

ètèngoètm usuërgm/hmesuognmr

Po `xòpbm qu` hmrrmcmrk m ètèngoètm n`ssk r`bkáèm ètr`

fueáð`s sgocøbghks ` hmesuom ç m usm n` `strktçagks hmo`rhgkgs ngr`tkoèt`

smcr` k qukbgnkn` nks sèskáð`s" prmhurkenm hrgkr ngf`rèhgkáð`s ètr`

mcj`tms n` o`sok fueáèm n` usm ,prmnutms hmehmrrèt`s' pkrk ktrkgr k

ktèáèm nms usuërgms/hmesuognmr`s ` s`nuzg/bms" hmefmro` kpmetko kutmr`s

hmom Cmofgo ,;7<>'" Nègs ,3444' ` Böckhl ,344;' Nètrm n`ss` `xòpbm"

pmnòms trkz`r uok mcs`rvkáèm n` Hkrnmsm ,34;3' k r`sp`gtm nk

hmo`rhgkbgzkáèm n` akrrkfks n` ëauk oge`rkb n` hmr v`ro`blk" qu` ngf`rò nk

okgmrgk nks akrrkfks hmo`rhgkbgzknks" n` hmr trkespkrèt` K prgehïpgm" `ssks

akrrkfks pmnò hkuskr h`rtk `strkel`zk kms mblms nm hmesuognmr" oks

tkocço prmvmhko uo `f`gtm n` emvgnkn` ò fkh` nk ngf`rèhgkáèm nks hmr`s

hmstuo`grks" m qu` hmetrgcug pkrk `stgoubkr uok r`káèm pmsgtgvk pkrk m

hmesuom" nknk k vkbmrgzkáèm n` sù ksp`htm gemvknmr

K sàuenk hktàmrgk kpr`sètknk pmr Mem ,3446" p >4' sèm ks fueáð`s

n` usm @bks hkrkht`rgzko ms ksp`htms e`h`ssërgms pkrk k `x`huáèm n` uok mu



88

okgs káð`s" hmefgaurknks k pkrtgr nm s`rvgám k pr`stkr km usuërgm ^kb s`rvgám

pmn` s`r ètèngnm hmom kqugbm qu` s` `sp`rk n` uo mcj`tm

Ks fueáð`s n` usm sèm pkutknks p`bk `struturk nm mcj`tm" omn`bkenm

suk hmefgaurkáèm fmrokb/`spkhgkb ‘ sù tkokelm" p`sm" oktçrgks/prgoks"

pàks" prmpmráð`s `th ‘ prmj`tknk sàuenm k hmejueturk nms omnms n` usm

e`h`ssërgms pkrk k r`kbgzkáèm n` uok tkr`fk ek get`rkáèm fgsgmbøaghk ètr`

mcj`tm ` usuërgm7 @ss`s omnms n` usm ngzò r`sp`gtm ä ngoèsèm fïsghk nm

hmrpm" ms omvgoètms e`h`ssërgms pkrk n`sòpèlkr uok tkr`fk ` k

okegpubkáèm nm mcj`tm

Tmrtketm" pkrk s` prmj`tkr k hmefgaurkáèm fmrokb/`spkhgkb okgs

kn`quknk n` uo mcj`tm" b`vko/s` ò hmetk nmgs ksp`htms nk get`rkáèm ètr`

mcj`tms ` usuërgms: ms qukbgtktgvms ` ms quketgtktgvms" `stunknms p`bk

@ramemogk Ms prgo`grms hmopr`ènò tgpms n` omvgoètms" n` okeus`gm `

mutrks káð`s qu` m usuërgm r`kbgzkrë km s`rvgr/s` nm mcj`tm M sàuenm arupm

kckrhk nknms quketgfghëv`gs" hmom m tkokelm nm hmrpm ` oòcrms

èvmbvgnms ek r`kbgzkáèm nk tkr`fk" gnkn`" fmrák e`h`ssërgk pkrk m usm nm

mcj`tm" sù tkokelm ` p`sm" ètr` mutrms

M prmj`tm nk fueáèm n` usm pr`vê kgenk k okeutèáèm nm mcj`tm ` ktrkesogssèm n` gefmrokáð`s" hmom k hmbmhkáèm n` uo cmtèm pkrk bgakr `

n`sbgakr uok oëqugek" uok bãopknk qu` kvgsk s` `stë bgaknk mu n`sbgaknk" k

pr`sèák n` pkrkfusms ` tkopks pkrk fkhgbgtkr k okeutèáèm Ks fueáð`s n`

usm kssmhgko/s` äs fueáð`s sgocøbghks qukenm" pmr `xòpbm" sèm hrgknks

hmevèáð`s qu` s`jko get`rpr`tknks hmefmro` pr`vgstm em prmj`tm ‘ pmr

`xòpbm" k fueáèm n` bgakr ` n`sbgakr uo kpkr`blm n` ^V pmn` s`r trkesogtgnk

p`bm usm n` uo cmtèm kssmhgknm k buz`s" hmr`s ` pkbkvrks: uo cmtèm n`bgak-n`sbgak hmo buz n` hmr v`ro`blk sgekbgzknmrk

K t`rh`grk hktàmrgk kpr`sètknk ‘ fueáð`s tçheghks ‘ n`hmrr` nks

mutrks nuks fueáð`s" k sgocøbghk ` k n` usm" k fgo n` sktgsfkz`r ks nòkenks

7 M usuërgm pmn` s`r hmopr`èngnm hmom usuërgm ngr`tm ,k p`ssmk qu` usk m mcj`tm' ùsuërgm gengr`tm ,k p`ssmk qu` prmnuz" ngstrgcug" r`hghbk `-mu fkz k okeutèáèm n`ss`mcj`tm' @stk p`squgsk èfmhk m usuërgm ngr`tm9 pmrtketm" knmtkrë kpèks k nèmogekáèmusuërgm ,GGNK" 3440'



8>

nms usuërgms Kcrkea` ksp`htms tçheghms n` uo mcj`tm" qu` hmopr`ènò k

hmestruáèm n`b`" mu s`jk" k okt`rgkbgzkáèm nks nuks mutrks fueáð`s n` khmrnm

hmo `sp`hgfghkáð`s n` oktçrgks/prgoks" r`hursms t`hembøaghms òpràknms

`th ,MEM" 3446'

Ç pmssïv`b ètèn`r qu` tmnms ms mcj`tms nm hkopm nm N`sgae

kpr`sètko `ssks três fueáð`s" oks ç hmouo qu` lkjk uok lg`rkrqugzkáèm

Gssm s` n`v` kms prmpøsgtms kbo`jknms ek prmnuáèm ` hmesuom nms mcj`tms"

n`t`rogeknms nurket` m prmj`tm Tkrk gssm" sèm bgstknms ngf`rèt`s r`qugsgtms

prmj`tukgs" qu` mrgètko tmoknks n` n`hgsèm ` `shmblks Hmom kuxïbgm pkrk k

s`b`áèm ` n`shrgáèm nms r`qugsgtms prmj`tukgs" r`hmrr`/s` k uok kcmrnkaò

o`tmnmbøaghk qu` kpr`sètk ngv`rsks ‒p`rauetks‟" tkgs hmom: ‒m qu` ç `st`

mcj`tm=‟" ‒pkrk qu` s`rvgrë=‟" ‒hmom s`rë prmnuzgnm=‟" ‒hmom ` men` s`rë

usknm=‟" ‒k quò s` n`stgek=‟%

@ss`s r`qugsgtms pmnò s`r n`t`rogeknms" pmr `xòpbm" p`bm hmet`xtm

n` fkcrghkáèm" qu` èvmbv` vkrgëv`gs hmom bmhkb n` prmnuáèm" hustms" oktçrgk/

prgok ngspmeïv`b" prmh`ssms n` fkcrghkáèm" trkngáèm prmnutgvk Kbço ngssm" k

n`fgegáèm n` quò s`rë m usuërgm nm prmnutm tkocço `stkc`b`h`

lg`rkrqugzkáèm nks fueáð`s" hmom fkgxk `tërgk" kocgèt` n` usm" hbkss` smhgkb"

mu" kgenk" m r`p`rtørgm hubturkb pkrk hmopr`èsèm nks fueáð`s n` uo mcj`tm

Ç get`r`ssket` emtkr qu` ks fueáð`s pmnò s`r ètèngnks" ktrkvçs n`

Cmesg`p` ,kpun CÒSN@I" 3446'" hmom ngf`rèhgkáð`s bgeauïstghks f`gtks p`bms

usuërgms nms mcj`tms @b` kfgrok:

Y_ ks fueáð`s eknk okgs sèm nm qu` ngstgeáð`s bgeauïstghksf`gtks pmr uo mcs`rvknmr Ks fueáð`s eèm `stèm ems

prmnutms ` sgo ek bgeaukaò Hmo gstm" fghk hmefgroknm mhkrët`r nk hmefgaurkáèm ‘ ç kssgo pmrqu` kssgo m fkám,CMEXG@T@ kpun CÒSN@I" 3446" p3<1'

E`st` tr`hlm" m kutmr r`sskbtk k ngoèsèm get`rpr`tktgvk k qu` `stèm

ktr`bknks ks gefmrokáð`s trkesogtgnks pmr uo mcj`tm ` qu` gefbuèhgko ò

sù usm: ‒ç kssgo pmrqu` kssgo m fkám‟ ,gcgn ' ^kb kfgrokáèm hmetrgcug pkrk k

hmopr`èsèm n` qu` ks fueáð`s n` uo mcj`tm `stèm r`bkhgmeknks ä



80

hkpkhgnkn` n` `b` trkesogtgr gefmrokáð`s k sùs usuërgms9 ` tkocço n` qu`

`bks pmnò vkrgkr ` s` n`snmcrkr ò ngv`rsms sètgnms" hmefmro` k

get`rpr`tkáèm n` sùs sgaegfghknms pmr pkrt` nm usuërgm

Tmrtketm" km èfmhkr k ngoèsèm n` usm nms mcj`tms" pmn`/s` ètèn`r

qu` ks fueáð`s `stèm bmhkbgzknks e`ssk get`rkáèm" s`rvgenm hmom o`ngknmrks

nks káð`s `xp`rgoètknks

Tmr fgo" ket`s n` ètrkr em prøxgom tøpghm" ç hmevègèt` fkz`r uok

mcs`rvkáèm quketm km òpràm nks pkbkvrks fueáèm ` usm: k ngstgeáèm ètr`

`bks ç `sp`hgkboèt` nòkrhknk e`st` trkckblm" pmrqu` emssm èfmqu`

t`ørghm ` emssk ngr`trgz nk p`squgsk n` hkopm r`sgnò em usm nm mcj`tm ò

qu`stèm" òcmrk `ssk ngstgeáèm eèm s`jk tèm hbkrk eks r`bkáð`s ètr` p`ssmks

` mcj`tms:

[ukenm s` fkbk aè`rghkoèt` ek “fueáèm‗ n` uo krt`fktm"a`rk/s` uok hmefusèm e`fkstk ètr` m qu` s` pmn` fkz`r hmo`b` ‘ mu s`jk" sùs usms" ‘ ` m qu` `b` pmn` sgaegfghkr,HKSNMXM" 34;3" p;43'

Xènm kssgo" k pkbkvrk fueáèm s`rë òpràknk pkrk emo`kr `

n`shr`v`r ks hktàmrgks pbke`jknks ò ãocgtm prmj`tukb" n` omnm k

ngf`rèhgë/bk nk pkbkvrk usm" qu` s`rë òpràknk pkrk emo`kr ks r`bkáð`s

ètr` usuërgms ` mcj`tms



86

;8 KXT@H^MX NM N@XGAE @E[PKE^M KS^GHPBKNMS N@ BGEAPKA@EX

K t`mrgk qu` prmpð` uok bgeaukaò k pkrtgr nk sgaegfghkáèm nms

mcj`tms hmo`ámu k s` n`sèvmbv`r em fgo nk nçhknk n` ;764" geghgkboèt`

sgstòktgzknk pmr ^l`mnmr @bbgea`r ,kpun CÒSN@I" 3446' M ètèngoètm

nm N`sgae hmom hkopm qu` n`bge`gk bgeaukaès fgromu/s` km bmeam nks

nçhknks n` ;714 k ;774" p`rïmnm ò qu` suks prgehgpkgs gn`gks

koknur`h`rko ` s` hmesmbgnkrko Xùs hmeh`gtms" ètr`tketm" fmrko

`stkc`b`hgnms ètr` ks nçhknks n` ;764 ` ;714

K pkrtgr nms ngf`rèt`s kutmr`s kcmrnknms e`stk p`squgsk" ç pmssïv`b

ètèn`r qu` k t`mrgk qu` hmopr`èn` m N`sgae hmom hkopm krtghubknmr n`

bgeaukaès `stkc`b`h` uo ètr`bkákoètm nks ngv`rsks vkrgëv`gs

hmopmeèt`s n` uo mcj`tm" tkgs hmom kqu`bks èvmbvgnks ems ksp`htms n`

suk prmnuáèm" n` suk hmo`rhgkbgzkáèm ` n` sù usm E`ssk p`rsp`htgvk" uo

mcj`tm pmn` r`v`bkr ngf`rèt`s gefmrokáð`s" tkgs hmom nknms smcr` k

òpr`sk qu` m prmnuzgu" nknms n`hmrrèt`s nms prmh`ssms prmnutgvms p`bms

qukgs pkssmu" gefmrokáð`s k r`sp`gtm nk okrhk ä qukb ç kssmhgknm ò suk

hmo`rhgkbgzkáèm mu" kgenk" r`v`bkr nknms smcr` k p`ssmk qu` m usk ` smcr` ms

vkbmr`s ‘ kf`tgvms" `hmeþoghms" hubturkgs ` sgocøbghms ‘ qu` bl` sèm

ktrgcuïnms" ètr` tketks mutrks gefmrokáð`s Ngtk p`rsp`htgvk hmopr`èn`"

pmrtketm" k r`bkáèm ètr` ngv`rsks vkrgëv`gs bgaknks k uo mcj`tm qu`

p`rpkssko suk `xgstêehgk

@o r`vgsèm lgstørghk smcr` m tòk" Còrnì ,3446' r`tmok ms

prgehgpkgs ksp`htms n` hrgkáèm ` hmesmbgnkáèm n`ssk t`mrgk Xàuenm m kutmr"

fmg ò ;766 qu` m èaèl`grm ` `hmemogstk ^l`mnmr @bbgea`r sgstòktgzmu m

hmeh`gtm n` #gefmrokáèm nm prmnutm#" fuenkoètknm p`bk hmopr`èsèm n`

qu` #m prmnutm pmn` pmssugr bgeaukaò sgocøbghk ` ò oubtghkoknks qu` ç

okgs kcrkeaèt` ` vkrgknk nm qu` uok bgeaukaò v`rckb# ,kpun CÒSN@I"

3446" p3<0'" èabmckenm vërgms fmroktms n` `xpr`ssèm: ngoèsèm" fmrok"

`struturk" t`xturk" omvgoètm" okt`rgkb" hmr`s" ruïnms ` tmes" skcmr" hl`grm"

tòp`rkturk" òckbkaò" ètr` mutrks

Xàugenm ms kpmetkoètms n` Còrnì ,gcgn '" mcs`rvk/s` qu`" em kem

n` ;718" m lgstmrgknmr nm N`sgae A`rt X`bb` hmestktmu k hr`shèt`



81

gopmrtãehgk smhgkb nms mcj`tms" m qu` m b`vmu k kfgrokr qu` m N`sgae tgelk ‒s`

tmreknm uok bgeaukaò nm ngk/k/ngk‟% Xàuenm Còrnì ,gcgn '" ò vgrtun` nm

r`subtknm n` suks p`squgsks" X`bb` kn`rgu km hmeh`gtm hrgknm pmr @bbgea`r `

n`hbkrmu qu` ms mcj`tms sèm tketm pmrtknmr`s n` fueáèm quketm n`

gefmrokáèm" kpr`sètkenm uok bgeaukaò `sp`hïfghk" k qukb p`rogt` km

usuërgm gnètgfghkr uok sçrg` n` gefmrokáð`s trkesogtgnks pmr `b`s

Ç get`r`ssket` bòcrkr qu` `ssks hmeh`gtukáð`s fmrko gehmrpmrknks

km N`sgae nurket` uo p`rïmnm ò qu` ngf`rèt`s prmfgssgmekgs bgaknms k

prmnuáèm" hmesuom ` usm nms mcj`tms vgskvko ä fmrokáèm n` uok t`mrgk

úeghk nm N`sgae" ek qukb s` prmhurkvk hmeh`gtukr m qu` ç" m qu` n`v` s`r ` m

qu` n`v`rë s`r m N`sgae

Còrnì ,3446' genghk qu`" ètr` ms kems ;714 ` ;774" k cushk pmr uo

ngshursm ngshgpbgekr pkrk m N`sgae s` cks`kvk em hmeh`gtm n` ‒bgeaukaò nm

prmnutm‟" m qukb fmg kcmrnknm pmr ngf`rèt`s v`rtèt`s" hmom" k sògøtghk;4" k

psghmbmagk ` k smhgmbmagk M kutmr tkocço mcs`rvk qu` ems kems ;7<4" k

pkrtgr nm hmeh`gtm n` bgeaukaò nm prmnutm" hmesmbgnmu/s` k gn`gk pkrk m

N`sgae n` uo hkopm qu` s` èhkrràk nks bgakáð`s ètr` ks p`ssmks ` ms

mcj`tms" s`jko `bks cè`fghgknks pmr prmnutms `-mu sgstòks n` prmnutms"

prmj`tms arëfghms" prmj`tms n` get`rgmr`s" ètr` tketks mutrks r`subtket`s n`

uo n`sgae Emtk/s`" gehbusgv`" qu` k okgmrgk nks kcmrnkaès smcr` m tòk ç

sgogbkr ` kpr`sètk ougtms pmetms hmev`raèt`s

Em p`rïmnm sucs`quèt`" nms kems ;774 kms kems 3444" n`stkhkoms

nmgs kutmr`s" Xunjgh ,34;4' ` Hkrnmsm ,34;3'" hujk hmetgeugnkn` nm tòk

hmetrgcugu pkrk `stk p`squgsk Kocms kpr`sètko kcmrnkaès ` hrgko

krtghubkáð`s ètr` k gn`gk n` uok bgeaukaò nms mcj`tms ` ksp`htms

prmògeèt`s em hmet`xtm hmetòpmrãe`m" tkgs hmom m hmesuom" k

gengvgnukbgnkn` ` k omnk

Tkrk Xunjgh ,34;4'" k gn`gk nm N`sgae hmom bgeaukaò sustètk/s` ò

suk hmopr`èsèm kh`rhk nms ksp`htms nms mcj`tms" gn`gk qu` s` fuenkoètk

p`bm pr`ssupmstm n` qu` lë kbam k s` ètèn`r smcr` ms mcj`tms kbço n` sùs

ksp`htms øcvgms n` fuehgmekbgnkn` ` fgekbgnkn` Tkrk m kutmr" m N`sgae ç hmom

;4 M t`rom ‒bgeaukaò nm prmnutm‟ fmg n`sgaeknm ek sògøtghk pmr Hlkrb`s Jèhis" ò ;71<,CÒSN@I" 3446" p3<3'



8<

‒m NEK n` uok smhg`nkn` genustrgkb ‘ mu pøs/genustrgkb‟ ,gcgn " p>7'" uok

v`z qu` m hkopm ç fmroknm pmr høngams qu` r`v`bko hmopmeèt`s n`ssk

smhg`nkn`" r`fb`tgenm ksp`htms n` sù sgstòk `hmeþoghm ` hubturkb" n` suks

t`hembmagks n` prmnuáèm" nms omnms p`bms qukgs ks p`ssmks get`rkaò ètr`

sg ` k smhg`nkn`" ètr` vërgks mutrks gestãehgks qu` fkzò pkrt` ` p`rpkssko

k `xgstêehgk luokek

E`ss` sètgnm" pkrk m kutmr" m N`sgae ç uok nks bgeaukaès n` qu`

uok smhg`nkn` s` utgbgzk pkrk hrgkr o`gms qu` r`fbgtko sùs mcj`tgvms ` sùs

vkbmr`s" pmr o`gm nk okt`rgkbgzkáèm n` gefmrokáð`s n`rgvknk nk prmnuáèm n`

mcj`tms Kssgo" km r`sskbtkr k gn`gk n` qu` ms mcj`tms sèm pmrtknmr`s n`

gefmrokáð`s" qu`" n` omnm sutgb mu `xpbïhgtm sgekbgzko vkbmr`s

hmopkrtgblknms ek smhg`nkn` ò qu` s` èhmetrko" Xunjgh ,34;4' r`fmrák k

hmeh`páèm nm hkopm nm N`sgae hmom uok bgeaukaò qu` r`fb`t` ngv`rsms

vkbmr`s" s`jko `b`s `hmeþoghms" kf`tgvms mu hubturkgs

@etr`tketm" `b` prøprgm qu`stgmek s` `ss`s sgaegfghknms `stèm

hgrhueshrgtms km mcj`tm ò sg ` km sù prmj`tm mu s` ‒sùs sgaegfghknms sèm

knqugrgnms p`bk r`p`tgáèm hmestket`" p`bk fkogbgkrgnkn` ` p`bk hmevèáèm Y_

,XPNJGH" 34;4" p%8>'‟% N`ss` omnm" sua`r` qu` ms hmeh`gtms trkesogtgnms

p`bms mcj`tms vèm kbço nks getèáð`s pr`vgstks nurket` sù prmj`tm Ngtm n`

mutrm omnm" uo n`sgae qu` vgsk" pmr `xòpbm" trkesogtgr okgs hmet`únms

r`bkhgmeknms ä suk utgbgnkn` nm qu` mutrks gefmrokáð`s pmn`rë tkocço

sushgtkr hmet`únms òmhgmekgs ` sgocøbghms

Tkrk k `xpmsgáèm n`ssks gn`gks kpr`sètknks p`bm kutmr" pmn`/s`

òpr`stkr uo nms `xòpbms utgbgzknms pmr `b`: ks hëpsubks `spkhgkgs

n`sèvmbvgnks p`bms @stknms Pegnms ` k Pegèm Xmvgçtghk ,XPNJGH" 34;4' `

vgehubknks km p`rïmnm lgstørghm nk Au`rrk Frgk



87

Tmr o`gm n`st` `xòpbm" gbustrknm ek fgaurk 4;" m kutmr prmhurk

nòmestrkr qu` nmgs mcj`tms prmj`tknms pkrk uok o`sok fgekbgnkn` pmnò

kpr`sètkr hmefgaurkáð`s fmrokgs" `stçtghks ` sgocøbghks ngf`rèt`s ètr` sg"

fktm qu` m kutmr ktrgcug k nuks hubturks ngf`rèt`s" nmgs sgstòks `hmeþoghms

` pmbïtghms mpmstms trknuzgnms ek prmnuáèm n` hknk uo n`b`s Gssm ems fkz

p`rh`c`r qu` m N`sgae pmn` s`r ètèngnm hmom uok bgeaukaò qu`

trkesogt` gefmrokáð`s ` pmn` sgekbgzkr vkbmr`s

K pkrtgr nks hmeh`gtukáð`s ` hmesgn`rkáð`s trkáknks khgok" pmn`/s`

n`nuzgr qu` k `xgstêehgk n` uok bgeaukaò `sp`hïfghk nms mcj`tms pr`ssupð`

uok r`bkáèm ètr` p`ssmks ` mcj`tms" p`bk qukb s` `stkc`b`hò ks ‒trmhks n`

gefmrokáèm‟ ` suks get`rpr`tkáð`s" euo prmh`ssm n` hmoueghkáèm Hmefmro`

`ss` ètèngoètm" ks fueáð`s n` uo mcj`tm pmnò vkrgkr ` s` n`snmcrkr ò

ngf`rèt`s sgaegfghknms" n`vgnm ä suk get`rpr`tkáèm pmr pkrt` nm usuërgm

Kssgo tkocço" `bks ,ks fueáð`s' `stèm r`bkhgmeknks ä hkpkhgnkn` n` ms

mcj`tms trkesogtgrò gefmrokáð`s smcr` ks prøprgks fueáð`s k sùs usuërgms

N` omnm okgs kopbm" tmnks ks fueáð`s `stèm r`bkhgmeknks km r`p`rtørgm n`

`xp`rgêehgks ` sèskáð`s nms usuërgms" ò suk hkpkhgnkn` n` r`ssgaegfghkáèm

` r`hmestruáèm nks o`soks

Fgaurk ;: Hëpsubks `spkhgkgs Ä `squ`rnk" n`sèvmbvgnk p`bms @PK9 ä ngr`gtk" p`bk PSXXFmet`: XPNJGH ,34;4" pp>>/>0'



>4

Em ãocgtm nk get`rkáèm ètr` p`ssmks ` mcj`tms" pkrk m qukb s` `stë

ktètm e`st` omoètm" emtk/s`" pmrtketm" qu` ks gefmrokáð`s trkesogtgnks

p`bms mcj`tms" cò hmom sùs sgaegfghknms" pmnò vkrgkr ` s`r gefbuèhgknms

pmr ngf`rèt`s rkzð`s: p`bm juïzm n` hknk p`ssmk" sù r`p`rtørgm" pmr ksp`htms

nm hmet`xtm n` usm" hubturkgs" òmhgmekgs ` tketms mutrms

E`ss`s t`roms" pkrk fges ngnëtghms" Hkrnmsm ,34;3' r`sskbtk s`gs

fktmr`s qu` gefbuèhgko k prmnuáèm n` sgaegfghknm nms mcj`tms" emrt`kenm suk

n`shrgáèm ` hmeh`gtukáèm e`st` trkckblm Xèm `b`s: m usm" m ètmrem" k

nurkáèm" m pmetm n` vgstk" m ngshursm ` k `xp`rgêehgk;; ^mnms `b`s

p`rpkssko" km o`som tòpm" k get`rkáèm ètr` ks p`ssmks ` ms mcj`tms" oks

s` kpr`sètko kqug s`pkrknms pkrk o`blmr hmopr`èsèm n` hknk uo

M fktmr usm ç n`shrgtm p`bm kutmr p`bm ãeaubm nk mp`rkhgmekbgnkn`"

fuehgmekoètm ` kprmv`gtkoètm n` uo mcj`tm Hkrnmsm ,34;3' prmpð` m

t`rom usm pkrk sucstgtugr k pkbkvrk fueáèm" pmgs ètèn` qu` `bk a`rk uok

kc`rturk pkrk k get`rpr`tkáèm nm usuërgm kh`rhk n` sùs pmssïv`gs usms" ò

v`z n` genuzgr k kpèks uok fgekbgnkn`

M sàuenm fktmr" m ètmrem;3" emo`gk m hmet`xtm n` usm n` uo mcj`tm"

m qukb èabmck m `spkám a`marëfghm" fïsghm ` hubturkb" mu s`jk" ç kqugbm qu` `stëä vmbtk nm mcj`tm Po `xòpbm n` omngfghkáèm nm ètmrem n` uo mcj`tm pmn`

s`r mcs`rvknm qukenm s` n`sbmhk `ss` mcj`tm n` sù hmet`xtm usukb"

hmbmhkenm/m ò uo ousù mu" euok sgtukáèm uo pmuhm oèms ngstket`"

qukenm s` hmoprk uo mcj`tm ò uok f`grk n` ketgaugnkn`s ` m hmbmhk ò

uok `stket`" hmom `bòètm n`hmrktgvm

;; M r`hursm arëfghm nm eàrgtm fmg utgbgzknm e`stk frks` ` ò mutrks pkrt`s nm trkckblm pkrkn`stkhkr ms s`gs fktmr`s kpmetknms pmr Hkrnmsm ,34;3' k fgo n` fkhgbgtkr k b`gturk ` kpmgkrm b`gtmr ek fgxkáèm n` tkgs hmeh`gtms

;3 Vkb` oèhgmekr qu` k hmopr`èsèm nm ètmrem" hmesgn`rknm hmom m `spkám a`marëfghm emqukb m mcj`tm `stë ges`rgnm" ç uok gev`stgakáèm ckstket` hmopb`xk" eèm òpr`èngnke`stk p`squgsk Pok r`f`rêehgk èrgqu`h`nmrk pkrk `ss` tgpm n` hmet`xtukbgzkáèm sèm kst`mrgks prmpmstks p`bm a`øarkfm Ogbtme Xketms" ò `sp`hgkb em bgvrm ‒ K Ektur`zk nm`spkám% ^çheghk ` ^òpm" Skzèm ` @omáèm‟% Tkrk m kutmr" m spkám ç ‒fmroknm pmr uohmejuetm gengssmhgëv`b" smbgnërgm ` tkocço hmetrkngtørgm" n` sgstòks n` mcj`tms `sgstòks n` káð`s‟ ,XKE^MX" 3447" p%68'" ms qukgs s` gefbuèhgko outukoèt`%



>;

Mutrm `xòpbm kgenk s`rgk hmoprkr m `sprò`nmr n` bgoèm Jughy Xkbgf

;8 ` usë/bm hmom mcj`tm n` n`hmrkáèm

;8 Jughy Xkbgf ç uo `sprò`nmr n` bgoèm" prmj`tknm p`bm n`sgae`r frkehês Tlgbbgp` Xtkrhi"r`hmel`hgnm pmr okegpubkr ksp`htms nk bgeaukaò nms mcj`tms pkrk hrgkr prmj`tms n`mcj`tms" kocgèt`s" `th M Jughy Xkbgf fmg uo mcj`tm kopbkoèt` kssmhgknm km emo` nmn`sgae`r ` ä suk fkok" m qu` bl` ktrgcugu uo vkbmr sgocøbghm n` buxm ` gemvkáèm" ètr`mutrms Kssgo" m mcj`tm ç hmouoèt` kssmhgknm ä r`pr`sètkáèm n`ss`s vkbmr`s pmr pkrt`n` sùs hmesuognmr`s" qu` ò suk okgmrgk m `xgc` hmom p`ák n` n`hmrkáèm mu n` krt`,OMSSGX@^" 3447' Fmet`: 2lttp:--cbman`sgaecbmaumbhmocr-krhl3447/4</47]3447/4</;0ltob5 Kh`ssm o: <-s`t-34;3

Fgaurk 3: S`bøagm ` òckbkaò ketgams utgbgzknms hmom mcj`tmsn`hmrktgvms Fmet`:2 lttp:--ogarò`-cpWu65 Kh`ssm ò:4<-s`t-34;3



>3

M t`rh`grm fktmr r`bkhgmeknm ä prmnuáèm n` sgaegfghknm nms mcj`tms ç k

nurkáèm @bk hmopmrtk k trkj`tørgk n` uo mcj`tm" qu`r ngz`r" suk `xgstêehgk

nètrm n` uo hghbm n` vgnk" ms buakr`s ` p`ssmks pmr men` pkssmu ` khkcko

r`fb`tgenm trkesfmrokáð`s ò suk ngoèsèm okt`rgkb" mu s`jk" ek suk

kpkrêehgk" fmrok" t`xturk `th ‒[uketm okgs tòpm m mcj`tm s` oketço

r`hmel`hïv`b‟" mcs`rvk Hkrnmsm ,34;3" p66'" okgmr s`rë k prmckcgbgnkn` n`

gehgngrò smcr` `b` ounkeáks n` usm ` ètmrem

Ms ksp`htms n` juïzm" ge`rèt`s ä p`rh`páèm nks p`ssmks" ngzò

r`sp`gtm kms três úbtgoms fktmr`s: pmetm n` vgstk" ngshursm ` `xp`rgêehgk% M

pmetm n` vgstk `stë r`bkhgmeknm kms omnms n` v`r ` äs lg`rkrqugks n`

ktèáèm ` gopmrtãehgk nkqugbm qu` s` vê" hmestgtuïnms hubturkboèt` `

hmesmbgnknms km bmeam nms kems K lg`rkrqugk nms omnms n` v`r pmn` s`r

ètèngnk p`bk `shmblk nm pmetm n` vgstk k r`sp`gtm n` uo mcj`tm" em qukb s`

ètèn` m qu` ç frèt`" v`rsm" nètrm mu fmrk" hmom" pmr `xòpbm" m qu` pmn`

mhmrr`r em usm n` rmupks% Xua`r` m kutmr: ‒Xòpr` qu` s` gev`stgak m

sgaegfghknm n` uo krt`fktm" ç pr`hgsm p`rauetkr: quò mblk= K pkrtgr n` men`=

Trmhurkenm m quê=‟ ,HKSNMXM" 34;3" pp61/6<'

M ngshursm ngz r`sp`gtm km omnm hmom hknk pmetm n` vgstk s`

r`pr`sètk ò bgeaukaès v`rckgs" vgsukgs mu mutrks ` ç uo fktmr qu`"

Fgaurk 8: @sprò`nmr n` bgoèm Jughy Xkbgf" n` Tlgbbgp` XtkrhiFmet`:2lttp:--cbman`hm/get`rgùr`hmo->;-plgbgpp`/stkrhi-5Kh`ssm ò: 43-jue-34;3



>8

e`h`sskrgkoèt`" karàk sètgnms qu` gefbuèhgko ek hmopr`èsèm nm

mcj`tm Em hmet`xtm nks smhg`nkn`s hmetòpmrãe`ks" Hkrnmsm ,34;3' fkz uok

r`sskbvk k r`sp`gtm n`ss` fktmr" ètènènm qu`" hmefmro` k getèsgnkn` n`

trmhks n` gefmrokáð`s" ks p`ssmks hmel`hò ms mcj`tms pr`vgkoèt`" pmr

ngshursms Tkrk m kutmr" ‒m ngshursm hgrhuenket` ç quks` sòpr` uo pktkokr

n` kh`ssm e`h`ssërgm pkrk hlàkr k uo mcj`tm qukbqu`r‟ ,gcgn " p67'

K `xp`rgêehgk" m úbtgom fktmr krrmbknm p`bm kutmr" `stë r`bkhgmeknk

äqugbm qu` ç prøprgm nm qu` hknk uo `stkc`b`h` ek get`rkáèm hmo m mcj`tm"

òcmrk `bk s`jk hmenghgmeknk p`bks `xp`rgêehgks vgvgnks ket`rgmroèt` `

bgaknk k tmnms ms mutrms fktmr`s hgtknms khgok Kbço ngssm" Hkrnmsm , gcgn '

r`sskbtk qu` lmj` k okgmrgk nms mcj`tms `stë hme`htknk k gokaès v`ghubknks

p`bms o`gms n` hmoueghkáèm ` qu`" pmrtketm" n`v`/s` b`vkr tkb

hmenghgmekoètm ò hmesgn`rkáèm" pmr suk gefbuêehgk ek `xp`rgêehgk nks

p`ssmks% M kutmr genkak: ‒quketms buakr`s" sgtukáð`s" ktç p`ssmks" sèm

hmel`hgnms prgmrgtkrgkoèt` pmr o`gm n` gokaès=‟ ,gcgn " p07' Mcs`rvk/s`

uok gefgegnkn` n` s`r`s ` hmgsks qu` pmnò s`r hmel`hgnms pmr o`gm n`

gokaès" ms qukgs" pmr suk v`z" a`rko gokaès oètkgs n` ektur`zks ngstgetks

nk ‒vgvêehgk go`ngktk‟ ` qu` prmvkv`boèt t`rèm gefbuêehgk qukenm s` n`r k

`xp`rgêehgk ngr`tk Tmen`rk m kutmr:

O`som pkrk quò sø tò hmel`hgoètm ngr`tm n` uokrt`fktm" sò o`ngkáèm ,s` ç qu` gssm kgenk ç pmssïv`b'" k`xp`rgêehgk nm mcj`tm ç sòpr` n`bgogtknk pmr hmstuo`s `hmevèáð`s ,HKSNMXM" 34;3" pp07/64'

E`ss` sètgnm" `b` hmoètk smcr` uok n`ssks hmevèáð`s" qu` `stë

ngr`tkoèt` bgaknk kms mcj`tms ` pmn` s`r ètèngnk ò uo ãocgtm okgs

a`rkb ò r`bkáèm äs `sp`hgfghgnkn`s hubturkgs M kutmr utgbgzk m t`rom

‒arkoëtghk fmrokb‟ pkrk nèmogekr hmevèáð`s r`bkhgmeknks ä hmefgaurkáèm

fmrokb" pknrmegzknk n` mcj`tms Mcs`rvkenm ngf`rèt`s omn`bms n` uo

o`som mcj`tm" mu s`jk" mcj`tms hmo fueáèm sgogbkr" pmnò/s` èhmetrkr

`xòpbms n`ssks arkoëtghks fmrokgs: ks hkn`grks ` o`sks" pmr `xòpbm" têo

quktrm p`reks9 ms kutmoøv`gs" quktrm rmnks9 ks vkssmurks têo hkcm ` p`bms

`th Xèm hkrkht`rïstghks fmrokgs qu` pmnò vkrgkr n` okt`rgkb" p`sm" hmr `th"



