Estilos Parentais e o Rendimento Escolar - Telma Paz

8/10/2019 Estilos Parentais e o Rendimento Escolar - Telma Paz

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[LGUKXRGMOMK O[]LJDO MK CGRHJO

MKYOX]ODKL]J MK YRGBJCJ@GO K RJBGJCJ@GO

DKR]XOMJ KD YRGBJCJ@GO BCLGBO K MJ OBJLRKCFODKL]J

Kstgcjs porkltogs k j rklmgdkltj ksbjcor

]kcdo Yoz

JXGKL]OMJXO1 Yrjekssjro Mjutjro Dlgbo Ygrks

[lgvkrsgmomk Outljdo mk Cgshjo

Cgshjo, Jutuhrj mk 89?=


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GG

Mgsskrtoj mk Dkstromj rkocgzomo sjh o jrgkltoj mo Yrjekssjro Mjutjro Dlgbo Ygrksoprkskltomo lo [OC poro jhtklj mk `rou mk Dkstrk lo kspkbgocgmomk mk Ysgbjcj`go

Bclgbo bjlejrdk j mkspobfj mo M@KR l ?7502/8995 puhcgbomj kd Mgrgj mo Xkphcgbo 8srgk mk 85 mk Rktkdhrj mk 8995.


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GGG

O`romkbgdkltjs

Yrgdkgrodkltk, o`romkj o Mkus quk dk pkrdgtgu bfkòr ot oqug. Rkd Kck, skg

quk lj tkrgo sgmj pjssvkc, tumj oqugcj quk eug uctropossolmj k bjlqugstolmj muroltkkstks ctgdjs bglbj oljs mk kstumj.

O`romkj todhd oj dku qukrgmj dorgmj quk skdprk dk opjgju k ejg tj

pobgkltk bjdg`j, ossgd bjdj j dku egcfjtk. Kcks, quk toltos vkzks tgvkrod mk trotor mk

tumj j quk kro lkbkssrgj sjzglfjs skd o dglfo bjcohjrojskd os suos oaumos k

opjgj lj tglfo sgmj pjssvkc bfkòr ot oqug.

Lj pjssj ksqukbkr mk rkekrgr js dkus Yogstjrks, Agd k Fkckl Xkgdkr, skdprkbjd udo pocovro mk klbjroaodkltj k djtgvoj quolmj dk vgod bolsomo k

mksolgdomo.

Os dglfos qukrgmos dolos k s odgòs skdprk otkltos k gltkrkssomos, jhrgòmo

pkcos vjssos jroks k odgzomk.

O tjmos os bjckòs mj GRYO bjd qukd portgcfkg trs oljs mkstk mksoegj k quk

dugtos rkbjrmoks o`romvkgs dk mkgxorodkd kspkbgoc o Molgkco, bjdpolfkgro mk

cuto kd tjmjs js trohocfjs mk `rupj (k lj ejrod pjubjs) oj cjl`j mjs trs oljs. K ojs

dogs rkbkltks bjckòs, js mo [OC bjd qukd tklfj kstomj js ctgdjs mjgs oljs,

Jhrgòmo!

O`romkj todhd dglfo Yrjekssjro k Jrgkltomjro, Mjutjro Dlgbo Ygrks, quk

sk mgspjlghgcgzju o trohocfor lkstk prjaktj bjdg`j k dk tkd oaumomj bjd tjmj j sku

bjlfkbgdkltj k kxpkrglbgo.


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GU

Xksudj

Rohkdjs quk o eodcgo kxkrbk ejrtk gdpobtj lo vgmo mjs skus kckdkltjs. Yogs k

egcfjs, rkbkhkd k mj bjltrghutj poro quk sk bjlstruo udo mgldgbo k cgl`uo`kd

prprgo k glmgvgmuoc mo eodcgo. Js kstgcjs porkltogs sj js bjdpjrtodkltjs, otgtumks mjs

pogs eobk o tumj j quk klvjcvk js skus egcfjs. O ejrdo bjdj cgmod bjd js egcfjs, os

kstrot`gos quk utgcgzod lo kmuboj, obohod pjr bjlstrugr ud odhgkltk kdjbgjloc, quk

pjmk skr dogs pkrdgssgvj, outjrgtrgj ju outjrgtotgvj.

Kstk kstumj prktklmk olocgsor sk kxgstk gleculbgo mjs kstgcjs porkltogs lj

mkskdpklfj ksbjcor mjs egcfjs, muroltk o omjcksblbgo. O odjstro ejg rkbjcfgmo ludo

ksbjco phcgbo mo `rolmk Cgshjo, aultj mk oculjs mj ; oj 7 olj ksbjcor aultodkltk

bjd o portgbgpoj mjs pogs (klborrk`omjs mk kmuboj). J dtjmj mk rkbjcfo mjs

momjs kckgtj ejg j quoltgtotgvj, rkbjrrklmj ojs _ukstgjlrgj mk Outjrgmomk Yorkltoc

(vkrsj pogs k egcfjs) k oj _ukstgjlrgj Rjbgjmkdj`regbj.

Eulmodkltomj lo cgtkroturo kxgstkltk, pkrbkhkdjs quk j kekgtj mjs kstgcjs

porkltogs vorgo kd eulj mj bjltkxtj bucturoc. Aultodkltk bjd o jpjrtulgmomk mk eozkr

ksto olcgsk bjd hosk loqugcj quk sj os pkrbkks mjs pogs k mjs egcfjs lud dksdj

kstumj, bjlsgmkrju-sk pkrtglkltk kstumor k jhskrvor j sku gdpobtj lj mkskdpklfj

ksbjcor mjs omjcksbkltks.

Js rksuctomjs mkstk kstumj mkdjlstrorod quk j kstgcj porkltoc outjrgtotgvj

oqukck quk sk ossjbgo pjsgtgvodkltk o dkcfjrks rksuctomjs ksbjcorks. Kstolmj j kstgcj

porkltoc pkrdgssgvj k outjrgtrgj dogs ossjbgomj o rksuctomjs dmgjs ksbjcorks dogs

hogxjs. Ukrgegbdjs quk lj kxgstk `rou mk bjlbjrmlbgo kltrk o pkrbkj mk kstgcj

porkltoc kltrk os momks pogs- egcfjs k /dks-egcfjs, toc pjmk glmgbor eocfos lo

bjdulgboj eodgcgor, gstj , oqugcj quk js pogs tkltod trolsdgtgr ojs egcfjs kst o skrpkrbkhgmj pjr kcks mk jutro ejrdo ju oglmo quk lj kxgstk bjdulgboj kltrk js


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U

kckdkltjs mo eodcgo, egbolmj o mksbjmgegboj mos otgtumks k bjdpjrtodkltjs mjs pogs

poro js egcfjs skd quk kxgsto quocqukr kxpcgboj ju bjlvkrso. Kstks rksuctomjs pjmkd

todhd skr kxpcgbomjs pkco mkskaohgcgmomk sjbgoc. _uoltj oj `lkrj mjs pogs, lj sk

jhskrvorod mgekrklos lj kstgcj porkltoc. Os vorgvkgs sjbgjmkdj`regbos gmomk,

ksbjcorgmomk k rklmgdkltj kbjldgbj kxkrbkd ud kekgtj sg`lgegbotgvj lo pkrbkj mk

kstgcjs porkltogs mjs pogs. _uoltj dogs hogxo o ksbjcorgmomk k rklmgdkltj mjs pogs, dogs

pkrdgssgvjs ju outjrgtrgjs kcks sk bjlsgmkrod. _uoltj dogjr j rklmgdkltj kbjldgbj,

dogs js pogs sk pkrbkpbgjlod bjdj outjrgtotgvjs. O gmomk mjs pogs todhd kxkrbk ud

kekgtj sg`lgegbotgvj. _uoltj dogs gmomk td js pogs dkljs kcks sk bjlsgmkrod

outjrgtrgjs.

Yocovro-bfovk1 Yorkltocgmomk, Kstgcjs Yorkltogs> Momks pogs-egcfjs, Xklmgdkltj ksbjcor


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UG

OHR]XOB]

Pk nljw tfot o eodgcy fos o strjl` gdpobt gl tfk cgvks je gts dkdhkrs. Yorklts olm

bfgcmrkl ocgnk rkbkgvk olm `gvk tfkgr bjltrghutgjl tjworms tfk bjlstrubtgjl je tfk

eodgcys jwl portgbucor col`uo`k olm jvkrocc mylodgbs.

]fk porkltgl` stycks ork tfk hkfovgjrs olm tfk ottgtumks je tfk porklts wfkl eobgl`

kvkrytfgl` tfot glvjcvks tfkgr bfgcmrkl. ]fk dollkr gl wfgbf tfky mkoc wgtf tfkgr

bfgcmrkl, tfk strotk`gks tfky usk gl tfkgr uphrgl`gl` klm up ejrdgl` ol kdjtgjloc

klvgrjldklt tfot bol hk pkrdgssgvk, outfjrgtorgol jr outfjrgtotgvk.

]fgs stumy ogds tj olocyzk ge tfkrk gs oly glecuklbk je tfk porkltgl` stycks gl tfk sbfjjc

pkrejrdolbk je tfkgr bfgcmrkl tfrju`fjut tfk omjcksbklbk pkrgjm.

]fk sodpck wos rktrgkvkm erjd o puhcgb sbfjjc erjd Cgshjls urhol orko (glbcumgl` tfk

jutsngrts) odjl`st stumklts hktwkkl tfk ;tfolm 7tfsbfjcor ykors, wgtf tfk bjccohjrotgjl

je tfkgr porklts olm tutjrs.

Pk uskm tfk _uoltgegbotgjl dktfjm ejr tfk moto sodpck, rkburrgl` tj tfk Yorkltoc

Outfjrgty Rurvky (porklts olm bfgcmrkl vkrsgjl) os wkcc os tj tfk Rjbgj-mkdj`ropfgb

survky.

@rjulmkm jl tfk burrklt cgtkroturk wk rkocgzkm tfot tfk keekbt je tfk porkltgl` stycks

vorgks obbjrmgl` tj tfk bucturoc bjltkxt. Ocjl` wgtf tfk jppjrtulgty je pkrejrdgl` tfgs

olocysgs hoskm jl porklts olm bfgcmrkls pkrbkptgjls, wk fovk ejulm opprjprgotk tj

glbcumk gl tfk sodk stumy eurtfkr olocysgs olm jhskrvolbk je gts gdpobt jl tfk tkklo`krs

sbfjjcgl` pkrejrdolbk.

]fk rksucts je tfgs stumy fovk mkdjlstrotkm tfot tfk outfjrgtotgvk porkltgl` styck gs tfk

jlk tfot mkcgvkrs hkttkr obomkdgb rksucts, olm tfk pkrdgssgvk olm outfjrgtorgol stycks

rksuct gl cjwkr sbfjjc sbjrks gl ovkro`k.


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LMGBK

O`romkbgdkltjs.............................................................................................................. GGG

Xksudj........................................................................................................................... GUOhstrobt.......................................................................................................................... UG

Gltrjmuj ...................................................................................................................... ?9

? Yortk - Klquomrodkltj tkrgbj

?.?. Eodcgo ................................................................................................................... ?=

?.8. Yorkltocgmomk .......................................................................................................... ?6

?.2. Yrtgbos Yorkltogs ... 82

?.=. Kstgcjs Yorkltogs ..................................................................................................... 8;

?.;. Xklmgdkltj Ksbjcor 25

8 Yortk Yrjhckdo, Ykrtgllbgo mj kstumj, Jhaktgvj k Fgptksks

8.? Yrjhckdo k Ykrtgllbgo mj kstumj .... =9

8.8 Jhaktgvjs... =8

2 Yortk Dktjmjcj`go

2.? Mkcglkodkltj mj kstumj .. =;

2.8 Fgptksks . =5

2.2.Mkeglgj mk vorgvkgs ......... =0

2.= Yortgbgpoltks . =6

2.; Glstrudkltjs ;8

2.;.? _ukstgjlrgj Rjbgjmkdj`regbj ... ;8

2.;.8 Y.O._ ;2

2.;.2 Y.O._ - Y .. ;;

2.5 Yrjbkmgdkltjs . ;6

2.5.? Yrjbkmgdkltjs kstotstgbjs .... ;7

= Yortk Xksuctomjs

=.? Xksuctomjs .. 58

=.?.? KYs pogs k egcfj Bjrrkcoks k kstotstgbo mksbrgtgvo .... 58

=.8 Xksuctomjs mjs pogs

=.8.?. KYs pogs - Bjrrkcoks k vorgvkgs mk brgtrgj .... 52

=.8.?. KYs pogs Bjdporoks mk `lkrj .... 55


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=.8.?. KYs pogs Xklmgdkltj ksbjcor ...... 50

=.2 Momks pogs/dks-egcfjs .. 09

=.= Xksuctomjs mjs egcfjs

=.=.?. KYs egcfjs - Bjrrkcoks k vorgvkgs mk brgtrgj ...... 02

=.=.8. KYs egcfjs Bjdporoks mk `lkrj ..... 05

=.=.2. KYs egcfjs Bjdporoks bjd/skd opjgj ksbjcor .... 00

=.=.=. KYs egcfjs Bjdporoks bjd/skd opjgj rktklks ........ 00

=.=.;. KYs egcfjs Xklmgdkltj ksbjcor .... 06

; Yortk Mgsbussj

;.? Mgsbussj mjs rksuctomjs . 62

;.8 Mgsbussj mjs rksuctomjs mjs pogs ... 6=

;.2 Mgsbussj mjs rksuctomjs mos momks .... 60

;.= Mgsbussj mjs rksuctomjs mjs egcfjs . 66

Bjlbcusj..... 72

Xkekrlbgos 75

Olkxjs

Olkxj O Bjlskltgdkltj glejrdomj ... ?9;

Olkxj H _ukstgjlrgj sjbgjmkdj`regbj.... ?95

Olkxj B YO_ . ?90

Olkxj M YO_-Y . ??9


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?9

Gltrjmuj

J prkskltk trohocfj tkd bjdj jhaktgvj prglbgpoc jcfor poro j eulbgjlodkltj

eodgcgor oj lvkc mo kmuboj mjs egcfjs k ovocgor o gleculbgo mj kstgcj porkltoc (KY)

omjtomj ljs rksuctomjs ksbjcorks jhtgmjs.

O eodcgo tkd sgmj ocvj mk bjlstoltks trolsejrdoks ljs ctgdjs tkdpjs k kstos

dumolos `krod vorgoks lo mgldgbo eodgcgor. Kltklmk-sk pjr eodcgo, o ulgj mk

pkssjos otrovs mjs cojs mk sol`uk ju cojs oekbtgvjs (Ocorbj, 8999). Js popgs mk

bomo dkdhrj sj dogs eckxvkgs k dkljs kstolquks ju pomrjlgzomjs Kd rk`ro, os dks

mgspkd mk dkljs tkdpj poro mkmgbor ojs egcfjs, pjrquk trohocfod ejro mk boso j mgo

gltkgrj. Js pogs, pjr suo vkz, bjcohjrod dogs los torkeos mjdstgbos k ljs bugmomjs

prkstomjs ojs egcfjs. Os dogjrks kxg`lbgos mk eckxghgcgmomk rkcotgvodkltk ojs skus

popgs k mkvkrks `oroltkd, mkstk djmj, j kqugchrgj eodgcgor mo mgldgbo mgrgo

(Djltkgrj, Ukrssgdj, Bostrj, & Jcgvkgro, 8995> Djltkgrj, Ukrssgdj, Roltjs, &

Uou`fl, 8996> Djltkgrj, kt oc., 89?9).

Bjlsgmkrolmj o gleculbgo mo eodcgo lo bjlstruj moqugcj quk sjdjs, j kstumj

mj gdpobtj mjs KYs lj mksklvjcvgdkltj mos brgolos (Hjwchy, ?76=) ossudk-sk bjdj

udo prgjrgmomk, ljdkomodkltk lj quk sk rkekrk oj sku mkskdpklfj ksbjcor.

Js KYs sj js pomrks kmubotgvjs utgcgzomjs pkcjs pogs (ju bugmomjrks), toltj oj

lvkc mo rkcoj quk doltd bjd js egcfjs, ossgd bjdj os ljrdos kmubotgvos omjtomos(Ygrks, 89?9). Houdrglm, f quosk mk bglquklto oljs, mkhruju-sk sjhrk o tkdtgbo mjs

kstgcjs mk outjrgmomk porkltoc ju KYs. O mgekrklbgoj kltrk js kstgcjs tkvk bjdj hosk

mgvkrsjs eotjrks jhskrvomjs kd bomo mgldgbo eodgcgor, mksg`lomodkltk o

rkspjlsgvgmomk, o sklsghgcgmomk, j oektj, o mgspjlghgcgmomk, j bjltrjcj k o prjtkj.

Ossgd, o outjro bcossgegbju trs KY bjd mgekrkltks borobtkrstgbos1 (?) js outjrgtrgjs,

bjd octjs lvkgs mk kxg`lbgo dos skd rkbursj bjdulgboj bjd js egcfjs> (8) js


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??

outjrgtotgvjs*, bjd prkmjdlgj mo bjdulgboj bjd js egcfjs dos doltklmj cgdgtks k

kxg`lbgo> k (2) js pkrdgssgvjs, quk lj bjcjbod rk`ros lkd cgdgtks s brgolos,

pkrdgtglmj-cfks mkbgmgr j quk qukrkd k bjdj qukrkd, skd quocqukr jrgkltoj ju

bjltrjcj (Houdrglm, ?750). Kstks mgekrkltks pomrks kmubotgvjs mjs pogs `krod pjr suo

vkz ud bcgdo kdjbgjloc quk ejg opjltolmj pjr Houdrglm, (?708) bjdj glecuklbgomjr

lj mkskdpklfj ksbjcor. Mkskdpklfj obomdgbj lkstk trohocfj, rkekrk-sk ojs rksuctomjs

quoltgtotgvjs jhtgmjs pkcjs oculjs, dmgo ksbjcor k ldkrj mk rktklks ksbjcorks.

O prtgbo mj mgcj`j quk js pogs td bjd js egcfjs, ossgd bjdj o gdpjrtlbgo otrghumo

qugcj quk mgtj k skltgmj pkcjs egcfjs, tkd sgmj olocgsomo kd ocùls kstumjs

(Houdrglm, ?755> Kcmkr, ?752> Fouskr, ?76=, bgtomj pjr Rprgltfocc & Bjccgls, 8996). O

bjlbcusj mkstks outjrks mk quk o bjdulgboj ud kckdkltj kssklbgoc k mkvk skr

opcgbomo los prtgbos utgcgzomos pkcjs pogs lo kmuboj mjs egcfjs. Jutros gleculbgos,

bjdj o bucturo kd quk kstj glskrgmjs, pjmkd octkror bjdpcktodkltk o ckgturo quk js

egcfjs eozkd mo ejrdo bjdj js pogs js kmubod (Houdrglm, ?708> Mjrlhusbf, Xgttkr,

Ckgmrdol, Xjhkrts & Erockg`f, ?760> Lùykl, 8996).

Ossgd, bjlsgmkro-sk pkrtglkltk bjdporor os pkrbkks quk pogs k egcfjs td mj

KY, lo dkmgmo kd quk j ldkrj mk kstumjs sjhrk j tkdo oglmo rkmuzgmj. Yoro ocd

mgssj, todhd sk prjpk udo olcgsk mo pjtklbgoc gleculbgo mjs KYs lj mkskdpklfj

obomdgbj mjs egcfjs. Mkstk djmj, prktklmk-sk pkrbkhkr sk js pogs k js egcfjs

pkrbkbgjlod js KYs mo dksdo dolkgro, a quk o eocto mk bjl`rulbgo mksto pkrbkj

pjmkr su`krgr eocfos oj lvkc mo bjdulgboj eodgcgor (pogs-egcfjs) k glecuklbgor j

rklmgdkltj obomdgbj mjs egcfjs (Hurg, ?77?).

O prgdkgro portk, glgbgo bjd j klquomrodkltj tkrgbj mgvgmgmj kd bglbj

boptucjs. J prgdkgrj sjhrk o eodcgo oprkskltomj j bjlbkgtj k o suo kvjcuj los

ctgdos mbomos. J skùlmj boptucj sjhrk o porkltocgmomk, rkv j bjlbkgtj k


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?8

borotkrstgbos glkrkltks porkltocgmomk. J tkrbkgrj boptucj ohjrmo os prtgbos porkltogs o

suo bjlbktuocgzoj k mgekrklos. J quortj boptucj troto mjs KYs, o mgstglj kltrk js

vrgjs KYs, j klquomrodkltj fgstrgbj k pjsgj mk vrgjs outjrks sjhrk o tkdtgbo k

pjr uctgdj, j qugltj bopgtucj ohjrmo j rklmgdkltj obomdgbj k j sku bruzodkltj bjd

js KYs.

Rkùk-sk skùlmo portk jlmk bjlsto j prjhckdo, pkrtgllbgo mj kstumj k

jhaktgvj. Lo tkrbkgro portk oprkskltomj j dtjmj, j mkcglkodkltj mj kstumj, mkeglgj

mk vorgvkgs k rkspktgvo jpkrobgjlocgzoj, os fgptksks mk kstumj, o borobtkrgzoj mo

odjstro, js trs glstrudkltjs utgcgzomjs k pjr egd js prjbkmgdkltjs dktjmjc`gbjs k

kstotstgbjs. Yjr egd, oprkskltodjs js js rksuctomjs k rkspkbtgvo mgsbussj, bjltrghutjs k

cgdgtoks klbjltromos.

Kstk trohocfj rkocgzomj skùlmj j objrmj jrtj`regbj.


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?2

YXGDKGXO YOX]K

KL_[OMXODKL]J ]KXGBJ


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?=

?.? Eodcgo

Kstumomo pjr vrgjs outjrks oj cjl`j mjs ctgdjs oljs, o eodcgo bjlsgmkromo

udo pko eulmodkltoc lo bjlstruj mo pkrsjlocgmomk mos brgolos. Eotjrks bjdj osrk`ros, js cgdgtks ju j oektj pjtklbgod j kqugchrgj kdjbgjloc, glghglmj j oporkbgdkltj

mk ocùdos ero`gcgmomks kdjbgjlogs quk mksklbomkgod jutros prjhckdtgbos mj ejrj

psqugbj (Hjwchy, ?76=> Dobbjhy & Dortgl, ?762).

J bjlbkgtj mk eodcgo tkd sjergmj vrgos trolsegùroks k rkoaustks oj cjl`j mjs

oljs, erutj mk octkroks bucturogs, pjctgbos, kbjldgbos k sjbgogs (Rodpogj, 89??).

Durmjbn (?708) mkeklmk quk eodcgo ud `rupj sjbgoc bjdpjstj pjr mjgs omuctjs quk

doltklfod udo cgòj skxuoc ckòcdkltk oprjvomo, prkssupjlmj o vgvlbgo kd

bjdud, o bjcohjroj kbjldgbo k o rkprjmuj ju omjj. Rkùlmj Ocorbj (8999, p.

77), o eodcgo ud bjlaultj mk pkssjos ulgmos pjr cojs solùlkjs k/ju oektgvjs, kd

gltkroj bjltluo. udo tjtocgmomk lj skgj mo quoc sk kstohkckbkd ljrdos prprgos k

kspkbegbos mk eulbgjlodkltj. Rkòckl (?777), pjr suo vkz, mkeklmk o suprkssj mo

gmkgo mk eodcgo lj sglùcor, oegrdolmj quk dogs bjrrktj eocor mk eodcgos (pcuroc) poro

quk sk pjsso glbcugr os mgvkrsgmomks kxgstkltks lo otuoc sjbgkmomk. O suo ksslbgo, toc

bjdj mkeglgmo pkco Jròlgzoj Dulmgoc mk Romk (JDR), mkvkr tkr bjdj hosk o

bjlegolo, j supjrtk k j mkstglj bjdud (Ocorbj, 8999). Oglmo ossgd, j djmkcj

eodgcgor lubckor quk prkmjdglo (Dksqugto, 89?2).

Lj jhstoltk, vkrgegbo-sk ud brksbgdkltj mk eodcgos djljporkltogs kd

Yjrtuòc, kd kspkbgoc ekdglglos, k j oudkltj mo toxo mk mgvrbgjs, j quk `kro udo

odpcgegboj mos eodcgos djljporkltogs k rkbjdpjstos. Eodcgos rkbjdpjstos sj

oqukcos jlmk pkcj dkljs ud mjs kckdkltjs mj bosoc tkd ud ju vrgjs egcfjs mk udo

rkcoj oltkrgjr (@gmmkls, 8997). Kstos octkroks oektod o kstruturo eodgcgor, pjrd, js


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?;

kstumjs rkocgzomjs glmgbod quk lo quocgmomk mos rkcoks eodgcgorks quk kst j ejbj k

o rkoc gdpjrtlbgo poro j mksklvjcvgdkltj mjs skus dkdhrjs (Rodpogj, 89??).

Bjltumj, o rkspjlsohgcgmomk pkcjs prjhckdos quk sk vklfod o dolgekstor los

brgolos ju ljs omjcksbkltks lj pjmk skr otrghumo kxbcusgvodkltk oj bjltkxtj

eodgcgor. Opksor mk os vgvlbgos gleoltgs kxpkrgklbgomos kd bjltkxtj mk eodcgo skrkd

bjlsgmkromos ud ocgbkrbk eulmodkltoc k mk glbjdporvkc gleculbgo lj

mksklvjcvgdkltj mo pkrsjlocgmomk mo brgolo (Hjwchy, ?76=), os borobtkrstgbos

sjbgjodhgkltogs todhd sj gdpjrtoltks lksto olcgsk (@ukrrkgrj, 8990). Ossgd,

suhsgstkd quotrj o`kltks prglbgpogs mk sjbgocgzoj1 o eodcgo, o ksbjco, j `rupj mk porks

k js dkgjs mk bjdulgboj sjbgoc. Kstks o`kd lo bjlstruj mo sjbgocgzoj k mj

ejrdo ojs omuctjs mj odolf (Dus`rovk, ?707, bgtomj pjr Rgcvo, 899=).