>>

oks qu` hmetgeuko hmetènm uo ksp`htm sgaegfghktgvm" get`rbgaknm äs

gefmrokáð`s n` usm n`ss`s mcj`tms

Hkrnmsm ,34;3' hmesgn`rk qu`" ngket` n`ss`s s`gs fktmr`s" lë kgenk

okgs uo ‘ m tòpm ‘ qu` gehgn` smcr` tmnms ms mutrms ksp`htms èvmbvgnms ek

r`bkáèm ètr` ks p`ssmks ` ms mcj`tms: hmo m pksskr nms kems" uo usm

prmògeèt` knqugr` qukbgnkn` `stëv`b ` s` kfgrok hmom prmpøsgtm9 k

nurkáèm outëv`b n` uo mcj`tm trkesfmrok/s` ò lgstørgk" ` m ètmrem

outëv`b ò p`rokeêehgk9 m pmetm n` vgstk vkrgëv`b tmrek/s` k ktèáèm" m

ngshursm gestëv`b ò hmeskarkáèm9 ` k `xp`rgêehgk vkrgket` ò oòørgk M

tòpm ç m fktmr qu` genghk k qukbgnkn` outëv`b n` tmnms `ss`s ksp`htms" nm

o`som omnm qu` k suk `stkcgbgnkn` ç m qu` omstrk qu` ‒tunm ç pkssïv`b n`

ounkeák em tòpm ‘ gehbusgv` ms sgaegfghknms qu` kssmhgkoms k qukbqu`r

mcj`tm‟ ,gcgn " pp14/1;'

Ms s`gs fktmr`s kpr`sètknms khgok ‘ usm" ètmrem" nurkáèm" pmetm

n` vgstk" ngshursm ` `xp`rgêehgk ‘ pmn`rèm s` knkptkr km ãocgtm nk hrgkáèm

nms mcj`tms" mu s`jk" km ãocgtm prmj`tukb E`ssk ër`k" pmrço" `xgstò fktmr`s

hbkrkoèt` n`fgegnms qu` gefbuèhgko k get`rpr`tkáèm n` uo mcj`tm

Ngf`rètòèt` nm kocgèt` n` usm" em prmj`tukb ks gefmrokáð`s n` uo

mcj`tm `stèm sènm kgenk hmefmroknks" n`fgegnks k pkrtgr n` r`qugsgtms

pr`vgkoèt` n`bgogtknms em prmj`tm Kssgo" k get`rpr`tkáèm nks gefmrokáð`s

nms mcj`tms mhmrr` ò uo eïv`b hmeh`gtukb" em qukb ms prmfgssgmekgs

èvmbvgnms sèm tkocço gefbuèhgknms pmr mutrms fktmr`s" hmom ms

`hmeþoghms" t`hembøaghms ` pmbïtghms @ocmrk k `sf`rk prmj`tukb `st`jk

hme`htknk ò ngf`rèt`s eïv`gs n` getèsgnkn` ä n` get`rkáèm" `xgst` uok

ngeãoghk prøprgk nk ër`k prmj`tukb" okgs r`strgtk" qu` tò hmom fgekbgnkn`

n`bgogtkr ks get`rpr`tkáð`s nks gefmrokáð`s nms mcj`tms

Xunjgh ,34;4' ètèn` qu` ms n`sgae`rs ` nòkgs prmfgssgmekgs

èvmbvgnms ek hrgkáèm n` uo mcj`tm fuehgmeko hmom hrgknmr`s n`ssk

bgeaukaò `sp`hïfghk N`pènènm nms r`qugsgtms prmj`tukgs ` n` suk

kutmemogk ò r`bkáèm km prmj`tm" `ss`s prmfgssgmekgs pmnò hrgkr uo n`sgae

prøprgm pkrk k òpr`sk men` ktuko" mu hrgkr uo vmhkcubërgm prøprgm pkrk



>0

Fgaurk >: Ä `squ`rnk: Qgbbgko Omrrgs r`trktknm pmr A`mra` Fr`n`rgh Qktts" ;<14"Ektgmekb Tmrtrkgt Akbb`ry - Ä ngr`gtk: m bgvrm ‒Qgbbgko Omrrgs" krts ken hrkfts‟%Fmet`s: 2lttp:--wwwspkrtkhusshlmmbe`thmui-Jomrrgslto5 Kh`ssm: 36-jke-34;82lttp:--wwwomrrgssmhg`tymra5% Kh`ssm: ;>-mut-34;3

uok okrhk `sp`hïfghk" mu" kgenk" hrgkr uo n`sgae kssmhgknm k suk

p`rsmekbgnkn`" smelms ` fketksgks Skyomen Bm`wy;>" uo nms `xòpbms

hgtknms pmr Xunjgh ,gcgn%'" fghmu hmel`hgnm pmr s`r uo nms prgo`grms n`sgae`rs

k utgbgzkr k bgeaukaò nms mcj`tms pkrk `xpr`sskr uo n`sgae vmbtknm kms

‒mcj`tms/f`tghl`‟ ,XPNJGH" 34;4" p\\';0" qu` `rko `xtròkoèt` vkbmrgzknms

p`bks gemvkáð`s `stçtghks ` fmrtkb`hgko m hmesuom n` mcj`tms Tkrk Xunjgh

,34;4'" Bm`wy hmetrgcugu pkrk k a`rkáèm n` emvms pknrð`s bgaknms km stybgea"

ms qukgs get`rf`rgrko ò ksp`htms nm n`sgae omn`regstk ‘ ‒bgeaukaò‟

hmrrèt` ä çpmhk" r`pr`sètknk pmr uok vgsèm n` n`sgae ùrmp`gk" bgaknk km

`stgbm get`rekhgmekb" äs gn`gks prmpkaknks pmr Qgbbgko Omrrgs;6" p`bk Ckulkus

`th

;> Skyomen Bm`wy ,;<78 /;7<6' ç uo nms n`sgae`rs okgs hmel`hgnms nm sçhubm \\@eaèl`grm frkehês" ogarmu pkrk ms @PK ` trkckblmu hmo prmj`tms ò ngf`rèt`s ër`ks nmn`sgae Ç hmouoèt` r`hmel`hgnm p`bk suk ktukáèm ò prmb nm kuoètm nm hmesuom n`

prmnutms ` p`bk suk ktgtun` n` kutmprmomáèm" gehmouo ä çpmhk ,XPNJGH" 34;4';0 K qu`stèm nm f`tghlgsom ç ngshutgnk ò ngv`rsks ër`ks nks hgêehgks luokeks" ètr` `bks ks

hgêehgks smhgkgs ` k psghkeëbgs` @o emssm trkckblm" vkb` oèhgmekr k kssmhgkáèm n`st`hmeh`gtm hmo ms mcj`tms gev`stgaknms ek emssk p`squgsk n` hkopm" ò `sp`hgkb m gpmn Xunjgh ,34;4' oèhgmek ngv`rsms `xòpbms n` prmnutms f`tghlgzknms ` hmoètk gehbusgv`smcr` sùs prøprgms f`tghl`s" `xòpbgfghkenm hmo k n`shrgáèm nk hmoprk n` uo emvmomn`bm n` hmoputknmr p`ssmkb ,XPNJGH" 34;4" T;;/3;'

;6 Qgbbgko Omrrgs ,;<8>/;<76'" pm`tk" krtgstk" fkcrghket` ` smhgkbgstk" ç hmesgn`rknm uo nmsarken`s pr`hursmr`s nm N`sgae Xuk ktukáèm prmfgssgmekb cks`kvk/s` ò prgehïpgms nmomvgoètm Krts ken Hrkfts ,Krt`s N`hmrktgvks' Xùs `shrgtms smcr` k prmnuáèm genustrgkb `krt`skekb hmetgeuko sènm gopmrtket`s fmet`s n` p`squgsk em hkopm nm N`sgae Fmet`:2lttp:--wwwomrrgssmhg`tymra-omrrgs-cgm/okhikgbltob Kh`ssm ò: ;>-mut-34;3



>6

Fgaurk 0: Skyomen Bm`wy ,ä `squ`rnk' ` uo n` sùs prmj`tms ,ä ngr`gtk'" k bmhmomtgvkTèesybvkegk Skgbrmkn!s X; st`ko bmhmomtgv` Fmet`s:2lttp:--ogarò`-cpW>e52lttp:--ogarò`-cpW3e5 Kh`ssm o: ;4-mut-34;3

Fgaurk 6: Ng`t`r Skos ` rëngm ^8 prmj`tknm pkrk CrkueFmet`: 2lttp:--ogarò`-cpWkC52lttp:--ng`t`rrkostuocbrhmo5 Kh`ssm o: ;4-mut34;3

@o uo sètgnm gev`rsm km usm nk bgeaukaò n` Bm`wy" m kutmr hgtk

Ng`t`r Skos;1" n`sgae`r nk òpr`sk n` `b`trmnmoçstghms kbòè Crkue;<"

r`hmel`hgnm pmr hrgkr mcj`tms qu` prmhurkvko `bgogekr m supçrfbum"

n`skfgkenm k omnk ` k mcsmb`shêehgk ‘ kgenk ò rgtom ` prmpmráèm

ngf`rèt`s nk hmetòpmrke`gnkn` Mutrm `xòpbm trkzgnm pmr Xunjgh ,34;4' k

r`sp`gtm nk r`bkáèm ètr` mcj`tms ` sùs hrgknmr`s ç m n`sgae`r Tlgbbgp`

Xtkrhi;7 Hmel`hgnm pmr n`shmestrugr pknrð`s ` hmevèáð`s nms mcj`tms" m

n`sgae`r frkehês hmefgaurmu uok bgeaukaò pkrk ms mcj`tms ` kocgèt`s

;1 Ng`t`r Skos ,;783'" juetm hmo Bm`wy" fkz pkrt` nk bgstk n` n`sgae`rs okgs hmel`hgnms nm sçhubm\\ N`sgae`r kbòèm" ktumu pmr trgetk kems ek Crkue" òpr`sk kbòè n b`trmnmoçstghmsFmet`:2lttp:--ptwgigp`ngkmra-wgig-Ng`t`r]Skos5 Kh`ssm o <-s`t-34;3

;< K Crkue ç uok òpr`sk kbòè fkomsk p`bk qukbgnkn` n` sùs prmnutms" cò hmom pmrhkrkht`rïstghks n` sù n`sgae" okrhknm p`bms gn`kgs fuehgmekbgstks Fmet`:2lttp:--wwwcrkuehmo-pt-wmrbn/mf/crkueltob5 Kh`ssm o <-s`t-34;3

;7 Tlgbbgp` Xtkrhi ,;7><' ç uo n`sgae`r r`hmel`hgnm p`bk suk prmnuáèm kutmrkb" r`fb`xm n` uo`stgbm prøprgm" sgocmbghkoèt` musknm ` gemvknmr Xuk hmengáèm p`ssmkb ç n` h`b`crgnkn`` sùs prmj`tms n` n`sgae têo stktus oúbtgpbm n` mcrk n` krt` ` n` n`sgaeFmet`:2lttp:--cmmisammab`hmocr-cmmis=lb?è&br?&gn?lP;G4;47JrhH&mg?fen&pa?TK;4&nq?%33%33quò)%H8%K7)plgbbgp`)stkrhi%33&mts?<G1ao>XVrX&sga?o4T>L1HeE[[L><oy7mfXHc1HT7w5% Kh`ssm ò: ;>-mut-34;3



>1

r`bkhgmeknk k suk p`rsmekbgnkn`" smelms ` fketksgks" tkb hmom hgtk Xunjgh

,gcgn%' M `sprò`nmr n` bgoèm Jughy Xkbgf" kpr`sètknm em tøpghm ket`rgmr" ç

uo `xòpbm n` suks hrgkáð`s M mcj`tm qu`" pkrk uo `sprò`nmr n` bgoèm"

kpr`sètk uok hmefgaurkáèm fmrokb `xtròkoèt` ngstgetk n` hmefgaurkáð`s

hmevèhgmekgs" khkcmu sènm vkbmrgzknm pmr r`pr`sètkr uok gemvkáèm

`stçtghk Tkrk m kutmr" Xtkrhi s` kssò`blk k Bm`wy" ò suk pmsturk n`

kutmprmomáèm

Tmr tmnms `ss`s `xòpbms" pmn`/s` mcs`rvkr uok ngoèsèm nk

bgeaukaò nms mcj`tms qu` r`fb`t` gefmrokáð`s smcr` k hubturk n` uok ekáèm"

sùs ksp`htms smhgm`hmeþoghms" hmopmrtkoètms" n`s`jms" fketksgks ` tketms

mutrms ksp`htms èvmbvgnms ek gevèáèm n` mcj`tms ` ek get`rkáèm hmo `b`s Ç

pmssïv`b tkocço n`nuzgr qu` lkjk uok `strktçagk pmr pkrt` nms hrgknmr`s

nms mcj`tms ‘ n`sgae`rs ` nòkgs èvmbvgnms ‘ qu` okegpubk" mu hrgk

hmevèáð`s ` pknrð`s" a`rkenm oèskaès nms okgs ngf`rèt`s tgpms `

getugtms qu` gehgnò ek get`rpr`tkáèm ` vkbmrgzkáèm nms mcj`tms" s`jk ò suks

fgekbgnkn`s" ò omnms n` usm `th ^rgblkenm `ssk gn`gk" Xunjgh ,34;4' r`fb`t`

smcr` k gefbuêehgk nm N`sgae ek vgnk nks p`ssmks Tkrk `b`" ms mcj`tms

Xèm m qu` uskoms pkrk ems n`fgegr" pkrk sgekbgzkr quòsmoms ` m qu` eèm smoms Mrk sèm jmgks qu` kssuoò `ss`pkp`b" mrk sèm ms oøv`gs qu` uskoms ò emssks hksks" mumcj`tms p`ssmkgs qu` hkrràkoms hmemshm" mu ks rmupks quùskoms ,XPNJGH" 34;4" p3;' 34

Xàugenm `ss` rkhgmhïegm" ç kprmprgknm ngz`r qu` uo mcj`tm pmn`

pmssugr hkrkht`rïstghks qu` hmouegquò3; ksp`htms smcr`" pmr `xòpbm" sù

omnm n` usm" fgekbgnkn`" men` `rk hmoprknm" sù pr`ám" quò hmoprkvk" pmr

qu` hmoprkvk" men` uskvk Mu s`jk" uok sçrg` n` nknms qu` r`v`bkoksp`htms n` n`t`rogeknm omoètm lgstørghm/hubturkb @o uo sètgnm

prøxgom" Hkrnmsm ,34;3' hmopr`èn` qu` eèluo mcj`tm ç sgopb`soèt`

34 @ssk r`bkáèm nms mcj`tms hmo gnètgnkn`s p`ssmkgs ` hmb`tgvks" sua`rgnk kqug pmr Xunjgh,34;4'" ç getèskoèt` `stunknk p`bks hgêehgks smhgkgs" hmom k ketrmpmbmagk ` mutrksër`ks n` `stunm qu` vkbmrgzko ms mcj`tms ges`rgnms ek hubturk okt`rgkb n` uo arupm"ekáèm" smhg`nkn` th

3; Em ètketm" ç gopmrtket` nòkrhkr qu` k hmoueghkáèm s` hmestgtug tkocço ek r`bkáèmètr` m usuërgm ` m mcj`tm



><

uo mcj`tm" oks ç uo mcj`tm qu` trkesogt` uok sçrg` n` gefmrokáð`s Tkrk

`b`" uok hkn`grk" pmr `xòpbm"

Y_ ç uok hkn`grk `sp`hïfghk" nètrm n` uok akok n`pmssgcgbgnkn`s" ` hkrràk gefmrokáð`s smcr` `stgbm"

prmh`nêehgk" vkbmr" usm" ` kssgo pmr ngket` Mu s`jk: tmnmkrt`fktm okt`rgkb pmssug tkocço uok ngoèsèm gokt`rgkb"n` gefmrokáèm ,HKSNMXM" 34;3" p;;;'

Kqug" m kutmr r`fmrák k gn`gk n` qu` `xgstò nmgs ksp`htms ge`rèt`s k

uo mcj`tm" prmpmstk pmr X`bb` ,kpun CÒSN@I" 3446': k ngoèsèm okt`rgkb"

qu` ngz r`sp`gtm k suk hmefgaurkáèm fmrokb" t`xturks" hmr`s `th ` k ngoèsèm

gefmrokhgmekb" mu s`jk" kqu`bk qu` aukrnk ngv`rsks gefmrokáð`s smcr` m

mcj`tm" pmtèhgkboèt` r`v`bknmrks n` nknms smcr` suk mrgaò" fgekbgnkn`s"

vkbmr" okrhks nms prmh`ssms n` prmnuáèm p`bm qukb pkssmu" ksp`htms hubturkgs

r`bkhgmeknms ä suk fgekbgnkn` ` ougtms mutrms

Xàuenm Hkrnmsm ,34;3'" ms mcj`tms eèm pmssuò uo sgaegfghknm

pr`hgsm ` pmnò" gehbusgv`" trkesogtgr ngf`rèt`s tgpms n` gefmrokáèm M kutmr

n`fèn` qu` `ssk hmengáèm k qu` ms mcj`tms `stèm suj`gtms ç ò rkzèm n` qu`

ms prmh`ssms n` sgaegfghkáèm n` uo mcj`tm sèm ge`rèt`s äs get`rkáð`s

`stkc`b`hgnks p`bks p`ssmks hmo ms mcj`tms Ngtm n` mutrm omnm" pmn`/s`hmopr`èn`r qu` `ss` prmh`ssm hmesgst` ò uok ‒trmhk ètr` kqugbm qu`

`stë òcutgnm ò okt`rgkbgnkn` ` kqugbm qu` pmn` s`r n`pr`èngnm p`bk

emssk `xp`rgêehgk‟ o`ngket` k get`rkáèm hmo ms mcj`tms ,gcgn " p86'

Tkrk ngshmrr`r smcr` `ssk hmengáèm" Hkrnmsm ,gcgn ' r`tmok k hkn`grk

hmom `xòpbm" prmhurkenm nòmestrkr k vkrgkáèm n` sgaegfghknms qu` uo

mcj`tm pmn` t`r k pkrtgr n`ss`s prmh`ssms n` sgaegfghkáèm" o`ngket` k

get`rkáèm nks p`ssmks hmo `b`: uok hkn`grk pmn` s`r usknk pkrk sètkr" oks

tkocço pkrk pènurkr rmupks ò sù èhmstm" hmom uok `shknk pkrk

kbhkeákr kbam ò uo kroërgm" pkrk òpgblkr bgvrms `th @efgo" ç uok

oubtgpbghgnkn` n` usms n` uo o`som mcj`tm qu` supmstkoèt` t`rgk hmom

sù prgehgpkb sgaegfghknm n` usm m sètkr mu m kh`ssm k buakr`s kbtms" pr`vgstm

ò sù prmj`tm Mutrm `xòpbm qu` sàu` e`ss` sètgnm" tkocço kpmetknm

p`bm kutmr" ç m hksm nm mcj`tm hrgknm p`bm n`sgae`r Tlgbbgp` Xtkrhi"



>7

Fgaurk 1: QQXtmmb" mcj`tm hrgknm p`bm n`sgae`r frkehês Tlgbbgp`Xtkrhi Fmet`: 2lttp:--wwbgv`kuhtgme``rshmo-gtò-64><1865Kh`ssm ;8-41-34;3

hmo`rhgkbgzknm p`bm emo` n` Q% Q% Xtmmb ,‒Q% Q% Ckehm‟ " ò trknuáèm

bgt`rkb' Hrgknm mrgagekboèt` pkrk getàrkr uo hèërgm n` fgbo`" m mcj`tm ç

hmo`rhgkbgzknm pmr uok òpr`sk n` omcgbgërgm" k qukb gefmrok qu` `b` ç uo

mcj`tm `shubturkb" qu` pmn` s`r usknm hmom ckequ`tk" `shubturk mu kpmgm nm

hmrpm ,HKSNMXM" 34;3" pp;3;/;33' Xù emo` pmn` s`r mutrk gefmrokáèm"

sua`rgenm sù usm hmom ckequ`tk" òcmrk suk kpkrêehgk eèm rò`tk

`xpbghgtkoèt` km pknrèm fmrokb hmel`hgnm pkrk tkgs mcj`tms" k eèm s`r pmr

bòcrkr kbaues ksp`htms" hmom m kpmgm ò três pçs @ss` mcj`tm" hmoètk m

kutmr" r`v`bk uo omnm n` prmj`tkr qu` pkr`h` t`r k getèáèm n` sucv`rt`r

gn`gks pr`hmeh`cgnks ò tmrem nm n`sgae nm mcj`tm ,gcgn " p;38'

Ms nmgs

`xòpbms hgtknms

hmrrmcmrko k r`fb`xèm smcr` k bgeaukaò nms mcj`tms" km prmvmhkr uok

kc`rturk ket` ks vkrgket`s n` sgaegfghknms nknms k `b`s" qu`r `st`jko `bks

r`bkhgmeknks km mcj`tm o`ngket` uo n`sgae" qu`r s`jko n`hmrrèt`s nks

get`rkáð`s `stkc`b`hgnks p`bms usuërgms" qu` p`ro`gko m hghbm n` vgnk n` uo

mcj`tm Hkrnmsm ,34;3' pmen`rk smcr` `ss`s ksp`htms" km ngshmrr`r smcr` m

omnm hmom ks p`ssmks get`rkaò hmo ms mcj`tms



04

M trktm qu` r`s`rvkoms pkrk hknk krt`fktm èhmetrknmr`v`bk uo khúoubm n` juïzms" hrèáks" vkbmr`s" mrguenms n``xp`rgêehgks ket`rgmr`s ` oòørgks" kssgo hmom n`gefmrokáð`s mctgnks gengr`tkoèt` ènòms k ekturkbgzkrtkgs sgaegfghknms ‘ mu s`jk" k hmesgn`rkr qu` `b`s mhmrrò nkektur`zk nm mcj`tm ` sèm ms o`soms" n`sn` sòpr` ‘" oks mfktm ç qu` tmnms `b`s fmrko hmestruïnms ` sèm r`hmestgtuïnms

hmetgeukoèt` pmr o`gm nk hubturk ` nks trmhks sgocøbghks,HKSNMXM" 34;3" p;;6'

Ks hmesgn`rkáð`s n`sèvmbvgnks khgok genghko qu` k ktrgcugáèm n`

vkbmr`s r`subtk n` get`rkáð`s ` vïehubms p`ssmkgs ` smhgkgs qu` ks p`ssmks

hrgko hmo ms mcj`tms" qu` t`rèm hkrët`r `hmeþoghm" òmhgmekb" sèsmrgkb"

kf`tgvm ` sgocøbghm Hmopr`ènènm ms ngf`rèt`s fktmr`s ` hmengáð`s qu`

gehgnò ems prmh`ssms n` sgaegfghkáèm nms mcj`tms" prmhurmu/s` nkr êefks`

kms ksp`htms qu` gefbuèhgko `ss`s prmh`ssms ò t`roms a`rkgs" n`gxkenm òsuspèsm ksp`htms r`bkhgmeknms ä p`hubgkrgnkn` n` hknk gengvïnum

Ä buz n`ssks krtghubkáð`s" s`rèm trktknms em sàuenm hkpïtubm ms

ksp`htms nm okhrmhmet`xtm nk smhg`nkn` hmetòpmrãe`k sàuenm ms `stunms

n` Bgpmv`tsiy ,;7<7' ` X`vhèhim ,344;'" prmhurkenm n`stkhkr omnms n`

vgv`r ` vkbmr`s prmògeèt`s nètrm n` uo r`hmrt` n` tòpm ` `spkám qu`

vkg nk o`tkn` nm sçhubm \\ ktç k prgo`grk nçhknk nm sçhubm \\G



0;

3% XPCJ@^GVGNKN@ @ HPB^PSK: PO MBLKS TKSK M

HME^@OTMSÃE@M

M sàuenm hkpïtubm n`st` trkckblm kpr`sètk uo kpmrt` t`ørghm smcr`

hubturk ` omnms n` vgnk hmetòpmrãe`ms" vgskenm r`bkhgmeë/bms kms omnms

n` usm ` kms prmh`ssms n` vkbmrkáèm ` sgaegfghkáèm n` mcj`tms eks get`rkáð`s

ètr` p`ssmks ` mcj`tms Trmhurmu/s` n`stkhkr m p`rïmnm hmopr`èngnm ètr`

ms kems n` ;7<4 ` 34;4" pmr s`r uo omoètm lgstørghm ò qu` s` mcs`rvk k

getrmnuáèm getèsk n` t`hembmagks cks`knks ek gefmroëtghk ` ek rmcøtghk ‘ k

kutmokáèm genustrgkb n` cks` oghrm`b`trþeghk kbt`rkenm ms omnms n`

prmnuáèm" ks r`bkáð`s n` trkckblm `" ò uo `sp`htrm okgs kopbm" ms omnms

n` vgv`r ,KSKÚJM" ;777'

Tkrk kcmrnkr t`mrghkoèt` `ssks ` mutrks ounkeáks mhmrrgnks eks

úbtgoks nçhknks nm sçhubm \\" r`hmrrù/s` k kutmr`s qu` ngshutò m hmeh`gtm

n` sucj`tgvgnkn`" tkgs hmom Xu`by Smbegi ` Fçbgx Aukttkrg ,3440' ` B`gbk

Okhlknm ,;777' Kbço n`ss` kpmrt`" tkocço fmrko hmesubtknks ks

hmetrgcugáð`s n` Okrgst`bk Mem ,3446' ` Okrgk Buhgk Xketk`bbk ,3448' smcr`

m hmeh`gtm n` hubturk" m qu` prmpmrhgmemu uok krtghubkáèm t`ørghk ètr` `ss`

hmeh`gtm ` ks gn`gks kh`rhk nk sucj`tgvgnkn`

Juetkoèt` hmo uok cr`v` r`vgsèm t`ørghk smcr` k sucj`tgvgnkn`" ç

kpr`sètknk k kcmrnkaò nk hmetòpmrke`gnkn` f`gtk p`bm fgbøsmfm Agbb`s

Bgpmv`tsiy ,344>' k pkrtgr n` sùs kpmetkoètms smcr` m sgstòk Omnk" uok

v`z qu` suks hmesgn`rkáð`s ngkbmako hmo m èfmqu` nknm e`stk p`squgsk

kh`rhk nms omnms n` vgnk hmetòpmrãe`ms mhgnètkgs

Fmrko gehbuïnms kgenk quktrm tøpghms qu` genghko vkbmr`s qu` s`smcr`sskò ems omnms n` vgnk hmetòpmrãe`ms hmo cks` eks qukbgnkn`s

n`fgegnks pmr Ïtkbm Hkbvgem ò X`gs prmpmstks pkrk m prøxgom ogbêegm ,;774'

hmom ktrgcutms pkrk s`rò oketgnms ek bgt`rkturk nms kems 3444: b`v`zk"

rkpgn`z" vgsgcgbgnkn` ` oubtgpbghgnkn` M mcj`tgvm n`ssk `struturkáèm ç

`stkc`b`h`r pkrão`trms pkrk fkz`r uok kekbmagk ètr` k sucj`tgvgnkn` ` ks

hkrkht`rïstghks n` kbaues mcj`tms qu` getàrko m hkopm nm N`sgae



03

Hmesgn`rk/s`" pmrtketm" `st` hkpïtubm hmom m fgm hmenutmr n`stk

p`squgsk K pkrtgr n`ssk krtghubkáèm" pr`tèn`/s` hmopr`èn`r m N`sgae `

hmefrmetkr `ss` hkopm ` ms omnms n` vgnk hmetòpmrãe`ms hmo ms vkbmr`s

ktrgcuïnms k mcj`tms



08

3; KBAPOKX HMEXGN@SKÁÐ@X XMCS@ XPCJ@^GVGNKN@ @ HPB^PSK

Xàuenm Aukttkrg ` Smbegi ,3440'" k emáèm n` sucj`tgvgnkn` s`

r`bkhgmek kms omnms n` vgnk ` n` `xpr`ssèm luokems" tkgs hmom ms omnms n`

trkckblkr" èsgekr" fkbkr" sètgr" òmhgmekr/s` fkzò pkrt` nk `xgstêehgk

Okhlknm ,;777' mcs`rvk qu` m hmeh`gtm n` sucj`tgvgnkn`" qu` `bkhmopkrtgblk hmo Aukttkrg ` Smbegi ,3440'" vò qu`stgmekr uok gn`gk n`

pmbkrgzkáèm hbëssghk" ek qukb lë ‒k pr`sèák n` uok get`rgmrgnkn` ò

s`pkrknm n` uok `xt`rgmrgnkn`‟ ,gcgn " p3;;'" hmbmhknk hmom hmeh`páèm

nukbgstk qu` pr`ssupð` s`pkrkáð`s ` lg`rkrqugzkáð`s ètr` nmgs pmbms" hmom

ò suj`gtm ` mcj`tm" hmeshgêehgk ` ouenm" hmrpm ` kbok `th Khmopkelkenm k

r`fb`xèm n`ss`s kutmr`s" ç pmssïv`b kfgrokr qu` k sucj`tgvgnkn` ç uo hmeh`gtm

qu` kcmrnk ks oúbtgpbks gestãehgks qu` p`ro`gko ` trkespkssko k `xgstêehgk"ks qukgs eèm s` fgxko ò pmbkrgzkáð`s" euo gengvïnum mu euo arupm

Ngtm n` mutrm omnm" m sètgnm qu` s` prmhurk nkr k `ss` hmeh`gtm ç m

n` prmh`ssukbgnkn`" qu` ç sua`rgnk p`bm hkrët`r ngeãoghm n` hmestket`

trkesfmrokáèm nk sucj`tgvgnkn` ,APK^^KSG ` SMBEGI" 3440' K sua`stèm

n`ssk hkrkht`rïstghk pmn` s`r p`rh`cgnk" pmr `xòpbm" ek hme`xèm ètr`

`sf`rks hmb`tgvks ‒` ks gestãehgks psïqughks qu` n`fgeò k oke`grk n`

p`rh`c`r m ouenm‟ ,gcgn " p80'

Ks fmráks ` gestãehgks qu` hmefmroko k sucj`tgvgnkn` pmnò s`r

emtknks" pmr `xòpbm" pmr o`gm nk mcs`rvkáèm nm omnm hmom ks p`ssmks

get`rkaò hmo m `spkám men` vgvò mu p`bk oke`grk hmom ks smhg`nkn`s

gevètko" prmnuzò ` trkesfmroko ms `spkáms qu` lkcgtko Gssm èabmck k

hmefgaurkáèm nks hgnkn`s" nk urckegzkáèm" nk ngvgsèm n` t`rrks" ms omnms n`

hgrhubkáèm nks p`ssmks ` trkespmrt`s" ms tgpms n` `ngfghkáð`s" ètr` tketmsmutrms ksp`htms

Tkrk Okhlknm ,;777'" ks hmefgaurkáð`s qu` ò`raò eks smhg`nkn`s

`stèm ngr`tkoèt` r`bkhgmeknks kms omnms n` vgv`r" sètgr" trkckblkr `th

Xàuenm k hmopr`èsèm nk kutmrk" ‒k `hmemogk" k hubturk" k smhg`nkn`" k

ektur`zk" k t`hembmagk mu ms vkbmr`s kssuoò hmetmrems `sp`hïfghms‟ ,gcgn "



0>

p3;>'" qu` vkrgko n` khmrnm hmo k sucj`tgvgnkn`33 n` hknk çpmhk Vènm

pmr `ss` ãeaubm" pmn`/s` ètèn`r" ò t`roms a`rkgs" qu` k sucj`tgvgnkn`

kcrkea` omnms n` vgv`r pr`nmogeket`s ò n`t`rogeknk çpmhk `-mu hubturk

K r`sp`gtm nk r`bkáèm ètr` sucj`tgvgnkn` ` hubturk" ç get`r`ssket`

kpmetkr uok hmesgn`rkáèm f`gtk pmr Smbegi ,;770'" ek qukb k kutmrk ètèn`

qu` `ssk r`bkáèm ç gengssmhgëv`b Tkrk `bk" lë uok bgakáèm ètr` sucj`tgvgnkn`

` hubturk qu` pmn` s`r p`rh`cgnk p`bm fktm n` qu`" qukenm uo p`rfgb n`

sucj`tgvgnkn` ç n`bge`knm" hrgk/s` tkocço uo p`rfgb hubturkb k `bk

hmrr`spmenèt` Mu s`jk" ks ngeãoghks n` hrgkáèm ` trkesfmrokáèm nk

sucj`tgvgnkn` ` nk hubturk `stèm getrges`hkoèt` r`bkhgmeknks" hmefmro` ç

vgstm p`bk kutmrk:

Y_ qukenm uok nmcrk38 s` fkz `" juetm hmo `bk" k hrgkáèm nùo n`t`rogeknm ouenm" eèm ç kpèks uo p`rfgb sucj`tgvmqu` s` n`bge`gk" oks tkocço ` gengssmhgkv`boèt`" uop`rfgb hubturkb Eèm lë sucj`tgvgnkn` sò uok hkrtmarkfgk3> hubturkb qu` bl` sgrvk n` augk9 `" r`hgprmhkoèt`" eèm lëhubturk sò uo h`rtm omnm n` sucj`tgvkáèm qu` fuehgme`sàuenm sù p`rfgb K rgamr" ç gopmssïv`b ngssmhgkr `stkspkgskaès ,gcgn " p 84<'

E`st` omoètm" hkc` uok pkusk pkrk qu` s` n`bge`g` m hmeh`gtm n`

hubturk em qukb `stk gev`stgakáèm s` cks`gk @etr` ks pmssgcgbgnkn`s kh`rhk n`

uok hmeh`gtukáèm pkrk k hubturk" pkrtgu/s` n` uok hmev`raêehgk nks

pmen`rkáð`s smcr` sucj`tgvgnkn` ` hubturk kcmrnknks pmr Smbegi ,;770' hmo

ks prmpmsgáð`s n` Xketk`bbk30 ,3448' pkrk k hubturk" ek qukb k kutmrk vgsk

33 Okhlknm ,;777' utgbgzk k pkbkvrk r`n` tketm ò sucstgtugáèm kms ksp`htms `sp`hïfghms nk

sucj`tgvgnkn` n` uok çpmhk quketm ä ngeãoghk hmestket` n` hrgkáèm ` n`shmestruáèm n`hruzkoètms ` trkoks" ms qukgs r`pr`sètko sùs ksp`htms ò ngf`rèt`s gestãehgks nkvgnk luokek

38 Smbegi utgbgzk m t`rom ‒nmcrk‟ pkrk nèmogekr ms prmh`ssms n` sucj`tgvkáèm" mu s`jk" msomvgoètms n` hrgkáèm nk sucj`tgvgnkn` ,OKHLKNM" ;777'

3> Hkrtmarkfgk ç uo hmeh`gtm òpr`stknm nk A`markfgk pkrk n`sgaekr uo oçtmnm n` p`squgskr`bkhgmeknm ä sucj`tgvgnkn`% ‒Tkrk ms a`øarkfms" k hkrtmarkfgk ‘ ngf`rètòèt` nm okpk"r`pr`sètkáèm n` uo tmnm `stëtghm ‘ ç uo n`sèlm qu` khmopkelk ` s` fkz km o`somtòpm ò qu` ms omvgoètms n` trkesfmrokáèm nk pkgskaò‟ ,SMBEGI" ;7<7" p;0/;6'

30 M t`xtm n` Xketk`bbk f`z pkrt` nm n`ckt` ‒Hubturk ò N`sbmhkoètm‟ prmomvgnm p`bkKssmhgkáèm Hubturkb Vgn`m Crksgb ò 84-s`t-3448 Ngspmeïv`b ò:2lttp:--wwwvgn`mcrksgbmracr-;>-e`ws-pmrt/mpgegkm->Hubturkpnf5 Kh`ssm ;3-jub-34;3



00

hmetòpbkr m hmet`xtm nks smhg`nkn`s hmetòpmrãe`ks" fmhm nm pr`sèt`

trkckblm

Xketk`bbk ,3448'" ò suk `xpmsgáèm smcr` m hmeh`gtm n` hubturk" pkrt`

nm pr`ssupmstm n` ‒hkrkht`rgzkr ms fbuxms ` n`sbmhkoètms nks hubturks

ktukgs‟ hmo cks` ò ngf`rèt`s kutmr`s" nètr` `b`s Ckuoke ,;77<'" Ilue

,;71>' ` Hkehbgeg ,;771' N`ss` úbtgom" k kutmrk n`stkhk m hmeh`gtm nks

‒hubturks lïcrgnks‟36" m qukb prmhurk hkrkht`rgzkr

Y…_ k ngeãoghk hubturkb hmetòpmrãe`k qu` eèm s`smbgngfghk ò `struturks lg`rërqughks ` `stëv`gs" oks" kmhmetrërgm" fbug ` s` n`sbmhk km bmeam n` rmtks gopmssïv`gs n`s` pr`v`r n` ketòèm ,XKE^K@BBK" 3448" p8'

Km trkz`r `ssk hmeh`gtukáèm" Xketk`bbk ,3448' vgsk krtghubkr suk

gev`stgakáèm cks`knk em hmeh`gtm qu` hmesgn`rk k hubturk hmom kqugbm qu`

`stë ò hmestket` káèm mrnèknmrk ` r`mrnèknmrk" ò uok ngeãoghk

n`smrnèknk ^kb hmej`hturk genghk uok hmeh`gtukáèm qu` k ngstgeau` p`bk

pr`sèák n` omvgoètms hmestket`s" mu" ò suks pkbkvrks"