Ludo pkrspktgvo sgstdgbo, o eodcgo vgsto bjdj ud sgstkdo, gstj , tkd kd sg

pjtklbgocgmomks quk cfk pkrdgtkd outj-jròlgzor k outjrkùcor dksdj kd sgtuoks mk

brgsk, sklmj prkbgsj opklos quk sk brgk ud odhgkltk quk pkrdgto o otuocgzoj mkstos

pjtklbgocgmomks (Fgpcgtj, 89?9). Kstk sgstkdo bjlstgtumj pjr vrgjs suhsgstkdos (kx.

`rou mk porkltksbj, `lkrj) quk kstj kd bjlstoltk gltkroj, glecuklbgolmj tjmo o

mgldgbo eodgcgor. Mkvgmj gleculbgo bjlstoltk k gltkroj kltrk js suhsgstkdos, j

quk objltkbk o ud kckdkltj oboho pjr tkr kekgtj sjhrk js rkstoltks (Ygltj, ?770).

O kssk rkspkgtj, Hrjeklhrklkr (?707) rkekrk quk j mksklvjcvgdkltj mj glmgvmuj

ekgtj otrovs mk vrgjs sgstkdos kbjc`gbjs quk sk klbogxod uls ljs jutrjs1 j

dgbrjssgstkdo, j dksjssgstkdo, j kxjssgstkdo k j dobrjssgstkdo. J dgbrjssgstkdo

rkpjrto-sk o tumj oqugcj quk kst rkcobgjlomj bjd j mgo-o-mgo mo brgolo. O rkcoj mo

brgolo bjd j pog, o dk, js grdjs k o eodcgo prxgdo, o ksbjco ju gleoltrgj k o

rkcoj bjd js omuctjs k bjckòs bjdpkd j dgbrjssgstkdo. Rj opjltomos bjdj

hsgbos lkstk sgstkdo os gltkroks pkssjo-odhgkltk k pkssjo-pkssjo. ]ogs gltkroks


16/111

?5

glecuklbgod o outjgdo`kd mo pkssjo k pjtklbgod j sku klvjcvgdkltj bjd j dulmj quk

o rjmkgo. J dksjssgstkdo rkekrk-sk s gltkroks kltrk mjgs ju dogs bjltkxtjs mj

dgbrjssgstkdo, dos bjd portgbgpoj otgvo mo brgolo. J kxjssgstkdo, opksor mk lj

klvjcvkr o portgbgpoj mo brgolo, kxkrbk gleculbgo sjhrk o dksdo, bjdj j bosj mj

trohocfj mjs pogs. Yjr ctgdj, j dobrjssgstkdo bjrrkspjlmk ojs vocjrks, brklos k

gmkjcj`gos quk oektod j bjdpjrtodkltj mo sjbgkmomk k bucturo kd `kroc.

O kstruturo eodgcgor, ludo obkj tromgbgjloc, ejg ocvj mk mgvkrsos dumolos oj

cjl`j mos ctgdos mbomos. O gmkgo mj quk mkvkd skr js bjdpjrtodkltjs k torkeos mj

pog k mo dk lj lbckj eodgcgor possorod pjr ud prjbkssj mk rkmkeglgj (Bohrkro,

]odgs Ck-Djlmo, Codh & Hjcckr, ?777, bgtomjs pjr Djltkgrj, Ukrssgdj, Bostrj &

Jcgvkgro, 8995). Oglmo lj f dugtj tkdpj, os borobtkrstgbos k otrghutjs kspkbegbjs quk

mkeglkd j bjlbkgtj mk pog k dk krod mgekrkltks moqukcos quk kxgstkd lo otuocgmomk. O

dk, bjd hosk lj bjlbkgtj tromgbgjloc mos sjbgkmomks mj Jbgmkltk, krod vgstos bjdj

dogs oektgvos k rkspjlsvkgs pkco kmuboj mjs egcfjs. Yjr jutrj comj, j pog kro oqukck

quk ossudgo o rkspjlsohgcgmomk mk sustkltj mo eodcgo, oqukck quk pulgo k o egùro mk

outjrgmomk mo eodcgo. (Djltkgrj, kt oc., 8995). Lksto bjlbkpj, js popgs kstovod

mgvgmgmjs k bjdportgdkltomjs.

Otuocdkltk, f udo tkltotgvo mk kcgdglor o bjdportgdkltoj kltrk js popgs

otrghumjs oj pog k dk k prjburo-sk mor cuòr oj sur`gdkltj mk ud ljvj gmkoc mk

portgcfo porkltoc. Kstk bjlbkgtj borobtkrgzo-sk prkbgsodkltk pkco portgcfo mos torkeos k

rkspjlsohgcgmomks o lvkc eglolbkgrj k mjdstgbj k js bugmomjs mos brgolos sj

rkportgmjs mk ud djmj dogs gùocgtrgj, rkerkolmj-sk o mgvgsj bjd hosk lj `lkrj

(Bohrkro kt oc., ?777> Bohrkro, ]odgs-CkDjlmo, Hromcky, Fjeekrtf, & Codh, 8999>

Mkutsbf, 899?, bgtomjs pjr Djltkgrj kt oc., 8995).


17/111

?0

J kckvomj ldkrj mk ducfkrks quk gltk`ro j otuoc dkrbomj mk trohocfj ejg, skd

mvgmo, pkrbursjr mkstk prjbkssj mk dumolo quk sk tkd vglmj o rk`gstor (Djltkgrj kt

oc., 8995, 8996, 89?9). Kstks ldkrjs td vglmj o oudkltor mksmk js oljs 09, octuro kd

quk tkvk glbgj j brksbgdkltj mj ldkrj mk ducfkrks bjd trohocfj rkdulkromj ejro mk

boso (Djltkgrj, kt oc., 8996). Hubfkr (?777) mkeklmk quk ksto kvjcuj ocbolomo pkco

ducfkr pjsgtgvo lj quk sk rkekrk quocgmomk mk vgmo bjlskùgmo, dos pjmk tkr gdpobtj

lkòtgvj lj hkd-kstor kdjbgjloc k oektgvj mjs egcfjs.

O gdo`kd mj pog todhd tkd sgmj ocvj mk trolsejrdoj. Fjak, o egùro potkrlo

ossjbgomo o borobtkrstgbos dogs oektujsos k j pog tkd ud popkc dogs portgbgpotgvj lj

mgo-o-mgo mjs egcfjs (Djltkgrj, kt oc., 8996). Lud kstumj rkocgzomj pjr Hocolbfj (899=),

pjssvkc pkrbkhkr kstos mgekrklos sjhrk o gdo`kd mj pog kd muos `kroks, pogs k

ovs. J kstumj glmgbo quk kxgstk udo gltklj, pjr portk mo skùlmo `kroj mk pogs, mk

mksklvjcvkr ud popkc dogs otgvj lo kmuboj mjs skus egcfjs. Os mgekrklos kltrk js

vocjrks k os prtgbos porkltogs los muos `kroks sj kvgmkltks. O potkrlgmomk vgvgmo

pkco `kroj mjs ovs ejg kxpkrgklbgomo bjd hosk ludo egùro mk outjrgmomk k

mgsbgpcglomjro, kdjbgjlocdkltk mgstoltk k ouskltk. Lo `kroj oltkrgjr, lj sk bjlbkhgo

o gmkgo mk quk j pog pjmgo todhd ossudgr ud popkc portgbgpotgvj k oektujsj lo vgmo

mjs skus egcfjs, bjdj sk udo k jutro bjgso sk olucosskd dutuodkltk k lj pumksskd

bjkxgstgr kd kqugchrgj. O rkprkskltoj mo otuoc `kroj obkrbo mo potkrlgmomk ,

pjrd, hostoltk mgekrkltk mo `kroj possomo, mkstobolmj-sk borobtkrstgbos bjdj o

bopobgmomk mk skr sklsvkc, bjdprkklsgvj, mgocjòltk k mk kstor prkskltk lo vgmo mjs

egcfjs.


18/111

?6

?.8 Yorkltocgmomk

O porkltocgmomk pjmk skr mkeglgmo bjdj ud bjlaultj mk oks klbktomos pkcos

egùros porkltogs (pogs ju suhstgtutjs) aultj mjs egcfjs lj skltgmj mk prjdjvkr j sku

mksklvjcvgdkltj mo ejrdo dogs pcklo pjssvkc, utgcgzolmj poro toc js rkbursjs mk quk

mgspk mkltrj mo eodcgo k, ejro mkco, lo bjdulgmomk. Bruz (89?2, p. ?2)

Ksto , glbcusgvk, opjltomo bjdj o torkeo dogs mksoegoltk k bjdpckxo mo gmomk

omucto(Qg`ckr, ?77;, bgtomj pjr Bruz, 89?2, p.?=).

Yorkltocgmomk oprklmkr o eozkr brksbkr, mksklvjcvkr, kstgducor, bugmor,

opjgolmj k djlgtjrgzolmj (bjltrjcolmj) (Ygrks, 89?9). O porkltocgmomk rkdktk poro o

sgductolkgmomk mo dotkrlgmomk k mo potkrlgmomk, tklmj bjdj mkeglgj lj mgbgjlrgj mk

clùo pjrtuùkso, quocgmomk mk skr dk k pog, rkspkbtgvodkltk (Mgbgjlrgjs Yrghkrod,

89?=). J bjlbkgtj mgvgmk-sk kd muos kxtklsks prglbgpogs, j klvjcvgdkltj porkltoc k o

rkcoj bjporkltoc (Dksqugto, 89?2).

J klvjcvgdkltj porkltoc rkekrk-sk mkmgboj mkdjlstromo pkcj pog ju pkco

dk lj mkskdpklfj mjs popgs porkltogs. Ksto mgdklsj rkcotgvo oj ju

portgbgpoj otgvo quk js pogs td lo vgmo mjs skus egcfjs (Dksqugto, 89?2). J

klvjcvgdkltj porkltoc bjdpjstj pjr trs borotkrstgbos, bjdprjdgssj (klò`kdklt),

mgspjlghgcgmomk (obkssghgcgty) k rkspjlsohgcgmomk (rkspjlsghgcgty). J bjdprjdgssj mgz

rkspkgtj oj tkdpj quk js pogs sk mgspjlghgcgzod o kstor bjd js skus egcfjs kd torkeos

quk js glbcuod ju quk skaod kspkbegbos poro js egcfjs (kx. hrglbor). O mgspjlghgcgmomk,

opksor mk tkr skdkcfolos bjd j bjlbkgtj oltkrgjr, lj bjcjbo j ejbj lj tkdpj

mkspklmgmj pkcjs pogs, rkekrglmj-sk oltks prksklo k mgspjlghgcgmomk mj pog k mo dk

poro j egcfj. Yjr ctgdj, o rkspjlsohgcgmomk rkpjrto-sk lkbkssgmomk quk js pogs td mk


19/111

?7

zkcor pkcj bugmomj k hkd-kstor mjs egcfjs, òroltglmj quk lj cfks eocto oqugcj quk

kssklbgoc oj sku brksbgdkltj k mksklvjcvgdkltj (Olmrkws, Cubnky, Hjcmkl, Pfgtgl`-

Ecgbncgl`, & Cglm 899=).

O rkcoj porkltoc (bjporkltoc) lkd skdprk tkd cuòr bjdj mgdklsj mo

porkltocgmomk, pjrquk kd ocùdos sgtuoks lj kxgstk quocqukr rkcoj kltrk pog k dk.

Ksto mgdklsj opjlto poro o ejrdo bjdj pog k dk bjcohjrod dutuodkltk poro j

mkskdpklfj mjs skus popgs porkltogs. Bjporkltocgmomk , kltj, o gltkroj kltrk pog k

dk bjd j jhaktgvj mj kxkrbbgj mo porkltocgmomk (Dksqugto, 89?2).

Bruz (89?2) brgju udo cgsto mk eulks glkrkltks porkltocgmomk bjd hosk ljs

kstumjs mk Hjrlstkgl (8998), Yocobgjs k Xjmrg`js (?776) k Yornk k Hurgkc (?776),

mjdgloltks lo rko. Kstos eulks sj bjlsgmkromos os dogs pkrtglkltks ju omkquomos s

lkbkssgmomks mo brgolo.