K hubturk pkssk k s`r vgstk hmom uo hmejuetm n` bgelkslùrïstghks" hmom “káèm p`rp`tukoèt` gequg`tk"gesucmrngeknk ` r`c`bn`" mrnèknmrk" pmrço" `bk o`sokeèm mrnèknk" n`shmesgn`rkenm prmfkekoèt` kskhrmssketk ngstgeáèm ètr` m sucstketgvm ` m okragekb" me`h`ssërgm ` m khgnètkb‗ ,gcgn " p3'

K kutmrk hmesgn`rk" pmgs" qu` m omvgoètm nks fmrokáð`s hubturkgs

mhmrr` sàuenm uo ‒prmh`ssm huoubktgvm n` hmopb`xgfghkáèm" n` omnm qu`

uok emvk fmrokáèm hubturkb vkg s` getàrkenm ek ket`rgmr" prmvmhkenm e`bk

r`kjustkoètms ` r`fuehgmekbgzkáð`s‟ ,gcgn " p0' @ ç kqug qu` ò`raò hmo

hbkr`zk `bòètms qu` kpmetko uok hmev`raêehgk ètr` suks hmesgn`rkáð`s

smcr` hubturk ` m `xpmstm pmr Smbegi ,;770'

36 M t`rom ‒hubturks lïcrgnks‟ ngz r`sp`gtm k uo hmeh`gtm `bkcmrknm pmr Hkehbgeg ,;771'`xpr`sskenm k ngv`rsgnkn` n` omvgoètms ` ètr`bkákoètms oubtghubturkgs qu`p`ro`gko ks smhg`nkn`s hmetòpmrãe`ks mhgnètkgs Tkrk o`blmr ètèngoètm" vkb`hmesubtkr: HKEHBGEG" E`stmr Akrhgk Hubturks lïcrgnks% @strktçagks pkrk ètrkr ` skgr nkomn`regnkn` Xèm Tkubm: Pe`sp" ;771



06

Hkc` kgenk kpr`sètkr mutrms ksp`htms nks prmpmsgáð`s n` Xketk`bbk

,3448' kh`rhk nks fmrokáð`s hubturkgs" ms qukgs tkocço genghko

pmssgcgbgnkn`s n` hmev`raêehgk ètr` ms prmh`ssms nk sucj`tgvgnkn` ` m

n`bge`koètm n` p`rfgs hubturkgs kcmrnknms pmr Smbegi ,;770' Tkrk

Xketk`bbk ,gcgn " p0'" ks ‒fmrokáð`s hubturkgs hm`xgst o euo jmam hmopb`xm

n` smcr`pmsgáð`s ` hmopbòètkrgnkn`s‟: k hubturk luokek ‒`xgst` euo

hmetgeuuo" `bk ç huoubktgvk" eèm em sètgnm bge`kr" oks em sètgnm n`

get`rkáèm geh`ssket` n` trkngáèm ` ounkeák" p`rsgstêehgk ` trkesfmrokáèm‟

Tkrtgenm n`ss` pmetm" r`tmok/s` k prmprg`nkn` n` get`rbgakáèm ètr`

sucj`tgvgnkn` ` hubturk hmopr`èngnk pmr Smbegi ,;770'" tkb hmom `xpmstm

ket`rgmroèt`" k qukb rò`t` km hmeh`gtm n` qu`" ä o`ngnk qu` uo p`rfgb

sucj`tgvm s` hrgk" n`bge`gk/s` tkocço uo p`rfgb hubturkb

Kfmrk ms kpmrt`s n` Xketk`bbk" mutrk hmetrgcugáèm qu` kjunk ek

`bkcmrkáèm n` uo hmeh`gtm n` hubturk okgs prøxgom nks vkrgëv`gs qu` s`

kpr`sètko ek hmetòpmrke`gnkn` ç trkzgnk pmr Mem ,3446'" k pkrtgr n` sù

èfmqu` nk hubturk ` nk ngv`rsgnkn` hubturkb Xàuenm sù rkhgmhïegm" k

hubturk pmn` s`r ètèngnk hmom tunm kqugbm qu` `xpr`ssk ms prmh`ssms n`

fmrokáèm nks smhg`nkn`s `" km o`som tòpm" fkz pkrt` n`b`s" ò uok r`bkáèm

n` hmrr`spmenêehgk getrïes`hk Xàuenm k kutmrk"

K hubturk ehmetrk/s` ssèhgkboèt` vgehubknk km prmh`ssmn` fmrokáèm nks smhg`nkn`s luokeks" euok r`bkáèm n`sgocgms`" get`rn`pènèt` ` ngeãoghk qu` khmopkelk mn`sèvmbvgoètm nms gengvïnums ` arupms smhgkgs"`xpr`sskenm suk bgeaukaò" sùs vkbmr`s" a`stms `hmopmrtkoètms" efgo" suk gnètgnkn` ,MEM" 3446" p8'

Ngket` n`ss` ètèngoètm" `bk mcs`rvk k fmrák n` gefbuêehgk nmhmet`xtm smhgkb" `hmeþoghm ` hubturkb ek vgnk nks p`ssmks" ò sùs

pèskoètms" káð`s ` vkbmr`s @ kgenk" n` omnm `sp`hgkb" èfmhk k gefbuêehgk

n`ss`s ksp`htms ems lëcgtms ` omnms n` hmesuom nms mcj`tms @etènènm/

ms hmom pkrt` getàrket` nk hubturk okt`rgkb31 n` uok smhg`nkn` mu arupm"

31 M t`rom ‒hubturk okt`rgkb‟ ç òpràknm hmom m ‒hmejuetm n` krt`fktms prmnuzgnms ùtgbgzknms p`bks hubturks luokeks km bmeam nm tòpm" sènm qu`" pkrk hknk smhg`nkn`" ms



01

‒ms mcj`tms ` k smhg`nkn` ombnko/s` ` gefbuèhgko/s` ò uok r`bkáèm

ngeãoghk" em prmh`ssm n` hmestruáèm okt`rgkb ` sgocøbghk nm ouenm Y%%%_‟

,gcgn " p3'

Tkrtgenm n`ss` pmetm n` vgstk" ms mcj`tms pmnò s`r hmesgn`rknms

hmom pkrt` getàrket` nms prmh`ssms smhgkgs n` fmrokáèm ` trkesfmrokáèm

nks smhg`nkn`s" pmgs s` ètèn` qu`" pmr o`gm nk hrgkáèm n` mcj`tms ` n`

get`rkáð`s hmo `b`s `stkc`b`hgnks" ‒ò`raò k hmestruáèm n` sïocmbms" k

bgeaukaò" k hmoueghkáèm" ks r`bkáð`s ` prëtghks nms gengvïnums ` ks

smhg`nkn`s‟ ,gcgn " p8'

Tkrk qu` s` p`rh`c`ssò ks r`bkáð`s nks trkesfmrokáð`s smhgkgs ems

omnms n` vgnk hmo m N`sgae ` m usm n` mcj`tms" ` vgskenm `str`gtkr k b`gturk

ems t`roms nk r`bkáèm qu` ks p`ssmks `stkc`b`hò hmo ms mcj`tms" fmrko

tkocço gev`stgaknms `stunms qu` prgvgbàgko ksp`htms lgstørghms ` hubturkgs

nm N`sgae Kssgo" sèm kpr`sètknms k sàugr kbaues `xòpbms pkrk o`blmr

hmenuzgr k hmopr`èsèm kh`rhk nks r`bkáð`s ètr` sucj`tgvgnkn`" hubturk `

N`sgae

@stunms r`kbgzknms p`bm lgstmrgknmr Knrgke Fmrty ,3441' kh`rhk nm

N`sgae ` nms mcj`tms hmetrgcuò pkrk k hmopr`èsèm nks r`bkáð`s ètr`mcj`tms ` omnms n` vgv`r" ò fmhm e`stk p`squgsk M kutmr trkámu uok r`vgsèm

lgstørghk nm N`sgae" skbgètkenm ‒ks hkusks nk ounkeák em n`sgae n` cès n`

fkcrghkáèm genustrgkb‟" cushkenm r`bkhgmekr k lgstørgk nm N`sgae hmo k

lgstørgk nks smhg`nkn`s ,gcgn " p%;3'% Tkrk `b`" ‒qukbqu`r `xpbghkáèm nk

ounkeák n`v` kpmgkr/s` ò uok hmopr`èsèm n` hmom m n`sgae kf`tk ms

prmh`ssms nks `hmemogks omn`reks ` ç kf`tknm pmr `b`s‟ ,gcgn " p;>'

K gn`gk n` bkr ` n` `spkám n` trkckblm ç uo `xòpbm get`r`ssket` M

bkr" tkb qukb ç hmeh`cgnm hmetòpmrke`koèt`" oketço r`bkáèm ngr`tk hmo

ks ngv`rsks trkesfmrokáð`s mhmrrgnks k pkrtgr nk S`vmbuáèm Genustrgkb Em

p`rïmnm" mhmrr`rko vërgks ounkeáks ek oke`grk hmom ks p`ssmks mhupkvko

mcj`tms kssuoò sgaegfghknms pkrtghubkr`s" r`fb`tgenm sùs vkbmr`s ` r`f`rêehgks hubturkgs‟,MEM" 3446" p;4>' ^kb hmeh`gtm eèm s`rë kcmrnknm e`stk p`squgsk



0<

` mrakegzkvko ms `spkáms n` hmevgvêehgk eks hgnkn`s" qu` pksskrko k s`r

mrakegzknms ò `spkáms nmoçstghms ` `spkáms prmnutgvms

Ket`rgmroèt`" m bkr `rk m bmhkb men` ms krt`sèms" hmo`rhgket`s `

nòkgs prmfgssgmekgs `x`rhgko sùs mfïhgms juetkoèt` hmo mutrks

ktgvgnkn`s" hmom hmo`r" n`shkeskr" nmrogr" omrkr Hmo m knvètm nks

fëcrghks ` `shrgtørgms" km bmeam nm sçhubm \G\" lmuv` k s`pkrkáèm ètr` ks

ktgvgnkn`s prmnutgvks fmrokgs ` ks nmoçstghks" ` m bkr pkssmu k s`r" pkrk ms

trkckblknmr`s" uo bmhkb `xhbusgvm pkrk ktgvgnkn`s nk fkoïbgk" hmom hmo`r"

hrgkr ms fgblms" n`shkeskr M `shrgtørgm ` k fëcrghk tmrekrko/s` ms bmhkgs

n`stgeknms ä prmnuáèm" men` lkvgk hmetrmb` nm tòpm ` nks ktgvgnkn`s

`x`rhgnks p`bm trkckblknmr" ` ràrks `sp`hïfghks" nèmtkenm uo kocgèt`

mpr`ssmr ` lmstgb" ò hmetrkst` hmo m p`rïmnm ò qu` trkckblkvko ò hksk `

tgelko k bgc`rnkn` n` n`hgngr sù omnm n` trkckblm

@ss` ` mutrms fktmr`s gefbuèhgkrko gehbusgv` ms pknrð`s n` `ngfghkáèm"

n` urckegzkáèm" m omnm n` ks p`ssmks s` bmhmomv`rò" k p`rh`páèm nk

pksskaò nm tòpm" k p`rh`páèm nks ngstãehgks" ètr` tketms mutrms

`bòètms qu` hm`xgstò ` p`ro`gko m r`bkhgmekoètm ètr` p`ssmks `

`spkáms

Fmrty ,3441' kpmetk qu`" ò vgrtun` nks ounkeáks ò r`bkáèm äs

ktgvgnkn`s nm trkckblm ` äs ktgvgnkn`s nmoçstghks" kbço nk s`pkrkáèm fïsghk

ètr` ms kocgèt`s" mrgagemu/s` uok vkrg`nkn` n` sètgoètms Arken` pkrt`

nks p`ssmks pkssmu k ktrgcugr ngf`rèt`s sgaegfghknms km `spkám nmoçstghm `

km `spkám n` trkckblm" m qu` prmvmhmu uok `spçhg` n` ngvgsèm ‒oètkb‟ ètr`

`b`s @ssk gn`gk ckstket` ngfuengnk `xpr`sskvk/s`" pmr `xòpbm" p`bm n`s`jm

nms trkckblknmr`s ò tmrekr m bkr uo `spkám mpmstm km sù kocgèt` n`trkckblm" hmef`rgenm/bl` vgrtun`s pkrk trkesfmroë/bm ò uo bmhkb n` kcrgam"

men` pmn`rgko t`r k sèskáèm n` komr/prøprgm ‘ ngf`rètòèt` nm `spkám

n` trkckblm" men` pr`vkb`hgko hkrkht`rïstghks mpr`ssmrks

Fmrko hrgknks geúo`rks oke`grks pkrk `xprgogr k ngf`rèhgkáèm ètr`

bkr ` trkckblm" tkgs hmom k gevèáèm n` høngams n` hmopmrtkoètm

`sp`hïfghms" m usm n` uo tgpm n` rmupk pkrk m trkckblm ` mutrm pkrk k hksk `



07

ougtks mutrks" nks qukgs kqu`bk qu` okgs s` n`stkhmu fmg k hrgkáèm n`

‒pknrð`s `sp`hgkgs n` amstm ` n`sgae pkrk m bkr‟" ngvubaknms pmr r`vgstks `

okeukgs n` n`hmrkáèm ,FMS^W" 3441" p;>;' K prmnuáèm n` krt`fktms" ò

`sp`hgkb k n` oøv`gs" vgskvk k hmo`rhgkbgzkáèm n` prmnutms qu` r`fb`tgssò

tkgs ngf`rèhgkáð`s ktrkvçs n` suks fmroks" okt`rgkgs" hmr`s" `stgbm `th"

n`fgegnks hmefmro` sù bmhkb n` usm

Po `xòpbm qu` pmn` gbustrkr vkbmr`s ` omnms n` vgnk prmògeèt`s

em hmo`ám nm sçhubm \\ sèm ms `b`trmnmoçstghms Kspgrknmr`s n` pø"

ckt`n`grks" fmað`s ` a`bkn`grks `th" kopbkoèt` hmo`rhgkbgzknms k pkrtgr nk

nçhknk n` ;784" fmrko kssmhgknms ä gn`gk n` `hmemogk n` trkckblm em bkr"

vgskenm prgehgpkboèt` äs oubl`r`s n` hbkss` oçngk qu` qu`rgko s`r vgstks

hmom suh`ssmrks nks ‒sèlmrks n` hbkss` oçngk nm sçhubm \G\" okgs nm qu` ks

`spmsks nk hbkss` trkckblknmrk‟ ,gcgn " p3<4' Tkrk `ssks oubl`r`s" n` omnm

a`rkb" m trkckblm nmoçstghm `rk kssmhgknm k uok ektur`zk luogblket` `

n`v`rgk s`r r`kbgzknm pmr hrgknks" kbço n` eèm s`r r`hmel`hgnm hmom tkb pmr

eèm s`r ròue`rknm Km o`som tòpm" pmrço" ngfuengk/s` m ogtm n` qu`

uok oubl`r t`rgk r`hmel`hgoètm smhgkb ` r`kbgzkáèm p`ssmkb s` fmss` uok

cmk nmek n` hksk" tènm k sktgsfkáèm sètgoètkb hmom suk r`hmopèsk ^kgs

gn`gks hmbkcmrkrko pkrk k ngfusèm nms kpkr`blms `b`trmnmoçstghms hmomsucstgtutms nks hrgknks ` fkhgbgtknmr`s nm trkckblm nmoçstghm @ocmrk arken`

pkrt` nm trkckblm n` hksk tgv`ss` qu` s`r f`gtk okeukboèt`" ms

`b`trmnmoçstghms r`pr`sètkrko uok kbt`rektgvk pkrk kbgoètkr k gbusèm n`

uo stktus ek smhg`nkn` sò`blket` ä ‒sèlmrk s`rvgnk pmr hrgknks em bkr nm

sçhubm \G\‟ ,gcgn " 3441" p3<7'

Emtk/s` qu` ms `xòpbms khgok oèhgmeknms ngzò r`sp`gtm k uok

mcs`rvkáèm n` Aukttkrg ` Smbegi ,3440' smcr` ks ngeãoghks n` hrgkáèm òmngfghkáèm nk sucj`tgvgnkn` Xàuenm ms kutmr`s" tkgs ngeãoghks mhmrrò

ems ãocgtms hmb`tgvms ` gengvgnukgs" nk o`sok fmrok qu` k prmnuáèm nk

sèsgcgbgnkn`" k prmnuáèm nm n`s`jm" nks e`h`ssgnkn`s" nms omn`bms n`

hmopmrtkoètm `th ` ç r`subtket` n` prmnuáð`s smhgkgs ` gengvgnukgs Nknk

b`gturk hmbkcmrk pkrk hmopr`èn`r ksp`htms nk r`bkáèm ètr` ms mcj`tms ` ks



64

smhg`nkn`s" hmom uok oke`grk n` sgekbgzkr ` gnètgfghkr ksp`htms nk

sucj`tgvgnkn` n` uok çpmhk

Mutrk mcs`rvkáèm qu` s` pmn` fkz`r smcr` k r`bkáèm ètr` ms mcj`tms `

ms omnms n` vgnk n` uok çpmhk ems rò`t` km qu` Okhlknm ,;777' genghk: k

sucj`tgvgnkn` s` hkrkht`rgzk pmr eèm kpr`sètkr hmetmrems ‒fgxms‟" mu s`jk"

`stë ò hmestket` trkesfmrokáèm ‘ `bk oketço uok r`bkáèm n`

prmh`ssukbgnkn` hmo k lgstørgk" n` omnm qu` ks omngfghkáð`s n` suks fmráks

hmopmeèt`s" tketm ò getèsgnkn` quketm ò sètgnm" pmnò s`r

mcs`rvknks ek okegf`stkáèm n` emvms omn`bms n` hmopmrtkoètm mu

pknrð`s n` r`bkáèm p`ssmkb

Hmo `ssks hmesgn`rkáð`s" vmbtk/s` km èfmqu` nm p`rïmnm

hmopr`èngnm p`bks nçhknks n` ;704 ktç 34;4" kpr`sètkenm/s`" hmo gssm"

em prøxgom tøpghm" hmesgn`rkáð`s smcr` omnms n` vgnk hmetòpmrãe`ms p`bk

gnètgfghkáèm n` kbaues nms `bòètms ` vkbmr`s qu` k p`ro`gko



6;

33 GENGVGNPKBGXOM" @X^@^GHGXOM @ @F@O@SGNKN@: ^SÊX V@^MS@X

Eks úbtgoks nçhknks nm sçhubm \\" mhmrr`rko trkesfmrokáð`s qu`

r`fb`tgrko tketm eks `struturks smhgm`hmeþoghks quketm ems omnms n` vgnk

hmtgngkems X`vhèim ,344;' hmbkcmrk ò emssms `stunms" `bèhkenm

`xòpbms n`ssks ounkeáks" tkgs hmom k prmògeêehgk nk prmnuáèmgenustrgkb" k getèsgfghkáèm n` trkesfmrokáð`s t`hembøaghks ` m fbuxm

kh`b`rknm n` gefmrokáð`s

Hmehmogtketòèt`" mcs`rvk/s` k ò`raêehgk n` kbaues ktrgcutms qu`

ktrkv`ssko k sucj`tgvgnkn` n`sn` k Omn`regnkn` ` s` khètuko ems ngks

ktukgs @etr` `b`s" `stèm m gengvgnukbgsom3<" m hmesuogsom" k `fò`rgnkn` ` m

`st`tghgsom @o ngëbmam hmo Bgpmv`tsiy ,344>'" `ss`s ktrgcutms fmrko

cr`vòèt` kcmrnknms hmom fmráks qu` p`ro`gko k sucj`tgvgnkn`

hmetòpmrãe`k Xàuenm suks hmesgn`rkáð`s" ks trkesfmrokáð`s mhmrrgnks

km bmeam nm sçhubm \\ tgv`rko hmom v`tmr`s n` mrakegzkáèm kbauoks bøaghks"

tkgs hmom k mcsmb`shêehgk" k s`nuáèm ` k ngv`rsgfghkáèm" qu` hmrrmcmrko m

kpkr`hgoètm `-mu fmrtkb`hgoètm n` vkrgëv`gs" k `xòpbm nm `stïoubm km

hmesuom n` okssk ` km prkz`r nks emvgnkn`s

@o suk p`squgsk kh`rhk nks smhg`nkn`s hmetòpmrãe`ks" Bgpmv`tsiy,344>' prmpð` uok b`gturk ek qukb kpr`sètk suks fmrokáð`s get`rbgaknks km

`stkc`b`hgoètm nm sgstòk Omnk37" uok v`z qu` ms prgehïpgms n`ss` sgstòk

s` kfgrokrko hmom vkbmr`s ` fmráks qu` r`mrgètkrko ks smhg`nkn`s nurket`

m sçhubm \\ ` pksskrko k rà`r ms omnms n` vgnk hmetòpmrãe`ms Tkrk m

kutmr" fmrko ks fmráks nk `xpr`ssèm gengvgnukb" nm `st`tghgsom ` nk

3<

Ç gopmrtket` r`sskbtkr qu`" e`stk p`squgsk" m t`rom gengvgnukbgsom ç ngv`rsm nm sèsmhmouo" qu` m hmopr`èn` hmom uo vkbmr pmsgtgvm" hmestgtuget` nks emáð`s n`gengvgnukbgnkn`" prgvkhgnkn`" mu gnètgnkn` E`stk p`squgsk" òpr`stk/s` m t`rom tkbhmom òpràknm ` r`kbáknm eks kcmrnkaès n` Bgpmv`tsiy ,344>'" ngzènm r`sp`gtm ähubturk qu` s` fmromu km bmeam nk Omn`regnkn` ` qu` kpmetk pkrk ms omnms n`sucj`tgvkáèm qu` prgvgbàgko ms vkbmr`s gengvgnukgs ò n`trgoètm nm hmb`tgvm E`ss`sètgnm" hkc` mcs`rvkr qu` m kutmr prmhurk kcmrnkr m hmeh`gtm n` gengvgnukbgsom emãocgtm lgstørghm" smhgkb ` hubturkb hmom uo nms vkbmr`s qu` p`ro`gko k smhg`nkn`mhgnètkb hmetòpmrãe`k

37 M ‒sgstòk Omnk‟ ngz r`sp`gtm km fuehgmekoètm ` prgehïpgms mrnèknmr`s nk omnk E`stkp`squgsk" k pkbkvrk Omnk geghgknk ò okgúshubk r`pr`sètk m sgstòk Omnk" èquketmqu` omnk" ò b`trks ogeúshubks" r`f`r`/s` kms fèþoèms nms omngsoms" hmom eks`xpr`ssð`s ‒gstm `stë ek omnk‟" ‒kqugbm `stë fmrk nk omnk‟ `th% ,O@X[PG^K" ;777'%



63

`fò`rgnkn` qu` pmssgcgbgtkrko k hmefgaurkáèm ` gestkurkáèm nk Omnk" `

r`p`rhutgrko hmom fmráks mrgètknmrks n` uok hubturk `sp`hïfghk nks

smhg`nkn`s abmckbgzknks

^kgs fmráks vgelko sènm a`stknks lë okgs n` três sçhubms" k pkrtgr nm

ketrmpmhètrgsom" nk `xpkesèm nm hmoçrhgm ` nms prmar`ssms hgètïfghm/

t`hembøaghms" fmrtkb`hènm/s` ek Omn`regnkn` ` khètukenm/s` ek pøs/

omn`regnkn` Xuks prgo`grks okegf`stkáð`s rò`tò/ems km p`rïmnm n`

trkesgáèm nks smhg`nkn`s krgstmhrëtghks pkrk ks smhg`nkn`s nòmhrëtghks"

cò hmom ä hmesmbgnkáèm n` sùs emvms prmh`ssms n` fuehgmekoètm `

ngeãoghks smhgm`hmeþoghks ` hubturkgs

Xàuenm Bgpmv`tsiy ,344>'" k ò`raêehgk nk `xpr`ssèm gengvgnukb"

pmr `xòpbm" pmn` s`r bmhkbgzknk hmo h`rtk hbkr`zk ò ngf`rèt`s

okegf`stkáð`s em fgekb nk Gnkn` Oçngk ` km bmeam nms prgo`grms sçhubms nk

Omn`regnkn`" tkgs hmom m kpkr`hgoètm nk kutmcgmarkfgk ek bgt`rkturk ` nm

r`trktm ` kutmrr`trktm eks krt`s" ètèngnks hmom `xpr`ssð`s qu` r`v`bkrko

uok emvk r`bkáèm nm gengvïnum hmo m hmb`tgvm @ocmrk ms prgo`grms quknrms

kgenk sàugssò høngams ` sïocmbms" ` tkgs okegf`stkáð`s" k prgehïpgm"

`stgv`ssò r`strgtks äs `bgt`s" `bks r`v`bkvko uo n`s`jm n` `xpr`ssèm ` uok

`xkbtkáèm nk gengvgnukbgnkn`" qu` prgehgpgkvk k s`r r`hmel`hgnk smhgkboèt`

Hmefmro` m kutmr" tkgs ksp`htms hmetrgcuïrko pkrk uo omvgoètm n`

vkbmrgzkáèm smhgkb nm qu` ç sgeaubkr" hmrrmcmrkenm m rmopgoètm nks emroks

trknghgmekgs" ks qukgs vkbmrgzkvko m hmb`tgvm

Khmopkelkenm m rkhgmhïegm nm kutmr" k ‒f`cr` nks emvgnkn`s‟" mu s`jk"

m amstm p`bm emvm ` p`bks ounkeáks fmg gopubsgmeknm pmr `ssk emvk

hmeh`páèm n` uegnkn` smhgkb sgeaubkr" k qukb `stgoubmu m ngr`gtm n`ngf`rèhgkáèm nms gengvïnums ò r`bkáèm ä hmb`tgvgnkn` K bàgtgokáèm nm

emvm" khkbètknk p`bk vkbmrgzkáèm nk ounkeák ` p`bk emvk mrgètkáèm

tòpmrkb nk vgnk ngr`hgmeknk p`bm pr`sèt`" cò hmom k bøaghk gengvgnukbgstk

juetm km n`s`jm n` ngf`rèhgkáèm p`bk kpkrêehgk fmrokrko ks emvks

`struturks nk vgnk smhgkb ems sçhubms sucs`quèt`s



68

@ssks emvks `struturks smhgkgs qu` vgelko s` hmesmbgnkenm ètr` ms

sçhubms \V ` \G\ akelkrko fmrák em hmo`ám nm sçhubm \\" p`rïmnm p`ro`knm

pmr getèsks hrgs`s ` r`ngr`hgmekoètms smhgm`hmeþoghms ` pmbïtghms E`ss`

omoètm" emtk/s` uo kuoètm n` pmtêehgk nks fmráks nm gengvgnukbgsom" nm

`st`tghgsom ` nk `fò`rgnkn` K bøaghk `hmeþoghk qu` s` `stkc`b`hù kpøs k

Xàuenk Arken` Au`rrk" pmr `xòpbm" hmo`ámu k s` pkutkr p`bk ràrk nm

`fêo`rm" mrgètkenm k prmnuáèm ` m hmesuom n` mcj`tms hmefmro` ms

prgehïpgms n` rèmvkáèm ` mcsmb`shêehgk prmarkoknk ,BGTMV@^XIW" 344>'

K ò`raêehgk n` vkbmr`s ` kh`páð`s hubturkgs omn`reks qu`

ngaegfghkvko" ò `sp`hgkb" k emvgnkn` ` k `xpr`ssèm nk gengvgnukbgnkn`

hmrrmcmrmu m `scmám nm `stkc`b`hgoètm" fmrtkb`hgoètm ` kcrkeaêehgk nks

bøaghks nk Omnk" ks qukgs ktgeagrko sù ëpgh` ek pøs/omn`regnkn`" `xpr`ssks

ò suk ngssògekáèm hmom v`tmr`s r`mrakegzknmr`s nm sgstòk `hmeþoghm

hkpgtkbgstk Tkrk Bgpmv`tsiy ,344>" p;;'" sàuenm ‒k bøaghk nk gehmestãehgk"

ks arken`s outkáð`s mrakegzkhgmekgs ` `stçtghks nk omnk‟ r`pr`sètko m

omvgoètm n` kvkeám ` hmesmbgnkáèm n` tkgs fmráks @ss` omvgoètm ç vgsïv`b

k pkrtgr nk nçhknk n` ;7<4" qukenm lmuv` uo getèsm prmh`ssm n` `xpkesèm

nks bøaghks nm sgstòk Omnk pkrk ngv`rsms ãocgtms nk smhg`nkn` mhgnètkb

^kb hèërgm pmn` s`r ètèngnm ò Bgpmv`tsiy ,gcgn " pp;<4/;<;'"

hmom m omoètm n` kpkrgáèm n` uok ‒emvk a`rkáèm n` smhg`nkn`s

curmhrëtghks ` nòmhrëtghks‟" eks qukgs eèm lë okgs ràrks gopmstks `

ngshgpbgeks rïagnks ` sgo k ‒smhgkbgzkáèm p`bk `shmblk ` p`bk gokaò‟ ,gcgn '"

okegf`stknks ek `xpkesèm nk hmoueghkáèm pucbghgtërgk" ek s`nuáèm nm

hmesuom ` nm psghmbmagsom" mu" kgenk" ek s`nuáèm nm sètgnm" hmetrërgk äs

hmevgháð`s gn`mbøaghks ` kms omvgoètms r`vmbuhgmeërgms @ehkrk/s` uo

pkemrkok ò qu` k ounkeák" m prkz`r ` ks emvgnkn`s `struturko kpmgms

pkrk m fuehgmekoètm n`ssks smhg`nkn`s

Xàuenm ks keëbgs`s n` Bgpmv`tsiy" `ssks qukbgnkn`s prmògeèt`s ek

pøs/omn`regnkn` `hbmngrko nurket` ks três úbtgoks nçhknks nm sçhubm \\"

hkrkht`rgzkenm m p`rïmnm p`bm ‒fgo nk trkngáèm" gestkcgbgnkn` nks emroks n`

smhgkbgzkáèm" sup`rgengvgnukbgzkáèm nms s`r`s‟ ,344>" p31>' Fmg m omoètm



6>

ò qu` k Omnk r`pr`sètmu uo gopmrtket` pkp`b gopubsgmeknmr n` emvks

fmráks ` ktrgcutms ä pøs/omn`regnkn`

^kokelk r`hmefgaurkáèm" cks`knk ems prgehïpgms mrnèknmr`s nk

Omnk ‘ m `fêo`rm" m gengvgnukbgsom ` m `st`tghgsom ‘ gefbuèhgmu uok

r`mrgètkáèm nk hubturk n` okssk pkutknk p`bm l`nmegsom ` gn`kgs

gengvgnukbgstks" gopubsgmekenm m fmrtkb`hgoètm n` vkbmr`s hmom m n`s`jm

p`bks emvgnkn`s" m n`susm sgstòëtghm ` kh`b`rknm ` k s`nuáèm h`b`crknk p`bk

kpkrêehgk

Xèm vkbmr`s qu` ktrkv`sskrko ngv`rsms `sf`rks nk smhg`nkn`" hmom m

n`sgae n` prmnutms" m n`sgae n` get`rgmr`s" k krqugt`turk" k hubturk ogngëtghk"

k pucbghgnkn` ` ks gn`mbmagks" ètr` tketms mutrms E`ss` hmet`xtm" ç pmssïv`b

p`rh`c`r qu` ms sgaems `fêo`rms ` `stçtghms nk Omnk tmrekrko/s` uok

`xgaêehgk smhgkb Po `xòpbm sgaegfghktgvm pmn` s`r p`rh`cgnm eks `strktçagks

n` a`stèm ` prmnuáèm kbgh`ráknks em prgehïpgm nk mcsmb`shêehgk prmarkoknk"

hujks cks`s ò`ragrko ems kems ;734 ` hmesgstò" `ssèhgkboèt`" ò hrgkr

prmnutms qu` nurò oèms pkrk vèn`r okgs" rktgfghknms p`bk vkbmrgzkáèm nk

emvgnkn` ` nms ksp`htms bgaknms ä kpkrêehgk ,BGTMV@^XIW" 344>9 OKBCKS@Z

`t kb%" 34;;" p;88' M gn`kb n` hubtm km emvm ngfuengu/s` ò vërgks `sf`rks nk

smhg`nkn`" prmvmhkenm n`shrçngtm ò r`bkáèm ä trkngáèm ` km pkssknm

Hmefmro` kpmetk Bgpmv`tsiy ,344>'" e`ssks hmengáð`s" m N`sgae

gehmrpmrmu sgstòktghkoèt` k ngoèsèm `stçtghk ` k bøaghk nk ngf`rèhgkáèm

ek `bkcmrkáèm nms prmnutms genustrgkgs" ks qukgs r`pr`sètko m emvm buakr

ktrgcuïnm ä s`nuáèm ` km n`s`jm n` emvgnkn` K ngf`rèhgkáèm" fuehgmekenm

hmom bøaghk mrgètknmrk nks ktgvgnkn`s prmnutgvks" hmetrgcugu pkrk

gopubsgmekr m hmesuom ` khkcmu pmr `stkc`b`h`r uok `spçhg` n` ràrk k s`rsàugnk p`bks òpr`sks" uok v`z qu`" pkrk hmop`tgr" ms hmehmrrèt`s

n`v`rgko gemvkr ` bkeákr emvms prmnutms" äs v`z`s n` hmeh`páèm geçngtk" `"

ek okgmrgk nms hksms" `xgcgenm p`quèms kp`rf`gámkoètms n` n`tkbl` nms

prmnutms" prmvmhkenm em hmesuognmr uok sèskáèm n` emvgnkn`

Km kckrhkr m N`sgae sàuenm ks bøaghks nk Omnk" Bgpmv`tsiy ,gcgn '

genghk qu` `ss` hkopm tkocço pkssmu k s` sustètkr p`bks bøaghks nk Omnk"



60

nòmestrkenm gaukb ngr`hgmekoètm pkrk vkbmr`s ` fmráks hmom m

gengvgnukbgsom" m hmesuom `xkh`rcknm" k `fò`rgnkn` ` m `st`tghgsom ^kb

fktmr pmn` s`r hmopr`èngnm p`bk hme`xèm ètr` hubturk ` sucj`tgvgnkn`"

hmefmro` kpmetknm ket`rgmroèt`" ks qukgs kpr`sètko r`bkáèm ngr`tk hmo k

prmnuáèm n` mcj`tms ` sù hmesuom

@ssk p`rh`páèm ç tkocço kpmetknk pmr Cmesg`p` ,34;3'" m qukb

ètèn` qu` m N`sgae

Y_ s` ngstkehgmu hknk v`z okgs nk gn`gk n` ‟smbuáèmget`bgaèt` n` prmcbòks‟ ` s` kprmxgomu nm `fêo`rm" nkomnk" nm mcsmb`tgsom rëpgnm ‘ k `ssêehgk nk omnk ç rëpgnk/" nm jmam `stçtghm/fmrokb" nk abkomurgzkáèm nm ouenm nmsmcj`tms ,gcgn " p;<'

@o suks mcs`rvkáð`s" m kutmr kpmetk pkrk k fr`quèt` r`bkáèm" pmr

pkrt` nk smhg`nkn`" ètr` m hkopm nm N`sgae ` ks bøaghks mrgètknmrks nk

Omnk Ç hmouo" sàuenm `b`" supmr qu` ms mcj`tms n` n`sgae sèm hkrms"

geút`gs mu pmuhm prëtghms" èarkáknms" ngv`rtgnms ` hmbmrgnms

Tmnò/s` tkocço emtkr ek bgt`rkturk smcr` N`sgae ksp`htms nk

sustètkáèm nks bøaghks nm gengvgnukbgsom" `xpr`ssèm gengvgnukb nk

`fò`rgnkn` ` nm `st`tghgsom em hkopm nm N`sgae qukenm s` `xpr`ssk" pmr`xòpbm" k gopmrtãehgk n` èabmckr ksp`htms n` kutmrr`f`rêehgk em prmj`tm

n` mcj`tms% Ckxt`r ,34;;' genghk `ss` ksp`htm hmom uok ‒kutmgokaò nm

hmesuognmr‟ k s`r hmesgn`rknk hmom uo r`qugsgtm sgocøbghm qu` hmetrgcug

pkrk n`sp`rtkr k hmefgkeák n`b` smcr` n`t`rogeknm prmnutm Hkrnmsm ,34;3'"

pmr suk v`z" hmoètk smcr` k gopmrtãehgk n` s` trkesogtgr ksp`htms nk

gengvgnukbgnkn` pmr o`gm n` mcj`tms ` smcr` m n`s`jm n` sùs usuërgms ò s`

v`r kbg r`fb`tgnms[uketm k `ss`s ksp`htms" Bgpmv`tsiy ,344>' mcs`rvk uok tènêehgk

nms hmesuognmr`s ò eèm okgs s` kt`r kpèks ä fuehgmekbgnkn` nms mcj`tms `

s`rvgáms" oks ò smbghgtkr k `xp`rgêehgk n` sèskáð`s" k ngf`rèhgkáèm

`stçtghk ` k `xpr`ssèm n` vkbmr`s p`ssmkgs pmr o`gm nm sù usm" ò uok

r`bkáèm hmo ngoèsð`s psghmbøaghks N` omnm sgetçtghm" pmnò/s` utgbgzkr ks



66

pkbkvrks nm kutmr pkrk r`trktkr ms omnms n` hmesuom qu` s` n`sèvmbv`rko

` s` kprgomrkrko k pkrtgr nk `xpkesèm nk Omnk:

Hmesuogoms ktrkvçs nms mcj`tms ` nks okrhks" ngekogsom"`bàãehgk" pmn`r" rèmvkáèm n` lëcgtms" vgrgbgnkn`"

fògegbgnkn`" gnkn`" r`fgekoètm" sàurkeák" ekturkbgnkn`"uoks tketks gokaès qu` gefbuò ò emssks `shmblks ` qu`s`rgk sgopbgstk r`nuzgr sø kms fèþoèms n` vgehubkáèmsmhgkb qukenm pr`hgskoèt` ms amstms eèm h`ssko n`gengvgnukbgzkr/s` Y_ ç k `rk nks omtgvkáð`s ïetgoks ``xgstèhgkgs" nk arktgfghkáèm psghmbøaghk" nm prkz`r pkrk sgo`som" nk qukbgnkn` ` nk utgbgnkn` nks hmgsks qu` kssuo` mpmstm ,gcgn "" p;1>'

@ssks krtghubkáð`s eèm `samtko k gev`stgakáèm smcr` omnms n` vgnk

nks smhg`nkn`s hmetòpmrãe`ks Em ètketm" cushko getrmnuzgr ksp`htms qu`

emrt`krko k gev`stgakáèm n` vkbmr`s qu` p`rpkssko k sucj`tgvgnkn`

hmetòpmrãe`k" ò hmopkrkáèm hmo ms vkbmr`s prmpkaknms p`bm N`sgae pmr

o`gm nk bgeaukaò nms mcj`tms

K pkrtgr n`st` pmetm" hmo m getugtm n` kopbgkr m ètèngoètm nms

vkbmr`s qu` s`rvgrèm hmom prgehïpgms pkrk keëbgs` nks ètr`vgstks" s`rèm

`bèhknms vkbmr`s qu` s` n`stkhko hmom fmráks pr`sèt`s ems omnms n` vgnk

hmetòpmrãe`ms Tkrk tketm" ngkbmak/s` hmo Ïtkbm Hkbvgem ,;774' k pkrtgr n`quktrm nms s`gs vkbmr`s èuo`rknms p`bm kutmr hmom qukbgnkn`s pkrk k

bgt`rkturk ` qu` n`s`jk v`r pr`s`rvknks hmo k kprmxgokáèm nm 8º ogbêegm:

b`v`zk" rkpgn`z" vgsgcgbgnkn` ` oubtgpbghgnkn`



61

38 [PK^SM VKBMS@X HME^@OTMSÃE@MX

Ïtkbm Hkbvgem `xpð` uok rghk r`fb`xèm smcr` s`gs vkbmr`s bgt`rërgms qu`

`stgokvk ` sua`rgk qu` fmssò hmetgeuknms km bmeam nm 8º ogbêegm: b`v`zk"

rkpgn`z" `xktgnèm" vgsgcgbgnkn`" oubtgpbghgnkn` ` hmesgstêehgk Ms s`gs vkbmr`s

fmrokvko m tòk n` hmef`rêehgks84 pr`pkrknks pmr `b` pkrk uo p`rïmnmb`tgvm ek Pegv`rsgnkn` n` Lkrvkrn ,;7<0/;7<6' M kutmr fkb`hù ket`s n`

fkz`r tmnks ks suks `xpmsgáð`s" ètr`tketm `bks fmrko pucbghknks ek ïetàrk

ò bgvrm pøstuom" smc m tïtubm n` X`gs prmpmstks pkrk m prøxgom ogbêegm: bgáð`s

ko`rghkeks ,;774' K mcrk hmehètrk k kpr`sètkáèm nms t`xtms

nktgbmarkfknms pmr Hkbvgem" ems qukgs `xpð` kqu`bks s`gs qukbgnkn`s bgt`rërgks

hmo m prmpøsgtm n` sgtuë/bks ek p`rsp`htgvk nm ogbêegm qu` s` geghgkvk

Ç get`r`ssket` mcs`rvkr qu` m p`rïmnm ò qu` Hkbvgem `shr`vù suks

prmpmstks hmgehgn` hmo uo omoètm lgstørghm n` ngv`rsms sgekgs n`

trkesfmrokáèm nk sucj`tgvgnkn` hmetòpmrãe`k" ms qukgs s` gesgeukrko ek

prgo`grk o`tkn` nm sçhubm \\ ` s` hmesmbgnkrko hmom omnms n` vgnk

pr`nmogeket`s

Mutrm pmetm qu` s` r`b`vk ç qu` ks hmef`rêehgks `shrgtks pmr Hkbvgem

hmes`rvko uok get`r/r`bkáèm ` s` hmestgtuò hmom uok t`ssgturk E`stkp`squgsk" `bks s`rèm kpr`sètknks ` hme`htknks km hkopm nm N`sgae K

r`b`vãehgk n` skbgètkr `ss` `stunm s` n`v` km fktm n` ètèn`r qu` Cmesg`p`

,34;;' kprmxgok ms hmeh`gtms n` Hkbvgem ,;774' hmo m hkopm n`

hmel`hgoètm n`stk p`squgsk

Cmesg`p` ,34;;' emtmu" em hkopm nm N`sgae" r`ssmeãehgks nks

prmpmstks `bkcmrknks pmr Hkbvgem ,;774'" ` knmtmu ks gn`gks n`b` pkrk knmtkr

hmom augk ek gnètgfghkáèm ` hmeh`gtukáèm n` qukbgnkn`s k s`rò

pr`s`rvknks p`bm N`sgae M p`squgsknmr r`sskbtk qu` suk getèáèm fmg trkákr

uok kprmxgokáèm hmo ks qukbgnkn`s kpr`sètknks pmr Hkbvgem pkrk" cks`knm

84 Tucbghknm kpøs suk omrt`" mhmrrgnk ò ;7<0" m bgvrm kpr`sètk k r`prmnuáèm ek ïetàrk n`t`xtms nktgbmarkfknms pmr Hkbvgem Ks hmef`rêehgks fkrgko pkrt` nks Hlkrb`s @bgmt EmrtmeTm`try B`htur`s: trknghgmekb hghbm n` hmef`rêehgks r`kbgzknks n`sn` ;736" pkrk m qukb`shrgtmr`s hmom ^X @bgmt" Jmra` Bugs Cmra`s ` Mhtkvgm Tkz" mu krtgstks hmom GamrXtrkvgesiy fmrko hmevgnknms



6<

e`bks" n`bge`kr suks prmpmstks" sò k pr`tèsèm n` fkz`r n` sùs `shrgtms uok

get`rpr`tkáèm nks gn`gks `xpmstks p`bm `shrgtmr gtkbgkem

Okgs uo gtò r`kbáknm pmr Cmesg`p` ,34;;' ngz r`sp`gtm ä `xgstêehgk

r`hèt` nm hkopm nm N`sgae" s` hmopkrknm km nk bgt`rkturk ` ä vkbmrgzkáèm

hubturkb n` kocks ks ër`ks: m N`sgae kpr`sètk h`rtk n`svkbmrgzkáèm hubturkb

ò r`bkáèm ä trkngáèm krrkgaknk nk bgt`rkturk Kbço ngssm" m kutmr kssmhgk ks

vgrtun`s èuo`rknks pmr Hkbvgem ä prëtghk prmj`tukb" nknm qu`" ò sù

`x`rhïhgm" hmopr`èn` qu` s` n`v` ktèn`r k get`r`ss`s ` e`h`ssgnkn`s" ` k

`shmblk pkrk r`smbv`r `ssks e`h`ssgnkn`s ‒n`pèn` nk vgrtun` qu` s`

kpr`sètk hmo hknk ktm prmj`tukb" gen`pènètòèt` nm fktm n` m n`sgae`r

`stkr hmeshgèt` ngssm‟ ,gcgn " p80'

Ems sucgtès qu` s` sàuò" pmrtketm" s`rèm pmetuknks quktrm nks

s`gs prmpmstks n` Hkbvgem ,;774'" hmo krtghubkáð`s ètr` `bks ` ks prmpmstks

n` Cmesg`p` ,34;;'" k fgo n` s` kpmetkrò fmráks ` vkbmr`s nk sucj`tgvgnkn`

hmetòpmrãe`k" ms qukgs" okgs kngket`" s`rèm r`tmoknms ò r`bkáèm k kbaues

mcj`tms mrguenms nm hkopm nm N`sgae

3%8%; B`v`zk

K prgo`grk prmpmstk ç k b`v`zk @o sù t`xtm" Hkbvgem ,;774' utgbgzk

ogtms" fëcubks ` pm`sgks pkrk fkbkr smcr` m prgo`grm vkbmr" pmgs hmesgn`rk

`ss`s aêe`rms bgt`rërgms hmom bgeaukaès hkpkz`s n` hmef`rgr b`v`zk" o`som

äs hmgsks okgs p`sknks

M kutmr ètèn` qu` k b`v`zk n` uo t`xtm pmn` r`subtkr nk

hmocgekáèm `xktk n` pkbkvrks qu` hmesàuò `xprgogr k vgnk sò p`trgfghë/

bk Ngtm ò mutrms t`roms" m kutmr ètèn` qu` uok nms` n` b`v`zk r`subtk

ò uo t`xtm qu` `xprgo` vgnk" km o`som tòpm ò qu` k suspèn` p`bk

`shrgtk @ssk gn`gk ç `xpr`ssk ò suk sàuget` n`hbkrkáèm: k ‒b`v`zk" pkrk

ogo" `stë kssmhgknk ä pr`hgsèm ` ä n`t`rogekáèm" euehk km qu` ç vkam mu

kb`ktørgm‟% @b` k hmopbòètk hmo uok hgtkáèm n` Tkub Vkbçry: ‒ç pr`hgsm s`r

b`v` hmom m pësskrm" ` eèm hmom k pbuok‟ ,gcgn " p3<'



67

M `shrgtmr gtkbgkem p`rsgst` ek prmpmstk n` èhmetrkr k b`v`zk pmr

o`gm nm `qugbïcrgm ètr` qukbgnkn`s get`b`htukgs ` pmçtghks" cushkenm

hmef`rgr/bl`s ‒vgvkhgnkn`‟ ` ‒sutgb`zk‟% E`ss` sètgnm" k b`v`zk" `xpr`ssk p`bk

`ssêehgk nks fmroks" pmn` s`r ètèngnk hmom ‒uo omnm n` v`r m ouenm

fuenkoètknm ek fgbmsmfgk ` ek hgêehgk‟% Tkrk r`fmráë/bm" `b` hgtk m `xòpbm n`

Buhrçhgm ` Mvïngm" qu`" hmeshgèt`s nm prmh`ssm n` ounkeák ge`rèt` k tmnks

ks fmroks" nm gopr`vgsïv`b ` nk ngv`rsgnkn`" hmef`rgrko b`v`zk k sùs `shrgtms

,gcgn " pp3;/33'

Hkbvgem ,gcgn ' vê tkocço ems kvkeáms nk hgêehgk ` nk gefmroëtghk

p`rsp`htgvks pkrk k b`v`zk" ks qukgs sèm uok n` suks fmet`s pkrk gespgrkáèm

@b` gnètgfghk eks gokaès nm NEK8;" ems gopubsms eùrþeghms" ems qukris83 "

k qukbgnkn` nk b`v`zk:

Hknk rkom nk hgêehgk" ò emssk çpmhk" pkr`h` qu`r`r emsnòmestrkr qu` m ouenm r`pmusk smcr` ètgnkn`ssutgbïssgoks ‘ tkgs ks oèskaès n` KNE" ms gopubsmseùrþeghms" ms qukris Y_ @o sàugnk" vò k gefmroëtghkY_ Yk qukb_ ç m smftwkr` qu` hmokenk" qu` ka` smcr` mouenm `xt`rgmr ` smcr` ks oëqugeks" ks qukgs `xgstòkpèks ò fueáèm nm smftwkr` ,gcgn " p34'

Kssgo" Hkbvgem ,;774' mcs`rvmu k b`v`zk hmom uo nms `bòètms qu`s` smcr`sskïrko eks ounkeáks prmvmhknks p`bk sàuenk S`vmbuáèm

Genustrgkb ‘ qukenm s` n`sèvmbv`rko t`hembmagks n` gefmrokáèm"

rmcmtgzkáèm ` ogegkturgzkáèm Tkrk m kutmr" `ssk qukbgnkn` pmn` s`r vgstk ek

prmògeêehgk nks bøaghks cgeërgks ` ems ‒cgts sò p`sm‟" qu` hmokenko ks

oëqugeks ,gcgn " p34'

K pkrtgr nk kcmrnkaò n` Hkbvgem ,gcgn '" Cmesg`p` ,34;;' kssmhgk k

b`v`zk kms prmj`tms n` n`sgae ` suk gefbuêehgk smcr` m o`gm kocgèt` M kutmr

8; KNE ,mu NEK ò geabês' ç m khrþegom n` ëhgnm n`smxgrrgcmeuhb`ghm% ‒M ëhgnmn`smxgrrgcmeuhb`ghm ç m okt`rgkb aèçtghm n` tmnms ms mrakegsoms h`bubkr`s ` n` arken`pkrt` nms vïrus" m qukb trkespmrtk k gefmrokáèm e`h`ssërgk pkrk ngrgagr k sïet`s` n`prmt`ïeks ` suk r`pbghkáèm K sïet`s` n` prmt`ïeks eknk okgs ç nm qu` k prmnuáèm nksprmt`ïeks qu` ks hçbubks ` ms vïrus pr`hgsko pkrk m o`tkcmbgsom ` n`sèvmbvgoètm%‟Fmet`: 2lttp:--wwwtmnkcgmbmagkhmo-nghgmekrgm-neklto5 Kh`ssm o 3;-okr-34;3

83 Ms qukris sèm sucpkrtïhubks qu` fmroko ms `bçtrmes ` prøtmes Fmet`:2lttp:--wwwkbamsmcr hmocr-fgsghk-qukrisltob5 Kh`ssm o 3;-okr-34;3



14

fkz r`f`rêehgk" pmr `xòpbm" k prmj`tms pkutknms ò fuenkoètms n`

sustètkcgbgnkn` kocgètkb" qu` s` kprmxgoko n` uo oïegom n` gopkhtm

kocgètkb:

B`v`zk em n`sgae ç uo t`rom qu` n`v`rgk mhmrr`r"

smcr`tunm" qukenm s` b`vk ò hmesgn`rkáèm ms fbuxms nòkt`rgkgs ` n` è`ragk ` n` suks gefbuêehgks smcr` mkocgèt`" mu qukenm s` ràgstrk k smcr`hkrak nk r`n`vgrtukb hmo bgxm ngagtkb ,gcgn " p88'

Kbço nks hkrkht`rïstghks fïsghks" Cmesg`p` ,gcgn ' hmesgn`rk mutrm

ksp`htm n`ssk vgrtun` em N`sgae ‘ ‒m luomr" k arkák ` k `bàãehgk‟ qu` h`rtms

mcj`tms pmnò trkesogtgr ,gcgn " p8>'

3%8%3 Skpgn`z

M sàuenm tòk kcmrnknm eks hmef`rêehgks n` Hkbvgem ,;774' ç k

rkpgn`z Tkrk m kutmr" `ssk qukbgnkn` `stë r`bkhgmeknk ä p`rh`páèm nm tòpm

èquketm s` bê uo t`xtm" sènm qu` ms v`tmr`s qu` fmroko k v`bmhgnkn` nk

b`gturk" hmom k hmehgsèm ` k `hmemogk n` krauoètm" sèm hmefgaurknms hmo

cks` ek `shmblk nm rgtom" ek oçtrghk" ek hmehktèkáèm nms fktms ` ek

quketgnkn` n` `bòètms qu` fmroko uo t`xtm Hkbvgem ,gcgn ' kpmetk qu` k

sèskáèm n` rkpgn`z s`rë" pmgs" k okgs kn`quknk" hmefmro` fmr k krtghubkáèm

n` tkgs `bòètms

E`ssk p`rsp`htgvk" `b` `xpr`ssk suk pr`f`rêehgk p`bm hmetm" ò

`sp`hgkb ms pmpubkr`s qu` kcmrnko ogtms ` fëcubks" pmgs" sàuenm `b`" m hmetm

pmpubkr tò hmom hkrkht`rïstghk prgehgpkb k `hmemogk n` `xpr`ssèm" ‒eèm

p`rn` tòpm‟ ` eèm n`tkblk m qu` eèm tò fueáèm: ‒tunm m qu` ç emo`knm

tò uok fueáèm e`h`ssërgk em èr`nm‟ ,gcgn " pp>7/04'

Mcs`rv`/s` qu` m n`stkqu` ktrgcuïnm ä `hmemogk n` `xpr`ssèm sua`r`

sù kpr`ám p`bk `shrgtk hmehgsk ^kb hkrkht`rïstghk ç pmr `b` pmetuknk hmom

uok fmrák hmo pmtèhgkb n` trkákr hme`xð`s ngv`rsks k pkrtgr nms `bòètms

fuenkoètkgs nm t`xtm Tkrk m kutmr" tkb pmtèhgkb `stgoubk k gokagekáèm

nkqu`b` qu` `shr`v` ` nkqu`b` qu` bê m t`xtm" prmvmhkenm uo omvgoètm



1;

geget`rruptm n` hme`xð`s" gokageknm pmr Hkbvgem ,gcgn " p><' hmom uo

‒n`sèlm ò zgau`zkau`s‟%

Km gbustrkr `ss` omvgoètm" Hkbvgem hgtk uo tr`hlm n` Hkrbm B`vg" em

qukb kpr`sètk uok n`shrgáèm smcr` ks sèskáð`s prmvmhknks p`bk rkpgn`z:

K rkpgn`z ` k hmehgsèm nm `stgbm karknko pmrqu`kpr`sètko ä kbok uok turck n` gn`gks sgoubtãe`ks" mu hujksuh`ssèm ç tèm rëpgnk qu` pkr`hò sgoubtãe`ks" ` fkzò kkbok menubkr euok tkb kcuenãehgk n` pèskoètm" gokaèsmu sèskáð`s `spgrgtukgs" qu` `bk mu eèm hmesàu` kcrkáë/bks tmnks n` uok v`z get`grkoèt` k hknk uok" mu eèm tòtòpm n` p`roke`h`r mhgmsk ` n`sprmvgnk n` sèskáð`s,B@VG kpun HKBVGEM" ;774" p00'

Kpkrètòèt` ngstket` n` Hkbvgem" Cmesg`p` ,34;;" p86' `xkogek ksàuenk vgrtun` nm N`sgae nm sçhubm \\G hmom k e`h`ssgnkn` n` uok r`vgsèm

hrïtghk n` sùs prgehïpgms hmeh`gtukgs" mu s`jk" k `xgaêehgk n` uo `xko`

kh`rhk n` ‒mrtmnmxgks" hmevèáð`s" trkngáð`s" hãeme`s n` n`sgae ` eèm

smoèt` ms hãeme`s trknghgmekgs n` n`sgae‟% Xàuenm m kutmr" tkb r`vgsèm s`

fkz e`h`ssërgk pkrk qu` prmssgako ks káð`s n` n`sgae qu` `f`tgvkoèt`

getrmnuzò ounkeáks vgëv`gs ` r`fb`tò uok pmsturk hrïtghk frèt` ä

r`kbgnkn` ` km stktus qum ,gcgn " pp 86/81' N` h`rtm omnm" `ssk pmsturk

hrïtghk sua`r` uok kprmxgokáèm hmo k b`gturk n` Hkbvgem ,;774' smcr` k

rkpgn`z" uok v`z qu` kocms trktko n` hme`xð`s qu` s` `stkc`b`hò ètr`

`bòètms ` prmpmstks prmj`tukgs

3%8%8 Vgsgcgbgnkn`

Ek prmpmstk smcr` k vgsgcgbgnkn`" Hkbvgem ,;774' kcmrnk k gokagekáèm

` k hkpkhgnkn` gokagektgvk" ket`s n` ètrkr prmprgkoèt` eks qu`stð`s nms

prmh`ssms gokagektgvms

Trgo`grkoèt`" hmoètk smcr` k fketksgk ` m gokageërgm `vmhknms pmr

uo kutmr ngket` n` uok fmblk crkehk Tkrk `b`" k gokagekáèm pmn` knvgr n`

‒nètrm pkrk fmrk‟" hmom uo prmh`ssm n` vgsèm get`rgmr% Ek s`quêehgk" r`fb`t`

smcr` m gokageërgm gengr`tm" mu s`jk" smcr` kqu`bk gestãehgk gokagektgvk

pmvmknk n` gokaès fmre`hgnks p`bk hubturk E`ss` omoètm" m kutmr s`



13

n`pkrk hmo uok qu`stèm: ‒qu` futurm `stkrë r`s`rvknm ä gokagekáèm

gengvgnukb e`ssk qu` s` hmevèhgmemu hlkokr n` “hgvgbgzkáèm nk gokaò=‟

,gcgn " p;41' K pkrtgr nkï" `b` trkák hmesgn`rkáð`s smcr` ms prmh`ssms

gokagektgvms em ouenm hmetòpmrãe`m ` qu`stgmek s` m ouenm `stkrgk

‒suco`tgnm k uok hr`shèt` gefbkáèm n` gokaès prç/fkcrghknks‟ ,gcgn "

p;;;'

Ngket` n`ssk hmejueturk" Hkbvgem ,gcgn ' bòcrk qu` ket`s n` tkb

‒cmockrn`koètm n` gokaès hubturkgs‟" k oòørgk vgsukb ` k gokagekáèm

bgogtkvko/s` ä hmocgektørgk nks `xp`rgêehgks ngr`tks hmo m r`nuzgnm

r`p`rtørgm n` gokaès r`fb`tgnks p`bk hubturk ,gcgn " p;41'

^mnkvgk" em p`rïmnm ò qu` `shr`vgk suks hmef`rêehgks" Hkbvgem

kpmetkvk pkrk uok ngeãoghk n` ngssògekáèm n` uo r`p`rtørgm hmopmstm

pmr gokaès ‒prç/fkcrghknks‟" mf`rtknks ò vmbuo`s hr`shèt`s" qu`r p`bk

hubturk n` okssk" qu`r pmr mutrms o`gms n` hmoueghkáèm Tkrk `b`" tkokelm

` ngfusm r`p`rtørgm pkssmu k pmvmkr n` omnm tèm getèsm m gokageërgm

p`ssmkb qu` ks `xp`rgêehgks ngr`tks hmo`ákrko k s` ogsturkr hmo ks

`xp`rgêehgks vgstks" `stgoubknks p`bk hubturk ^kgs gokaès sèm hkrràknks n`

sgaegfghknms smcr`" pmr `xòpbm" `stgbms n` vgnk" hmeh`gtms ` `stknms n`

`spïrgtm" prmetks k s`rò kcsmrvgnks" hmesuognks ` r`ssgaegfghknks

@ss` ‒cmockrn`koètm‟ n` gokaès hubturkgs prmvmhmu ounkeáks ek

p`rh`páèm ` get`rpr`tkáèm gengvgnukb" ks qukgs pr`mhupko Hkbvgem ,gcgn " p

;41': n` qu` omnm tkokelm r`p`rtørgm n` gokaès pmn`rë gefbuèhgkr ek

gokagekáèm gengvgnukb= @b` knv`rt` smcr` m p`rgam n` m gengvïnum p`rn`r k

fkhubnkn` luokek n` prmnuzgr ‒vgsð`s n` mblms f`hlknms‟" mu s`jk" n` pèskr

pmr gokaès prøprgks ,gcgn " pp;41/;4<'

Cmesg`p` ,34;4' kcmrnk m t`rom vgsukbgnkn` prmhurkenm èfktgzkr k

gopmrtãehgk nk gokaò hmom uo o`gm n` hmoueghkáèm ` k tènêehgk n`

r`vkbmrgzkáèm nk ngoèsèm vgsukb qu` vò s` hmesmbgnkenm k pkrtgr nks

`vmbuáð`s hgètïfghm/t`hembøaghks @b` `vgnèhgk kgenk ks trkesfmrokáð`s

bgaknks km nmoïegm nk p`rh`páèm" `stgoubknks p`bk oubtgpbghkáèm nm usm nk



18

bgeaukaò vgsukb" ` m prøprgm pmtèhgkb nk vgsukbgnkn`" mu s`jk" nk hkpkhgnkn`

n` vgsukbgzkáèm

3%8%> Oubtgpbghgnkn`

Tkrk ngshmrr`r smcr` k oubtgpbghgnkn`" Hkbvgem ,;774' `xpð`hmesgn`rkáð`s smcr` m rmokeh` hmetòpmrãe`m ^kb fmrok bgt`rërgk" `xpbghk

`b`" ç hmom s` fmss` uok èhghbmpçngk kc`rtk" uok r`n` n` hme`xð`s ètr` ks

p`ssmks" ms fktms ` m ouenm

K oubtgpbghgnkn` pmn` `stkr pr`sèt` ek n`shrgáèm nms oïegoms

n`tkbl`s n` uo mcj`tm" pmr `xòpbm" ek n`shrgáèm nks nmcrks ` smocrks n`

uo bèámb km vètm mu nks hmr`s qu` s` fmroko km pþr nm smb Eks pkbkvrks

nm kutmr" ç hmom s` k `shrgtk hmenuzgss` k gefgegtms uegv`rsms" ò qu` ‒hknk

mcj`tm oïegom ç vgstm hmom m hètrm n` uok r`n` n` r`bkáð`s‟ ,gcgn " p;33'

K oubtgpbghgnkn` pmn` tkocço s` okegf`stkr p`bk pburkbgnkn` n` suj`gtms"

vmz`s ` mblkr`s qu` hmestrmò uo t`xtm

M kutmr ètèn` qu` k oubtgpbghgnkn` ç m arken` n`skfgm nk bgt`rkturk"

pmgs ç pr`hgsm ‒skc`r t`h`r ò hmejuetm ms ngv`rsms skc`r`s ` ms ngv`rsms

høngams ò uok vgsèm pburkbïstghk ` oubtgfkh`tknk nm ouenm‟ ,gcgn " p;31'

Cmesg`p` ,34;4' ngshmrr` smcr` m ktrgcutm nk kbt`rgnkn` k pkrtgr nm

hmeh`gtm n` Hkbvgem n` oubtgpbghgnkn` Tkrk `b`" k kbt`rgnkn` s` r`f`r` km

r`sp`gtm äs ngv`rsks hubturks prmj`tukgs `xgstèt`s Ç k cushk nk r`sgstêehgk k

uok vgsèm n` ouenm `temhètrgstk ` k prëtghk n` uo n`sgae qu` s` hmehètrk

ò kpèks 30% nk pmpubkáèm ouengkb N`ss` omnm" m kutmr sucbgelk m

ètèngoètm nm ouenm qu` r`sp`gtk ngv`rsgnkn`s hubturkgs" ngf`rèáks

`hmeþoghks" smhgkgs ` pmbïtghks9 pkrk `b`" m r`sp`gtm ä kbt`rgnkn` ç uok ktgtun`

ò prmb n` uok hubturk n` pkz

Em hkpïtubm sàuget`" ç sua`rgnm uo `stunm smcr` kbaues mcj`tms" sùs

omnms n` usm ` ks r`bkáð`s n` sgaegfghknm ` vkbmr `stkc`b`hgnks pmr sùs

usuërgms" prmhurkenm/s` ètènê/bms hmom o`gms n` `xpr`ssèm n` omnms n`

vgnk ` okegf`stkáèm n` ksp`htms nk sucj`tgvgnkn` Tkrk r`kbgzë/bm" pkrtgu/s`

nk gn`gk n` kcmrnkr uo v`rcm `sp`hïfghm r`bkhgmeknm ä sucj`tgvgnkn`



1>

hmetòpmrãe`k" hmom `shutkr" nmrogr" trkckblkr" pkss`kr" r`bkxkr `th

X`b`hgmemu/s`" ètèm" m v`rcm `shutkr" hmo uo èfmqu` ems omnms n` `shutk

n` oúsghks" emtknkoèt` ktrkvçs n` kpkr`blms n` `shutk gengvgnukb pmr `ssk

s`r uok hkrkht`rïstghk okrhket` nm p`rïmnm n` gev`stgakáèm Fkròms

tkocço uok cr`v` keëbgs` n` nmgs mcj`tms ‘ m wkbioke ` m gpmn ‘ b`vkenm

ò hmesgn`rkáèm sùs omnms n` usm ` n` hmesuom" pmr ètèn`r qu` kocms

pmnò `xpr`sskr ksp`htms nk sucj`tgvgnkn` kcmrnknms e`stk p`squgsk



10

8% MCJ@^MX N@ N@X@JM @ OMNMX N@ @XHP^K: GE^@SKÁÐ@X @E^S@

N@X@JM" GENGVGNPKBGXOM @ OMCGBGNKN@%

E`st` hkpïtubm" ç kpr`sètknk uok b`gturk kh`rhk n` omnms n` `shutk

ek hmetòpmrke`gnkn`" k pkrtgr n` Mcghg ,344<'" cushkenm/s` hètrkbgzë/bk ek

gev`stgakáèm nms omnms n` `shutk r`bkhgmeknms k mcj`tms n` trkesogssèm n`

smo" tkgs hmom m wkbioke ` m op888 pbky`r 8> X`rèm kcmrnknms kbaues nms

ksp`htms nk get`rkáèm ètr` p`ssmks ` smes" tènm ò vgstk k `shutk o`ngknk

pmr ngspmsgtgvms n` `shutk gengvgnukb" prmpghgknk p`bm usm n` fme`s n` muvgnm

Trgo`grkoèt`" ç `xpmstm uo cr`v` lgstørghm kh`rhk nks

trkesfmrokáð`s mhmrrgnks em fgekb nm sçhubm \G\ ` prgehïpgm nm \\" k fgo n`

sgekbgzkr ksp`htms smcr` omnms n` `shutk qu` s` smcr`sskò ek çpmhkhmetòpmrãe`k @o sàugnk" sèm f`gtks hmesgn`rkáð`s smcr` omnms n` `shutk

prmògeèt`s em p`rïmnm èfmhknm p`bk p`squgsk ‘ nk nçhknk n` ;7<4 ktç ms

kems 3444 ‘" prmhurkenm n`stkhkr fktmr`s qu` b`vkrko ä s`b`áèm n` nmgs

mcj`tms pkrk `stunm juetm k sùs usuërgms ‘ m wkbioke ` m gpmn%

@o sàugnk k `ssk kcmrnkaò kh`rhk n` omnms n` `shutk

hmetòpmrãe`ms" s`rèm b`vketknms nknms kh`rhk nm wkbioke" gpmn ` mutrms

kpkr`blms r`prmnutmr`s n` op8" hmb`tknms ò r`f`rêehgks knvgenks nk

genústrgk ` n` p`ssmks bgaknks ä suk prmnuáèm" tkgs hmom n`sgae`rs ` m `x/

ngr`tmr nk òpr`sk Xmey

Kngket`" kpr`sètk/s` k o`tmnmbmagk utgbgzknk ek p`squgsk hmo

usuërgms n`ss`s nmgs mcj`tms" r`kbgzknk pmr o`gm n` ètr`vgstks

sòg`struturknks9 m rmt`grm nks ètr`vgstks ` ks get`rpr`tkáð`s smcr` ks

gefmrokáð`s fmre`hgnks p`bms ètr`vgstknms" vgskenm kv`rgaukr

88 Op8 ,opà pbky`r 8' ç uo fmroktm n` krqugvm n` ëungm ckstket` ngfuengnm" qu` utgbgzkkbamrgtoms pkrk hmoprgogr nknms n` cks` ngagtkb Fmg uo nms prgo`grms tgpms n` krqugvm khmoprgogr krqugvms n` ëungm hmo `fghgêehgk ` qukbgnkn` sgaegfghktgvk ,MCGHG" 3446'

8> M op8 pbky`r ç uo kpkr`blm qu` r`prmnuz krqugvms n` op8 ‘ usknms prgehgpkboèt` pkrkkrokzèkr oúsghks Kbaues omn`bms hmocgeko `ssk fgekbgnkn` hmo m trkespmrt` n`mutrms krqugvms" hmom vïn`ms ` gokaès" pmnènm s`r utgbgzknm pkrk vgsukbgzë/bms Gpmn ç m

emo` nm op8pbky`r nk okrhk Kppb` Fmet`:2 lttp:--t`gkhksthmocr-34;;-41-m/qu`/`/m/gpmn/3-5 Kh`ssm ò ;4-kam-34;3



16

hmrr`spmenêehgks ètr` k r`vgsèm cgcbgmarëfghk ` ms nknms hmb`tknms smcr`

sùs omnms n` usm ` vkbmr`s ktrgcuïnms k `b`s



11

8; KXT@H^MX NMX OMNMX N@ @XHP^K EM HME^@OTMSÃE@M

K mcs`rvkáèm n` omnms n` `shutk em tòpm ktukb" kpr`sètknk e`st`

trkckblm" cks`gk/s` ek p`squgsk n` Agubgkem Mcghg ,3446'" men` m kutmr

prmpð` uok hkrtmarkfgk smcr` k `shutk ‒k pkrtgr nks oïngks ` nms t`rrgtørgms

smemrms n`bge`knms p`bms ngspmsgtgvms n` ràgstrm" ngfusèm" hmngfghkáèm `hmopkrtgblkoètm n` nknms smemrms‟ ,gcgn " p;1'" tkgs hmom m oghrmfme`" m

kbtm/fkbket`" m rëngm" k t`b`vgsèm" m h`bubkr ` m kpkr`blms r`prmnutmr n` op8

E`ssk p`squgsk" sèm èfmhknks ks r`bkáð`s n` `shutk gengr`tk" o`ngknk pmr

kpkr`blms n` ngfusèm nm smo kpr`sètknks p`bm kutmr

Mcghg ,gcgn ' kpmetk uok sçrg` n` trkesfmrokáð`s em kocgèt`

khústghm ousghkb" ks qukgs s` getèsgfghkrko em fgekb nm sçhubm \G\

gopubsgmeknks pmr ngv`rsms fktmr`s" hmom k hmehètrkáèm n` p`ssmks eks

hgnkn`s ` k prmxgognkn` n`bks hmo ks oëqugeks ` hmo ks gemvkáð`s

t`hembøaghks Xèm ounkeáks qu` fmrko kaèhgknks p`bk genustrgkbgzkáèm"

urckegzkáèm" ètr` mutrms fktmr`s" ` s` sàugrko km bmeam nm sçhubm \\

Po nms ksp`htms `xpmstms pmr Mcghg ,gcgn ' ç k s`pkrkáèm ètr` `shutk

` vgsèm" qu` pmn` s`r emtknk hmo h`rtk skbgêehgk ek hmetòpmrke`gnkn` K

gevèáèm n` ngv`rsms ngspmsgtgvms n` ràgstrm" ngfusèm" hmngfghkáèm `hmopkrtgblkoètm n` nknms smemrms" hmom m t`bçarkfm" m t`b`fme` ` m rëngm"

ounmu k fmrok n` a`rkáèm" ngfusèm ` r`h`páèm nm smo" cò hmom prmvmhmu

kbt`rkáð`s ems vïehubms qu` ks p`ssmks oketêo hmo m smo ^kgs gevètms

pmssgcgbgtkrko uok `shutk ngssmhgknk nk fmet` trkesogssmrk n` smo" hmom"

pmr `xòpbm" k kungáèm n` oúsghk sò `stkr pr`sèt` em bmhkb n` suk

prmnuáèm" qu`r vgenk n` uo gestruoètm" hketmr" mu mutrk fmet` n` smo

Hkc` hmoètkr qu` `ssk n`svgehubkáèm ètr` vgsèm ` kungáèm prmvmhkngf`rèt`s oke`grks n` `shutkr" ks qukgs pmnò s`r hmopr`èngnks" ò

t`roms a`rkgs" hmom k `shutk ngr`tk ` k `shutk gengr`tk K prgo`grk `stë

r`bkhgmeknk km hmet`xtm nk vgsèm" ` k sàuenk" k uok `shutk o`ngknk , gcgn '

M t`b`fme`" pmr `xòpbm" hrgknm ò ;<16" ç kpmetknm p`bm kutmr hmom

uo `qugpkoètm smemrm qu` hkusmu kbt`rkáèm sgaegfghktgvk" tènm

`stkc`b`hgnm uok emvk fmrok n` `shutk ‒hmo k “pr`sètgfghkáèm‗ n` uok fmet`



1<

smemrk eèm vgsïv`b‟ ,gcgn " p33' Gssm qu`r ngz`r qu` k p`ssmk qu` fkbk eèm `stë

pr`sèt` fgsghkoèt` em o`som kocgèt` nk p`ssmk qu` muv`" oks suk vmz ç

‒pr`sètgfghknk‟ ktrkvçs nm kpkr`blm% Xàuenm Mcghg ,gcgn '" `ss` emvm omnm

n` `shutk s`rë kopbgknm ‒hmo m n`sèvmbvgoètm ` m suragoètm n` mutrms

ngspmsgtgvms" hmom ks oïngks pmrtët`gs ,wkbioke" h`bubkr" op8 pbky`r'‟ ,gcgn "

p33' Mutrm `xòpbm n` mcj`tm o`ngknmr nk `shutk" hgtknm pmr Mcghg ,gcgn '"

sèm ms kpkr`blms n` arkvkáèm" qu` pmssgcgbgtkrko m krokzèkoètm" k

r`p`tgáèm ` m `xko` n` smes" sò k pr`sèák nk fmet` qu` ms prmnuzgu @ssks

` mutrks gemvkáð`s `stkc`b`h`rko ‒uok rupturk hmo k oke`grk trknghgmekb

n` s` r`bkhgmekr hmo m smo" s`jk em pbkem nk oúsghk" nk hmoueghkáèm mu nms

smes hmtgngkems‟ ,gcgn " pp33/38'" a`rkenm uok hmengáèm n` `shutk men` s`

ngssmhgko vgsèm ` muvgnm" o`ngknk pmr uo mcj`tm qu` trkesogt` ms smes

Nms kems ;704 ò ngket`" fktmr`s hmom k kopbgkáèm ` m ckrkt`koètm

nk t`hembmagk prmomv`rko okgmr hmesuom n` kpkr`blms n` `shutk"

hmetrgcugenm pkrk k a`rkáèm n` mutrks r`kbgnkn`s n` hmevïvgm hmo ms smes

,gcgn ' Ç gopmrtket` bòcrkr qu` `ss` p`rïmnm lgstørghm hmrr`spmen` ä

Au`rrk Frgk" äs ngsputks `hmeþoghks cks`knks ek hmehmrrêehgk t`hembøaghk"

km arken` hr`shgoètm `hmeþoghm nks `hmemogks genustrgkgs" ä hlàknk nm

lmoò ä buk" ètr` tketms mutrms khmet`hgoètms ` fktmr`s qu` hmetrgcuïrkopkrk k mhmrrêehgk n` prmfuenks trkesfmrokáð`s smhgkgs ems p`rïmnms

pmst`rgmr`s ,X@VH@EIM" 344;'