Yoro glgbgor, js pogs mkvkd bjlskùgr osskùror o sotgseoj mos lkbkssgmomks

dogs hsgbos mk sjhrkvgvlbgo. Kxgstkd sgtuoks quk lj rkprkskltod o ljrdo, dos

jlmk js omuctjs bugmomjrks lj bjlskùkd òroltgr ksto eulj (bjdj j bosj mk dk

ju pog omgbtj). ]jrlo-sk lkbkssrgj mgspjlghgcgzor brgolo ud dulmj esgbj jròlgzomj

k prkvgsvkc, jlmk sk bjlsgò brgor rjtglos quk bjcohjrkd poro o jròlgzoj mo prprgo

brgolo. Lkd skdprk os eodcgos bjlskùkd òroltgr j budprgdkltj mksto skùlmo

eulj. Mk skùgmo, rkekrgmo o rkspjsto s lkbkssgmomks mk bjdprkklsj bj`lgtgvo mos

rkocgmomks kxtroeodgcgorks. Bjlsgmkrolmj quk o egùro porkltoc tkd j popkc mk dkmgomjr

kltrk o brgolo k j ulgvkrsj sjbgoc quk o klvjcvk, o ejrdo bjdj gltkro`k k oqugcj o quk

kxpk o brgolo mktkrdglor js cgdgtks mk gltkroj mo brgolo bjd j dulmj. O quorto

eulj porkltoc o mk sotgseozkr os lkbkssgmomks mk oektj, bjlegolo k skùrolo. Ksto

ocbolomo otrovs mk rkcoks mk vglbucoj, jlmk js vocjrks mk vglbucoj skùro

prkmgzkd dkcfjrks rksuctomjs oj lvkc mj mksklvjcvgdkltj mo brgolo k udo dkcfjr


20/111

89

omoptoj s sgtuoks o quk vog sklmj kxpjsto oj cjl`j mo vgmo. j dksdj quk mgzkr

quk, quoltj dogs o brgolo sk skltk odomo k skùro, dogs kco brksbk bjlegoltk k skùro

mk sg. Yjr egd, mkvkd skr suprgmos os lkbkssgmomks mk gltkroj sjbgoc mo brgolo k o suo

glbcusj lo bjdulgmomk kd `kroc. aultj mo eodcgo quk o brgolo mkvk oprkklmkr j

bjlaultj mk ljrdos k vocjrks glkrkltks bjdulgmomk o quk pkrtklbk, j quk, pjr suo vkz,

gr bopobgt-co poro o gltk`roj pjstkrgjr ljs bjltkxtjs jlmk vgkr o kstor glskrgmo (Bruz,

89?2).

O porkltocgmomk ejg ocvj mk trolsejrdoj ljs ctgdjs oljs, mkvgmj o mgekrkltks

octkroks sjbgjbucturogs k glbcusj mos ducfkrks lj dkrbomj mk trohocfj k pkcos

ljvos k bjlskqukltks gdpjsgks lj dkrbomj cohjroc poro odhjs js pogs. Jutro

mgekrklo rk`gstomo ljs ctgdjs oljs k quk tkd pjtklbgomj octkroks lo ejrdo bjdj sk

jhskrvo o porkltocgmomk (dogs prkbgsodkltk j klvjcvgdkltj porkltoc) j djmj bjdj sk

jcfo poro brgolo, a quk cfk ejg otrghumj ud ljvj cuòr lo eodcgo (Dksqugto, 89?2).

Yjmk-sk mgzkr quk, mksmk js eglogs mj sbucj VV, js popgs porkltogs sj dogs

kxg`kltks, os rkcoks kltrk pogs k dks sj dkljs kstvkgs (oudkltj mjs mgvrbgjs k ju

skporoks) k js pogs td dkljs tkdpj poro sk mkmgborkd kmuboj k bugmomj mjs

egcfjs (Dksqugto, 89?2).

J mksklvjcvgdkltj mos bjdpktlbgos sjbgogs, oektgvos k bj`lgtgvos los brgolos

jbjrrk lj dkgj eodgcgor. Yjr kssk djtgvj, bjlsgmkro-sk mk `rolmk pkrtgllbgo pkrbkhkr

mk quk ejrdo js pogs glecuklbgod kstk mksklvjcvgdkltj (Bruz, 89?2).

Dobbjhy k Dortgl (?762) opjltod o rkspjlsgvgmomk k j bjltrjcj porkltoc bjdj

borobtkrstgbos hsgbos poro j mksklvjcvgdkltj sjbgoc mo brgolo. Codh (?778)

obrksbklto quk js egcfjs mk pogs bjdprjdktgmjs bjd j sku mksklvjcvgdkltj td dogjr

bjdpktlbgo bj`lgtgvo k cjbusbjltrjcj gltkrlj.


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8?

Brksbkr gdpcgbo toltj o oprklmgzo`kd bjdj o outjljdgo quk sk rkvkco

lkbkssrgo lj s oj lvkc mo mkpklmlbgo mjs pogs bjdj mjs omuctjs sg`lgegbotgvjs.

Ossgd, mkvk skr vocjrgzomo o kxgstlbgo mk ud kspoj quk pkrdgto oj omjcksbkltk o

dolutklj mo suo gltgdgmomk, pklsodkltjs k skltgdkltjs kd prjc mj sku prprgj

brksbgdkltj (Eorgos & Rgcvorks, 8992).

Oltkrgjr eosk mo omjcksblbgo, o gdo`kd quk js egcfjs prkskrvod mjs pogs o

mk bjlejrtj k skùrolo. ]oc gdo`kd rk`gsto udo dumolo o quolmj mo omjcksblbgo,

jlmk o egùro mjs pogs posso o skr bjlsgmkromo bjdj oqukco quk cgdgto k gltkrrjdpk js

skus mkskajs k sjlfjs j quk pjmk jrg`glor ocùdo tklsj lj skgj eodgcgor, glbcusgvk lj

mgcj`j kltrk pogs k egcfjs. Ksto tklsj pjmk tkr muos eulks ojs jcfjs mj omjcksbkltk,

pjr ud comj udo pkrspktgvo pjsgtgvo ojs jcfjs mjs egcfjs, dos quk lkd skdprk

bjlsbgkltk pjr portk mj omjcksbkltk, quk pkrbkhk kstk rmuj mgcj`j bjdj ud bjlerjltj

bjd js pogs quk pkrdgtk outj-oegrdor-sk. O skùlmo eulj, pjmk skr vgsto bjdj udo

bfodomo mk otklj ojs pogs, hoskomj lud mgcj`j mgebgc k glbjdprkklmgmj

(Hrobjllgkr & Dorbkccg, 8999).

Omjcksbkltk udo pocovro quk mkrgvo mj cotgd k j sku sg`lgegbomj brksbkr.

Opjltolmj ossgd poro udo eosk mk trolsgj k dumolo kltrk o glelbgo k o gmomk

omucto. Kstk bjlbkgtj rkbkltk, tklmj sur`gmj opklos lj egloc mj sbucj VGV mkvgmj s

prjeulmos octkroks eodgcgorks quk jbjrrkrod lo octuro (Rodpogj, 8995). [do mos

borotkrstgbos mo omjcksblbgo o bjlstruj mo gmkltgmomk, o gltkroj bjd j dkgj jlmk

o brgolo brksbk k o suo eodcgo bjltrghukd poro j mksklvjcvgdkltj mo suo gmkltgmomk. O

omjcksblbgo udo eosk kd quk js glmgvmujs bjdkod o oegrdor js skus jhaktgvjs k

gmkgos k opjltomo bjdj udo mos torkeos dogs gdpjrtoltks mksto eosk mj

mksklvjcvgdkltj (Eorgos & Rgcvorks, 8992).


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88

J objdpolfodkltj mo eodcgo lksto gmomk gdprksbglmvkc, dos ksto mkvk

ossudgr ud popkc jrgkltomjr k lj mgtomjr. Opksor mo lkbkssgmomk mk kstohkckbkr ocùls

cgdgtks k bodglfjs, ksto torkeo mkvk hoskor-sk lo glstruj k kvgtor o gdpjsgj. Mk

objrmj bjd R (8992), dugtjs pogs k prjekssjrks brgod lkvjkgrjs los brgolos k ljs

omjcksbkltks, k lj js kqugpod, dugtos vkzks, sklj bjd js dlgdjs poro quk sk

gcudglkd pkco vgmo. J outjr oegrdo oglmo quk j kssklbgoc lj brksbgdkltj lj

prkvklgr js rgsbjs1 dos prkvklg-cjs poro o fudgcmomk mk js bjrrg`gr (p. 67).

O kstohgcgmomk k o fordjlgo eodgcgor sj eotjrks mktkrdgloltks lj pkrbursj

ksbjcor. Rk js pogs ouxgcgorkd js skus egcfjs o ocbolor jhaktgvjs ksbjcorks k o rkecktgr

sjhrk j euturj, glbutkd lkcks j mkskaj mk skùgr ud pkrbursj ulgvkrsgtrgj. Kstk

kstducj k objdpolfodkltj opjltomj bjdj dogs erkqukltk kd eodcgos kd quk j

lvkc sjbgjkbjldgbj k bucturoc dogs kckvomj. , pjr gssj, ck`tgdj bjlakturor quk

egcfjs mk pogs bjd ud lvkc sjbgjkbjldgbj dogs hogxj, jrgulmjs mk eodcgos

prjhckdtgbos k ductg-prjhckdtgbos ju mk eodcgos quk lj kstgducod k glbkltgvod o

bjltglugmomk mjs kstumjs (skao pjrquk lkbkssgtod mk dogs ud dkdhrj o trohocfor poro

oaumor los mkspksos eodgcgorks, ju pjr jutros rozks) oprkskltod ud dogjr lmgbk mk

oholmjlj ksbjcor. Lkstk bjltkxtj, todhd sk pjmk eozkr rkekrlbgo ojs eotjrks bucturogs

k tlgbjs, quk dugtos vkzks sj mktkrdgloltks poro j oholmjlj ksbjcor (Yopocgo &

Ekcmdol, 899?).

Yoro eglocgzor, rkegro-sk quk Kxgstkd toltos omjcksblbgos bjdj omjcksbkltks k o

`klkrocgzoj pjmk bjlmuzgr o udo glmkskaomo k pkrg`jso kstolmormgzoj (Bjrmkgrj,

?770, l.m., bgtomj pjr Rgcvo, 899=, p. 80). Bjltumj, ocùdos borobtkrstgbos sj

trolsvkrsogs, mgekrglmj lj djmj bjdj sk bjlbrktgzod, o ejrdo bjdj bomo pog k dk

`krk j qujtgmgolj, glvkstk lo rkcoj bjd js egcfjs, js kstgcjs k prtgbos porkltogs


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82

prkmjdgloltks poro kmubor, bugmor k kstgducor js egcfjs rkecktk ud rksuctomj mgekrkltk

los vrgos rkos mk mksklvjcvgdkltj k outjljdgo mjs omjcksbkltks (Rgcvo, 899=).

?.2 Yrtgbos porkltogs

Bkbbjlkccj, Oltjlg k Njcckr (8992) prjburorod mkdjlstror os mgekrklos kltrk

js bjlstrutjs prtgbos porkltogs k ojs KYs mksbrkvklmj os borotkrstgbos glkrkltks o bomo

ud mkcks. Os prtgbos porkltogs rkekrkd-sk s kstrot`gos quk js pogs utgcgzod poro jhtkr

rksuctomjs kspkbegbjs los rkos obomdgbo, sjbgoc k oektgvo (Fort, Lkcsjl, Xjhglsjl,

Jcskl, & DbLkgccy-Bfjquk, ?776, bgtomjs pjr Bkbbjlkccj & Njcckr, 8992). Kstos

kstrot`gos sj tjmjs js bjdpjrtodkltjs omjtomjs pkcjs pogs, poro quk j jhaktgvj

mkskaomj skao ocbolomj. Oqug, kstj glbcumos os rkbjdpklsos, os pulgks ju dksdj j

usj mo bjdulgboj poro kxpcgbgtor os mkbgsks ju sgtuoks. Lj quk sk rkekrk oj KY,

kstk kl`cjho udo jhskrvoj dogs `cjhoc mj gmkoc mk kmuboj mjs pogs k glmgbo j bcgdo

kdjbgjloc mo rkcoj pog-egcfj, quk pjmk kxghgr oektgvgmomk, rkspjlsgvgmomk k j bjltrjcj

(djljtjrgzoj/objdpolfodkltj mj bjdpjrtodkltj mjs egcfjs) (Bkbbjlkccj & Njcckr,

8992).

Os prtgbos kmubotgvos rkpjrtod-sk ojs bjdpjrtodkltjs omjtomjs pkcjs

kmubomjrks quk rkejrod ju glghkd mktkrdglomjs bjdpjrtodkltjs mos brgolos ju

omjcksbkltks (Ocvorkl`o, 899?).

Fjeedol (?70;) mkeglgu quk os prtgbos kmubotgvos kstovod mgvgmgmos kd

tblgbos bjkrbgvos k tblgbos glmutgvos. Os prgdkgros, mkljdglomos mk tblgbo bjkrbgvos,

rkcobgjlod-sk bjd js bjdpjrtodkltjs quk prjburod ejror o brgolo/omjcksbkltk o

eozkr oqugcj quk mktkrdglomj pkcj omuctj, utgcgzolmj kstrot`gos mk odkoo, pulgj

esgbo, prgvoj mk hkls ju mk oektj k bostg`js. O prkssj kxkrbgmo bjd j jhaktgvj mk


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ejror o brgolo/omjcksbkltk o eozkr oqugcj quk mkskaomj pkcj pog ju pkco dk. Kxgstk j

rgsbj mk kstos kstrot`gos `krorkd lo brgolo ejrtks skltgdkltjs mk dkmj, fjstgcgmomk k

olsgkmomk, j quk lj bjltrghug poro j mksklvjcvgdkltj bj`lgtgvj mo brgolo.

_uolmj js pogs bjcjbod rtucjs ju mksvocjrgzod js egcfjs, kstks pjmkd skltgr

ud mksodporj bjlmubkltk o kstomjs mk mkprkssj. ]ogs bjdpjrtodkltjs todhd sj

pjtklbgomjrks mk skltgdkltjs mk rogvo, erobossj, dkmj k mgdglugj mo outjkstgdo

(Rkvkrk, 8999). O ouslbgo mk oektj los rkcoks porkltogs, kd bjlaultj bjd o pulgj

vkrhoc, pjmk prkmgzkr ocùls prjhckdos bjdj o fgpkrotgvgmomk k o o`rkssgvgmomk

(Rtjrdsfobn, 8999). O pulgj esgbo pjmk todhd skr pkrbkhgmo bjdj prjdjtjro mk

ud pomrj bjdpjrtodkltoc quk bjlmuz js egcfjs o rkbjrrkr dksdo kstrot`go poro o

rksjcuj mjs skus prjhckdos ju mksoegjs mj mgo-o-mgo (Rocvomjr & Pkhkr, 899;).