Xketk`bbk ,34;3" p>' ngshmrr` smcr` `ssks ounkeáks km bmeam nk

sàuenk o`tkn` nm sçhubm \\" ` n`stkhk qu` ms kems ;774 hmestgtuïrko/s`

hmom uo p`rïmnm ò qu` s` hmehètrkrko trkesfmrokáð`s getèsks quketm ä

ngfusèm n` gefmrokáð`s ` hmoueghkáèm @ssks omngfghkáð`s hmbkcmrkrko pkrk

uok r`vmbuáèm ems o`gms n` trkesogssèm n` gefmrokáèm nms okgs ngf`rèt`s

tgpms" s`jko `bks smemrks" `shrgtks" vgsukgs `th Ks oïngks ngagtkgs sèm uo

`xòpbm nk ò`raêehgk nms emvms o`gms n` ngfusèm n` gefmrokáèm" ks qukgs

fmrko gopubsgmeknks pmr uok sçrg` n` ksp`htms" hmom k prmpkakáèm nms

hmoputknmr`s p`ssmkgs" m n`sèvmbvgoètm nk gefmroëtghk ` nks t`hembmagks

ngagtkgs @ssks ` mutrks qu`stð`s" tkgs hmom ks trkesfmrokáð`s eks r`bkáð`s

pmbïtghks ` a`marëfghks" r`fb`tgnks ek getèsgfghkáèm nk abmckbgzkáèm" ` k jueáèm



17

nk gefmroëtghk hmo ks t`b`hmoueghkáð`s hmetrgcuïrko pkrk k hmefgaurkáèm

n` r`n`s n` trkesogssèm n` gefmrokáèm qu` hme`htko ks p`ssmks ò uok

kopbgtun` abmckb

Xàugenm `ss` rkhgmhïegm" mcs`rvko/s` sgekgs nm kpkr`hgoètm n`

emvms omnms n` ngfusèm n` gefmrokáèm ` hmevïvgm hmo ms smes" ek

ngssògekáèm nks vgtrmbks pmrtët`gs ` nms rëngms n` pgblk M wkbioke" m

ngshoke80 ` ms kpkr`blms r`prmnutmr`s n` op8 ‘ gevèáð`s pmst`rgmr`s ‘

pmnò s`r ètèngnms hmom uok kopbgkáèm nms omnms n` `shutk" uok v`z

qu` kopbgkrko ks hmengáð`s pkrk s` `shutkr oúsghk" hmom k pmssgcgbgnkn` n`

`stkr ò ngv`rsms kocgèt`s ` eèm e`h`ssgtkr n` uok fmet` n` è`ragk

`bçtrghk pkrk fuehgmekr Hmo `ss`s mcj`tms" pmn`/s` kgenk mcs`rvkr k

kopbgkáèm nm kh`ssm ä oúsghk" qu` gehbug tketm k trkesogssèm vgk rëngm

quketm vgk arkvkáð`s ò oïngks fïsghks ,ngshm n` vgegb" fgtk hkss`t` ` HNs' `

ngagtkgs ,op8' ` ktrkvçs n` trkesogssèm p`bk get`re`t

80 M ngshoke ç uo kpkr`blm r`prmnutmr n` HNs" tkocço n` `shutk gengvgnukb Fmg hrgknm p`bkòpr`sk Xmey" em Jkpèm" ò ;7<7Fmet`:2lttp:--ptwgigp`ngkmra-wgig-Ngshoke5 Kh`ssm o 30-kam-34;3

Fgaurk 7: Ngshoke omn`bm N;3;Fmet`:2lttp:--ogarò`-czGjo5% Kh`ssmò 4>-Emv-34;3

Fgaurk <: Ngshoke N/04" prgo`grm omn`bm nm kpkr`blm"

n` ;7<> Fmet`: 2lttp:--ogarò`-czLna5 Kh`ssm ò4>-emv-34;3



<4

Mcghg ,gcgn ' mcs`rvk qu` em ouenm hmetòpmrãe`m lë uok `spçhg` n`

gestgtugáèm nk hgrhubkáèm getèsk nks p`ssmks" nks hmgsks" nks gefmrokáð`s"

nms sètgnms" hmom uo ‒emokngsom aè`rkbgzknm‟" uok omvgoètkáèm

hmestket` Ç uo pkrkngaok qu` pmn` s`r hmeh`cgnm" vgk Mcghg ,gcgn '" hmo

kuxïbgm nks oïngks smemrks ` kpkr`blms n` smo" ms qukgs" sàuenm m kutmr"

Y_ ems khmopkelko ò ougtms ksp`htms nk vgnk" hmomo`gms n` hrgkr uok zmek tòpmrërgk n` sàurkeák òomoètms n` smbgnèm" kesg`nkn`" o`nm mu pkvmr" `sp`rk"omemtmegk M h`bubkr" m op8 pbky`r ` m bkptmp huoprò kfueáèm n` khmopkelkr/ems ktç men` eèm s` gokagekvk s`rpmssïv`b: k getgognkn`" m `spkám prgvknm Gssm jë khmet`hgkhmo ks mutrks oïngks hmom m bgvrm" m rëngm" m t`b`fme` ` mt`b`vgsmr" oks lmj` k pmrtkcgbgnkn`" ms r`hursms" kgetàrkáèm nks oïngks ` m vmbuo` n` nknms sèm cò

okgmr`s" kssgo hmom k kh`ssgcgbgnkn` qu` pmssgcgbgtko,gcgn " pp<1/<<'

E`ss` sètgnm" Mcghg ,gcgn ' ètèn` qu` k hmo`rhgkbgzkáèm n` kpkr`blms

pkrk `shutkr oúsghk `stë ougtm okgs fmhknk ems tgpms ` oke`grks n` kh`sskr k

oúsghko" hmetketm qu` pmssgcgbgtò hmefmrtm" prmt`áèm ` fb`xgcgbgnkn` pkrk

qu` sùs usuërgms pmssko trkesgtkr ò ngf`rèt`s kocgèt`s nks arken`s

hgnkn`s" sètgnms hmom hkøtghms Xàuenm sù rkhgmhïegm" ms kpkr`blms pkrk

`shutk gengvgnukb s` tmrekrko f`rrkoètks qu` mp`rko v`bmhgnkn`"pmrtkcgbgnkn` ` uok hkpkhgnkn` n` krokzèkoètm n` oúsghks qu` kbgoètk

pmssgcgbgnkn`s n` s` ‒hrgkr ouenms gengvgnukgs‟" n` `shkp`%



<;

83 GENGVGNPKBGNKN@ @ OMCGBGNKN@: PO @X^PNM XMCS@ MQKBIOKE @ M GTMN

Geúo`rms mcj`tms prmnuzgnms km bmeam nm sçhubm \\ pmn`rgko s`r

hgtknms pkrk gbustrkr omnms n` vgv`r ` pknrð`s n` hmopmrtkoètm" cò

hmom trkesfmrokáð`s eks suks `struturks ` ngeãoghks n` fuehgmekoètm

E`ss` tøpghm" ç kpr`sètknm uo `stunm smcr` m wkbioke ` uo omn`bm

`sp`hïfghm n` kpkr`blm r`prmnutmr n` op8" m gpmn " pmr s`rò hmesgn`rknms

`xòpbms n` mcj`tms qu` `xpr`ssko omnms n` `shutk prmògeèt`s ek

hmetòpmrke`gnkn` Kbço n`ssk hmengáèm" ms nmgs s` n`stkhko pmr

pmssgv`boèt` `xpr`sskrò uok nks fmráks okgs okrhket`s nk sucj`tgvgnkn`

hmetòpmrãe`k: m gengvgnukbgsom Ktç suk gevèáèm" ms krt`fktms utgbgzknms

pkrk s` muvgr oúsghk" hmom ms rëngms mu kpkr`blms n` smo" tgelko prmj`tm

cks`knm ek trkesogssèm nk oúsghk pmr kbtm/fkbket`s Tmrtketm k `shutk `rk

hmouoèt` hmb`tgvk" uok v`z qu` ms kbtm/fkbket`s trkesogtò m smo pkrk m

kocgèt` Ekqu`b`s mcj`tms" k `shutk tmremu/s` gengvgnukb" pmr s` utgbgzkr n`

uo fme` n` muvgnm pkrk k kungáèm nks oúsghks" s`jko `bks trkesogtgnks pmr

arkvkáð`s mu trkesogssð`s n` rëngm Ç `xktkoèt` `ss` m pmetm qu` ms

ngf`rèhgk nms nòkgs mcj`tms n` `shutk: m usm n` uo fme` pkrk t`r uok

`shutk gengvgnukb" eèm hmopkrtgblknk

Ek gev`stgakáèm n`st` trkckblm smcr` m wkbioke ` m gpmn " fmrko kgenk

trkáknks hme`xð`s hmo ks hmesgn`rkáð`s n` Mcghg ,3446'" hmefmro`

kpr`sètknm em gtò 38 ^kgs ètr`bkákoètms vgsko r`bkhgmekr" ek `tkpk

nks ètr`vgstks ` get`rpr`tkáèm nms nknms mctgnms" omnms n` usm n` kpkrktms

pkrk `shutk n` oúsghk kms omnms n` `shutk qu` s` `xpr`sskrko km bmeam nks

nçhknks n` ;774 ` 3444 @ssks r`bkáð`s cushko hmopr`èn`r ms mcj`tms

hmom okegf`stkáèm n` vkbmr`s ` omnms n` vgnk prmògeèt`s em p`rïmnm

kekbgsknm p`bk p`squgsk

K pkrtgr nm `stunm n`ss`s nmgs mcj`tms" m wkbioke ` m gpmn " fmrko

r`kbgzknks kprmxgokáð`s ètr` m suj`gtm prmnutmr-hrgknmr" m suj`gtm

hmesuognmr ` k smhg`nkn` ,CMOFGO" ;7<>'



<3

‒@ejmygea tl` ousgh fmr ymurs`bf ‟86 ,Xmey Qkbioke N`sgae Hbkssghs"

;774' K n`hbkrkáèm n` Kigm Omrgtk" pr`sgnèt` nk Xmey ò ;774" ràgstrknk

em nmhuoètërgm prmnuzgnm p`bk CCH n` Bmenr`s smcr` m wkbioke 81" kjunk k

sget`tgzkr ks gn`gks qu` gopubsgmekrko k suk hrgkáèm" ò ;717 M kpkr`blm n`

r`prmnuáèm n` oúsghk" qu` ç hmesgn`rknm hmom uo n`sgae hbëssghm p`bm

N`sgae Ousùo n` Bmenr`s ,^LMSELGBB" 34;;'" r`kbgzmu k fkákelk n`

pmssgcgbgtkr" p`bk prgo`grk v`z" qu` ks p`ssmks muvgssò oúsghk sàuenm suk

`shmblk" fmss` p`bm rëngm mu p`bk fgtk hkss`t`" ò omvgoètm

K gn`gk hlkv` nm mcj`tm" pmetuknk pmr Kigm Omrgtk ,Xmey Qkbioke

N`sgae Hbkssghs" ;774' suragu k pkrtgr n` mcs`rvkáð`s nm hmopmrtkoètm

ousghkb nms jmvès ek nçhknk n` ;714 Omrgtk ,gcgn ' mcs`rvk qu`" ek çpmhk"

ms jmvès amstkvko n` muvgr oúsghk ngrgagenm" ò hksk" ek ruk ` qu`" ekqu`b`

omoètm" ms kpkr`blms n` smo `rko p`sknms Ngket` n` tkb hmet`xtm" m

wkbioke r`pr`sètmu uok gemvkáèm qu` pmssgcgbgtkvk k qukbqu`r uo muvgr

oúsghk ò qukbqu`r buakr" trkespmrtkenm hmo okgs fkhgbgnkn` sù prøprgm

kpkr`blm `" m okgs gopmrtket`" ktrkvçs n` uo fme` n` muvgnm gengvgnukb ‘ sò

gehmomnkr quò `stgv`ss` km sù r`nmr

Hmom ngtm ket`rgmroèt`" k arken` gemvkáèm n`sèhkn`knk p`bk

gevèáèm nm wkbioke fmg k ounkeák nm prmj`tm n` kpkr`blms n` ëungm pkrk

uo prmj`tm em qukb m smo `rk trkesogtgnm pmr fme`s n` muvgnm" mu s`jk" `rk

ngr`hgmeknm pkrk nètrm nm muvgnm nm usuërgm

Hmopkrkenm/s` ms prmj`tms nms rëngms" kpkr`blms n` ëungm ` nm

wkbioke" pmn`/s` mcs`rvkr qu` `ss` úbtgom r`fmrámu m vkbmr nm

gengvgnukbgsom" p`rogtgenm qu` m usuërgm s`b`hgmekss` ks oúsghks n` sù

amstm pkrk muvgr ` arkvkr" sò k e`h`ssgnkn` n` eàmhgkr mu hmopkrtgblkr`shmblks

86 ‒Psufruk n` suk prøprgk oúsghk‟% ,Xmey Qkbioke N`sgae Hbkssghs" ;774" trknuáèm emssk'

81 Qkbioke fmg k pkbkvrk hrgknk pkrk nkr emo` km kpkr`blm ` ä okrhk n` mcj`tms sgogbkr`shrgknms p`bk Xmey% M t`rom “wkbioke‗ fmg gehbuïnm em Nghgmeërgm n` Geabês Mxfmrn" hmomn`shrgáèm n` qukbqu`r tmhknmr n` fgtks hkss`t`s



<8

Fgaurk ;4: Trgo`grm omn`bm nm wkbioke" n` ;717Fmet`:2lttp:--pmbme`skrtcr-cbma-34;;-41-46-tl`/wkbioke/nky/gssm/`/nm/où/tòpm-2lttp:--ptwgigp`ngkmra-wgig-Fghl`grm:Qkbiokejpa5Kh`ssm ò ;7-Emv-34;;

Fgaurk ;;: Ä `squ`rnk" omn`bm n` rëngm nk nçhknk n` ;784 kprmx Ä ngr`gtk" rëngmpmrtëtgb" sò nktk Fmet`s: 2lttp:--ogarò`-cpWII5 2lttp:--ogarò`-cpWOv5%

Kh`ssm ò ;7-Emv-34;;



<>

Fgaurk ;3: Trmpkakenk nm #Lg/fg hmopkht 3444#" kpkr`blm n` ëungm bkeáknm em geïhgm nmskems ;714 p`bk òpr`sk `b`fueiè Fmet`: 2lttp:--ogarò`-cpWEF5% Kh`ssm ò8;-okr-34;3

Tkrk m n`sgae`r Ièjg @iuke8<" ms rgtoms ` ms omnms n` vgnk eks

hgnkn`s b`vkrko ks p`ssmks k hrgkr sùs prøprgms `spkáms p`ssmkgs" m qu` `b`

kpmetk hmom uo n`s`jm luokem fuenkoètkb87 Xàugenm `ss` rkhgmhïegm" m

n`sgae`r ètèn` qu` m wkbioke fmg uo mcj`tm qu` prmpghgmu hrgkr uo

ouenm gengvgnukb ` prgvknm gen`pènètòèt` nks hgrhuestãehgks nmètmrem ^keknmrg Ekakskwk>4 ,gcgn '" n`sgae`r jkpmeês" mcs`rvk qu` k

okgmrgk nks p`ssmks uskvk m wkbioke ò o`trþs bmtknms" men` sùs `spkáms

prgvknms ` k sèskáèm psghmbøaghk n` prgvkhgnkn` ç prktghkoèt` kusèt`"

n`vgnm ä kprmxgokáèm ` hmetktm fïsghm ètr` ks p`ssmks E`st` hmet`xtm" `b`

ètèn` qu` uskr m wkbioke s`rgk hmom pr`èhl`r m `spkám p`ssmkb hmo

oúsghk" hrgkenm uok `spçhg` n` hmehlk ` `vgtkenm m hmetktm hmo mutrks

p`ssmks @ocmrk s`jk uok gbusèm" mcs`rvk Ekakskwk ,gcgn '" k `shutk ktrkvçsn` uo fme` prmomv` uok sèskáèm psghmbøaghk n` s` `stkr hrgkenm uok

ckrr`grk ètr` kqu`b` qu` muv` ,m gengvïnum' ` ks p`ssmks km sù r`nmr" tènm

k sèskáèm n` pr`s`rvkáèm n` sù `spkám ïetgom

@o r`bkáèm k `ssk sua`stèm n` Ekakskwk ,gcgn '" hkc` hgtkr uo `stunm

nm hkopm nk `ramemogk" kpr`sètknm ek pucbghkáèm Luokeshkb`

,NGFFSG@E^ `t kb" ;7<;'" m qukb `xpð` hmesgn`rkáð`s smcr` m hmetktm ètr` ks

p`ssmks ` ks sèskáð`s `xp`rgoètknks pmr `bks

8< Tr`sgnèt` nk AI N`sgae Kssmhgktgme ek çpmhk nk r`kbgzkáèm nm nmhuoètërgm prmnuzgnmp`bk òpr`sk n` hmoueghkáèm CCH" ò ;774

87 Xmey Qkbioke N`sgae Hbkssghs";774" 8‗6‟ k 8‗08‟%

>4 Tr`sgnèt` nk òpr`sk N`sgae Kekbysgs Get`rektgmekb ,NKG' ò ^øqugm" ek çpmhk n`r`kbgzkáèm nm nmhuoètërgm prmnuzgnm p`bk CCH" ò ;774



<0

Ngffrgèt `t kb ,gcgn ' kpr`sètko oèsurkáð`s smcr` ër`ks n` hmetktm

ètr` p`ssmks" r`bkhgmekenm/ks k sèskáð`s psïqughks Po `xòpbm ç k

sèskáèm n` hmetktm ïetgom" `xpr`ssk hmom ‒ngstãehgk ïetgok‟" n`fgegnk p`bm

get`rvkbm qu` vkg n` 4 k >0 ho ètr` uok p`ssmk ` mutrk Tkrk ms kutmr`s" k

ngstãehgk ïetgok pmn` s`r `xp`rgoètknk ò sgtukáð`s hmom fkz`r komr" ò

o`trþs ` þegcus" `b`vknmr`s hl`gms `th% Mutrk sèskáèm" nknk p`bk ‒ngstãehgk

p`ssmkb‟" qu` vkg n` >0 k ;34 ho" ç ètèngnk pmr Ngffrgèt `t kb ,gcgn ' hmom

kqu`bk ò qu` ks p`ssmks `stèm s`pkrknks p`bm kbhkeh` nms crkáms ` lë

pmssgcgbgnkn` n` hmetktm ètr` ms hmrpms K vkbgnkn` n`ssks o`ngnks `

hktàmrgzkáð`s ç pkssïv`b n` ngshussèm" ` ms prøprgms kutmr`s mcs`rvko qu`

suk hmesmbgnkáèm n`pèn` n` uok akok n` fktmr`s" hmom ms hubturkgs" m

hmet`xtm nm `spkám n` hmetktm" k `xgstêehgk n` ruïnms kbtms ` pmuhk buz" ms

qukgs pmnò nkr k sèskáèm n` kprmxgokáèm ,gcgn ' @ocmrk k pr`sèt`

p`squgsk eèm kprmfuen` t`mrgks nk `ramemogk" `ss` `stunm hmrrmcmrk k

kfgrokáèm hgtknk ket`rgmroèt`

Mcghg ,344<' ngkbmak hmo `ss` hmeh`gtm qukenm kpr`sètk sùs

`stunms smcr` t`rrgtørgms smemrms" prmhurkenm kcmrnkr omnms n` `shutk eks

smhg`nkn`s hmetòpmrãe`ks M kutmr hmesgn`rk qu` ms smes" s`jko `b`s

ousghkgs" ruïnms `th pmnò hrgkr t`rrgtørgms" hmom tkocço khmet`h` hmo msbgvrms" m rëngm ` k t`b`vgsèm



<6

Xt`plè Ckyb`y" kutmr nm bgvrm ‒Xmey N`sgae‟" hmoètk qu` m n`sgae

nm wkbioke gefbuèhgmu m prmj`tm n` uok sçrg` n` mcj`tms hrgknms pkrk tmhkr

oúsghk" arkvkr gokaès `th%: ‒Lmj`" qukbqu`r prmnutm hrgknm ç c`bkoèt`

n`tkblknm" p`quèm ` cò f`gtm hmom `ss` prmnutm Ym wkbioke_‟ ,Xmey

Qkbioke N`sgae Hbkssghs" ;774'

Ç get`r`ssket` pmetukr qu`" pkssknms 84 kems n` suk gevèáèm" m

wkbioke r`pr`sètk uo mcj`tm n` t`hembmagk ubtrkpkssknk Tmrço" sù

n`sgae sgaegfghmu uok ounkeák em omnm hmom ks p`ssmks p`rh`cgko ks

oïngks `b`trþeghks" tkb hmom m prmpð` k n`sgae`r ` `shrgtmrk Bgz Ckgb`y , gcgn '

Tkrk k kutmrk" fmg `ssk ounkeák qu` prmpghgmu m suragoètm nks oïngks

pmst`rgmr`s" k `xòpbm nm ogegngsh" nm op8 ` n` mcj`tms hmom ks hão`rks

ngagtkgs" ms h`bubkr`s" ks kaènks `b`trþeghks" m gpmn " ètr` tketms mutrms

Km bmeam nks três úbtgoks nçhknks nm sçhubm \\" ngf`rèt`s gemvkáð`s

t`hembøaghks pmssgcgbgtkrko k hrgkáèm n` emvms kpkr`blms n` `shutkgengvgnukb" hmom m ngshoke ` ms kpkr`blms r`prmnutmr`s n` op8" òcksknms

ek t`hembmagk nms krqugvms n` op8 Xàugenm m rkhgmhïegm n` Ckgb`y ,gcgn '"

pmn`/s` kfgrokr qu` m n`sgae n`ss`s kpkr`blms khmopkelmu k bøaghk nk

`shutk gengvgnukb gevètknk em n`sgae nm wkbioke Kssgo" kbt`rkáð`s

prmj`tukgs gehmrpmrkrko emvks t`hembmagks n` r`prmnuáèm n` oúsghk Ç m

hksm nms HNs" ogegngshs ` krqugvms op8" cò hmom nms emvms hmopmeèt`s

n` fuehgmekoètm qu` gefbuèhgkrko k kpkrêehgk" tkokelm" pmrtkcgbgnkn`"b`v`zk ` get`rfkh` nms kpkr`blms Hmo `ssks gemvkáð`s" k hkpkhgnkn` n`

krokzèkoètm n` oúsghks" k fkhgbgnkn` n` `x`huáèm ` k nurkcgbgnkn` nk

ckt`rgk sèm kbaues `xòpbms qu`" kbço n` pmssgcgbgtkr k hrgkáèm ` `shmblk n`

r`p`rtørgms ousghkgs hknk v`z okgs gengvgnukbgzknms" pksskrko k s`r

vkbmrgzknms pmr sùs usuërgms

Fgaurk ;8: Omn`bms n` ogegngsh nk okrhk Xmey Fmet`: 2lttp:--ogarò`-czBc15Kh`ssm o:4>-emv-34;3



<1

Kbço n`ss` ksp`htm" Ckgb`y tkocço n`stkhk mutrm pmetm gopmrtket`

r`bkhgmeknm ä hmeh`páèm nm wkbioke: `b` ounmu k hubturk nk oúsghk" pmgs

pmssgcgbgtmu qu` ks p`ssmks hrgkssò uok trgblk smemrk pkrk suks vgnks ` ks

muvgssò ò ngf`rèt`s omoètms n` sù hmtgngkem

M gpmn " kpkr`blm r`prmnutmr n` krqugvms op8" hrgknm p`bk òpr`sk

Kppb`" pmn` s`r kpmetknm hmom m sàuenm mcj`tm n` okgmr gopmrtãehgk ò

r`bkáèm kms tmhknmr`s n` oúsghk hmo `shutk gengvgnukb @stk lgpøt`s` cks`gk/

s` ek hmestktkáèm n` qu` m n`sgae n`ss` mcj`tm kopbgmu k hme`xèm hmo

smftwkr`s ` pbktkfmroks nk get`re`t " kbço n` hmet`r okgmr hkpkhgnkn` n`

krokzèkoètm n` oúsghks ` uok get`rfkh` ngagtkb n` o`blmr hmopr`èsèm `

usm ,FKSGK ` JPEA" 34;;' Mutrm pmetm qu` r`fmrák emssk hmesgn`rkáèm nm

gpmn hmom mcj`tm n` `stunm pkrk `stk p`squgsk" ò n`trgoètm n` mutrms

tgpms n` kpkr`blms r`prmnutmr`s n` op8" s` në p`bm vkbmr sgocøbghm qu` `st`

kpkr`blm pmn` r`pr`sètkr" sènm prmnuzgnm p`bk Kppb` ^kb kssmhgkáèm

vgehubk/s` ä hmestktkáèm n` k òpr`sk ` sùs prmnutms s`rò hmouoèt`

kssmhgknms k vkbmr`s hmom stktus" gemvkáèm ` `xh`bêehgk n` usm" tkb hmom ems

kpmetko Fkrgk ` Juea ,gcgn ' ` Xunjgh ,34;;'" ètr` mutrms kutmr`s



<<

88 MEZ@ @XHP^KX GENGVGNPKGX XMCS@ M QKBIOKE @ M GTMN

K trkj`tørgk n`stk p`squgsk t`v` ò vgstk kcmrnkr ms hmet`xtms n` usm

nms mcj`tms ` k mcs`rvkáèm n` omnms n` vgnk ek smhg`nkn` hmetòpmrãe`k

ò uo sètgnm kopbm" lmrgzmetkb K kopbgtun` ` prmpmráð`s ò okhrm`shkbk

b`vkrko k gnètgfghkr `st`r`øtgpms" qu` kpkr`h`rko r`fb`tgnms eks ètr`vgstkskqug r`kbgzknks ` eks p`squgsks smcr` r`bkáð`s ètr` N`sgae ` ktrgcutms

r`b`vket`s ek hmetòpmrke`gnkn`

K pr`sèt` `tkpk èfmhk k gev`stgakáèm nms mcj`tms s`b`hgmeknms e`stk

p`squgsk" m wkbioke ` m gpmn" k pkrtgr n` ètr`vgstks hmo sùs usuërgms"

cushkenm kprmfuenkr k mcs`rvkáèm ` hmb`tk n` nknms smcr` ms mcj`tms ò

qu`stèm

M oçtmnm qukbgtktgvm n` hmb`tk n` nknms" kpbghknm eks ètr`vgstks"

mrgètmu/s` p`bk e`h`ssgnkn` n` kcmrnkr ngf`rèt`s pmetms nk r`bkáèm qu` ks

p`ssmks `stkc`b`hò `-mu `stkc`b`hgko hmo sùs kpkr`blms n` `shutk

gengvgnukb" tkgs hmom omnms n` usm" hmet`xtms n` usm" r`bkáð`s ètr` ksp`htms

nm usm ` omnms n` vgnk `th Kssgo" supmenm lkv`r arken` vkrgkáèm eks

r`spmstks" mptmu/s` p`bk p`squgsk qukbgtktgvk ò ètr`vgstks sòg`struturknks

M hkogelm o`tmnmbøaghm sàugnm ek r`kbgzkáèm nks ètr`vgstks s`

cks`mu ò três r`f`rêehgks nm hkopm nk o`tmnmbmagk hgètïfghk: Cku`r `

Aksi`bb ,3443'" Okzzmttg ` A`wkenszekjn`r ,3443'" Omr`grk ` Hkb`ff` ,344<'

Xuks kcmrnkaès mrgètkrko k s`b`áèm nm tgpm n` ètr`vgstk" e`ss` hksm" k

sòg`struturknk" cò hmom suk r`kbgzkáèm ` get`rpr`tkáèm

K ètr`vgstk sòg`struturknk hmesgst` ò uo oçtmnm n` p`squgsk

qukbgtktgvk" em qukb s` `sp`rk qu` m ètr`vgstknmr tèlk n`sèvmbvgnm

pr`vgkoèt` uo r`f`rèhgkb t`ørghm mu hmeh`gtukb ò qu` grë s` cks`kr pkrk

`shmbl`r m tòk nk ètr`vgstk M o`som vkb` pkrk k `shmblk nks qu`stð`s

hètrkgs" ms hlkoknms tøpghms/augk" ` nks p`ssmks k s`rò ètr`vgstknks

,CKP@S `t kb " 3443" pp6>/61'

N`ss` omnm" ket`s n` hmehr`tgzkr ks ètr`vgstks" m p`squgsknmr hrgk

uo rmt`grm n` p`rauetks qu` augkrèm m ètr`vgstknmr km bmeam nk ètr`vgstk



<7

prmprgkoèt` ngtk Hkc` mcs`rvkr qu` m p`squgsknmr pmn` sgoubtke`koèt`

n`sòpèlkr m pkp`b n` ètr`vgstknmr mu n`sgaekr mutrk p`ssmk pkrk

r`kbgzkr k tkr`fk E`st` trkckblm" k p`squgsknmrk f`z m pkp`b n`

ètr`vgstknmrk

M rmt`grm n` p`rauetks ç kbgh`ráknm p`bks qu`stð`s hètrkgs nk

p`squgsk ` kjunk k hrgkr `stïoubms pkrk kbgoètkr k hmev`rsk ètr`

ètr`vgstknmr ` ètr`vgstknm @b` tkocço hmetrgcug pkrk qu` m ètr`vgstknmr

p`roke`ák hmehètrknm em tòk k s`r gev`stgaknm Ek pr`sèt` p`squgsk" m

rmt`grm hmestruïnm pkrk ks ètr`vgstks pkutmu/s` p`bm r`f`rèhgkb t`ørghm

kpr`sètknm ems hkpïtubms ; ` 3 Kssgo" fmroubkrko/s` p`rauetks smcr` ms

mcj`tms" sùs omnms n` usm ` smcr` k p`rh`páèm n` vkbmr`s k pkrtgr nms

quktrm vkbmr`s prç/n`fgegnms hmo cks` eks prmpmstks n` Ïtkbm Hkbvgem ,;7<7'"

kpr`sètknks em gtò 38 Juetm k `ss` r`f`rèhgkb" hrgkrko/s` mutrks

qu`stð`s n`hmrrèt`s nk p`squgsk n` Mcghg ,3446'" vgskenm kcmrnkr ksp`htms

nm usm nms mcj`tms n` `shutk gengvgnukb" ` suk r`bkáèm hmo omnms

hmetòpmrãe`ms n` `shutk ` n` vgnk

Tkrk `bkcmrkr `ss` rmt`grm" ms kssuetms fmrko ngvgngnms ò três

hktàmrgks n` keëbgs`: k' ksp`htms qu` gefbuèhgko ms prmh`ssms n` ktrgcugáèm

n` sgaegfghknm kms mcj`tms" sàugenm ms kpmetkoètms n` Hkrnmsm ,34;3'"

qu` ms genghk: usm" ètmrem" nurkáèm" pmetm n` vgstk" ngshursm `

`xp`rgêehgk ‘ oèhgmeknms em hkpïtubm ;9 c' fueáð`s nms mcj`tms sàuenm ks

hktàmrgks kpmetknks em gtò ;3: fueáèm sgocøbghk" n` usm ` tçheghk ,MEM"

3446' ` h' vkbmr`s qu` s` smcr`sskò ek hmetòpmrke`gnkn` ` p`ro`gko ms

omnms n` vgnk ktukgs" cks`knms eks prmpmstks n` Hkbvgem ,;7<7': b`v`zk"

rkpgn`z" vgsgcgbgnkn` ` oubtgpbghgnkn`

K r`kbgzkáèm nks ètr`vgstks s` nù ò ngf`rèt`s bmhkgs" sò qu`

lmuv`ss` uok prç/s`b`áèm n` kocgèt`s mu fmss` `stkc`b`hgnm uo hrgtçrgm

pkrk tkb9 hmetunm" hknk kcmrnkaò fmg f`gtk gengvgnukboèt`

K s`b`áèm nms ètr`vgstknms cks`mu/s` ò quktrm hrgtçrgms: t`r gnkn`

ètr` 30 ` 04 kems" hmel`h`r m wkbioke" t`r usknm uo wkbioke" hmel`h`r m

gpmn `-mu kpkr`blms r`prmnutmr`s n` op8 `" s` pmssïv`b" pmssugr uo mcj`tm



74

n`ss` tgpm mu uskr kbauo tgpm n` mcj`tm qu` prmpmrhgme` k `shutk gengvgnukb"

hmom ms h`bubkr`s" qu` pmnò s`r usknms hmo fme` n` muvgnm" têo

hkpkhgnkn` n` krokzèkoètm n` krqugvms op8 ` pmnò tkocço prmpghgkr

k `shutk n` rëngm

Hkc` mcs`rvkr qu` s` kopbgmu k akok n` mcj`tms `stunknms pkrk

mutrms omn`bms ` okrhks n` kpkr`blms r`prmnutmr`s n` op8" pmgs mcs`rvmu/

s` qu` ms ètr`vgstknms pmuhm mu eknk hmoètkrko smcr` ngf`rèáks n` usm

ètr` gpmns ` kpkr`blms n` op8 Kbço ngssm" kbaues ètr`vgstknms eèm

pmssuïko gpmn " oks utgbgzkvko kpkr`blms r`prmnutmr`s n` op8 N`ss` omnm"

k lgpøt`s` sustètknk smcr` k gopmrtãehgk n` s` trktkr m gpmn hmom uo

mcj`tm n` `stunm ngf`rèhgknm eks `sp`hgfghgnkn`s n`stk p`squgsk n`gxmu n`

prmh`n`r kpøs k r`kbgzkáèm nks ètr`vgstks

Kssgo sènm" ç gopmrtket` r`f`rgr qu` fmrko gehbuïnks ks r`spmstks

nms ètr`vgstknms qu` oèhgmekrko mcj`tms sò`blket`s km wkbioke ` gpmn"

tkgs hmom h`bubkr`s ` kpkr`blms r`prmnutmr`s n` op8 n` mutrks okrhks Gssm

s` justgfghk p`bm fktm n` `ssk p`squgsk èfmhkr ms omnms n` `shutk gengvgnukb

hmo fme` n` muvgnm" k hrgkáèm n` r`p`rtørgms ousghkgs gengvgnukgs ` k

pmssgcgbgnkn` n` muvgr oúsghk ò ngf`rèt`s buakr`s ` sgtukáð`s Tmrtketm"mcj`tms hmo prmj`tms sò`blket`s" mu s`jk" hmo n`sgae qu` hmetòpb` ms

r`qugsgtms fkzò pkrt` nm `shmpm nk p`squgsk

Tkrk n`fgegr k quketgnkn` n` ètr`vgstks k s`rò r`kbgzknks" fmrko

sàugnms ms hrgtçrgms kpmetknms pmr Cku`r ` Aksi`bb ,3443' Xàuenm ms

kutmr`s" s` lë pmetms gaukgs r`hmrrèt`s eks ètr`vgstks" nèmtkenm r`p`tgáèm

n` r`spmstks smcr` ms hmet`únms" ç lmrk n` hmehbuï/bks Tkrk `b`s" `ss`

fèþoèm ç uok okegf`stkáèm nk hmestruáèm hmb`tgvk n` `xp`rgêehgks kh`rhk

n` uo tòk n` get`r`ss` hmouo" r`subtket` n` prmh`ssms smhgkgs Tmr gssm" em

pr`sèt` hksm" nks ètr`vgstknks fmrko `shmblgnks ;; p`ssmks" uok v`z qu`

ks r`spmstks hmo`ákrko k hmgehgngr

@etèn`/s` qu` m tòk kcmrnknm p`bks ètr`vgstks ç n` get`r`ss`

hmouo" jë qu` wkbioke" gpmn ` kpkr`blms r`prmnutmr`s n` op8 sèm mcj`tms



7;

hmel`hgnms pmr arken` pkrt` nks p`ssmks qu` vgvò ò hgnkn`s Kbço n`ss`

ksp`htm" mutrk rkzèm qu` bgogtmu m eúo`rm n` kcmrnkaès fmg m bgogt` n`

tòpm pkrk r`kbgzë/bks" tènm ò vgstk k `xp`htktgvk n` mct`r o`blmr

kprmv`gtkoètm ek fks` n` get`rpr`tkáèm nms nknms prmnuzgnms p`bms

n`pmgoètms

Tkrk fkz`r k get`rpr`tkáèm nks ètr`vgstks" prgo`grkoèt`

trkeshr`v`rko/s` ks ;; gequgrgáð`s k pkrtgr n` suks arkvkáð`s S`sskbt`/s`

qu` `ssk `tkpk nòkenk cmk pkrt` nm tòpm nk gev`stgakáèm9 pmrço" trktk/s`

n` uo gopmrtket` `stëagm" pmgs" hmehmogtket`s äs trkeshrgáð`s" suraò

`spmetke`koèt` ms prgo`grms kpmetkoètms nk get`rpr`tkáèm nms nknms M

prmh`ssm nk trkeshrgáèm èvmbv` ktèáèm ` uok `shutk r`p`tgnk nks

ètr`vgstks" n` omnm k kemtkr ks fkbks hmo k oëxgok pr`hgsèm pmssïv`b @ ç

e`ss` prmh`ssm nk `shutk r`p`tgnk qu` m p`squgsknmr r`fkz m p`rhursm nks

kcmrnkaès" hkptkenm eukeh`s ` nknms pr`sèt`s eks n`hbkrkáð`s" kopbgkenm

suk b`gturk ` trkákenm hme`xð`s ètr` ms nknms mctgnms eks ètr`vgstks ` sù

r`f`rèhgkb t`ørghm ,Cku`r9 Aksi`bb" 3443'