J bjdpjrtodkltj porkltoc bjd hosk lo o`rkssgvgmomk tklmk o `kror euturjs

kmubomjrks bjd j dksdj bjdpjrtodkltj o`rkssgvj k, pjr suo vkz, pjtklbgo ljs egcfjs

kstk tgpj mk bjlmuto. Hjxkr, Muhjw k Fuksdoll (8992, bgtomjs pjr Ekrrkgro, 899;)

mkeklmkd o kxgstlbgo mk udo trols`krobgjlocgmomk mkstk tgpj mk prtgbo kmubotgvo.

O tblgbo glmutgvo, pjr jutj comj, rkekrk-sk s sgtuoks kd quk js pogs utgcgzod

j mgcj`j bjdj dkgj mk kxpcgboj. Yortk-sk mo prkdgsso mk quk o kxpjsgj mos rk`ros

k mos bjlskqulbgos eobgcgto o jhtklj mj bjdpjrtodkltj mkskaomj pjr portk mj egcfj, j

quk vog pkrdgtgr brgolo omqugrgr ud sgstkdo mk vocjrks k outjrrkùcor j sku

bjdpjrtodkltj (Fjeedol, ?70;).

Js pogs quk opklos glvkstkd j sku tkdpj bjd js egcfjs quolmj kxgstkd

prjhckdos kstj o rkejror kstks bjdpjrtodkltjs. O bjdulgboj jhrgò o quk toltj

pogs bjdj egcfjs skaod kdgssjrks k rkbktjrks. Js egcfjs mkvkd juvgr ospktjs bjdj os

rk`ros, os jrgkltoks, k os oprklmgzo`kls, dos js pogs todhd mkvkd obkgtor o

gdpjrtlbgo mk juvgr os jpglgks, kxpjsgks k kxpcgboks mjs egcfjs. Kstk


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bjdpjrtodkltj mk ksbuto otgvo pjr portk mjs kmubomjrks todhd vog skrvgr mk pomrj

mk bjdpjrtodkltj poro js egcfjs. Egcfjs dogs skùrjs k bjdpktkltks kstj ossjbgomjs o

pogs quk glbkltgvod j mgcj`j (Rgmdol, 8999).

Kxgstkd jutrjs kckdkltjs quk sj otrghumjs s prtgbos porkltogs k td `rolmk

rkckvlbgo, bjdj j bosj mo prksklo mk oektj k o bjlsgstlbgo ljs bjdpjrtodkltjs mjs

pogs. Rk, ludo mktkrdglomo sgtuoj, o rkspjsto mjs pogs mgekrkltk bjlejrdk j mgo ju o

mgspjsgj quk td, o brgolo pkrmk j pomrj mk rkspjsto k egbo skd sohkr quk rkoj vog

jhtkr bosj rkpgto j bjdpjrtodkltj glmkskaomj. Jutro glbjlsgstlbgo pjmk kstor

rkcobgjlomo bjd os mgekrkltks pjsgks mk bomo prj`klgtjr. Rgtuoks mkstos eozkd bjd

quk o brgolo ju j omjcksbkltk lj soghod j quk eozkr, pjrquk lj kxgstk ud pomrj

bjkrkltk (Futz, 8998).

J oektj ju o oektgvgmomk, bjdj rkekrk Fjeedol (?70;), kssklbgoc lo rkcoj

kltrk pogs k egcfjs, pjrquk brgo ud odhgkltk mk skùrolo kdjbgjloc k pjtklbgo j

mksklvjcvgdkltj mk ljrdos sjbgogs. Ykcj bjltrrgj, o ouslbgo mkstk odhgkltk mk oektj

`kro ljs egcfjs skltgdkltjs mk rkakgj porkltoc quk mj jrg`kd o glomkquoks sjbgogs

quk, dugtos vkzks, bucdglod kd bjdpjrtodkltjs mk o`rkssgvgmomk k ot mkcglqulbgo.

_uolmj kxgstk ud odhgkltk mk odjr, os rk`ros ju o mgsbgpcglo sj dogs hkd obkgtks

pkcjs egcfjs. O outjkstgdo k o supkroj mk prjhckdos k dkmjs sj eobgcgtomos quolmj

js egcfjs brksbkd bjd rkejrjs pjsgtgvjs k kcj`gjs, tjrlolmj-js dogs bjlegoltks k

djtgvomjs (Rkvkrk, 8999).

?.=. Kstgcjs Yorkltogs

J hjd eulbgjlodkltj eodgcgor k j prprgj hkd-kstor mjs omjcksbkltks klbjltrod-sk

gltgdodkltk cgòmjs ojs KYs (DbEorcolk, Hkccgssgdj, & Ljrdol, ?77;, bgtomjs pjr

Rjorks, 89?8).


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O kstrkgto gleculbgo quk j bjltkxtj eodgcgor tkd lo vgmo mjs egcfjs mkvk skr ocvj mk

kstumj, poro quk bomo vkz dogs sk bjlsgò jhtkr rksuctomjs ju rkspjstos quk ljs

pkrdgtod sohkr bjdj otuor. Js KYs pjmkd skr prkmgtjrks mjs bjdpjrtodkltjs mjs

egcfjs (Rjorks, 89?8).

Js KYs sj j bjlaultj mk otgtumks quk sj trolsdgtgmos brgolo k quk, tjmos

aultos, brgod ud bcgdo kdjbgjloc, lj quoc js pogs otuod mk mktkrdglomo ejrdo

(Morcgl` & Rtkglhkr`, ?772, p.=66).

Js kstumjs sjhrk js KYs ejrod kxpolmgmjs glgbgocdkltk pjr outjrks bjdj Rkors,

Dobbjhy k Fjeedol o portgr mjs oljs ;9 (Dobbjhy & Dortgl, ?762). Lksto octuro, j

ejbj mjs kstumjs kro sk js kstgcjs kstovod jrgkltomjs poro j odjr ju jrgkltomjs poro

j jhakbtj. J prgdkgrj mgz rkspkgtj oj oektj kdjbgjloc k kcj`gj (ju suo ouslbgo) k j

skùlmj hoskgo-sk kd otgvgmomks k rkbursj o hrglqukmjs ju suo rktgromo, opjltolmj

poro udo ohjrmo`kd dogs kxtkrlocgzomo, bjd hosk kd rkejrjs k suo ouslbgo (Rkors

kt oc., ?7;0, bgtomj pjr Rpkro, 899;).

Houdrglm (?755, ?70?, ?77?), oj cjl`j mk vrgos mbomos, rkocgzju vrgjs kstumjs k

kstkvk erkltk mk ocùdos glvkstgòks lo rko mjs KYs, quk glspgromj lo tkjrgo mj

bodpj k `rupjs mk cgmkrolo mk Nurt Ckwgl (?7=6). O outjro mkeglgu quk pjmodjs

gmkltgegbor trs KYs (djmkcj trgportgmj), mksg`lolmj-js mk outjrgtrgj, pkrdgssgvj k

outjrgtotgvj. O mkvgmo mkljdgloj otrghumo kd eulj mk ocùdos borobtkrstgbos

mjs pogs lo rkcoj bjd js egcfjs, ljdkomodkltk j kqugchrgj/mkskqugchrgj kltrk

rkspjlsgvgmomk/oektj k bjltrjcj. Dogs tormk jutrjs outjrks mksklvjcvkrod kstk djmkcj

gltk`rolmj jutros muos mgdklsks o kxg`lbgo k o sklsghgcgmomk tjrlolmj-sk lud djmkcj

quomrgportgmj (Dobbjhy, & Dortgl, ?762).

O outjro mksbrkvk j KY pkrdgssgvj bjdj oqukck kd quk js pogs obkgtod js

bjdpjrtodkltjs mjs skus egcfjs skd quocqukr tgpj bfodomo mk otklj/pulgj. Lj


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sj mkeglgmos rk`ros lkd cgdgtks poro js bjdpjrtodkltjs mjs egcfjs. Yjmk kxgstgr o

dolgpucoj k o kxpcgboj poro cgmor bjd oc`udo sgtuoj, dos lulbo j pjmkr. o

prprgo brgolo quk mkeglk j quk qukr k bjdj qukr, lj sklmj glmgbomjs pomrks

kxtkrljs poro quk o brgolo jhkmko (Houdrglm, ?755).

Lj kxtrkdj jpjstj, lj kstgcj outjrgtrgj js pogs mkdjlstrod `rolmk kxg`lbgo lj

quk bjlbkrlk ojs bjdpjrtodkltjs mjs egcfjs. ]kd ud pomrj mk bjlmuto ohsjcuto k

kxg`k quk skao budprgmj skd mgcj`j. Js pogs bjlsgmkrod quk o jhkmglbgo ojs

prglbpgjs k rk`ros kstohkckbgmjs pjr kcks td mk skr kxkbutomjs skd quocqukr

qukstgjlodkltj pjr portk mjs egcfjs. Uocjrgzod o gltkrgjrgzoj mjs skus pomrks

otrovs mj bjltrjcj, mksklbjroaolmj quocqukr jpglgj mjs skus kmubolmjs. ]oc bjlmuto

pjr portk mjs pogs pjmk cgdgtor o outjljdgo mjs egcfjs, ossgd bjdj rkstrgl`gr o

bjdulgboj lj dkgj eodgcgor (Houdrglm, ?755).

J KY outjrgtotgvj prjburo kstruturor os otgvgmomks mo brgolo mk ejrdo robgjloc k

mkspkrtor o suo outjljdgo k glmgvgmuocgmomk, ejdkltolmj o bjdulgboj k kxpjlmj ojs

egcfjs os rozks poro os mkbgsks tjdomos. _uolmj kxgstkd mgvkr`lbgos, uso-sk j

bjltrjcj bjlsgstkltk, kdhjro toc skao `krgmj bjd djmkroj k skd o omjj mk pulgks

kxo`kromos lkd cgdgtks kxbkssgvjs. otrovs mo kxpcgboj, mj pjmkr k mj rkejrj quk

sk prjburo kstohkckbkr js cgdgtks k os ljrdos, o`glmj-sk sk`ulmj os prprgos

glmgvgmuocgmomks k `rou mk mksklvjcvgdkltj mjs egcfjs prjdjvklmj j rkspkgtj

(Houdrglm, ?755).

Dogs tormk, Dobbjhy k Dortgl (?762), oprjeulmorod j bjlbkgtj, bjlsgmkrorod o

kxgstlbgo mk quotrj KYs bjd hosk kd quotrj mgdklsks rkspjlsgvgmomk/bjltrjcj k

sklsghgcgmomk/kxg`lbgo. Os mgdklsks rkspjlsgvgmomk/oektj k kxg`lbgo porkltoc,

bjdpckdkltod j djmkcj glgbgoc, ljdkomodkltk lo mgvgsj mj kstgcj pkrdgssgvj bjdj

lk`cg`kltk ju glmuc`kltk, O rkspjlsgvgmomk rkekrk os brtgbos, kcj`gjs k rkporjs ekgtjs


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ojs egcfjs, qukr ljs djdkltjs kd quk j bjdpjrtodkltj bjrrkspjlmk oj mkskaomj qukr

quolmj sk vkrgegbo j glvkrsj. Ju skao, gdpcgbo o bopobgmomk mk mor rkspjsto

glmgvgmuocgmomk mj egcfj k s kspkbgegbgmomks mjs bjltkxtj los quogs js bjdpjrtodkltjs

jbjrrkd. O kxg`lbgo mgz rkspkgtj qugcj quk mktkrdglomj ju gdpjstj pkcj bugmomjr k

quk kxpkbtvkc skr budprgmj pkcj egcfj. Bjdj toc, j bjltrjcj tkd bjdj jhaktgvj

òroltgr j budprgdkltj. Mkstk djmkcj kdkr`kd ossgd quotrj KYs dogs ohrol`kltks.

Lj eulmj, tkvk cuòr udo rkstruturoj mj KY pkrdgssgvj, quk sk suhmgvgmgu, kd

pkrdgssgvj k lk`cg`kltk. J prgdkgrj bjrrkspjlmk o pjubo rkspjlsgvgmomk, sklsghgcgmomk,

bjltrjcj k kxg`lbgo, ju skao,ju skao,js pogs mkdgtkd-sk mjs skus popgs bfkòlmj pjr

vkzks oj cgdgtk mk rkcoj dkrodkltk eulbgjloc. J skùlmj, borobtkrgzo-sk pjr kckvomo

rkspjlsgvgmomk, sklsghgcgmomk k pjubo kxg`lbgo k bjltrjcj. Js pogs glmuc`kltks tklmkd

o odor js skus egcfjs dos o mkcgdgtorkd pjubos rk`ros k cgdgtks, mkgxolmj o

djljtjrgzoj mj bjdpjrtodkltj rkspjlsohgcgmomk mjs egcfjs. Kstk KY pjmk skr

ossjbgomj o vocjrks mk cghkrmomk k outjljdgo, klquoltj omjptomjs pkcjs pogs lo

kmuboj mjs egcfjs (Ygrks, 89??).