Kpøs k trkeshrgáèm" nks r`spmstks n` hknk ètr`vgstknm fmrko

n`stkhknks frks`s ` pkbkvrks r`b`vket`s pkrk k p`squgsk ` `bòètms

r`bkhgmeknms äs hktàmrgks n` keëbgs` E`ss` prmh`ssm" pþn`/s` v`rgfghkr s`

`stkvko sènm kcrkeagnms ks hktàmrgks n` keëbgs` ` ms kssuetms n` get`r`ss`

èfmhknms ek p`squgsk @o sàugnk" fmrko n`stkhknms ms tr`hlms okgs

sgaegfghktgvms n` hknk ètr`vgstknm" k fgo n` trkespþ/bms pkrk m t`xtm nk

ngss`rtkáèm" prmhurkenm r`bkhgmeë/bms k hknk hktàmrgk n` keëbgs` Ek s`b`áèm

` trkespmsgáèm nkqu`b`s tr`hlms pkrk m hmrpm nk ngss`rtkáèm" cushmu/s`

hmetòpbkr m hmet`únm kpr`sètknm eks ;; ètr`vgstks @o tmnk `ssk fks`"

fmrko f`gtks três b`gturks hmopb`tks n` hknk ètr`vgstk ` uok pmr uok

r`pkssknk três v`z`s knghgmekgs" hmo mblms pmstms ò hknk hktàmrgk

Ek `tkpk n` get`rpr`tkáèm nms nknms" fmg gopmrtket` r`hmrnkr k

ngeãoghk nks ètr`vgstks Tmr `xòpbm" km hmev`rskr hmo ms ètr`vgstknms"

fmg e`h`ssërgm a`rkr `stïoubms pkrk kcmrnkr m kssuetm" `vgtkenm qu` k

ètr`vgstk s` kssò`blkss` k uo qu`stgmeërgm Kssgo" m ètr`vgstknmr



73

pr`hgskvk s`r hrgktgvm ` sèsïv`b pkrk uskr m rmt`grm n` p`rauetks `" km

o`som tòpm" kprmxgokr/s` nm uegv`rsm n` hknk ètr`vgstknm pkrk èvmbvê/

bm em kssuetm ò qu`stèm Km muvgr emvkoèt` ks ètr`vgstks" hmuc` km

ètr`vgstknmr ròòmrkr ksp`htms nk hmev`rsk hmo hknk p`ssmk" tkgs hmom

ms òmhgmekgs ` psghmbøaghms" cò hmom `bòètms nm kocgèt` men` s`

èhmetrkvko Hmefmro` kpmetko Cku`r ` Aksi`bb ,3443'" tkgs ksp`htms

pmnò prmvmhkr ngf`rèt`s `stïoubms" gefbuèhgkenm k get`rpr`tkáèm nks

p`rauetks ` k ògssèm n` r`spmstks Xàuenm sù ètèngoètm" fghk

r`sskbtknk k gopmrtãehgk nk mcs`rvkáèm n`ss`s fktmr`s" qu` hmopbòètko k

b`gturk ` get`rpr`tkáèm nms nknms

Hkc` mcs`rvkr qu`" e`st` trkckblm ò `sp`hgkb" emtknkoèt` ek `tkpk

n` s`b`áèm nms nknms ` n` suk get`rpr`tkáèm" fmg e`h`ssërgm hmesgn`rkr m fktmr

nk pksskaò nm tòpm kfmrk ks hktàmrgks n` keëbgs` kpmetknks

ket`rgmroèt` K ngoèsèm lgstørghk" kbço n` gefbuèhgkr ms prmh`ssms n`

ktrgcugáèm n` vkbmr`s kms mcj`tms" kpkr`hù ò ngf`rèt`s r`spmstks" nk qukb

s` n`stkhk uo ksp`htm: k oòørgk qu` hknk ètr`vgstknm prmnuzgu smcr` ms

mcj`tms ò qu`stèm" prgehgpkboèt` smcr` m wkbioke>; >3 Hmestktmu/s` qu`

ms ;; ètr`vgstknms eèm utgbgzko m wkbioke ` qu` s` pksskrko ò oçngk ;4

kems n`sn` k çpmhk ò qu` m lkvgko usknm Tmrtketm" mcs`rvk/s` qu` mpmetm n` vgstk nms ètr`vgstknms ç hmestgtuïnm pmr `bòètms n` sù

r`p`rtørgm kh`rhk nm wkbioke" gpmn ` kpkr`blms r`prmnutmr`s n` op8 ` pmr

`bòètms knvgenms nk oòørgk prmnuzgnk smcr` `b`s" kh`ssknms nurket` k

ètr`vgstk Emtk/s` qu` m pmetm n` vgstk nm ètr`vgstknmr tkocço s` pkutk

p`bms o`soms `bòètms ` qu` kocms ms mblkr`s" nm ètr`vgstknmr ` nm

ètr`vgstknm" `stèm p`ro`knms pmr r`f`rêehgks ` `xp`rgêehgks a`rknks km

>; M wkbioke t`v` suk okgmr hmo`rhgkbgzkáèm eks nçhknks n` ;7<4 ` ;774" emtkenm/s` uokngogeugáèm hr`shèt` eks vènks kpøs k gevèáèm n` emvks t`hembmagks" hmom m HN" mogegngsh" ètr` mutrms Fmet`s:2lttp:--ogarò`-cpW[F5 2lttp:--ogarò`-cpWXm5Kh`ssm ò: ;0-juelm-34;3

>3 K Xmey hmetgeumu prmnuzgenm kpkr`blms n` `shutk gengvgnukb hmo m emo` wkbioke" uokv`z qu` `b` hmesmbgnmu k okrhk n`ss` tgpm n` mcj`tm hmo`rhgkbgzknm p`bk òpr`sk Tmrçotkgs mcj`tms sèm frutm n` prmj`tms cks`knms ò t`hembmagks n` r`prmnuáèm n` oúsghkngf`rèt`s nms kpkr`blms ket`rgmr`s" ms qukgs `rko cks`knms eks fgtks hkss`t`s ` rëngm `qu` sèm m fmhm n`ssk p`squgsk Fmet`:2 lttp:--wwwsmeyhmocr-n`fkubtltob5 Kh`ssmò: 84-s`t-34;3



78

bmeam n` suks vgnks N`ss` omnm" ks get`rpr`tkáð`s nms nknms mctgnms eks

ètr`vgstks b`vko ò hmesgn`rkáèm uo ksp`htm r`sskbtknm pmr Hkrnmsm

,34;3" p%1;'" qu` kfgrok: ‒m qu` gopmrtk ç bòcrkr qu` tunm ç pkssïv`b n`

ounkeák em tòpm ‘ gehbusgv` ms sgaegfghknms qu` kssmhgkoms k qukbqu`r

mcj`t m‟%



7>

8%8%; Get`rpr`tkáèm smcr` @shutks: Omnms n` usm ` vkbmr`s qu`

p`ro`gko k sucj`tgvgnkn` hmetòpmrãe`k

K pkrtgr n`st` pmetm" kpr`sètk/s` k get`rpr`tkáèm nms nknms mctgnms

eks ètr`vgstks smcr` k r`bkáèm ètr` ms mcj`tms ` ms omnms n` vgnk

prmògeèt`s ek çpmhk ktukb" cò hmom ksp`htms qu` gefbuèhgko ms

prmh`ssms n` ktrgcugáèm n` sgaegfghknms ` vkbmr`s kms mcj`tms @st` tøpghm ç

p`ro`knm pmr tr`hlms nks fkbks nms ètr`vgstknms" krtghubknms km hmet`únm

nk p`squgsk Ek trkeshrgáèm nks ètr`vgstks" sèm r`sp`gtknks ks fkbks" qu` sèm

kpr`sètknks tkb hmom fmrko ngtks" m qu` `qugvkb` k ngz`r qu` `rrms n`

pmrtuauês" aïrgks `th eèm fmrko hmrrgagnms

K prgo`grk pkrt` nm t`xtm omstrk cr`vòèt` uok vgsèm a`rkb smcr`ks mez` fkbks K sàuenk fmg mrakegzknk k pkrtgr nks hktàmrgks n` keëbgs`

emogeknks em prgo`grm hkpïtubm ‘ usm" ètmrem" nurkáèm" pmetm n` vgstk"

ngshursm ` `xp`rgêehgk ‘" ks qukgs s` cks`gko ems kpmetkoètms n` Hkrnmsm

,34;3' kh`rhk nms fktmr`s qu` gefbuèhgko k prmnuáèm n` sgaegfghknm nms

mcj`tms @ k t`rh`grk pkrt`" hmo okgmr èfmqu` ek r`bkáèm ètr` omnms n`

vgnk ` n`sgae" fmg `struturknk pkrk kpr`sètkr ks get`rpr`tkáð`s nms

ètr`vgstknms smcr` b`v`zk" rkpgn`z" oubtgpbghgnkn` ` vgsgcgbgnkn` krtghubknk kms hmeh`gtms kpr`sètknms em hkpïtubm 3

K hmoueghkáèm nms sgaegfghknms ` vkbmr`s ktrgcuïnms p`bms

ètr`vgstknms k sùs mcj`tms p`rpkssk ks ètr`vgstks nm hmo`ám km fgo" sènm

pmssïv`b n`t`htkr kssmhgkáð`s n` gn`gk hmo okgs n` uo sgaegfghknm pkrk ms

nmgs mcj`tms" m wkbioke ` m gpmn Emtmu/s` tkocço qu` k gnkn` ` k prmfgssèm

nms ètr`vgstknms fmrko ngr`tk mu gengr`tkoèt` kssmhgknks kms sgaegfghknms

ekrrknms" pmrço m tgpm n` ktgvgnkn` n`sòpèlknk" hmom pmr `xòpbm"

`shr`v`r" `x`rhgtkr/s` `th" ` ms ksp`htms èvmbvgnms ò suk r`kbgzkáèm

tgv`rko okgmr arku n` r`bkáèm hmo ms sgaegfghknms ` vkbmr`s ktrgcuïnms" hmom

s` pmn` v`r ò frks`s hmom ‒ù usm pkrk n`shkeskr‟" ‒ù usm pkrk o`

hmehètrkr‟" r`v`bkenm v`rcms n` káèm



70

8%8%;%; Vgsèm a`rkb

N` omnm a`rkb" smcr`sskïrko/s` eks mez` ètr`vgstks nknms qu`

r`v`bko ksp`htms nm r`p`rtørgm n` hknk ètr`vgstknm" r`subtket`s" ò suk

okgmrgk" nk oòørgk n` suks `xp`rgêehgks hmo ms mcj`tms ò qu`stèm Gssm s`

n`v` km fktm n` qu` ms tòks kcmrnknms eks ètr`vgstks èfmhko ks

get`rkáð`s ` vïehubms `stkc`b`hgnms ètr` ks p`ssmks ` `ss`s mcj`tms" pmgs qu`

ms sgaegfghknms ` vkbmr`s k `b`s ktrgcuïnms sèm frutm nm uskr" usufrugr `

knogrë/bms

Emtmu/s` qu` m wkbioke" n` omnm `sp`hgkb" oketço uok r`bkáèm hmo

m pkssknm" gehbusgv` pmr t`r sgnm" nms três mcj`tms p`squgsknms" m prgo`grm k

s`r hrgknm ` pmr suk prmnuáèm ` hmo`rhgkbgzkáèm t`rò sgnm fgekbgzknks ò

34;4>8 Ks nuks frks`s kckgxm r`pr`sètko `ssk r`f`rêehgk km pkssknm E`bks

pmn`/s` p`rh`c`r qu` ms ètr`vgstknms fkzò hmopkrkáð`s ètr` m tòpm ò

qu` m wkbioke `rk hmo`rhgkbgzknm ` ms mcj`tms ` t`hembmagks qu` suragrko

n`pmgs:

Y_ Ç pmrqu` r`kboèt`" vmhê trmux` uo kpkr`blm nmpkssknm ,Kenrç'

Y_ lmj` `b` Ywkbioke_ ç kqu`b` sgstòk n` smo pmrtëtgb prkfgtk hkss`t`" qu` ç uok hmgsk qu` hkgu ò n`susm rëpgnm pmrhmetk nm op8 ,Egbtme'

>8 Kpkr`blms h`bubkr`s ` r`prmnutmr`s n` op8 pmnò kgenk s`r èhmetrknms hmo k okrhkwkbioke" pmgs k òpr`sk Xmey usmu m emo` nm ketgam kpkr`blm n` fgtk hkss`t` pkrkn`sgaekr suk okrhk n` kpkr`blms n` `shutk gengvgnukb

Fgaurk ;>: Ä ngr`gtk" op8 pbky`r EQZ/C;13F" ä`squ`rnk" kpkr`blm h`bubkr Kenrmgn Qkbioke Z

OT8 Tbky`r kocms nk okrhk XmeyFmet`: 2lttp:--ogarò`-czBrX5-

2lttp:--ogarò`-czBNP5Kh`ssm:4>-emv-34;3



76

Kbaues ètr`vgstknms hmoètkrko smcr` k oòørgk qu` têo nms

mcj`tms ` m qu` `b`s r`pr`sètkrko ò suk vgnk" mu s`jk" r`v`bkrko k

bòcrkeák nk çpmhk ` nm usm nkqu`b`s mcj`tms:

M wkbioke khlm qu` ç gssm" `b` sgaegfghmu prk ogo" ç" ò

nmgs omoètms ngf`rèt`s" oks kocms nk oòørgk" pmrqu`fghmu k oòørgk nk `xp`ngáèm" nkqu`bk hmgsk nk n`shmc`rtk@ m omoètm tkocço n`" n` arkvkáèm n` oòørgk" n` t`r"n` t`r gssm" ràgstrm Y_ @rk t`r kqugbm" ` kqugbm ç Tmn`rkenkr" pmn`r muvgr m qu` `vètukboèt` ù qugs`ss` muvgr"oks X` ù tgv`ss` qu` bòcrkr n` kbauok oúsghk mukbauok oòørgk ousghkb ù ngrgk qu` fmg m smo nk ogelkhksk M wkbioke o` trmux` m omoètm" ` eèm m wkbiokeò sg" k oúsghk qu` ù muvgk e`b` Ç ngf`rèt` ,Jubgkek'

@u pmssm bòcrkr n` ogo" qu` qukenm ù vg khl`g" kssgo" m

oëxgom @u sø pèskvk ò ogo" kenkenm ek ruk" ùhmesàug sø @u eèm smssàu`g èquketm hmopr`g Tksskvkeks Hksks Cklgk mu s`g bë" ek o` bòcrm ngr`gtm" ekqu`bkçpmhk" ` vgk kqu`b` kpkr`blm ek vgtrge`@rk juetkr ngel`grmprk hmoprkr uo kpkr`blm nkqu`b`" pmrqu` kqugbm" `rk mkpkr`blm qu` ù pr`hgskvk ,Kenrç'

Ç bàkb m wkbioke @b` f`z kssgo ç Fmg uok nks hmgsks"qu` trmux` kssgo Pok kbàrgk" uok f`bghgnkn` Eç=+ Pokomtgvkáèm @rk amstmsm vmhê t`r uo kpkr`blm Tmrqu`" çkssgo" m kpkr`blm" prk vmhê t`r uok gn`gk" m wkbioke" hmom

`b` `rk" `rk uo kpkr`blm emvm" eç=+ Vkoms pèskr,ètr`vgstknmrk:Vmhê bòcrk" eèm tgelk eèluok mutrkhmgsk pkr`hgnk ek çpmhk=' Ç" eèm" eèm tgelk o`som @rk uokpkr`blm emvm Gevètkrko Eèm `rk uo S`gevètkrko mrëngm ` m tmhk fgtks" vkoms fkbkr n`ss` j`gtm ,Kenrç'

Kfmrk ms ksp`htms smcr` k pksskaò nm tòpm" km r`spmen`r ks

p`rauetks smcr` m wkbioke ` m gpmn " ms ètr`vgstknms r`v`bkrko omnms `

sgtukáð`s n` usm" `bòètms n` suks rmtgeks `" kgenk" genghkrko pr`f`rêehgks

ousghkgs ` hmoètkrko smcr` ks sèskáð`s prmpghgknks km s` muvgr oúsghk

8%8%;%3 Psm" ètmrem" nurkáèm" pmetm n` vgstk" ngshursm ` `xp`rgêehgk

Eks p`rauetks ngr`hgmeknks pkrk m hmet`xtm n` usm nms mcj`tms" ms

ètr`vgstknms ekrrkrko sgtukáð`s ò qu` uskvko ,mu usko' ms mcj`tms"

r`bkhgmeknks äs káð`s qu` n`sòpèlkvko ,mu n`sòpèlko' Tkrt` nks

r`spmstks kpr`sètmu/s` kssmhgknk k sgtukáð`s n` n`sbmhkoètm ` kms o`gms



71

usknms pkrk tkb" hmom hkrrm" þegcus" o`trþ" trò mu k pç Kbço nm o`gm n`

trkespmrt`" mutrks gefmrokáð`s pmnò s`r r`tgrknks nks fkbks qu` `xpr`ssko

gn`gks smcr` sgtukáð`s n` n`sbmhkoètm Em tr`hlm kckgxm" m ètr`vgstknm

r`bkhgmek m usm nm wkbioke ä sèskáèm n` ‒hmopkelgk‟ èquketm p`rhmrrgk

k hgnkn` pkrk huoprgr suks tkr`fks n` mffgh`/cmy " tkgs hmom gr km ckehm" km

hmrr`gm" ètr` mutrms trkckblms knogegstrktgvms" euok çpmhk ò qu` `ss`s

s`rvgáms `rko f`gtms pr`sèhgkboèt`:

K gn`gk `rk t`r `ss` smo kenkenm juetm hmogam Tmrqu` ktçètèm m smo" k oúsghk qu` ù `shutkvk ` qu` khlm qu` tmnmouenm `shutkvk `rk ems buakr`s Mu ò hksk" mu em hkrrm"pmrqu` ms kpkr`blms qu` tmhkvko `stkvko fgxms emsbuakr`s @ m wkbioke fmg qu` b`vmu `ss`" k oúsghk prk juetmhmo vmhê" prk men` vmhê fmss` Y_ Mu ù tkvk euo þegcus"

mu ù tkvk kenkenm ek ruk `" hkrk" ç ougtm smbgtërgm vmhêkenkr ek ruk hmom mffgh`/cmy" skcgk=+ Y_ @ m wkbioke `rk kogelk hmopkelgk ek çpmhk ,Kenrç'

N` omnm sò`blket` km n` Kenrç" Jubgkek r`bktk m usm qu` n`shmcrgu

pkrk sù kpkr`blm r`prmnutmr n` op8 qukenm omrkvk ò uok hgnkn` ` tgelk

qu` vgkjkr ktç mutrk pkrk trkckblkr:

Y%%%_ `b` fmg où hmopkel`grm" n`shmcrg `b`" tgpm ‒kg" eèm fkámeknk e`ssk vgkaò" qukenm ù vmu ` vmbtm" äs v`z`s ùtèlm qu` prmvgnèhgkr uo bgvrm ` tkb" ` äs v`z`s muvgroúsghk fkz cò" eèm qu`rm b`r äs v`z`s" ù qu`rm muvgroúsghk ,Jubgkek'

Eks nuks fkbks" mcs`rvk/s` k r`hmrrêehgk nk pkbkvrk hmopkel`grm" m

qu` pmn` ems fkz`r hmopr`èn`r qu`" km `shutkr oúsghk" m usuërgm sètgk/s`

oèms sø Trøxgom km sètgnm nm usm nm kpkr`blm nknm pmr Jubgkek ` Kenrç

`stë k fkbk n` Egbtme" hmo k oèáèm km usm nk oúsghk pkrk s` ngstrkgr ò

n`t`rogeknks sgtukáð`s:

Y_ Kl" gssm në prk bòcrkr Bòcrm qu` ù uskvk òvgkaès" ç Trgehgpkboèt` vgkaès Xketms ‘ Xèm Tkubm"vgkaès rmnmvgërgks qu` ù fkzgk hmo uok h`rtk fr`quêehgkprk vgsgtkr prgoms `th Cksghkoèt`" m wkbioke" ò vgkaès,Egbtme'



7<

Em tr`hlm n`stkhknm k sàugr" Egbtme kopbgk `ssk emáèm nm usm nms

kpkr`blms n` `shutk gengvgnukb ò suks ktgvgnkn`s hmtgngkeks:

@u khlm qu` ç uok hmgsk `xtròkoèt` prëtghk" uok nkshmgsks cmks qu` k t`hembmagk ems trmux`" qu` ç k

pmssgcgbgnkn` n` muvgr oúsghk" qu` ç uok hmgsk qu` `xgst`n`sn` k prç/lgstørgk" ò qukbqu`r buakr" ò qukbqu`rsgtukáèm ` khkck trkzènm ètr`tègoètm prk uo ouenmtèm `str`ssket` hmom m qu` k aèt` vgv` ,Egbtme'

Tmnò s`r èhmetrknks tkocço ems n`pmgoètms pksskaès qu` nèm

hmetk nk fgekbgnkn` ` nk ktgvgnkn` r`bkhgmeknk km usm nms r`f`rgnms mcj`tms"

tkgs hmom n`shkeskr" crgehkr ` n` prëtghks ò qu` lë kbauok e`h`ssgnkn`

n` ngstrkáèm" hmom s` vê ems sàuget`s tr`hlms:

Y_ em geïhgm `rk Y_ prk ogelk ngstrkáèm" prm oùr`bkxkoètm" ètèm hmbmhkvk ks fgtks ò" ò vgkaès @etèmgk `shutkenm" gk n` þegcus ` `shutkenm m" ks oúsghks qu` ùs`b`hgmekvk ,Tkubm'

Y_ @b` sø tgelk fgekbgnkn` n` muvgr oúsghk s` ù tkvk ek ruk"juetm hmo ms oùs kogams" oks em omoètm n`ssk n``xp`ngáèm Oks o`som pmrqu` m wkbioke" m qu` ù o`bòcrm ekqu`b` omoètm" ù eèm hmesàug tgrkr m fme` `tmnm ouenm muvgr ,Jubgkek'

@u amstkvk n` `shutkr kenkenm n` cghghb`tk Ysmzgelk_" äsv`z`s em qukrtm" smzgelk ,Tktrïhgk'

YKssmhgk k oúsghk_ k ktgvgnkn`s qu` ù pr`hgsm trkeshèn`rkqu`bk ktgvgnkn`" pmr xòpbm" hmrr`r ,Egbtme'

Em `shrgtørgm ù fghm ckstket` tòpm hmo m" hmo m fme`kssgo" qu` lë ougtm tòpm ù trkckblm `shutkenm oúsghk,Knrgkek'

Ç [ukenm ù puelk m fme` ù fghkvk okgs hmehètrknk@earkáknm qu` lmj` ò ngk em trkckblm" sòpr` trkckblmhmo oúsghk" `shutkenm em hmoputknmr @ ùtgpm" äs v`z`sù eò p`rh`cm k oúsghk qu` të tmhkenm" skc`=+ @u pèsmem trkckblm Tmr hkusk nm fme` ,Jçssghk'

@u uskvk ougtm nètrm n` hksk" ù bòcrm Eèm skïk tketmhmo `b` ek ruk" o`som pmrqu` vmhê sòpr` fghk hmo kqu`b`r`h`gm" ‒kg" eèm" vkg hlkokr k ktèáèm" ù vmu s`r ksskbtknk‟eç=+ @etèm ù uskvk okgs nètrm n` hksk @rk okgs prk eèm



77

gehmomnkr oùs pkgs" prk muvgr oúsghk" hmgsk n`ss` tgpm,Hrgstgek'

Y_ @etèm m wkbioke `rk `ssk hmgsk nk pmrtkcgbgnkn`" n`" n`b`vkr" n` pmn`r `shutkr uok oúsghk qu` eèm s`jk suk hksk `tkb Y_ `rk pmn`r `shutkr ks ogelks oúsghks ò qukbqu`rbuakr" ek lmrk qu` ù qugs`ss` Ç Xò t`r èhl`áèm n` skhm

,Buhks'

@u arkvkvk ks hmgsks qu` ù qu`rgk fkbkr @u hmo`h`g o`gmqu` fkzènm uo ngërgm hmo" hmo `ss` wkbioke E`ssòmoètm `b` vgrmu ougtm okgs arkvknmr nm qu`" nm qu` mwkbioke o`som n`" n` muvgr ,Jubgkek' >>

Ks r`spmstks smcr` m hmet`xtm n` usm pmnò s`r sget`tgzknks p`bms

v`rcms: n`sbmhkr/s`" omvgoètkr/s`" trkckblkr" `x`rhgtkr/s`" ètr`t`r/s`"

r`bkxkr" hmehètrkr/s`" hmevgv`r" t`r prgvkhgnkn`" ràgstrkr smes Emstrês úbtgoms tr`hlms" pmrço" ò`ragrko nmgs `bòètms ngf`rèt`s: m muvgr

oúsghk sò gehmomnkr ms mutrms" ek fkbk nk Hrgstgek" mu sò s`r gehmomnknm"

ek fkbk nm Buhks" ` m usm nm wkbioke hmom arkvknmr pkrk t`r ràgstrms

p`ssmkgs Ms `bòètms qu` Hrgstgek ` Buhks kpmetko r`f`rò/s` ngr`tkoèt`

ä `shutk gengvgnukb qu`" n` oke`grk gopbïhgtk" `stë ems nòkgs n`pmgoètms

@ssk qu`stèm nk gengvgnukbgnkn` s`rë emvkoèt` kcmrnknk okgs kngket`

Xàuenm ks fkbks smcr` hmet`xtms n` usm" ä o`ngnk qu` ms

ètr`vgstknms kpr`sètkvko suks gefmrokáð`s" mutrms nknms

hmopbòètkvko sùs n`pmgoètms @ss`s nknms genghko hkrkht`rïstghks

smcr` k hmefgaurkáèm fmrokb nms mcj`tms" sù tkokelm ` sù p`sm" pmr

`xòpbm" ` `stèm ngr`tkoèt` kssmhgknms äs sgtukáð`s ò qu` uskvko mu

usko ms mcj`tms Juetm k `b`s tkocço fmrko `bèhknks pkrtghubkrgnkn`s

smcr` omnms n` fuehgmekoètm" tkgs hmom suk mp`rkáèm k pgblk" ms tgpms n`

oïngk usknms pkrk `shutkr ` arkvkr oúsghk" m omnm n` arkvkáèm ` m omnm n`

get`rfkh` ètr` kpkr`blms n` r`prmnuáèm ` n` krokzèkoètm n` oúsghk

,tmhk/ngshms" hmoputknmr`s ` rëngms'" k `shutk pmr o`gm n` fme` n` muvgnm

`th

>> E`ss` tr`hlm nk ètr`vgstk" Jubgkek n`shr`v` m usm qu` fkzgk nm sàuenm kpkr`blm wkbioke qu` t`v`" kms ;> kems n` gnkn` M prgo`grm qu` t`v` fmg kms 7 kems



;44

Tkrk gbustrkáèm" ek fkbk n` Buhgkem" kpr`sètknk k sàugr" ms fme`s n`

muvgnm akelkrko êefks` ò r`bkáèm kms mutrms ksp`htms ^kb êefks` ç

ktrgcuïnk kms fktmr`s emvgnkn` ` bgc`rnkn` prmpghgknks p`bk `shutk

gengvgnukb" òcmrk `ssk úbtgok `st`jk kssmhgknk k ksp`htms qu` ès`jko k

pmrtkcgbgnkn` nm kpkr`blm Mutrms ktrgcutms fmrko `bèhknms p`bms

ètr`vgstknms" hmom prktghgnkn`" b`v`zk ` p`quèm tkokelm" n`shrgtms

hmom r`qugsgtms nm mcj`tm" qu` nèm fkhgbgnkn` ` hmbkcmrko pkrk suk utgbgzkáèm

eks sgtukáð`s n` usm n`shrgtks khgok ` `stèm" pmrtketm" get`r/r`bkhgmeknms

^rês pksskaès s`b`hgmeknks ` trkeshrgtks kckgxm nòmestrko ks r`bkáð`s

ètr` hmefgaurkáèm fmrokb" omnms n` fuehgmekoètm ` sgtukáð`s n` usm:

Y_ skïrko ms tmhknmr`s n` hkss`t`" oks `b`s eèm `rko

`stçr`m ` eèm tgelko `ss` hmeh`gtm n` fme` n` muvgnm Mhmeh`gtm n` fme` n` muvgnm tkocço fmg uo hmeh`gtm" kssgo"ougtm ïopkr" ougtm úeghm Tmrqu` `b` t` nkvk" km o`somtòpm" uok h`rtk bgc`rnkn`" qu` vmhê pmn`rgk" bgc`rnkn`ktç n` vmhê muvgr suk prøprgk oúsghk ` eèm pr`hgskvk bgakr msmo kbtm ` nkvk tkocço" m fktm nm wkbioke s`r p`quèm" t`nkvk k bgc`rnkn` n`" n` b`vkr men` vmhê qu`rgk Xø prk vmhêt`r uok gn`gk Ekqu`bk çpmhk k aèt` skïk n` omtm" ` omtmekqu`bk çpmhk rk uo hmeh`gtm o`gm r`c`bn` Omtm ekqu`bkçpmhk K aèt` skïk n` omtm ` uskvk m wkbioke juetm hmok omtm @etèm k aèt` fghkvk muvgenm m wkbioke" pþ Pok

sèskáèm n` bgc`rnkn` tmtkb" gokagek+ Eèm pr`hgsk hkrràkrhkrrm eks hmstks ` eèm pr`hgsk hkrràkr kpkr`blm n` smo ekshmstks `rk uo hmeh`gtm ougtm Fmg ougtm r`vmbuhgmeërgm,Buhgkem'

Mblk" tò ougtks hmgsks ngf`rèt`s n` muvgr euo wkbiokeTrgehgpkboèt` ç vmhê t`r k sèskáèm n`" nk bgc`rnknò`som" vkoms supmr" vmhê të ek ruk" të hlmvènm" të frgm muhkbmr" të sètgenm m vètm em rmstm" ` vmhê hmetgeuk`shutkenm smo @etèn`= Eèm ç kqu`bk hmgsk qu`" pmr`xòpbm" vmhê të em khmehlàm nk suk hksk" em quètgelm `n`sbgak tunm ` hkg em frgm" mu hkg euo mutrm" tòp`rkturks"sò k trgblk smemrk genm hmo vmhê @etèm" khlm qu` msprgehgpkgs omtgvms sèm `ss`s" eç=+ Vmhê ounkr n` kocgèt`` tòp`rkturks ` ktç o`som hmev`rskr hmo vërgks p`ssmksmuvgenm oúsghk" qu` `rk m qu` ù fkzgk @etrkvk em ckehm `skïk ` kï tkvkVërgms kocgèt`s sò fkbkr nm fktmr çnmnòket`r vmhê sòpr` euo kbtm kstrkb ,Kenrç'

Y_ fmg uok hmgsk qu` fmg gopmrtket`" ` m" k oke`grk qu` `b``rk" m tkokelm" uok hmgsk ougtm fëhgb n` trkespmrtkr" eç=+B`vkvk prk tunm quketm ç hketm @rk prëtghm Trk çpmhk"eç=+ ,Tkubm'



;4;

K sèskáèm n` bgc`rnkn` hgtknk eks fkbks n` Buhgkem ` Kenrç pmn`

s`r hmesgn`rknk k r`v`bkáèm n` ksp`htms nk gengvgnukbgnkn` nms

ètr`vgstknms M omnm gengvgnukb n` `shutk ` k pmssgcgbgnkn` n` muvgr

oúsghk ò sgtukáð`s n` n`sbmhkoètm" mu kgenk k `shmblk n` uo r`p`rtørgm

ousghkb gengvgnukb" kpmetko pkrk `x`rhïhgms n` kutmemogk n` `shmblk K

qu`stèm nk bgc`rnkn` ò`ragu" n` omnm gengr`tm" ò tmnms ms n`pmgoètms K

fkbk n` Egbtme" n`stkhknk k sàugr" r`v`bk hbkrkoèt` `ss` ksp`htm" pmgs `b`

n`hbkrk utgbgzkr m fme` n` muvgnm ò hksk pmr hmevgv`r hmo uok p`ssmk qu`

eèm tò ms o`soms amstms ousghkgs qu` ms sùs:

Y_ ù pàu`g tketm m lëcgtm n` uskr m fme`" qu` ù" pmr`xòpbm" eèm tèlm `stçr`m ò hksk" k aèt` eèm tò òhksk eèluo sgstòk n` smo Ktç pmrqu` ù hmevgvm hmouok p`ssmk qu` tò amstms ousghkgs ngko`trkboèt`mpmstms kms oùs ,` k ètr`vgstknmrk p`rauetk: Ç=+ Kl"ètèng Kï fghk hknk uo em sù quknrknm=' Hmo h`rt`zk,Egbtme'

K vkbmrgzkáèm nk gengvgnukbgnkn` pmn` tkocço s`r p`rh`cgnk eks

ètr`vgstks" ò ksp`htms qu` r`v`bko k e`h`ssgnkn` n` hrgkr uo `spkám

gengvgnukb" hmom fmg emtknm ò mutrm `xòpbm" p`bm `x`rhïhgm nk kutmemogkpkrk gr ` vgr M amstm ousghkb ` k s`b`áèm n` uo r`p`rtørgm tkocço sèm

`bòètms qu` genghko k nòkrhkáèm nk gengvgnukbgnkn` Emtk/s` qu` `ss`

trkám s` `xpr`ssk p`bk vmetkn` n` ‒s` muvgr m qu` qugs`r‟" sò pr`hgskr

`sp`rkr p`bk kh`gtkáèm n` mutrms muvget`s mu t`r k pr`mhupkáèm n`

gehmomnkr kbauço" p`bk hkrkht`rïstghk nk `shutk gengvgnukb pmr o`gm nm fme`"

tkb hmom s` hmoètmu ket`rgmroèt` Ek çpmhk ò qu` m wkbioke fmg hrgknm"

lkvgk mutrms kpkr`blms qu` arkvkvko oúsghk ` pmssgcgbgtkvko k hrgkáèm n`r`p`rtørgms ousghkgs gengvgnukgs" pmrço k `shutk pkrtghubkr ktrkvçs nm fme`

n` muvgnm gengvgnukb pmtèhgkbgzmu k sèskáèm n` bgc`rnkn` ` `shmblk

K pmssgcgbgnkn` n` s` hrgkr uo r`p`rtørgm p`ssmkb n` oúsghks" qu`r ek

fgtk hkss`t`" em hksm nm wkbioke" qu`r hmo ks bgstks n` r`prmnuáèm" em

op8-gpmn " kpkr`hù kssmhgknk ä gn`gk n` gevèáèm n` uok trgblk smemrk

pkrtghubkr" qu` pun`ss` s`r muvgnk ò omoètms `sp`hïfghms" qu` sushgtkss`



;43

òmáð`s" mu kgenk hmom trgblk ousghkb n` sgtukáð`s hmrrgqu`grks K pmssïv`b

get`rpr`tkáèm pkrk tkgs kssmhgkáð`s omstrk uo vïehubm ètr` k `shutk n` uok

oúsghk n`t`rogeknk ` sù pmtèhgkb pkrk `stgoubkr mutrks sèskáð`s ek

p`ssmk qu` k muv`" vgstm qu` tmnms ms ètr`vgstknms ekrrkrko `f`gtms nk

oúsghk Emtmu/s` qu`" km fkbkr n`ss`s `f`gtms" `b`s hmopbòètkrko hmo k

n`shrgáèm nks sgtukáð`s ` ktgvgnkn`s qu` s` r`bkhgmekvko km `f`gtm `sp`rknm

nk oúsghk" tkgs hmom sgtukáð`s n` omemtmegk" r`p`tgáèm" `str`ss` `

hmehètrkáèm oètkb

Tkrk s` mrakegzkrò ms n`pmgoètms r`bktgvms kms `f`gtms

kpr`sètknms" pmn`/s` hrgkr uok hmopgbkáèm r`bktgvk k três sèskáð`s:

prkz`r" r`bkxkoètm ` hmehètrkáèm Hkc` mcs`rvkr qu` `ssks sèskáð`s

fmrko fmrtòèt` kssmhgknks k sgtukáð`s ò qu` m ètr`vgstknm `stkvk

n`sòpèlkenm uok ktgvgnkn` gengvgnukb ò uo kocgèt` hmb`tgvm"

men` k `shutk gengvgnukb prmpghgkvk kbauo tgpm n` cè`fïhgm p`ssmkb" tkgs

hmom m n`shrgtm kckgxm:

YKssmhgk oúsghk_ k ktgvgnkn`s qu` ù pr`hgsm trkeshèn`rkqu`bk ktgvgnkn`" pmr `xòpbm" hmrr`r @u khlm qu` fghkougtm omeøtmem @u amstm n` hmrr`r" oks fghk omeøtmem

sò k oúsghk K oúsghk" `bk t` `stgoubk ,Psm' prk pksskr mtòpm eç= Xètgr qu` m tòpm pkssk okgs rëpgnm" sètgr qu`kqu`bk ktgvgnkn` qu`" purk ` sgopb`s" `bk ç t`ngmsk" `bk pksskk s`r okgs karknëv`b" `bk pkssk k s`r" `bk hmrr` hmo okgstrkequgbgnkn` ,Egbtme'

Y_ Emssk" pmrqu` ù pr`hgsm ougtm nk oúsghk K oúsghkfuehgmek ougtm hmom `stïoubm prk ogo @etèm ù tèlm ktçk ogelk prmarkokáèm n` oúsghks" qu` ù usm prk hmrr`rBë p`bm ogeutm tketm qu` ù s`g qu` ù vmu të hkesknk" tòtkb oúsghk qu` ù fghm okgs kegoknk @etèm `bk s`rv` n``stïoubm ,Knrgkek'

Y_ Kl" ç Oúsghk ç `stknm n` `spïrgtm" eç=+ ^ò ngk" nòkelèzgelk" tò ngk k vmetkn` jë vò `shutkenm GrmeOkgnè" skc`=+ ,Tkubm'

Y_ @u kssmhgm k sgtukáð`s qu` ù qu`rgk fghkr okgs smzgelk^gpm" eèm sgtukáð`s" eèm çpmhks" oks omoètms Y_ Kl" ùsètgk okgs kssgo" ù pèskvk okgs eks hmgsks qukenm ùtkvk hmo m fme` Okgs eks hmgsks nm qu` ek oúsghk" skc`=+,Jçssghk'



;48

K oúsghk hrgk uo kocgèt` Y_ ç k oúsghk fkz pkrt` n` ogoFkz pkrt` @etèm ù b`vketm n` okelè `shutkenm oúsghkHbkrm" m où aêe`rm n` oúsghk lmj`" eç=+ Eèm `ssk gevksèmn` aèt` qu` pkssk hmo m hkrrm" hmo m smo em úbtgomvmbuo`" gevkngenm ,Kenrç'

Lmj` okgs nm qu` euehk Eèm në okgs @u eèm hmesgam" k

ogelk vgnk fghkrgk sò arkák sò oúsghk Y_ [u`" hmo koúsghk ù eèm tm hmogam o`som" ù tm hmo m oùsètgoètm" tm bgnkenm hmo b`s" kssgo" tètkenm" eèm n`gxkrkf`tkr ,Kenrç'

Y_ @u smu" fug ougtm" fug uo hkrk ougtm ousg" sòpr` fugougtm ousghkb n`sn` hrgkeák Y_ @etèm em geïhgm `rk okgsprm où" prk ogelk ngstrkáèm" prm où r`bkxkoètm" ètèmhmbmhkvk ks fgtks ò" ò vgkaès @etèm gk `shutkenm" gk n`þegcus ` `shutkenm m" ks oúsghks qu` ù s`b`hgmekvk" eç=+,Tkubm'

@u knmrkvk p`nkbkr muvgenm oúsghk Y_ Kl" fghkvk kssgo"tunm ä vmbtk fghkvk ò sàuenm pbkem" eç=+ Vmhê fghkvkougtm hme`htknm ä oúsghk @rk bàkb gssm" `ssk sèskáèm@ssk sèskáèm qu` o` fkzgk amstkr kssgo n` muvgr" n` fghkro` gsmbkenm" hmo ms oùs pèskoètms" muvgenm ksousghks qu` u amstkvk ,Tktrïhgk'

Y_ Äs v`z`s ù b`vkvk qukenm" qukenm gk prk kubk n` geabêsqu` kï ogelk oè` nòmrkvk uo pmuhm prk cushkr,Hrgstgek'

Pok cmk pkrt` nms ètr`vgstknms hgtmu k sèskáèm n` prkz`r ò hrgkr

suks prøprgks bgstks n` oúsghks" k pkrtgr n` hmocgekáð`s n` mrnò n`

r`prmnuáèm" hbkssgfghkáèm n` aêe`rm ousghkb `th Tkubm ` Buhgkem tkocço

fkbkrko smcr` ms prmh`ssms ek hrgkáèm ` r`kbgzkáèm nks bgstks ousghkgs"

n`stkhkenm m hkrët`r okeukb" mu o`blmr" oèms kutmoëtghm" qukenm s`

trktkvk nk arkvkáèm ò fgtks hkss`t`s ` suk r`prmnuáèm ò uo wkbioke Ms

tr`hlms n`stkhknms kckgxm ems hmoueghko ` r`pr`sètko `ssks qu`stð`s:

@u tèlm oúsghks qu` ù amstm" tèlm s`b`áð`s" ù mrakegzmems prmarkogelks n`" n`" n` `ngáèm n` smo" n` cgcbgmt`hksn` oúsghk" eç=+ Oks" m eàøhgm vkg kutmoktgzkenm tketm"vmhê vkg Ç hmom m Fbòss`r fkbk" nms fuehgmeërgms" eç=+ Mhkrk sø të kp`rtkenm m cmtèm" k oëqugek të n`hgngenm m qu`fkz`r" hmom qu` vkg s`r k ngspmsgáèm @shutkr oúsghk lmj`ò ngk ç ougtm gssm" vmhê sø cmtk m eàøhgm ` n`gxkkhmet`h`r m qu` të khmet`hènm bë" vmhê eò të s`



;4>

pr`mhupkenm em qu` vmhê të `shmblènm" em qu` vmhê eèm tëÇ" khlm qu` ç gssm Xkc`=+ @etènù=+ ,Buhks'

Kssgo" vmhê tò qu`" ù tgelk qu` arkvkr euo h`rtm vmbuo`"eç=+ @etèm tgelk qu` kuoètkr m vmbuo` pmr hkusk ngssmTrk hmopèskr m S`kboèt` ù euehk arkvkvk euovmbuo` ougtm kbtm" pmrqu` m kpkr`blm `b` jë hmesàugk

`ss` kï" tmnk v`z qu` ù gk arkvkr" prk hmbmhkr k fgtk emwkbioke" s` arkvkvk sòpr` uo pmuhm okg" okgs" okgmr"okgs kbtm prk pmn`r hmopèskr gssm ,Tkubm'

@u eèm hmoprkvk fgtk @u arkvkvk nm BT ks ogelks prøprgksfgtks Y_ @etèm k aèt` hmoprkvk k fgtk" vgraò" k aèt`hlkokvk ‒o` në fgtk vgraò kï‟" hmbmhkvk m tmhk/ngshm prkrmnkr ` fkzgk uok bgakáèm ngr`tk ètr` m r`h`ptmr nm tmhk/ngshm" eç" ` m tmhk/fgtk" ` äs v`z`s k aèt` tgelk kpmssgcgbgnkn` n` t`r gssm òcutgnm" ` kï m tmhk/ngshm arkvkvkngr`tm em tmhk/fgtk ,Buhgkem'

Y_ `rk tmnm okeukb" eøs tïelkoms qu` fkz`r m fkn`/geokeukb Y_" sgaegfghk ckgxkenm m smo" tgelk qu` fkz`r" eèm`rk kutmoëtghm" tgelk qu` fkz`r ckgxkr m smo ek oèm @etèmm tmhk/ngshm gk t`rogekenm k oúsghk" k aèt` tgelk qu` skhkrktç qu` eúo`rm k fgtk nkvk" pmr `xòpbm" vmhê vmbtkvk k fgtkget`grk prk n`shmcrgr qu` `bk gk ktç m 08; @etèm qukenmhmo`ákvk k hlàkr em 030 k aèt` gk ckgxkenm m smo prkhmrtkr ` nkr kqu`bk ktèukáèm nm smo" eç=+ @rk tunmokeukb" tgelk tmnk uok bøaghk @rk ougtm bàkb+ ,Buhgkem'

Mutrm nknm get`r`ssket` n` s` mcs`rvkr kpkr`h` ek fkbk n` Buhks"

n`stkhknk k sàugr ^rktk/s` nk ngf`rèák ètr` k prmnuáèm n` s`b`áð`s

ousghkgs ò fgtks hkss`t`s pkrk muvgr em wkbioke ` k hrgkáèm n` bgstks n`

oúsghks" ks hlkoknks pbkybgsts" pkrk s` muvgr hmo kpkr`blms r`prmnutmr`s n`

op8 Buhks hmoètk m trkckblm qu` èvmbvgk k hrgkáèm n` s`b`áð`s pkrk ks

fgtks hkss`t`s" qu` nòkenkvk okgs hrgktgvgnkn` ` hmmrnèkáèm ètr` ms

tòpms n` hknk fkgxk ousghkb ` m `spkám ngspmeïv`b ek oïngk" mu s`jk" k fgtk

hkss`t`

Tmrqu` lmj`" hmom ù o` r`bkhgmem hmo `ss`s op8 pbky`rs` wkbiokes nk vgnk ç ougtm ngf`rèt` n` hmom ù o`r`bkhgmekvk qukenm tgelk m hkss`t` Tmrqu` `rk uok hmgskougtm Tmrqu` ç uok hmestruáèm ogelk" kssgo @etèm pmrokgs qu` fmss`" lmj` ù tm ek get`re`t ` ù `shmblm m qu` ùqu`rm" ket`s eèm" ù tgelk uo trkckblm n` hmbmhkr uo HN kbg` arkvkr em HN Mu uo kogam o` òpr`stmu uo HN qu` ùeèm tèlm ` ù pus bë ` arkv`g em hkss`t` Kbg tgelk uok



;40

hmestruáèm" n` uok `ngáèm" qu` lmj` ò ngk ç ougtmkutmoëtghm" ks p`ssmks eò p`rh`cò qu`" qu` vmhê fkzgssm" skc`=+ @rk uo t`sèm vmhê hmbmhkr bë k fgtgelk em eàøhgm` kp`rtkr m pbky r`h juetms ` vmhê arkvkr uok fgtk hkss`t`prk n`pmgs cmtkr em sù wkbioke Y_ Arkvkvk tunm Tàkvk"bë ò hksk tgelk m kpkr`blm" kï ù nkvk m pbky bë ems HNs nksckenks qu` ù amstkvk ` arkvkvk em hkss`t`" fkzgk ks ogelks

`ngáð`s `" ` `shutkvk m qu` ù amstkvk,Buhks'

K gengvgnukbgnkn` pmn` s`r p`rh`cgnk n` omnm uo pmuhm okgs

`xhêetrghm eks fkbks n` Tkubm ` Jubgkek" trkeshrgtks kckgxm E`bks" ç p`rh`ptïv`b

uo tgpm n` bgakáèm ètr` k p`ssmk ` m mcj`tm: ç hmom s` k p`ssmk" km ‒s`

hme`htkr‟ hmo `st`" m tmrekss` pkrt` n` sg" n` suk gnètgnkn`:

Y_ Emssk+ [uks` tmnm omoètm [ukenm `squ`hgk pkr`hgk

qu` eèm tgelk uok pkrt` ,Tkubm'

Lmj` m gplme` ç k vgnk n`b - Klko - @etr`vgstknk: Kï" ç kvgnk n` kbauço" të vènm=+ Ç k vgnk n`b` ,Jubgkek'

N` tmnks ks fkbks smcr` m usm nms kpkr`blms n` `shutk gengvgnukb"

kuf`rgu/s` mutrm pmetm r`b`vket` pkrk get`rpr`tkáèm e`stk p`squgsk: k

r`bkáèm nm wkbioke ` nms kpkr`blms r`prmnutmr`s n` op8 hmo ks ktgvgnkn`s

`spmrtgvks @ssk kssmhgkáèm èhmetrk kpmgm ems ngshursms ò tmrem nm

wkbioke qukenm n` sù bkeákoètm" ò ;717" ktrkvçs nms o`gms n`

hmoueghkáèm>0 Eks prmpkakenks ò r`vgstks" t`b`vgsèm `th" kpkr`hgko

gokaès n` usm nm wkbioke kssmhgknm ä ageëstghk" nkeák ` mutrms `x`rhïhgms

fïsghms Ç mpmrtuem bòcrkr qu`" km bmeam nk nçhknk n` ;7<4" lmuv` uo

fmrtkb`hgoètm nms ksp`htms r`bkhgmeknms kms hugnknms hmo k kpkrêehgk nm

hmrpm" cò hmom ä hrgkáèm ` vkbmrgzkáèm n` `strktçagks ` tçheghks qu`

prmomv`ssò" pmr geghgktgvk nms prøprgms suj`gtms" k cmk kpkrêehgk ` sù

cò/`stkr @ hmo gssm" k hmes`quèt` oubtgpbghkáèm n` khknògks n`

ageëstghk" k ngv`rsgnkn` n` gemvkáð`s hmsoçtghks ` hgrúraghks `th

,O@X[PG^K" 344>'

>0 Tkrk hmel`h`r kbauoks gokaès" sua`r`/s` hmesubtkr m vgn`mnmhuoètërgm prmnuzgnm ò;774 p`bk CCH ,Xmey Qkbioke N`sgae Hbkssghs" ;774' ` Nu Aky `t kb ,3444'



;46

Nm `xpmstm khgok" pmnò/s` gef`rgr nknms smcr` ks r`bkáð`s

prmnuzgnks p`bms ètr`vgstknms ètr` suks `xp`rgêehgks ` ks r`pr`sètkáð`s

smhgmhubturkgs nms mcj`tms" qu` rò`tò ä keëbgs` nks fueáð`s sgocøbghks

ktrgcuïnks kms kpkr`blms n` `shutk gengvgnukb Ç cmo bòcrkr qu` ms

sgaegfghknms ` vkbmr`s ktrgcuïnms kms mcj`tms `stèm vgehubknms k prmh`ssms

qu` èvmbvò tketm ksp`htms sucj`tgvms quketm smhgkgs @etèn`/s` qu` ms

nknms oèhgmeknms pmnò t`r gefbuèhgknm tketm ms omnms n` get`rkagr nms

suj`gtms hmo sùs mcj`tms hmom ks gefmrokáð`s ràgstrknks ek oòørgk n`

hknk ètr`vgstknm Hmetunm" `ss`s prmh`ssms n` prmnuáèm n` sètgnm ` vkbmr

sèm outukoèt` gefbuèhgknms ` o`ngknms tketm pmr `bòètms qu` knvêo

n` r`p`rtørgms smhgmhubturkgs quketm pmr ksp`htms p`ssmkgs p`hubgkr`s" tkgs

hmom ks gefmrokáð`s ò suks oòørgks" p`rh`páð`s ` `xp`rgêehgks

vgvèhgknks

Em tøpghm k sàugr s`rèm kpr`sètknks ks r`bkáð`s qu` ms

ètr`vgstknms `stkc`b`h`rko ètr` ms mcj`tms ` ms quktrm vkbmr`s: b`v`zk"

rkpgn`z" vgsgcgbgnkn` ` oubtgpbghgnkn` ,hmeh`gtuknms em hkpïtubm 3'" cò hmom

ms sgaegfghknms qu` kpkr`h`ssò ò hknk r`bktm

Fgaurk ;0: M usm nm wkbioke kssmhgknm ä nkeák ` ä ageëstghk kpkr`h` ò uok prmpkakenkv`ghubknk ek t`b`vgsèm Fmet`: Vgn`mnmhuoètërgm ‒Xmey Qkbioke N`sgae Hbkssghs‟" ;774



;41

8%8%;%8 B`v`zk" rkpgn`z" vgsgcgbgnkn` ` oubtgpbghgnkn`%

Tkrk krtghubkr ms vkbmr`s ktrgcuïnms kms mcj`tms" m pr`ssupmstm n`stk

p`squgsk fmg qu`stgmekr k `xgstêehgk mu eèm n` kssmhgkáð`s ètr` b`v`zk"

rkpgn`z" oubtgpbghgnkn` ` vgsgcgbgnkn`" ètèngnms hmom vkbmr`s r`b`vket`s ek

sucj`tgvgnkn` hmetòpmrãe`k" ` ms kpkr`blms n` `shutk gengvgnukb `shmblgnms

pkrk `st` trkckblm Trmhurmu/s` nkr `spkám pkrk qu` m ètr`vgstknm

get`rpr`tkss` m sgaegfghknm nks quktrm pkbkvrks" sò genuzg/bm k uo hmeh`gtm

`sp`hïfghm

Tkrk k b`v`zk" m sgaegfghknm ktrgcuïnm p`bms ètr`vgstknms fmrko ms

qu`sgtms p`sm ` tkokelm nms mcj`tms" ksp`htms qu` fmrko kssmhgknms ä

fkhgbgnkn` n` trkespmrt` ` ä sgopb`s hmopr`èsèm n` suks fueáð`s ` nkmp`rkáèm pkrk s` muvgr oúsghk E`ss` sètgnm" m ètèngoètm n` b`v`zk

nknm p`bms ètr`vgstknms kprmxgok/s` nm hmeh`gtm n` Hkbvgem ,;774'" pmgs k

fkhgbgnkn` n` trkespmrt` ` n` hmopr`èsèm nm omnm n` fuehgmekoètm

bòcrk `bòètms qu` m kutmr hgtk pkrk hkrkht`rgzkr k b`v`zk" hmom k

pr`hgsèm ` k hmehgsèm

Ek okgmrgk nms r`bktms" k o`ngnk nm p`sm ` nm tkokelm nm wkbioke

fmg nknk p`bk hmopkrkáèm ètr` `ss` mcj`tm ` ms sucs`quèt`s" hmom m

op8pbky`r ` m gpmn Kbaues ètr`vgstknms ngss`rko qu` ms três mcj`tms `rko

b`v`s9 mutrms" qu` m wkbioke eèm m `rk ` qu` ms nmgs mutrms kpkr`blms" sgo

Ç" vmhê vê qu` Kï ètrk uok çpmhk X` vmhê o` p`rauetkssèuok çpmhk s`rgk kbauoks qu`stð`s Lmj`" ç mutrk" eç=+Hmo h`rt`zk b`v`zk lmj` ç gopmssïv`b kssmhgkr km wkbioke"pmrqu` ekqu`bk çpmhk `b` `rk p`sknm T`skr nk aèt` eèmsètgr m p`sm n`b` pmrqu` k aèt` eèm tgelk uok r`f`rêehgk

okgmr mu oèmr p`sm n` uo kpkr`blm gaukb @b` `rk m úeghm@etèm m p`sm qu` `b` fmss` gk s`rÇ qu` eò m h`bubkr @uo` bòcrm nm où prgo`grm h`bubkr" `b` `rk uo tgjmbèm"p`sknkám" eèm tgelk uok mutrk r`f`rêehgk" ètèm `b` s`rgkkqu`b` kpkr`blm p`sknm" eèm `rk prk ngshutgr m p`sm eò mtkokelm ,Kenrç'

Emssk" b`v`zk" rkpgn`z" vgsgcgbgnkn` ` oubtgpbghgnkn` Çèarkáknm" pmrqu` lmj` fkz`r `ssk kssmhgkáèm hmo mwkbioke" `bk Ek çpmhk fkzgk sètgnm" lmj` pkr`h` qu` eèmfkz tketm sètgnm pmrqu` Ms wkbiokes" pmr oèmr`s qu`"



;4<

eç" pmr okgs qu` `b`s `rko p`quèms kssgo" `b`s `rkoarken`s" eç=+ @etèm" eèm s`g @rk okgs b`v` nm qu` uorëngm Tmrtëtgb Eç=+ ,Knrgkek'

N` omnms ngf`rèt`s" Buhks ` Tkubm n`rko mutrks hmemtkáð`s n`

b`v`zk pkrk m wkbioke M prgo`grm ètènù k b`v`zk ò r`bkáèm km p`sm `

km tkokelm nm mcj`tm" pèskenm tkocço ek pmssgcgbgnkn` n` muvgr oúsghk

pmr o`gms ngf`rèt`s" ktrkvçs nm rëngm mu nk fgtk hkss`t`" pmr `xòpbm" `"

kssgo" kssmhgmu m wkbioke ä b`v`zk M sàuenm n`pmgoètm r`v`bk qu` k

b`v`zk ngz r`sp`gtm ä prktghgnkn` nm trkespmrt`:

Ek v`rnkn` `b` `rk o`gm trkocmblunm" pmrqu`" pþ" vmhêtgelk k hkgxgelk" okgs m hkss`t`" okgs ks pgblks" ` vmhêsòpr` b`vkvk pgblk `xtrk" pmrqu` m eàøhgm khkckvk

rëpgnm Euehk fmg b`v`" eèm Ek çpmhk qu` ù `shutkvk Y_@ssk hmgsk n` pgblk @rk ougtm" eèm tgelk pgblk r`hkrràëv`b@rk uo skhm t`r qu` fghkr hkrràkenm pgblk" skc`=+ @ `b`s eèm`rko k ckt`rgk @etèm vmhê sòpr` tgelk qu` t`r Oks `rkbàkb qu`" km o`som tòpm qu` `b` tgelk m hkss`t`" `b` tgelkrëngm tkocço @etèm äs v`z`s vmhê èhlgk m skhm nks suksfgtks" hmbmhkvk bë m rëngm Kl" khlm qu` ç gssm" nm b`v`zk,Buhks'

M wkbioke" p`bm fktm nm tkokelm nk fgtk" n` hkc`r nètrm nùo cmbsm" eç" n` uok jkqu`tk" hkc` trkequgbkoèt`" ç fëhgb

n` trkespmrtkr Okgs o fueáèm ngssm ,Tkubm'

[u`stgmeknms smcr` k pmssgcgbgnkn` n` kssmhgkáèm ètr` b`v`zk ` ms

kpkr`blms r`prmnutmr`s n` op8 ` m gpmn " ms mez` ètr`vgstknms èhmetrkrko

fkhgbgnkn` ò r`spmen`r Kbço nks hkrkht`rïstghks n` p`sm ` tkokelm"

tkocço kssmhgkrko k b`v`zk ä hkpkhgnkn` n` krokzèkoètm n` oúsghks

prmpghgknk pmr `ss`s kpkr`blms E`ss` hksm" lë mutrm `bòètm qu` s`

smcr`sskg ` qu` rò`t` k uo pmroèmr kpmetknm pmr Hkbvgem: k b`v`zk nms

‒cgts sò p`sm‟ ,;774" p%34' ` qu` pmn` s`r p`rh`cgnk" pmr `xòpbm" ek

prmògeêehgk nms smftwkr`s hmokenkenm oëqugeks ` sgstòks" fkhgbgtkenm k

hmoueghkáèm ètr` ks p`ssmks ` gefbuèhgkenm m n`sgae nms kpkr`blms" qu`

kpr`sètko tkokelm ` p`sm hknk v`z oèmr`s

M op8 `ssk hmgsk nk b`v`zk ç okgs pmrtëtgb" ç okgs sgopb`s"qu` lmj` ò ngk ç uo tr`qugelm n` eknk" vmhê b`vk agaks àgaks n` oúsghk" ` @ të bë" eç" vmhê tò uo omet` n`



;47

oúsghks" ç rëpgnm" vmhê `shutk" s` vmhê tò kh`ssm ä get`re`t vmhê p`squgsk" prmhurk" fkz eèm s`g m qu` Ç ` m mutrm çkagbgnkn`= ,Buhks'

Cmo" kï ù khlm qu` k b`v`zk tò ougtm k v`r" pmrqu` lmj`m ^ò m gpmn qu` ç uo hbgps qu` vmhê pràk ek rmupk@etèm kssgo" prk fkz`r `x`rhïhgm `b` ç cò okgs b`v`" ç cò

okgs prëtghm @ kï e`ss` hksm khlm qu` ètrk tkocço k" kïoubtgpbghgnkn` n`b` pmrqu` èfgo" vmhê tò `b` n` vërgmstkokelms Tmn` uskr `b` prk krokzèkr oúsghk" vïn`m" çKrqugvms" ktç b` vkg" ù khlm ,Knrgkek'

B`v`zk tkocço" sup`r b`v`" oèmr kgenk" ø m tkokelmngssm Gehbusgv` `xgst` lmj`" p`ssmks hmrrò ougtm hmo msop8 Hmrrò ougtm" eç" `shutkenm oúsghk" eç @etèm `b`hkc` Jë `xgst` ktç kakskblms qu` têo uo cmbsm nm o`somtkokelm kssgo" `b` hkc` kbg ngr`tgelm" vmhê hmbmhk nètrmnkqu`b` cmbsm kbg" kqugbm kbg" ` tò kbaues supmrt`s tkocço"

eç ,Tkubm'

B`v`zk" sgo Tmrqu` ç uok hmgsk pmrtëtgb" tketm m ngshokequketm m gplme`" nknks prmpmráð`s" eç=+ ,Jçssghk'

K rkpgn`z fmg kssmhgknk ä kagbgnkn` ` ä fkhgbgnkn`-ngfghubnkn`

mp`rkhgmekb" tketm pkrk s` `shutkr oúsghk quketm pkrk s` hrgkr mu knqugrgr

oïngks n` ëungm ,fgtks hkss`t`" HNs ` krqugvms ngagtkgs' ` krokzèë/bks ems

kpkr`blms" hmom ç m hksm nms kpkr`blms n` r`prmnuáèm n` op8 ` gpmn s

@ssk get`rpr`tkáèm hmb`tgvk tèn` km sèsm hmouo" tkb qukb ò

r`bkáèm ä b`v`zk" oks tkocço rò`t` k ksp`htms kpmetknms pmr Hkbvgem

smcr` k rkpgn`z ,;774' M kutmr skbgètk k gopmrtãehgk nk hmehktèkáèm nks

pkrt`s qu` fmroko uo t`xtm" hmom m rgtom ` k oçtrghk" pkrk prmnuzgr k

sèskáèm n` rkpgn`z mu n` bètgnèm Tkrk `b`" k hmehgsèm hmetrgcug pkrk k

prmnuáèm n` hme`xð`s ètr` ks pkrt`s ` m tmnm n` uo t`xtm" `stgoubkenm/k" m

qu`" em hksm ò keëbgs`" pmn` s`r bgnm p`bk hme`xèm ètr` ks fueáð`s prëtghksnms mcj`tms ` ks fmroks n` usm ,`shmbl`r oúsghks" prmnuzgr bgstks" r`prmnuzgr

kb`ktmrgkoèt` mu ò s`quêehgk n`fgegnk `th'

,Xmcr` m gpmn' K rkpgn`z sò núvgnk" pmrqu` vmhê tòogblð`s n` oúsghks" vmhê agrk kbg rkpgngelm" `shmbl` mkrtgstk" ounk m krtgstk" ounk nk oúsghk prm vïn`m" vmbtk nmvïn`m prk oúsghk Kbaues têo ks rëngms tkocço" oks kï çokgs pmnhkst kssgo" qu` ckgxk" eç=+ ,Knrgkek'



;;4

,Xmcr` m wkbioke' Khlm qu` k rkpgn`z s`rgk okgs emsètgnm" ` kï tkocço tkbv`z ètrkrgk k oubtgpbghgnkn` n`b`"vmhê pmn`r b`vkr prk qukbqu`r buakr" kmen` qugs`ss` `shutkruok oúsghk kbg" `b` tkvk juetm ,Knrgkek'

K vgsgcgbgnkn` fmg kopbkoèt` kssmhgknk km vkbmr sgocøbghm n` stktus

Hsgisètoglkby ` Smhlc`ra" hgtknms pmr Hm`blm ,3446'" hmopr`ènò qu` mvkbmr n` stktus ç ktrgcuïnm k uo mcj`tm sàuenm ms sàuget`s ksp`htms:

rkrgnkn`" gnkn`" pr`ám ` kssmhgkáèm nm mcj`tm hmo uok p`ssmk prmògeèt`"

mu s`jk" s` uo gengvïnum n` h`rtm pr`stïagm utgbgzk uo mcj`tm" n`t`rogeknm

vkbmr pmn` s`r/bl` ktrgcuïnm Hkopkelks pucbghgtërgks qu` hmevgnko ktmr`s

n` t`b`vgsèm" hmouoèt` h`b`crgnkn`s" pkrk kpkr`h`r uskenm m mcj`tm ò

uok prmpkakenk sèm `xòpbm ngssm Mutrm `xòpbm ç r`v`bknm em tr`hlm

kckgxm nk fkbk n` Knrgkek smcr` m wkbioke s`r ‒omngelk‟:

@ `rk uok hmgsk o`gm “kl" tmnm ouenm tò" ç o`gm omngelk` tkb‗% @ k aèt` ktç uskvk `b`" oks khlm qu` `rk okgs p`bmgtò kbg" n` t`r m wkbioke" ks p`ssmks tgelko @ äs v`z`s"äs v`z`s ò vgkaò" `shutkvk kbg" `rk okgs gssm kssgo,Knrgkek'

@o mutrks fkbks" k ktrgcugáèm n`ss` stktus kpkr`h` pmr o`gm n` mutrks

pkbkvrks:

Emssk" ù v`r kqu`b` kpkr`blm ek bmjk" mu kbauço hmokqu`b` kpkr`blm" ù qu`rgk t`r kqu`b` kpkr`blm `rk uokpkr`blgelm bàkb" tgelk uok qukbgnkn` n` oúsghk cmk" sòfkbkr qu` `b` eèm `rk sø rëngm" `rk tmhk/fgtk ,Kenrç'

@rk m smelm n` hmesuom nk ogelk vgnk" `rk kqu`bk hmgskokgs oëaghk n` v`r ek t`b`vgsèm Lklklklk ,Jubgkek'

Vgsgcgbgnkn`=+ Ç" `b` hlkok k ktèáèm ,m wkbioke' [ukenmvmhê tkvk `shutkenm ks p`ssmks khlm qu` mblkvko prk vmhê"sø pmrqu` vmhê tkvk hmo kqu`b` fme` n` muvgnm" eèm s`g mquê @rk uo eàøhgm qu` Ç" ù khlm qu` kssgo" hlkok kktèáèm Hlkok Ktç lmj` hlkok k ktèáèm Ktç lmj` ò ngkvmhê vê ks p`ssmks em o`trþ hmo kqu`b` quknrkngelm emp`shmám m eàøhgm ,Buhks'

Kl" pmrqu` lmj` t`r uo gplme` ç sup`r bàkb Ç sup`r bàkbt`r uo gplme` Ek çpmhk" ù euo bòcrm" oks ek çpmhkn`vgk s`r sup`r bàkb t`r uo ngshoke tkocço ,Jçssghk'



;;;

Ç=+ Lmj` ò ngk" `ssk hmgsk nm op8 tmnm ouenm qu`r t`r"eç=+ ^mnm ouenm qu`r omstrkr qu` tò uo fme`zgelmcrkehm" qu` ç m eàøhgm nk Kppb`" qu` s` fmr" ç crkehm" kl" çm nk" ç kqu`b` qu` ç bàkb Ç Lmj` ò ngk" të vmbtkenm `sskomnk n` fme`" n` l`knplme` arken`" eç=+ [u` tkopk kmr`blk get`grk Gssm ù khlm bàkb" eç" pmrqu` k qukbgnkn` nmsmo ç ougtm sup`rgmr ` tkb ,Buhks'

Mutrk get`rpr`tkáèm pkrk k vgsgcgbgnkn` fmg r`bkhgmeknk kms ksp`htms

kpkrèt`s nms mcj`tms" tkgs hmom ks hkrkht`rïstghks `stçtghm/fmrokgs

`xpr`ssks ek fkbk n` Tkubm:

Vgsgcgbgnkn` ù pèsm euo Ek c`b`zk n`b`" eç Kssgo" òhmom k p`ssmk vê kssgo" qu` äs v`z`s vmhê ktç vkg hmoprkr `vmhê vê" ç cmegtm" m où `rk sup`r cmegtm" m vgnrm" nmwkbioke `rk tmnm fuo`zgelm" v`rn` skc`=+ @etèm" fuoê m

vgnrm" v`rn`" ètèm `b` `rk ougtm cmegtm eç @ss`s kqug sèmokgs kssgo" ò t`roms n` pkrt` cmegtk eèm têo eknk" eç,Tkubm'

Kbgës" okgs ks p`ssmks" hlkok" ks p`ssmks qukenm" vèm okgspmr vgsgcgbgnkn` nm qu` p`bm kqugbm qu` `b` pmn` tmhkr eç"pmn` r`prmnuzgr @u jë pèsm kqugbm" eç" k hmgsk" `b` ç cmegtmsø qu` äs v`z`s k k M eïv`b n` ruïnm qu` `b` vkg trkz`r prkogo" n` qukbgnkn`" eèm ç sufghgèt` ,Tkubm'

@o nuks ètr`vgstks" k vgsgcgbgnkn` eèm fmg kssmhgknk km gpmn " pmgs k

get`rpr`tkáèm nknk k `ss` hmeh`gtm rò`tgk km vkbmr n` stktus" n`vgnm äs

pmssïv`gs ngfghubnkn`s n` s` pmssugr uo kpkr`blm hmom `ss`:

Vgsgcgbgnkn`=+ Tuxk" vgsgcgbgnkn` ù eèm s`g @u eèm s`g s``b` lmj`" ù khlm qu` tkbv`z `b` ç ougtm okgs hmouo nm qu`tkbv`z m wkbioke `rk prk çpmhk @etèm ù khlm qu` lmj`vmhê t`r m gpmn eèm tò tketk vgsgcgbgnkn` qukenm tgelk t`ruo wkbioke kssgo @u khlm Eèm s`g" qu` lmj` tò tketms"tò m gpmn" tò m op8" èfgo" tmnm ngk skg uo ngf`rèt`" ù

khlm qu` `ssk qu`stèm" kssmhgknk ä omnk hmom `rk" èfgo"hmoprkenm ms nmgs" eèm s`g s` ç cò gssm kssgo ,Knrgkek'

Vgsgcgbgnkn` ù khlm qu` lmj` ò ngk jë ç uok hmgsk tèmhmouo" qu` eèm trkz tketk vgsgcgbgnkn` ,Hrgstgek'

Knrgkek ` Hrgstgek" pmr ètèn`rò qu` k vgsgcgbgnkn` s` r`f`r` ä

pmss` ` rkrgnkn` n` uo mcj`tm" jubako qu` m gpmn eèm s` kssmhgk k `ss` vkbmr"

uok v`z qu` lë okgmr mf`rtk n` tgpms n` kpkr`blms r`prmnutmr`s n` op8 ` n`



;;3

pr`áms ò hmopkrkáèm hmo k çpmhk ò qu` tgelko m wkbioke Egbtme

hmoètk" ò mutrm omoètm nk ètr`vgstk" smcr` `ssk fkhgbgnkn` n` pmssugr

uo kpkr`blm r`prmnutmr n` op8:

Y_ pmrqu` m op8 fghmu ougtm ckrktm" pmrqu` s` vmhê fmr

mblkr" ktç vèngk m wkbioke em hko`bþ" oks m op8 ç ougtmokgs ckrktm ` vmhê tò ougtm okgs kh`ssm lmj` ,Egbtme'

Ks get`rpr`tkáð`s nms ètr`vgstknms pkrk k vgsgcgbgnkn` oketêo uok

r`bkáèm hmo gokaès" qu`r s`jko prmj`tknks ` prmnuzgnks pkrk a`rkr uo

r`p`rtørgm kh`rhk nms nmgs mcj`tms" qu`r s`jko gokaès get`rekbgzknks p`bms

prøprgms usuërgms Gssm rò`t` k uo nms ksp`htms n`stkhknms pmr Hkbvgem

,;774' km trktkr nk vgsgcgbgnkn` hmom r`bktgvk kms prmh`ssms gokagektgvms em

ouenm hmetòpmrãe`m ` km qu`stgmekr s` m ouenm `stkrgk ‒suco`tgnm k

uok hr`shèt` gefbkáèm n` gokaès prç/fkcrghknks‟ ,HKBVGEM" ;774" p%;;;'%

K get`rpr`tkáèm nks ètr`vgstks tkocço b`vk k Bgpmv`tsiy ,344>'"

qukenm hmoètk k `xkh`rckáèm nm vkbmr nk gokaò" s`jk pmr o`gm nm

ngshursm nks kpkrêehgks p`ssmkgs" s`jk krtghubknk p`bk pucbghgnkn` mu p`bk

hubturk n` oïngk" hme`htknk ä mrgagekbgnkn` ` ä emvgnkn` ò ngv`rsms

sètgnms qu` pmnò s`r mcs`rvknms n` omnm hmetuenèt`" `sp`hgkboèt` k

pkrtgr n` uo èfmqu` nms o`gms n` hmoueghkáèm E`ss` hmet`xtm" k

vgsgcgbgnkn` tkocço pmn` s`r emtknk hmom uo v`tmr fmrtkb`hgnm nk

sucj`tgvgnkn` hmetòpmrãe`k ` ètèngnk hmom uo nms fktmr`s qu`

`stgoubko m gengvgnukbgsom" ètr` mutrks fmráks qu` p`ro`gko k

hmetòpmrke`gnkn`

Vkb`r/s` n` ngf`rèt`s omnms n` r`prmnuzgr oúsghk ‘ p`bm rëngm" p`bk

fgtk hkss`t` mu pmr krqugvms n` ëungm ngagtkgs ‘ mg k kssmhgkáèm `stkc`b`hgnkp`bms ètr`vgstknms pkrk k oubtgpbghgnkn` Kbço nk ngv`rsgnkn` n` omnms n`

r`prmnuáèm" krokzèkr ` r`prmnuzgr mutrms tgpms n` krqugvm" hmom gokaès

` vïn`ms" fmg hgtknm hmom uok fueáèm knghgmekb nms kpkr`blms" rò`tènm ä

gn`gk n` oubtgpbghgnkn` n` usms ` fueáð`s

Ek v`rnkn`" m eàøhgm Yop8 pbky`r_ vgrmu uo hurgeak" eç=+@ssks hmgsks ngagtkgs" vmhê `shutk oúsghk" trkespmrtk



;;8

krqugvms nk fkhubnkn` Ç Tkssk vïn`ms ` hmgsks prk mutrmskogams" etèm m eàøhgm vgrk oubtgtkr`fk ,Buhks'

^kbv`z k oubtgpbghgnkn` tkbv`z tèlk okgs r`bkáèm prk ogopmrqu` Y_ @u tgv` nmgs omoètms hmo m wkbioke" `b` fmgoù arkvknmr ` où" où kpkr`blm prk muvgr oúsghk Y_,Jubgkek'

Tmrqu` nkvk prk muvgr oúsghk" arkvkr ` muvgr rëngm" eç=+,Egbtme'

Y_ oubtgpbghgnkn`" pmrqu` khlm qu` ek çpmhk tgelk kpmssgcgbgnkn` n` vmhê muvgr k fgtk ` m rëngm ,Hrgstgek'

Oubtgpbghgnkn` ù khlm qu` prm gplme` @b` ç usms oúbtgpbms"kbço nk oúsghk ,Jçssghk'

Y_ vmhê pmn`r b`vkr prk qukbqu`r buakr" kmen` qugs`ss``shutkr uok oúsghk kbg" `b` tkvk juetm ,Knrgkek'

Kl" gssm kï" gssm ç bàkb" oubtgpbghgnkn` @ssk hmgsk eç" vmhêcmtk bë m qu` vmhê qugs`r" vmhê fkz k tuk `ngáèm n` fgtk nmj`gtm qu` vmhê qu`r" vmhê cmtk oúsghk hbëssghk" vmhê cmtkrmhi‗e rmbb" vmhê cmtk trksl o`tkb" vmhê hmbmhk uo jkzz" vmhêhmbmhk uo skock" hmbmhk m qu` fmr Gssm qu` ç ougtm bàkb @qukenm tunm s` hkesk" vmhê `shutk uok rëngm" qu` tò bëogblð`s n` rëngms KO ` FO" `stkáèm ;" 8" 3" s`g bë" m qu` fmr"` Ç bàkb @ lmj` ò ngk" hmo op8 ç okgs kgenk" eç=+

Tmrqu` `b`" kbço n` të tmhkenm tmnks `ssks oúsghks vmhê tëb`vkenm krqugvm" vmhê të fkzènm" b`vkenm fmtm" vmhê tëgoprgogenm eèm s`g m qu`" tò ktç gopr`ssmrk qu` vmhê`sp`tk m eàøhgm" jë goprgog" eèm pr`hgsk n` t`r get`rfkh`hmo m hmoputknmr Ç" oubtgpbghgnkn` ç uok pkbkvrk còfmrt` prk tunm" m qu` vgrmu m wkbioke ` m qu` ç uowkbioke lmj`" eç=+ [u` vkg" eèm `xgst` lmj` uo gestruoètm`b`trþeghm qu` sø tmqu` oúsghk" `xgst`=+ @b` sòpr` tò qu`t`r uok fueáèmzgelk k okgs qu` sèèm eèm vèn` Ç çKhlm qu` ç gssm" oubtgpbghgnkn` M qu` okgs qu` çoubtgpbghgnkn`=+ Oubtgpbghgnkn` p`bk Gtue`s Xtmr` tkocço"

eç=+ Vmhê tò tunm kbg @ ek Gtue`s vmhê sø eèm hmoprk" vmhêhmoprk bgvrms" vmhê hmoprk eèm s`g m qu` okgs" ç Ç còoúbtgpbm gssm ,Buhks'

E`stk fkbk n` Buhks" pmnò/s` n`stkhkr `bòètms qu` nòmestrko ms

geúo`rms omnms n` usm n` uo mcj`tm" k vkrg`nkn` n` fueáð`s ` k get`rfkh`

hmo mutrms mcj`tms" hmom kpmetknm pmr mutrms ètr`vgstknms @ss`s

`bòètms sèm hmev`raèt`s hmo k hmeh`gtukáèm trkáknk pmr Hkbvgem k

r`sp`gtm nk oubtgpbghgnkn`" ek qukb `b` ètèn` qu` hknk pkbkvrk" `bòètm



;;>

nm t`xtm mu mcj`tm tò pmtèhgkb n` a`rkr ` karàkr uok ngv`rsgnkn` n`

r`bkáð`s" hmom s` fmss` ‒vgstm hmom m hètrm n` uok r`n` n` r`bkáð`s‟ ,;774"

p;33'

@o mutrm tr`hlm nk fkbk n` Buhks kh`rhk nk oubtgpbghgnkn`" mcs`rvk/s`

k hmetgeugnkn` n`ssk gn`gk" ek qukb tkocço s` pmnò v`rgfghkr ngf`rèáks em

tgpm n` r`bkáð`s qu` ks p`ssmks hrgko hmo ms mcj`tms:

Y_ km o`som tòpm sura` `ss`s hkrk fuei`grm genm emcusèm ` em o`trþ qu` qu`rò `shutkr k oúsghk sò fme` n`muvgnm N` uok fmrok cò `xhêetrghk" ç uok oubtgpbghgnkn`ckhkek" eç=+ Tmrqu`" èquketm m hkrk të bë em ,smo'"ekqu`b` putk smo p`sknm" m mutrm të bë ‒hlèm" hlèm" hlè m"hlèm‟%%% Gssm ç cmo" ` tmnm ouenm tò kh`ssm k gssm" ç fëhgb" çckrktm" eèm ç okgs hkrm ,Buhks'



;;0

HMEXGN@SKÁÐ@X FGEKGX: KXXMHGKÁÐ@X @E^S@ MCJ@^MX @ VKBMS@X

TS@X@E^@X EK HME^@OTMSKE@GNKN@

M n`sgae ç uo hkopm n` pmssgcgbgnkn`s goèsks em ouenm

hmopb`xm ò qu` vgvòms Y_,Skfk`b Hkrnmsm' >6

Ks nçhknks hmopr`èngnks ètr` ms kems ;704 ` 3444 r`pr`sètko

uo p`rïmnm n` ò`raêehgk n` ounkeáks em hkopm nm N`sgae" p`rh`cgnks ek

okegf`stkáèm n` ngf`rèt`s èfmqu`s ` tøpghms qu` m p`ro`gko" tkgs hmom

qu`stð`s o`tmnmbøaghks ` prmj`tukgs" tçheghks ` t`hembøaghks" kbço n`

ksp`htms r`bkhgmeknms ä hmo`rhgkbgzkáèm" ä hgrhubkáèm ` km hmesuom nms

mcj`tms

Geúo`rks vkrgëv`gs hmetrgcuïrko pkrk `ssks ounkeáks" ètr` `bks k

fb`xgcgbgzkáèm nk prmnuáèm genustrgkb" k getèsgfghkáèm n` trkesfmrokáð`s

t`hembøaghks" m fbuxm kh`b`rknm n` gefmrokáð`s ` ks ounkeáks em sgstòk

`hmeþoghm em mhgnèt`" n`bge`knks pmr ksp`htms nm fèþoèm qu` s`

hmstuok nèmogekr n` abmckbgzkáèm S`f`rêehgk=

Juetm äs trkesfmrokáð`s smhgm`hmeþoghks" p`rh`cò/s` vkrgkáð`s eks

fmráks qu` ktrkv`ssko k sucj`tgvgnkn`" ks qukgs fmrko kpmetknks pmr

Bgpmv`tsiy ,344>' hmom gengvgnukbgsom" hmesuom" `fò`rgnkn` `

`st`tghgsom" ks qukgs vgelko" n`sn` k Omn`regnkn`" `stkc`b`hènm suks

pmtêehgks" khètuknks ek hmetòpmrke`gnkn`

@o ngëbmam hmo m kutmr" e`stk p`squgsk tkgs ktrgcutms fmrko

èfmhknms pkrk qu` s` hmopr`èn`ssò ` n`bge`kssò kbauoks nks

trkesfmrokáð`s mhmrrgnks km bmeam nm sçhubm \\ Tkutmu/s` p`bm `stunm nm

kutmr pkrk s` `bèhkrò `sp`hgkboèt` kbauoks bøaghks qu` p`rhmbko ms

omnms n` vgnk hmetòpmrãe`ms" k `xòpbm nk mcsmb`shêehgk ` nk `xpr`ssèm

gengvgnukb Kssgo s` prmh`n`" k fgo n` qu` `ssks bøaghks pmssko s`r

>6 ,HKSNMXM" 34;3" p;8>'



;;6

r`bkhgmeknks hmo m hkopm nm N`sgae" uok v`z qu` `bks p`ro`gko suks

prëtghks ` `stèm pmssgv`boèt` bgaknks km kpkr`hgoètm ` fmrtkb`hgoètm nm

`stïoubm km hmesuom" km prkz`r nks emvgnkn`s" ètr` mutrks vkrgëv`gs qu`

n`bge`gko k sucj`tgvgnkn` ems ngks ktukgs

Hmo tkb getèáèm" hmuc` k `stk p`squgsk o`blmr hmopr`èn`r ks get`r/

r`bkáð`s ètr` m N`sgae ` ms omnms n` vgnk hmetòpmrãe`ms" em getugtm n`

hmev`ragr pkrk k gev`stgakáèm n` hme`xð`s ètr` mcj`tms ` vkbmr`s

p`rtgeèt`s k `ss` hmet`xtm Tkrk tketm" n`stkhmu/s` uo nms tketms v`rcms

qu` hmefgaurko ms omnms n` vgnk ‘ m ‒muvgr oúsghk‟ fmg m èfmqu` nk

p`squgsk" e`st` `stunm smcr` omnms n` `shutk" cò hmom smcr` ms nmgs

mcj`tms: m wkbioke ` m gpmn

Kqug fmrko hmestktknms" pmr o`gm nm n`pmgoètm n` mez` p`ssmks"

sgaegfghknms ` vkbmr`s ktrgcuïnms kms nmgs mcj`tms" qu` oketêo hme`xèm hmo

ks fmráks ` bøaghks èfmhknks e`st` trkckblm" `sp`hgkboèt` k gengvgnukbgnkn`"

k `fò`rgnkn` ` k omcgbgnkn` Kssgo" ç mpmrtuem bòcrkr Aukttkrg ` Smbegi

,3440'" qu` hmoètko m fktm n` k hrgkáèm nm wkbioke t`r gefbuèhgknm m

suragoètm n` uok ‒emvk‟ r`bkáèm ètr` ks p`ssmks ` k oúsghk" tènm `bk

pkssknm k ogarkr n` uo kpkr`blm ngr`tkoèt` pkrk ‒nètrm‟ nm muvgnm" km

hmetrërgm nks fmet`s `xt`reks Tkrk ms kutmr`s" k gevèáèm nm wkbioke fmg

tkocço k gevèáèm n` uo uegv`rsm ousghkb" pkutknm p`bk `shutk gengvgnukb"

s`jk p`bk `shmblk nm r`p`rtørgm" s`jk p`bk `shutk ò sg" f`gtk n` fmrok

p`rsmekbgstk" ktrkvçs n` uo fme` n` muvgnm

T`bk p`rsp`htgvk nms `stunms hubturkgs" Nu Aky `t kb ,3444'" pmr suk

v`z" ètènò qu` m wkbioke fkz pkrt` nk hubturk hmetòpmrãe`k" pmgs suk

hrgkáèm gefbuèhgmu ngv`rsks prëtghks smhgkgs" hmom k sèskáèm n` `stkr ònmgs buakr`s km o`som tòpm `-mu fkzènm hmgsks ngf`rèt`s ` sgoubtãe`ks

Gssm ç `xòpbgfghknm ò káð`s tkgs hmom kenkr n` o`trþ mu þegcus ` muvgr

oúsghk" mu trkckblkr ` muvgr oúsghk ‘ sgoubtke`gnkn`s hkpkz`s n` ktgvkr uo

`spkám gokageërgm ` uok ‒pkgskaò ousghkb‟ ò o`gm k mutrks káð`s% @ss`

ètèngoètm pkrt` n` uo prgehïpgm qu` p`ro`gk m sgaegfghknm n` pmrtkr uo

wkbioke n`sn` suk hrgkáèm" ` qu` pkssmu k s`r hmopkrtgblknm pmr uo



;;1

eúo`rm hknk v`z okgmr n` p`ssmks hmo kh`ssm km prmnutm Eks pkbkvrks nms

kutmr`s" m wkbioke `stë sgtuknm smcr` ms ‒okpks n` sgaegfghknm‟:

Emssks hkc`áks `stèm hl`gks n` hmel`hgoètms" gn`gks `gokaès smcr` k smhg`nkn`" hmom `bk fuehgmek ` m qu`

sgaegfghk T`rtèh`r k uok hubturk fmre`h`/ems kh`ssm k tkgs`struturks hmopkrtgblknks mu #okpks# n` sgaegfghknm quùskoms pkrk fkz`r ` ètèn`r ks hmgsks" n` #fkz`r sètgnm#nm ouenm" fmroubkr gn`gks ` n` s` hmoueghkr mu trmhkrgn`gks ` sgaegfghknms smcr` m kssuetm M Qkbioke `stë kamrkfgroòèt` sgtuknm smcr` ms #okpks n` sgaegfghknm# qu`hmopðò m emssm !iemw/lmw! hubturkb ,NP AKW `t kb"3444" pp</;4" trknuáèm emssk'

M ètèngoètm n` Nu Aky `t kb% ,3444' hmrrmcmrk ms `stunms

kpr`sètknms pmr Xunjgh ,34;4'" pkrk quò m N`sgae eks smhg`nkn`s

hmetòpmrãe`ks mhgnètkgs s` kpr`sètk hmom uok bgeaukaò eèm v`rckb"

trkesogssmrk n` gn`gks" vkbmr`s ` mcj`tgvms% Pok bgeaukaò ‒Y_ hmo qu` s`

ombnk Y_ mcj`tms ` hmef`hhgmek oèskaès qu` `b`s hkrràko‟ ,gcgn " p3;'

E`ss` sètgnm" m kutmr hmoètk qu`:

M pkp`b nms n`sgae`rs okgs smfgstghknms" lmj`" tketm ç s`rhmetknmr`s n` lgstørgks" fkz`r uo n`sgae qu` fkb` n` uokfmrok qu` trkesogtk `ssks oèskaès" quketm r`smbv`r

prmcbòks fmrokgs ` fuehgmekgs Ms n`sgae`rs okegpubko`ssk bgeaukaò hmo okgs mu oèms lkcgbgnkn` mu èhketm"pkrk trkesogtgr Y_ lgstørgk ,XPNJGH" 34;4" p3;'

Em ètèngoètm n`stk p`squgsk" ks ‒lgstørgks‟ äs qukgs Xunjgh s`

r`f`r` nòmestrko hmom ms mcj`tms s` vgehubko kms omnms n` vgv`r ` n`

hmevgv`r" smelkr" hmesuogr `th @ hmom ms n`sgae`rs pmnò s` kprmprgkr nks

r`bkáð`s ètr` mcj`tms ` sucj`tgvgnkn` pkrk ktrgcugr mu r`fmrákr sgaegfghknms `

vkbmr`s

@ssk r`bkáèm fmg ngshutgnk pmr Cr`sbku ,34;4' k pkrtgr nk prògssk n`

qu` m ktm n` prmj`tkr pmn` gefbuèhgkr ` hmefgaurkr r`kbgnkn`s Tkrk `b`" tkb

krauoètm pkrt` nm prgehïpgm n` qu` ms mcj`tms sèm sèsïv`gs" get`rkaò hmo

sùs usuërgms" r`kagenm äs káð`s èvmbvgnks eks r`bkáð`s n` usm ` usufrutm

@o suks prøprgks pkbkvrks"



;;<

YMs mcj`tms_ s` r`bkhgmeko okgs hmom frugáèm nm qu` hmomusm prmprgkoèt` ngtm M utèt`" pmr mutrm bknm" n`gxk n`s`r pkssgvm" eèm get`rktgvm" `stëtghm" pkrk ktukr hmomhrgknmr/get`rka et` ,CS@XBKP" 34;4" p36'

Xù ètèngoètm `stë getgokoèt` r`bkhgmeknm kms prmh`ssms n`

sgaegfghkáèm hmoètknms pmr Hkrnmsm ,34;3'" qu` s` hme`htko äs`xp`rgêehgks gengvgnukgs ` hmb`tgvks" km ètmrem ` km hmet`xtm men` s` nèm ks

get`rkáð`s n` usm @stë r`bkhgmeknm tkocço km pmetm n` vgstk nk p`ssmk qu`

get`rka` hmo m mcj`tm" kms ngshursms qu` prmbgf`rkrko ` s` hrgkrko ò tmrem

n`ss` mcj`tm `th

Cr`sbku ,34;4' hmopr`èn` qu` ks vkrgkáð`s n` sgaegfghknm ` vkbmr

nknks k uo mcj`tm r`f`rò/s` k tmnms `ss`s ksp`htms ` `stèm getgokoèt`

bgaknks ä gengvgnukbgnkn` n` hknk usuërgm M kutmr hmetrgcug pkrk m

ètèngoètm ` kopbgkáèm nms prmh`ssms n` sgaegfghkáèm ` ktrgcugáèm n`

vkbmr `xpmstms pmr mutrms kutmr`s" hmom Xunjgh ,34;4' ` Hkrnmsm ,34;3'

Tkrk `b`" hkc` km N`sgae hmetòpmrãe`m gev`rt`r ‒k bøaghk hbëssghk nms

sètgnms" pkrk akelkr tmnk uok emvk sèsgcgbgnkn` r`ktgvk‟ pkrk " kssgo"

prmj`tkr ‒mcj`tms sèsïv`gs" get`rktgvms" r`kaèt`s" qu` tèlko ò pmtêehgk k

frugáèm pmçtghk prøprgk nm crgehkr hmom omnm n` s`r‟ ,CS@XBKP" 34;4"

p36'

@o uo omoètm lgstørghm ò qu` m gengvgnukbgsom" m `st`tghgsom ` k

`fò`rgnkn` s` r`v`bko hmom fmráks prmògeèt`s ems omnm n` vgnk" k

hkpkhgnkn` n` hrgkr ` ktrgcugr sgaegfghknms ` vkbmr`s kms mcj`tms kcsmrv` uo

hkrët`r oúbtgpbm Ç uok qukbgnkn` qu` bòcrk m omvgoètm geget`rruptm nms

zgau`zkau`s gokageknm pmr Hkbvgem ,;774" p><' pkrk r`pr`sètkr ngeãoghks

n` uok ekrrktgvk ‒`hmeþoghk‟" ò qu` ms khmet`hgoètms" puetgfmro`s"sushgtko uok kcuenãehgk n` pèskoètms" sèskáð`s ` gokaès



;;7



;34

S@F@SÊEHGKX

KSKÚJM" @bgzkc`tl Akrzuz` nk Xgbvk Krkujm K `nuhkáèm pkrk k skún` nmstrkckblknmr`s em hmet`xtm nk khuoubkáèm fb`xïv`b: `stunm n` uo s`tmr nkr`fgekrgk pr`sgnèt` A`túbgm Vkraks Hurgtgck" ;777 Ngss`rtkáèm ,O`strknmò @nuhkáèm' PFTS ‘ Pegv`rsgnkn` F`n`rkb nm Tkrkeë

CK\^@S" Ogi` Trmj`tm n` Trmnutm: augk prëtghm pkrk m n`sèvmbvgoètm nèmvms prmnutms Xèm Tkubm: @nakrn Cbòhl`r" 344;

CKP@S" Okrtge Q9 AKXI@BB" A`mra` ,`n' T`squgsk qukbgtktgvk hmo t`xtm:gokaò ` smo: uo okeukb T`trøpmbgs: Vmz`s" 3443

CMOFGO" Austkvm Kokrket` O`tmnmbmagk pkrk n`sèvmbvgoètm n`prmj`tm Hkopgek Arken`: Pegv`rsgnkn` F`n`rkb nk Tkrkïck" ;7<>,KTMX^GBK'

CMEXG@T@" Aug ^`mrïk y prëhtghk n`b ngs`ûm genustrgkb Ckrh`bmek: AustkvmAgbbg" ;71<

]]]]]]]]]] N`sgae" hubturk ` smhg`nkn` Xèm Tkubm: @nakrn Cbòhl`r" 34;;

]]]]]]]]]] N`sgae ` Hrgs` Kagtprmp S`vgstk Crksgb`grk n` N`sgae ‘ S`p`rtørgmXèm Tkubm: vGV" e>>" pmstknm ò ;6-4>-34;3 Ngspmeïv`b ò:2lttp:--wwwkagtprmphmocr-=pka?r`p`rtmrgm]n`t&gn?10&tgtubm?r`p`rtmrgm5 Kh`ssm ò ;1-kcr-34;3

CS@XBKP" Fr`n`rghm Xucj`tgvgnkn` ` Hmopb`xgnkn` ò N`sgae: Po

okp`koètm kh`rhk nm n`sgae n` r`bkáð`s Ckuru" 34;4 Ngss`rtkáèm,O`strknm ò N`sgae' ‘ Trmarkok n` Tøs/Arknukáèm ò N`sgae nkFkhubnkn` n` Krqugt`turk" Krt`s ` Hmoueghkáèm" Pegv`rsgnkn` @stknukbTkubgstk / PE@XT

CÒSN@I" C`relkrn @ Lgstørgk" t`mrgk ` prëtghk nm n`sgae n` prmnutmsXèm Tkubm: @nakrn Cbòhl`r" 3446

HKBVGEM" Ïtkbm X`gs Trmpmstks Tkrk m Trøxgom Ogbêegm: bgáð`s ko`rghkeksXèm Tkubm: Hmopkelgk nks B`trks" ;774

HKEHBGEG" Eçstmr Akrhïk Hubturks Lïcrgnks y @strktàgks Hmoueghkhgmekb`sGe: @stungm smcr` bks Hubturks Hmetòpmrëe`ks" Oçxghm" juegm" v GGG" e440" pp;47/;3<" ;771 Ngspmeïv`b ò:2lttp:--r`nkbyhukò`xox-pnf-8;6-8;644041pnf5 Kh`ssm ò:84-jke-34;8

HKSNMXM" Skfk`b Krt`fktm Ge: HM@BLM" Bugz Ketmegm B ,mra' Hmeh`gtms/hlkv` ò n`sgae Sgm n` Jke`grm: TPH/Sgm9 Emvks Gn`gks" 344< pp3;/33



;3;

HM@BLM" Bugz Ketmegm Mcj`tm hmo kf`tm Ge: BGOK" Augbl`ro` Huelk ,mra'^`xtms X`b`hgmeknms n` N`sgae ; Sgm n` Jke`grm: TTN@XNG P@SJ" 3446344p

]]]]]]]]]]]],mra' Hmeh`gtms/hlkv` ò n`sgae Sgm n` Jke`grm: TPHSgm9 EmvksGnçgks" 344<

HPELK" Ketþegm A`rkbnm nk Nghgmeërgm `tgombøaghm: Emvk Frmet`grk nkbïeauk pmrtuau`sk Sgm n` Jke`grm: Emvk Frmet`grk" ;777

N@EGX" Skfk`b Hkrnmsm N`sgae" hubturk okt`rgkb ` f`tghlgsom nms mcj`tms Ge:S`vgstk Krhms" v ;" eúeghm" pp;>/87" mutucrm ;77<

]]]]]] Pok getrmnuáèm ä lgstørgk nm n`sgae Xèm Tkubm: @nakrn Cbòhl`r"3444

NGFFSG@E^" E9 ^GBB@W"K9 CKSNKAJW"J Luokeshkb` Oksskhluss`tts: ^lÒG^ Tr`ss" ;7<;

NP AKW" Tkub9 LKBB" Xtukrt9 JKE@X" Bgenk9 OKHIKW9 Lual9 E@APX" I`gtlNmgea Hubturkb Xtung`s: ^l` stmry mf tl` Xmey Qkbioke Bmenr`s: Xka`"3444

FKSCGKSZ" Kb`xkenr` Trmnutm Ge: HM@BLM" Bugz Ketmegm B ,mra'Hmeh`gtms/hlkv` ò n`sgae Sgm n` Jke`grm: TPH/Sgm9 Emvks Gn`gks" 344<pp;86/;8<

FKSGK" Bmugs` Xhmz Tkstùr n`9 JPEA" Tkubk M fèþoèm nm spmmfgea: Po`stunm k pkrtgr nk okegpubkáèm n` p`áks pucbghgtërgks nk hkopkelk

‒Xgblmu`tt`s‟ nk Kppb` Ge: HMEAS@XXM N@ HGÊEHGKX NK HMOPEGHKÁÈM EKS@AGÈM XPB" \GG" 34;; Ngspmeïv`b ò:2lttp:--wwwget`rhmomracr-pkp`rs-ràgmekgs-sub34;;-r`suoms-S30/4;8>/;pnf5 Kh`ssm ò: jue-34;3

FBPXX@S" Vgbço M ouenm hmngfghknm% Tmr uok fgbmsmfgk nm n`sgae ` nkhmoueghkáèm Xèm Tkubm: Hmskh Ekgfy" 3441

FMS^W" Knrgke Mcj`tm n` n`s`jm: n`sgae ` smhg`nkn` n`sn` ;104 Xèm Tkubm:Hmskh Ekgfy" 3441 803p

APK^^KSG" Fçbgx9 SMBEGI" Xu`by Oghrmpmbïtghk: hkrtmarkfgks nm n`s`jm 1`nT`trøpmbgs" SJ: Vmz`s" 3440

BGTMV@^XIW" Agbb`s M gopçrgm nm `fêo`rm: k omnk ` sù n`stgem ekssmhg`nkn`s omn`reks 1r`gopr`ssèm Xèm Tkubm: Hmopkelgk nks B`trks"344>

BÖCKHL" C`ren N`sèlm Genustrgkb: Cks`s pkrk hmefgaurkáèm nms prmnutmsgenustrgkgs Xèm Tkubm: @nakrn Cbòhl`r" 344;



;33

OKHLKNM" B`gbk Nmogeau`s Xucj`tgvgnkn`s Hmetòpmrãe`ks Ge: CKSSMX"Okrgk @bgzkc`tl Ckrrms n` ,mra' Tsghmbmagk: qu`stð`s hmetòpmrãe`ksVgtørgk: @nuf`s" ;777

OKBCKS@Z" Okyrk H Sugz9 AMEZËB@Z" Zgbktl Smo`rm Bk r`spmeskcgbgnknsmhgkb òpr`skrgkb y bk mcsmb`shèhgk prmarkoknk S`vgstk Xkc`r" Hgèhgk yBgc`rtkn" Hkrtkaèk" Hmbmocgk: v 6" e ;" pp;31/;80" 34;;

OKZZM^^G" Kbnk Kbv`s9 A@QKENXZEKJN@S" F`rekenm M oçtmnm ekshgêehgks ekturkgs ` smhgkgs% Xèm Tkubm: ^lmosme Xmutl/Q`st`re" 3443

O@X[PG^K" Hrgstgke` Gehþomnk omnk: uok `shrgtk smcr` rmupks ` hmrpmsgestëv`gs Xèm Tkubm" ;777 Ngss`rtkáèm ,O`strknm ò Tsghmbmagk Xmhgkb'Trmarkok n` pøs/arknukáèm ò Tsghmbmagk Xmhgkb nk Tmetgfïhgk Pegv`rsgnkn`Hktøbghk n` Xèm Tkubm" TPH-XT

]]]]]]]]]] Omnk hmetòpmrãe`k: quktrm mu hgehm hme`xð`s pmssïv`gs XèmTkubm: Kelòcg Omruocg" 344>

OME^@" Okrgsk Okgs Crksgb: @OG" ;77; HN/rmo Fkgxk 7 ,>oge <'

OMS@GSK" L`rgv`btm9 HKB@FF@" Bugz Amezkak O`tmnmbmagk nk p`squgskpkrk m prmf`ssmr p`squgsknmr% 3 `n Sgm n` Jke`grm: Bkopkrgek" 344<

MCGHG" Agubgkem Bkoc`rtg Hmengáèm nk `shutk: oïngks ` t`rrgtørgms smemrmsSgm n` Jke`grm: 1B`trks" 344<

MEM" Okrgst`bk N`sgae genustrgkb ` ngv`rsgnkn` hubturkb: sgetmegk`ssèhgkb @stunms n` hksms ems s`tmr`s kutmomcgbïstghm" omv`b`grm ` n`

`b`trmnmoçstghms em Crksgb Xèm Tkubm" 344> ^`s` ,nmutmrknm' Pegv`rsgnkn`n` Xèm Tkubm

]]]]]]]]]]] N`sgae ` hubturk: sgetmegk `ssèhgkb Hurgtgck: @ngáèm nk kutmrk"3446

SGTT@S" Jmsç Bugz Oèn`s Mcj`tm Ge: HM@BLM" Bugz Ketmegm B ,mra'Hmeh`gtms/hlkv` ò n`sgae Sgm n` Jke`grm: TPH/Sgm9 Emvks Gn`gks" 344<pp3;;/3;1

SMBEGI" Xu`by Hkrtmarkfgk sètgoètkb" trkesfmrokáð`s hmetòpmrãe`ks

nm n`s`jm% Xèm Tkubm: @stkáèm Bgc`rnkn`" ;7<7" pp;0/;6 Ngspmeïv`b ò:2lttp:--ngstrgcut`nhr`ktgvgtytyp`pknhmo-sucokp-3440-48-hkrtmarkfgk]sèltob5 Kh`ssm ò 33-f`v-34;3

]]]]]]]] Xucj`tgvgnkn`" çtghk ` hubturk eks prëtghks hbïeghks ,pp 840‘8;8' Ge:Hkn`rems n` sucj`tgvgnkn` Xèm Tkubm" v8" e3" pp;<7/>3< s`t-f`v ;770

XKCMWK" Bugz Ketmegm Fueáèm Ge: HM@BLM" Bugz Ketmegm B ,mra'Hmeh`gtms/hlkv` ò n`sgae Sgm n` Jke`grm: TPH/Sgm9 Emvks Gn`gks" 344<"pp ;76/;7<



;38

XKE^K@BBK9 Okrgk Búhgk Hubturk ò n`sbmhkoètm Ngspmeïv`b ò:2lttp:--wwwvgn`mcrksgbmracr-;>-e`ws-pmrt/mpgegkm->Hubturkpnf5Kh`ssm ò ;8-jue- 34;3

XKE^MX" Ogbtme K Ektur`zk nm `spkám: ^çheghk ` ^òpm" Skzèm ` @omáèmXèm Tkubm: @NPXT" 3447

X@OTSGEG" Kenr`k K okrhk pøs/omn`rek: pmn`r ` frkagbgnkn` nk okrhk eksmhg`nkn` hmetòpmrãe`k Xèm Tkubm: @stkáèm nks B`trks" 3446

X@VH@EIM" EGHMBKP K hmrrgnk pkrk m sçhubm \\G: em bmmp nk ometkelkrussk Xèm Tkubm: Hmopkelgk nks B`trks" 344;

Xmey Qkbioke N`sgae Hbkssghs ,vgn`mnmhuoètërgm' Bmenr`s: CCH" ;774Ngspmeïv`b ò: lttp:--wwwymutuc`hmo-wkthl=v?Vs0FqKgsGJh Kh`ssm ò:;3-jue-34;3

XPNJGH" N`yke K bgeaukaò nks hmgsks Sgm n` Jke`grm: Getrïes`hk" 34;4

33>p

^LMSELGBB" ^`n Xmey Qkbioke gs k n`sgae hbkssgh" skys N`sgaeOusùo ken sm gs tl` KI/>1 Ngspmeïv`b ò:2lttp:--wwwnkgbyokgbhmui-shgèh`t`hl-krtghb`/3467;;3-Xmey/Qkbioke/n`sgae/hbkssgh/skys/N`sgae/Ousùo//KI/>1ltob5 Kh`ssm ò: ;1-jue-34;3



;3>

KE@\M ;: SM^@GSM NKX @E^S@VGX^KX

Emo` - Gnkn` - Trmfgssèm

T`rauetks:

/ Vmhê hmel`h` m Qkbioke= ^`v` uo=

/ M qu` ç uo Qkbioke pkrk vmhê=

/ @ m qu` fkz vmhê qu`r`r uo wkbioke=

/ Hmom vmhê usk= @ ò qukgs sgtukáð`s= ,Vmhê hmstuok kenkr k pç= @ n`

trkespmrt` hmb`tgvm='

/ Vmhê sèt` ngf`rèák ò muvgr oúsghk p`bm wkbioke= Tmr quê=

/ Vmhê tò uo kpkr`blm n` tmhkr op8=

/ Tmn`rgk o` ngz`r qukgs ks suks fueáð`s= @ qukb ç k okgs gopmrtket` prk

vmhê=

/ Vmhê vê ngf`rèák ètr` uo wkbioke ` mutrms kpkr`blms r`prmnutmr`s n`

oúsghk" n` usm gengvgnukb= [ukgs=

/ Vmhê hmel`h` m gpmn = ^ò uo=

/ Vmhê vê ngf`rèák ètr` uo gpmn ` ms mutrms r`prmnutmr`s n` op8= [ukgs

ngf`rèáks=

/ Vmu t` fkbkr > pkbkvrks ` amstkrgk qu` vmhê o` ngss`ss` qukgs n`bks pmnò

s`r kssmhgknks km wkbioke: b`v`zk" rkpgn`z" vgsgcgbgnkn`" oubtgpbghgnkn`

Vmhê pmn` o` ngz`r pmr qu` hknk uok n`bks s` kssmhgk km wkbioke=

/ Vmu t` fkbkr > pkbkvrks ` amstkrgk qu` vmhê o` ngss`ss` qukgs n`bks pmnò

s`r kssmhgknks km wkbioke: b`v`zk" rkpgn`z" vgsgcgbgnkn`" oubtgpbghgnkn`

Vmhê pmn` o` ngz`r pmr qu` hknk uok n`bks s` kssmhgk km gpmn =

/ Amstkrgk n` fkbkr kbam okgs smcr` sù kpkr`blm r`prmnutmr n` oúsghk=



KE@\M 3: T@SFGB NMX @E^S@VGX^KNMX

Nktk nkètr`vgstk

Gnkn` Trmfgssèm Bmhkb nk r`kbgzkáèmnk ètr`vgstk

Nurkáèmnk

ètr`vgstkEgbtme ;3-41-34;3 80 Jmrekbgstk S`stkurket` ;4‗3>‟

Kenrç ;>-41-34;3 >0 Bgvr`grm Ek bgvrkrgk n`b`,kpøs m lmrërgm n`

trkckblm'

31‗3‟

Tkubm ;6-41-34;3 0; Trmf @nuhkáèmFïsghk

Ek khknògk men`trkckblk" nurket`

sù get`rvkbm

08‗>>‟

Jçssghk ;6-41-34;3 3> @eaèl`grk S`stkurket` 7‗0>‟

Jubgkek ;6-41-34;3 37 Knogegstrknmrk Hksk nkètr`vgstknmrk

8;‗;4‟

Buhks ;6-41-34;3 37 Tucbghgtërgm kssgstèt`fmtmarëfghm

S`stkurket`hkf`t`rgk 8>‗33‟

Knrgkek ;<-41-34;3 37 Krqugt`tk S`stkurket` ;6‗84‟ Buhgkem ;<-41-34;3 04 @eaèl`grm Vgk siyp` >8‗34‟ Hrgstgek 34-41-34;3 84 Krqugt`tk Hksk nk

ètr`vgstknmrk;;‗87‟

Tktrïhgk 38-41-34;3 81 Knvmaknk @shrgtørgm n`bk ;4‗31‟

Vgvgke` 38-41-34;3 81 Knvmaknk @shrgtørgm n`bk ;0‗>3‟

Documents

DESIGN E MODOS DE VIDA: UMA ESCUTA PARA CONEXÕES ENTRE OBJETOS E VALORES CONTEMPORÂNEOS