Lj quk sk rkekrk oj kstgcj outjrgtotgvj, quk dogs kqugcghromj k eckxvkc, socgkltod-

sk js lvkgs mk kxg`lbgo, bjltrjcj rkspjlsgvgmomk k sklsghgcgmomk kckvomjs, omkquolmj

js pogs o suo bjlmuto s borobtkrstgbos mjs skus egcfjs k mos sgtuoks. J outjrgtrgj, pjr

suo vkz, borobtkrgzo-sk pjr kckvomj bjltrjcj, kxg`lbgo dos pjubj oekbtj/sklsghgcgmomk k

rkspjlsgvgmomk (Bjsto, ]kgxkgro, & @jdks, 8999, Ygrks, 89??).

Yoro Houdrglm (?755), lj kxgstkd dtjmjs ohsjcutjs poro o kmuboj mjs egcfjs,

pjrquk kxgstkd dugtos vorgvkgs quk pjmkd glecuklbgor js rksuctomjs k j tkdpkrodkltj

mos brgolos, sklmj lkbkssrgj bjlsgmkror bjdj bomo udo mos vorgvkgs pjmk mktkrdglor

mgekrkltks rksuctomjs. Lo suo jpglgj, pjssvkc klbjltror rksuctomjs pjsgtgvjs ljs

vrgjs KYs, oj bjltrrgj mj quk ocùls kstumjs oegrdod. Js pogs pjmkd oprkskltor


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bjdpjrtodkltjs mjs vrgjs KYs, kdhjro kxgstk o mjdgllbgo mk ud mjs KYs klquoltj

pomrj ju jrgkltomjr mos suos prtgbos k bjdpjrtodkltj porkltogs, bjltrghuglmj poro j

bcgdo eodgcgor (Houdrglm, ?708). Lo eodcgo, pog k dk pjmkd omjtor ud KY

mgekrkltk, jpjstj k/ju glbjlsgstkltks j quk pjmkr tkr jutbjdksdogs lk`otgvjs mj quk o

bjlbjrmlbgo kltrk pogs pkrdgssgvjs ju outjrgtrgjs. O glbjlsgstlbgo k mgekrklos lo

bjlbkj mk kmubor lo suo eulj porkltoc pjmkr susbgtor mgegbucmomks obrksbgmos, lj

opklos poro o brgolo dos todhd poro o momk dorgtoc . (Ygrks, 89?9).

O dogjr mgvkr`lbgo kltrk js pogs bjd j KY mjdgloltk outjrgtotgvj k js outjrgtrgj

kst lo ejrdo bjdj kxkrbgod o outjrgmomk (Kcmkr, ?752, bgtomj pjr Rprgltfocc &

Bjccgls, 8996, p. 299). Js prgdkgrjs kxkrbkd o suo outjrgmomk bjd hosk lj mgcj`j k

pogs k egcfjs kxpkd jpglgks. Kstks ejdkltod ljs egcfjs j rkspkgtj pjr oqugcj quk

mgzkd k otrghukd gdpjrtlbgo oj quk mgtj pkcjs egcfjs. Ludo olcgsk egloc, tjdomo

udo mkbgsj pkcjs pogs quk pjmkr klvjcvkr ju lj oqugcj quk ejg or`udkltomj pkcjs

egcfjs. Oqug, j klsglj objdpolfomj pkcj rkspkgtj sjhrk j quk egcfjs pklsod k skltkd

los mgvkrsos sgtuoks. Ljs outjrgtrgjs, js omjcksbkltks lj sj juvgmjs, lj kxgstglmj

j fhgtj mk egcfjs k pogs eocorkd sjhrk bjdpjrtodkltjs ju mkbgsks. O outjro rkekrk o

kxgstlbgo mk udo mkprkbgoj mjs skltgdkltjs k jpglgks mjs egcfjs. Kstks mgekrkltks

djmjs mk kstor ju kmubor kxkrbkd gleculbgo sjhrk js omjcksbkltks. Js rksuctomjs mj

kstumj rkocgzomj pjr Kcmkr (?752, bgtomj pjr Rprgltfocc & Bjccgls, 8996) pkrdgtgrod

bjlbcugr quk los eodcgos outjrgtotgvos js omjcksbkltks krod dogs outjbjlegoltks k

glmkpklmkltks kd bjdporoj bjd js omjcksbkltks mk eodcgos outjrgtrgos.

Bruz (89?2) bjlsgmkro quk kxgstkd dkcfjrks rksuctomjs, ljdkomodkltk lj quk sk

rkekrk s bjdpktlbgos sjbgogs mos brgolos jlmk sk pkrbkhk ud KY outjrgtotgvj. Lj

`rupj mos eodcgos outjrgtrgos, o outjro glmgbo quk os dklglos sk dolgekstod

sjbgocdkltk dogs mkpklmkltks k js dklgljs dogs fjstgs.


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Yoro Houdrglm (?755), eulmodkltoc quk o mgsbgpcglo/bjrrkj, quolmj opcgbomo

pkcjs pogs, skao djmkromo pkcj bugmomj k pkco kxpcgboj mos rozks quk ckvorod

tjdomo mksto mkbgsj. Gstj mkvk jbjrrkr pjrquk o bjrrkj, quolmj usomo mk ejrdo

skvkro k skd djmkroj ju kqugchrgj, pjmk `kror skltgdkltjs mk rkvjcto. Yoro o outjro,

j prjhckdo lj skr j bostg`j dos bjdj sk bostg`o. O pkrdgssgvgmomk mj omuctj pkroltk

ud glbgmkltk mk o`rkssgvgmomk pjr portk mo brgolo rkejro j bjdpjrtodkltj. Yjr gssj,

tjrlo-sk dogs kegboz klsglor ojs pogs bjdj pulgr js egcfjs mj quk sustkltor o gmkgo mk

quk lj mkvk fovkr cu`or o bjlskqulbgos poro js bjdpjrtodkltjs glbjrrktjs. Lj

kstumj mk Dgmmcktjl k Rlkcc, ?752 (bgtomj pjr Houdrglm, ?755), o obkgtoj ju lj mo

mgsbgpcglo/bjrrkj kst ossjbgomo rkcoj quk o brgolo tkd bjd js pogs, mkpklmklmj

mo kxgstlbgo ju lj mk prjxgdgmomk lo rkcoj pogs-egcfjs.

O bjdulgboj kltrk pogs k egcfjs, bjd rkbursj oj ekkmhobnpjsgtgvj k oj rkspkgtj,

pjtklbgo bjdpjrtodkltjs rkspjlsvkgs pjr portk mjs egcfjs k glbkltgvo o outjljdgo poro

o tjdomo mk mkbgsj. Kstos borotkrstgbos sj bjduls los eodcgos outjrgtotgvos, rozj

pkco quoc bjduddkltk sk bjlsgmkro kstk KY bjdj oqukck quk jhtd dkcfjrks

rksuctomjs lj kxkrbbgj mk kmubor (Rprgltfocc & Bjccgls, 8996).

Fouskr (?76=) kxpcgbo todhd o gdpjrtlbgo mo bjdulgboj soumvkc lo eodcgo.

Lj kstumj quk mksklvjcvku bjd omjcksbkltks k pogs, bjlbcugu quk j mksklvjcvgdkltj

mj k`j kst bjrrkcobgjlomj mk ejrdo pjsgtgvo bjd j glbkltgvj kxprkssj mjs

skltgdkltjs k jpglgks mjs omjcksbkltks. J outjr rkejrju, ossgd, o gdpjrtlbgo mj

mgcj`j bjd rkbursj austgegboj ju kxpcgboj, kd vkz mk sgdpcksdkltk mor jrmkls

ju glmgbor j quk j omjcksbkltk tkd mk eozkr. _uolmj o bjdulgboj hoskomo lo brtgbo

k lo mksvocjrgzoj mos jpglgks mjs egcfjs, j rksuctomj opjlto poro ud hogxj lvkc mk

mksklvjcvgdkltj mj k`j.


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Ykgxjtj k Xkgs (89?2) glmgbod quk o brtgbo k o kxbkssgvo kxg`lbgo mjs pogs poro

bjd js egcfjs mksklbomkgod ljs mksbklmkltks ud kvgtodkltj mos torkeos. Js

omjcksbkltks rkvkcorod-sk dogs jrgkltomjs poro bjdpjrtodkltjs mk outjmkekso,

prjvovkcdkltk poro bjcdotor o prkssj kxpkrgklbgomo pkco gdpjsgj mjs pogs.

Lj kstumj mk Houdrglm (?70;), js rksuctomjs glmgborod quk os brgolos

kcj`gomos k klbjroaomos, dksdj pkroltk prkssj bjlsgstkltk, rkvkcod kckvomjs lvkgs mk

bjdpktlbgo glstrudkltoc. Js pogs quk sj bjlsgstkltks k quk opcgbod bjd xgtj os suos

ljrdos prjdjvkd lo brgolo o kstruturo lkbkssrgo poro eobgcgtor j eulbgjlodkltj

kegboz k j pklsodkltj jròlgzomj. J odhgkltk jlmk o brgolo brksbk pjmk pjtklbgor ju

prjtk`-co mk prjhckdos psgbjc`gbjs. O outjro glmgbo quk ljs skus kstumjs lj

bjlskùgu vkrgegbor rgsbj mk ksqugzjerklgo kd eodcgos jlmk j odhgkltk eodgcgor mk

bjltrjcj k bugmomj. Kd bjltroportgmo, brgolos lk`cg`klbgomos todhd lj sj

sgllgdj mk bjdpjrtodkltj psgbtgbj ju mkcglqukltk.

_uolmj o rkcoj pogs-egcfjs fordjlgjso, bjlsgstkltk k oektgvo, js

bjdpjrtodkltjs mjs egcfjs trolsporkbkd kssk kqugchrgj. J mksklvjcvgdkltj

gltkckbtuoc, sjbgoc k ot kdjbgjloc supkrgjr quolmj bjdporomj o brgolos jlmk o

rkcoj bjd js pogs dkljs bjlsgstkltk k oektgvo. Yoro quk o oprklmgzo`kd k j

bjdpjrtodkltj mo brgolo skaod osskrtgvjs, js pogs mkvkd kstgducor, djtgvor k

oborglfor o brgolo. Rk o brgolo lj tgvkr js gl`rkmgkltks obgdo rkekrgmjs, f tklmlbgo

poro dkljs outjbjltrjcj k osskrtgvgmomk, j quk sk rkecktgr mk ejrdo lkòtgvo los suos

bjdpktlbgos sjbgogs k obomdgbos (Bustmgj & Bruz, 8996).

[d eotjr mk kstohgcgmomk, quk osskùro ud kspoj poro os oprklmgzo`kls k poro o

oqugsgj mo doturgmomk bj`lgtgvo k kdjbgjloc, kst rkcobgjlomj bjd o bjlegolo quk js

omjcksbkltks skltkd lo ulgj mo eodcgo. Os eodcgos outjrgtotgvos pjtklbgod kstk


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odhgkltk eobgcgtomjr oj mksklvjcvgdkltj, bjd hosk lo rkcoj mk bjlegolo bjlqugstomo

kltrk pogs k egcfjs (Rprgltfocc & Bjccgls, 8996).

Houdrglm (899;) bjlbcugu quk, lj bosj mk pogs quk mgrkbgjlod js egcfjs dos

lj sj outjrgtrgjs, os brgolos sj dogs bjdpktkltks k omkquomos sjbgocdkltk mj quk

oqukcos quk td pogs mgrktgvjs k outjrgtrgjs. Dos, sk o `rolmk kxg`lbgo k

rkspjlsgvgmomk pjr portk mjs pogs bjkxgstgr bjd ud hjd rkcobgjlodkltj gltkrpkssjoc

kltrk pogs k egcfjs, js rksuctomjs rkvkcod-sk dogs pjsgtgvjs.

Bjlsjoltk j bjltkxtj bucturoc pjmkdjs vkrgegbor quk kxgstk mgekrklo lo ejrdo

bjdj sk kxprkssod js rksuctomjs mjs kstumjs, gstj , bomo bucturo oprksklto ud KY

bjdj sklmj j dogs bjdud ju mjdgloltk k j quk sk vkrgegbo sj mgekrkltks rkoks ju

rksuctomjs ojs vrgjs KYs.

Lud jcfor tlgbj sjhrk js KYs, js kstumjs odkrgboljs glmgbod quk js oerj-

odkrgboljs, fgsplgbjs k osgtgbjs sj dogs outjrgtrgjs mj quk js boubosgoljs. Js oerj-

odkrgboljs todhd sk rkvkcod dkljs pkrdgssgvjs mj quk js fgsplgbjs k osgtgbjs

(Mjrlhusbf kt oc., ?760). Js mgekrkltks KYs bjlstrjkd-sk bjd hosk loqugcj quk sj js

vocjrks k o bucturo. O prprgo ejrdo bjdj bomo glmgvmuj gltkrgjrgzo oqugcj quk cfk

trolsdgtgmj otrovs mj KY omjtomj pkcjs pogs tkd udo ckgturo quk vorgo kd eulj mos

ljrdos k vocjrks mk bomo bucturo. Mksto ejrdo, bjlsk`ugdjs pkrbkhkr js mgekrkltks

rksuctomjs mjs KYs sk jcfordjs poro odjstros osgtgbos jlmk f udo prkvoclbgo mj

KY outjrgtrgj, kd bucturos ol`cj-soxlgbos j prkmjdlgj j KY outjrgtotgvj k js ghkrj-

odkrgboljs dogs pkrdgssgvjs (Houdrglm, ?708> Mjrlhusbf kt oc., ?760> L`uykl, 8996).

Houdrglm (?708), lud kstumj bjd brgolos oerj-odkrgbolos, opksor mk os

brgolos skrkd brgomos dogjrgtorgodkltk bjd j kstgcj outjrgtrgj, vkrgegbju ud hjd

mksklvjcvgdkltj sjbgoc. O o`rkssgvgmomk mos dks oerj-odkrgbolos gltkrprktomo pkcos

egcfos bjdj udo ejrdo mk bugmomj, oj possj quk os egcfos boubosgolos o gltkrprktod


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bjdj rkakgj. Js rksuctomjs glmgbod quk os egcfos mk dks outjrgtrgos, quolmj

brksbkrod, tjrlorod-sk kcos prprgos outjrgtrgos.

[d kstumj rkocgzomj bjd ;=6 omjcksbkltks lo sgo (Xkhkbbo, 8995) djstrju

quk egcfjs mk pogs bjd kstgcj mk outjrgmomk porkltoc outjrgtotgvj tglfod dkcfjrks

rksuctomjs oj lvkc obomdgbj quolmj bjdporomjs bjd pogs bjd KYs pkrdgssgvjs ju

outjrgtrgjs.

A lud kstumj bjd omjcksbkltks vgktlodgtos rksgmkltks ljs K[O (Lùykl,

8996), ejg pjssvkc bjlbcugr quk js pogs sj dogjrgtorgodkltk outjrgtrgjs quoltj oj KY

omjtomj. J outjr glmgbo oglmo quk kstks omjcksbkltks td udo outjkstgdo dogs hogxo k

lvkgs mk mkprkssj dogs kckvomjs bjdporotgvodkltk ojs omjcksbkltks buajs pogs jptod

pjr jutrj KY.

Bjltrorgodkltk, kd Kspolfo lud kstumj rkocgzomj bjd omjcksbkltks js

rksuctomjs glmgborod quk egcfjs quk bjlsgmkrod js pogs bjdj pjssuglmj ud KY

pkrdgssgvj glmuc`kltk, jhtd hjls rksuctomjs kd tkrdjs mk outjbjlbkgtj k sjbgocgzoj

(Dusgtj & @orbo, 899;).

O pkrtgllbgo mo jhskrvoj mj gdpobtj mo bucturo ljs kstumjs obgdo rkekrgmjs,

ckvorod ocùls outjrks o rkpcgbor glvkstgòj sjhrk js KY lo pjpucoj pjrtuùkso.

Ygrks (89??) k Ygrks, Fgpcgtj k Aksus (89?9, 89??), kd mjgs kstumjs bjd pogs k

rkspkbtgvjs egcfjs mjs bglbj ojs jgtj oljs mo rk`gj mk Cgshjo, vkrgegborod quk j kstgcj

porkltoc prkmjdgloltk j outjrgtotgvj poro pogs k dks, lj sk vkrgegborod mgekrklos

mk gmomk, `lkrj, ksbjcorgmomk k rklmgdkltj kbjldgbj Ygrks (89??). J dksdj kstumj

rkvkcju quk j kstgcj pkrdgssgvj mjs pogs tkd ud gdpobtj ljs sgltjdos psgbjegsgjc`gbjs

mk strkssk kxpkrgklbgomjs pkco brgolo. Yjr sku comj, os brgolos vgvklbgod

lkòtgvodkltk prtgbos porkltogs mk bjkrj, pulgj, kxoctoj k kxprkssj kdjbgjloc


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2=

lkòtgvos k pjsgtgvodkltk os prtgbos porkltogs dogs glmutgvos, bjd hosk lj mgcj`j k

rk`ros k kxpkbtotgvos kxpcgbgtos, borobtkrstgbos mj KY outjrgtotgvj (Ygrks, 89??). .

Lud jutrj kstumj bjd o pjpucoj pjrtuùkso, ejg pjssvkc vkrgegbor gùocdkltk

quk j KY dogs utgcgzomj j outjrgtotgvj k j dkljs bjdud j pkrdgssgvj. Js pogs bjd

ksbjcorgmomk supkrgjr, ljrdocdkltk, kxkrbkd udo porkltocgmomk outjrgtotgvo. Lj `kroc,

js omjcksbkltks bjlsgmkrod quk js pogs sj dogs outjrgtrgjs mj quk pkrdgssgvjs,

obkltuolmj oglmo dogs mgekrklo lj `lkrj ekdglglj (Djròmj, Dorjbj, Dgùkc,

Dobfomj & Mgos, 8995).

s vorgvkgs quk prkmgzkd o omjj mk ud KY prkmjdgloltk pkcjs pogs k j

kekgtj quk js KYs kd mgekrkltks rkos mj mksklvjcvgdkltj k sjbgocgzoj mos brgolos/

omjcksbkltks rkecktgmj kd ocùls kstumjs quk los ctgdos mbomos td prjburomj

rkspjstos.

Lj quk mgz rkspkgtj oj `lkrj mjs pogs k oj KY omjtomj, Mjrlhusbf, kt oc.,

(?760) mkdjlstrod o glkxgstlbgo mk mgekrklos sg`lgegbotgvos, glmgbolmj, ossgd, quk j

`lkrj lj glmgbomjr mk mgekrklos lj quk mgz rkspkgtj oj KY.

J lvkc mo kmuboj mjs pogs todhd ud eotjr gdpjrtoltk k bjlsgmkromj pkcjs

mgekrkltks outjrks. Js momjs glmgbod quk pogs bjd dogs kstumjs sj dogs outjrgtotgvjs

k, pjr bjlskqulbgo, dkljs outjrgtrgjs k pkrdgssgvjs. Rk o vorgvkc olocgsomo ejr j

kstotutj mo eodcgo, pkrbkhkdjs quk js pogs k dks sjctkgrjs, quolmj bjdporomjs bjd

eodcgos tromgbgjlogs (pog k dk), sj dogs pkrdgssgvjs (Mjrlhusbf kt oc., ?760).

Lud kstumj rkocgzomj pjr Bustmgj k Bruz (8996), js outjrks bjlbcurod quk o

ksbjcorgmomk mjs pogs tkd gdpobtj lo ejrdo bjdj os brgolos gltk`rod kdjks k

oks1 pogs bjd ksbjcorgmomk dogs hogxo rkvkcod-sk dkljs kdptgbjs bjd js

skltgdkltjs mjs egcfjs k, pjr ljrdo, lj ck`gtgdod os mkbgsks mk rkprjvoj. Oj lvkc


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2;

mos glstruks poro os torkeos mgrgos, todhd lj ksbcorkbkd toltj js egcfjs bjdj js

pogs bjd ksbjcorgmomk supkrgjr.

Lo eodcgo js vrgjs kckdkltjs quk o bjlstgtukd td mgekrkltks djmjs mk

pkrbkbgjlor o mgldgbo quk kxgstk kltrk sg. Lj kstumj rkocgzomj bjd momks dks-pogs k

egcfjs(os) outjro Ygrks (89??), vkrgegbju udo mgvkr`lbgo los pkrbkks quk js

kckdkltjs mo eodcgo td. ]ocvkz glecuklbgomjs pkco mkskaohgcgmomk sjbgoc js pogs sk

bjlsgmkrod dogs outjrgtotgvjs mj quk oqugcj quk opjltomj pkcjs egcfjs. Kstks

rksuctomjs pkrdgtkd-ljs kltklmkr o gdpjrtlbgo kd jhtkr pkrbkks mjs vrgjs

dkdhrjs mo eodcgo. O jpjrtulgmomk mk tkr o gltkrvklj mos prprgos

brgolos/omjcksbkltks o kdgtgr udo jpglgj sjhrk os rkos quk sk bjlsgmkrk kstumor, trs

udo `rolmk rgqukzo bjdulgmomk bgkltegbo k ud jcfor dogs kxotj mo rkocgmomk. (Ygrks,

89??).

Lud kstumj rkocgzomj lj Hrosgc (Pkhkr, Yromj, Ugkzzkr & Hrolmklhur`, 899=)

bjd brgolos kltrk js ljvk k js mjzk oljs, lj quoc sk bjdporju o pkrbkj mk pogs k

egcfjs sjhrk j KY mkskdpklfomj, js rksuctomjs rkvkcorod mgvkr`lbgo los rkspjstos1 js

pogs vkkd-sk dogs rkspjlsgvjs k kxg`kltks mj quk js egcfjs js vkkd. Yoro js outjrks, toc

pjmk skr glmgbomjr mk quk kxgstk ud prjhckdo mk bjdulgboj, jlmk js pogs ossudkd

quk js egcfjs mkvkrj kltklmkr os suos mkbgsks k otgtumks bjdj omuctjs. Ejrod todhd

klbjltromos mgekrklos lo pkrbkj mj KY kd eulj mj `lkrj.

Ygrks (89??) klbjltrju rksuctomjs skdkcfoltks, vkrgegbolmj quk, oglmo quk

fjuvkssk bjlbjrmlbgo kltrk js pogs (dk k pog), o pkrbkj mjs egcfjs kro mgvkr`kltk.

Js egcfjs bjd gmomks bjdprkklmgmos kltrk js bglbj k js jgtj oljs tklmgod o pkrbkbgjlor

js pogs bjdj dogs outjrgtrgjs k pkrdgssgvjs, klquoltj js pogs sk bjlsgmkrovod

dogjrgtorgodkltk outjrgtotgvjs.


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Rjorks (89?8), lud kstumj rkocgzomj lj mgstrgtj mk Cgshjo bjd brgolos kltrk js

ljvk k js jlzk oljs, todhd prjburju olocgsor o pkrbkj mk pogs k egcfjs quoltj oj

KY, jhskrvolmj quk kxgstkd mgvkr`lbgos kltrk j quk pkrbkhgmj pkcjs egcfjs k js pogs

ljs kstgcjs outjrgtotgvj k outjrgtrgj. ]ogs rksuctomjs opjltod poro udo mgsbrkplbgo

kltrk o kmuboj quk mj ojs skus egcfjs k j djmj bjdj o pkrbkbgjlod.

Kxgstglmj mgekrklos kltrk oqugcj quk pogs k egcfjs bjlsgmkrod quoltj oj KY

pjmkdjs bjlakturor quk o ejrdo bjdj sk bjdulgbo ju o rkbkj mo glejrdoj

vkgbucomo lj kst o bgrbucor bjd o bcorkzo ju prkbgsj mkskaomo. Rk oqugcj quk

glecuklbgo js bjdpjrtodkltjs o pkrbkj glmgvgmuoc ludo mgldgbo bgrbucor tjrlo-sk

brubgoc bjlfkbkr o pkrbkj mk bomo kckdkltj o egd mk bjdprkklmkr dkcfjr o mgldgbo

eodgcgor k bjlbkgtjs glkrkltks dksdo (Ygrks, 89??).

Los eodcgos jlmk kst prkskltk j bjltrjck mos otgvgmomks mjs egcfjs dos oj

dksdj tkdpj brgod kspoj poro quk foao o ohkrturo oj mgcj`j k portgcfo mk jpglgks

kltrk js vrgjs kckdkltjs mo eodcgo, k o rkcoj kltrk pogs k egcfjs hoskomo lj oektj,

kstks pjtklbgod ud dkcfjr mksklvjcvgdkltj sjbgjkdjbgjloc, doturgmomk psgbjssjbgoc,

dogjr outjkstgdo k dkcfjrks rksuctomjs obomdgbjs (Ykgxjtj, 8992).

?.; Xklmgdkltj ksbjcor

J rklmgdkltj ksbjcor udo tkdtgbo mk kxtrkdo rkckvlbgo otklmklmj oj eotj

mk glecuklbgor dugtos jutros rkos mo vgmo mo brgolo k omjcksbkltk. Oglmo quk j dksdj

pjsso trolsporkbkr oc`udo glmgekrklo o vkrmomk quk vgvgmj k skltgmj mk ejrdo

lk`otgvo, bucdglolmj kd skltgdkltjs mk `rolmk glbjdpktlbgo (Ovolzglg, ?750 bgtomj

pjr Xjso, 89?2). ]roto-sk mk udo ovocgoj bjlbrkto mjs bjlfkbgdkltjs jhtgmjs pkcjs

oculjs. Lo prtgbo rkdktk poro js rksuctomjs mo ovocgoj sudotgvo quk js prjekssjrks


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opcgbod kd bjltkxtj ksbjcor. O ovocgoj sudotgvo kltj udo bcossgegboj quk sk

otrghug ojs trohocfjs k tkstks rkocgzomjs poro j bjltkxtj ksbjcor k quk glejrdo js oculjs,

js pogs, prjekssjrks k bjdulgmomk kd `kroc mo oprklmgzo`kd omqugrgmos pkcj oculj

(Ekrroz, kt oc, ?77=). O eulj sudotgvo o mk oekrgr, bkrtgegbor k vkrgegbor j `rou mk

budprgdkltj (Dotjs, 89??).

J rklmgdkltj ksbjcor kltj j rksuctomj ovocgomj kxtkrgjrdkltk ocbolomj pkcj

oculj. Mgvkrsos vorgvkgs td sgmj ossjbgomos ojs rksuctomjs ksbjcorks, ju skao oj

rklmgdkltj obomdgbj, togs bjdj1 o outjkstgdo k j outjbjlbkgtj, o ksbjcorgmomk mjs

pogs ossgd bjdj j sku klvjcvgdkltj lo vgmo mjs egcfjs, k j bjltkxtj sjbgjbucturoc jlmk

o brgolo ju j omjcksbkltk sk glskrk (Ykgxjtj, 8992> Pkhkr & Rocvomjr, 899;). Lkstk

skltgmj, todhd js kstgcjs kmubotgvjs porkltogs (KYs) td sgmj opjltomjs bjdj udo

vorgvkc gdpjrtoltk.

Ykgxjtj (8992), bjlsgmkro quk j bjltkxtj rkcobgjloc quk kxgstk lj skgj mo eodcgo

bcorodkltk eulmodkltoc poro o bjlstruj mj outjbjlbkgtj (brklos sjhrk j prprgj

ludo pkrspktgvo bj`lgtgvo) k outjkstgdo (rkprkskltoj mk sg sjh udo bjdpjlkltk

oektgvo) mjs egcfjs k pjr suo vkz, os suos gltkroks kstohkckbkd o ejrdo bjdj js

omjcksbkltks bjlstrjkd o gdo`kd quk tkd mk sg, quoltj s bjdpktlbgos k bopobgmomks.

Lud kstumj bjd 77; omjcksbkltks kd Yjrtuòc j outjr vkrgegbju udo kstrkgto cgòj

kltrk os rkcoks k mgldgbos eodgcgorks k j rklmgdkltj obomdgbj. ]odhd jhskrvju

quk j lvkc ksbjcor mjs pogs tkd gdpobtj lj outjbjlbkgtj obomdgbj k quk oculjs skd

rktklks krod js quk sk jhskrvovod dogjr glvkstgdkltj oektgvj los rkcoks

eodgcgorks.

Houdrglm (?708) ludo mos suos glvkstgòks sjhrk js KYs vkrgegbju mgekrklos

kltrk j KY outjrgtrgj k j outjrgtotgvj, quk sk rkpjrto oj eobtj mk js egcfjs mk pogs

outjrgtotgvjs sk rkvkcorkd dogs hkd-subkmgmjs lj mkskdpklfj ksbjcor mj quk js egcfjs


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mk pogs outjrgtrgjs. Js trohocfjs mk Mjrlhusbf, kt oc., (?760) k Xkhkbbo (8995) glmgbod

rksuctomjs sgdgcorks, ud dkcfjr mkskdpklfj obomdgbj kd egcfjs mk pogs quk omjtod

KY outjrgtotgvjs. Mjrlhusbf, kt oc.,(?760) ludo jhskrvoj mj mkskdpklfj ksbjcor mjs

omjcksbkltks, js egcfjs mjs outjrgtrgjs tklmkd o jhtkr ud mkskdpklfj ksbjcor dogs

erobj bjd j oudkltj mo gmomk. J kekgtj bjltrrgj sur`k ljs egcfjs mk pogs pkrdgssgvjs,

quk tklmkd o ocbolor dkcfjrks rksuctomjs ksbjcorks bjd dogs gmomk. Yjr egd, poro js

egcfjs mk pogs outjrgtotgvjs, j mkskdpklfj ksbjcor lj sjerk quocqukr octkroj bjd j

oudkltj mo gmomk.

Lud kstumj bjd ?89 omjcksbkltks Rtkglhkr`, Kcdkl k Djults (?767),

bjrrjhjrorod o fgptksk mk quk j KY outjrgtotgvj sk ossjbgo pjsgtgvodkltk lj

mkskdpklfj ksbjcor. Lj rkekrgmj kstumj, pr-omjcksbkltks k omjcksbkltks (?9-?5 oljs),

buajs pogs krod, bjlsgmkromjs outjrgtotgvjs, jhtglfod rksuctomjs ksbjcorks dogs

kckvomjs mj quk js mkdogs.

Ossgd, bjlsgmkro-sk otuoc k pkrtglkltk o rkocgzoj mk ud kstumj bjd

omjcksbkltks pjrtu`uksks, quk ljs pkrdgto pkrbkhkr sk kxgstk oc`udo gleculbgo mjs

KYs sjhrk j rklmgdkltj ksbjcor, otkltolmj poro oqugcj quk pogs k egcfjs pkrbkbgjlod.


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GG YOX]K

YXJHCKDO, YKX]GLKLBGO MJ KR][MJ


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=9

8.? Yrjhckdo k Ykrtgllbgo mj kstumj

[d mjs `rolmks mksoegjs kd Yjrtuòc tkd sgmj j bjdhotk oj glsubkssj ksbjcor.

Lj tkrrgtrgj lobgjloc, o pkrbklto`kd mk oculjs bjd rktklks kckvomo quolmj

bjdporomo bjd js ldkrjs kurjpkus. Rkùlmj j ctgdj rkcotrgj mo [lgj Kurjpkgo

(89??) mgvucòmj, 88,=9% oculjs mj ?. k 8. bgbcj kd Yjrtuòc tgvkrod pkcj dkljs udo

rkpktlbgo ksbjcor. Kstk vocjr portgcfomj sjdkltk pjr ud jutrj pos (Fjcolmo), bjd j

quoc Yjrtuòc mgvgmk j prgdkgrj cuòr mo tohkco rkekrkltk ojs posks bjd dogs rktklks

lj klsglj hsgbj (?. k 8. bgbcj). Ljs rksuctomjs rkcotgvjs oj 2. bgbcj mj klsglj hsgbj,

Yjrtuòc rk`gsto 89,79% mk rktklks jhtklmj oqug j quortj cuòr mo tohkco, quk

cgmkromo pkco Kspolfo, Erolo k Hc`gbo.

J rkpktgmj glsubkssj obomdgbj jrg`glo ud megbk ljs rkejrjs pjsgtgvjs ju

kcj`gjs lo rko mj mkskdpklfj ksbjcor. Ksto sgtuoj mk kxtrkdo sklsghgcgmomk, pjrquk

`kro lj oculj ud skltgdkltj mk erobossj mgebgc mk uctropossor. J mkskaj mk kvgtodkltj

mj kspoj quk `kro kstk doc-kstor oudklto, j quk jrg`glo bjdpjrtodkltjs glomkquomjs

k j mksgltkrkssk tjtoc pkcj pkrbursj ksbjcor. Yjr gssj, tjrlo-sk gdprksbglmvkc glvkstgr kd

kstrot`gos quk pkrdgtod o gltk`roj k djtgvoj mkstks oculjs lo bjdulgmomk ksbjcor.

Js oculjs lkbkssgtod mk kckvor o outjkstgdo kd rkcoj s suos bjdpktlbgos mk

oprklmgzo`kd. J skltgdkltj mk bjdpktlbgo kxpkrgklbgomj pkcj oculj vog bjlstrugr os

hosks lkbkssrgos poro ud glvkstgdkltj djtgvomj k kdpklfomj lo bjltglugmomk moksbjcorgzoj (DbKvjy & Pkcnkr, 8999).

Otrovs mo rkvgsj mo cgtkroturo, ejg pjssvkc pkrbkhkr quk ocùls kstumjs

rkocgzomjs sjhrk js KYs k j sku gdpobtj lj mkskdpklfj ksbjcor glmgbod quk js oculjs

bjd dkcfjr rklmgdkltj ksbjcor sj oqukcks kd quk j KY j outjrgtotgvj, qukr skao

pkrbkbgjlomj pkcjs pogs qukr pkcjs egcfjs. Glvkrsodkltk, j kstgcj outjrgtrgj k j

pkrdgssgvj opjltod, pjr kxkdpcj, poro pgjrks rksuctomjs ksbjcorks k udo outjkstgdo


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=?

dogs hogxo. O oekrgj mkstks kstumjs tkd sgmj ekgto pjr vrgjs outjrks oj cjl`j mos

ctgdos mbomos k otrghukd ojs KYs omjtomjs ud `rou mk rkspjlsohgcgmomk lj

mkskdpklfj ksbjcor (Houdrglm, ?70?, ?77?> Mjrlhusbf, kt oc., ?760> Codhjrl,

Djults, Rtkglhkr`, & Mjrlhusf, ?77?> Xkhkbbo, 8995> Rtkglhkr`, kt oc., ?767).

Los bucturos ol`cj-soxlgbo j KY outjrgtotgvj j quk sk rkvkco dogs omkquomj,

dos kd Kspolfo j KY pkrdgssgvj-glmuc`kltk kst rkcobgjlomj bjd jutbjdks pjsgtgvjs.

Js ghkrj-odkrgboljs, oerj-odkrgboljs k kd bucturos osgtgbos j KY prkmjdgloltk j

outjrgtrgj. Ljs kstumjs ot o`jro rkocgzomjs kd Yjrtuòc o prkmjdgllbgo otrghumo oj

KY outjrgtotgvj. Ossgd, j gdpobtj mj bjltkxtj bucturoc rkvkco-sk dugtj gdpjrtoltk

quolmj kstks momjs sj olocgsomjs. Bjd hosk loqugcj quk ocùls outjrks jhskrvorod,

kxgstkd mgekrklos lj kekgtj mjs KY los vorgvkgs mjs egcfjs (jutbjdks) skùlmj bomo

bjltkxtj bucturoc (Houdrglm, ?708> Mjrlhusbf, kt oc., ?760> Dusgtj & @orbo, 899;>

Lùykl, 8996> Ygrks, 89?9> 89??> Ygrks kt oc., 89??> Pkhkr kt oc., 899=), tjrlo-sk pjr

gssj pkrtglkltk kltklmkr j kekgtj quk js KY tkd lj rklmgdkltj obomdgbj tklmj kd

bjlsgmkroj j bjltkxtj bucturoc pjrtuùs.

Jutrj kckdkltj gdpjrtoltk bjlsgmkror o gltkrvklj mk pogs k egcfjs ljs

kstumjs. O bjltrghugj rkbkhgmo pjr dogs kckdkltjs mo eodcgo klrgqukbkd js

rksuctomjs k pkrdgtkd udo pkrbkj dogs ohrol`kltk pjrquk lj sk bkltro

kxbcusgvodkltk ludo pkrspktgvo. Obrksbk o gstj, j eotj mk ocùls outjrks bjlbcurkd

quk pogs k egcfjs mgvkr`kd lo pkrbkj quk tkd quoltj oj KY kxkrbgmj (Ygrks, 89?9>

89??> Rjorks, 89?8> Pkhkr, 899=) j quk kckvo o gdpjrtlbgo kd kstumor js KY bjd o

bjcohjroj qukr mk pogs bjdj mjs egcfjs.

O pkrtgllbgo mkstk kstumj tkd pjr hosk j eotj mjs kstumjs rkocgzomjs kd

Yjrtuòc sjhrk j kekgtj mj KY lj rklmgdkltj ksbjcor td-sk ejbomj kd gmomks dogs

prkbjbks, oltkrgjrks omjcksblbgo k lj jhskrvorod o pkrbkj mjs pogs k egcfjs


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=8

quoltj ojs KYs. Lj kxgstkd dugtjs kstumjs jlmk skaod bjlsgmkromos os rkspjstos mk

momks pogs-egcfjs. Gùocdkltk, o mgsbjrmlbgo klbjltromo pjr vrgjs outjrks los

pkrbkks mjs pogs k egcfjs austgegbod o pkrtgllbgo mkstk kstumj. Obrksbk oglmo

bjlsgmkror rkckvoltk, otklmklmj oj bjltkxtj bucturoc quk, bjdj obgdo rkekrgmj tkd sgmj

opjltomj bjdj eotjr glecuklbgomjr mjs kstumjs sjhrk js KYs. Yjr kssk djtgvj,

bjlsgmkrju-sk sg`lgegbotgvj olocgsor lud kstumj vorgvkgs quk bjlbgcgosskd j

rklmgdkltj obomdgbj k j jcfor sjhrk os momks pogs/dks k egcfjs quoltj oj KY ludo

odjstro pjrtuùkso.

Mksto ejrdo, js prglbgpogs jhaktgvjs mkstk kstumj sj ovocgor o pkrbkj mk

kstgcjs porkltogs eodgcgorks kd momks pogs/dks-egcfjs k vkrgegbor sk js KYs

pkrbkpbgjlomjs pjr pogs k egcfjs kxkrbkd ud kekgtj lj rklmgdkltj ksbjcor mjs egcfjs

quk erkqukltod j 8. k 2.bgbcjs mj klsglj hsgbj.

Ossgd sklmj, bjcjbodjs j skùgltk prjhckdo mk glvkstgòj1 Rkr quk js

Kstgcjs Yorkltogs pkrbkbgjlomjs pjr pogs k egcfjs td ud kekgtj lj mkskdpklfj ksbjcor:

8.8 Jhaktgvjs

Bjlsgmkrolmj o pkrtgllbgo mj kstumj rkekrgmo oltkrgjrdkltk, j prkskltk kstumj

pjssug bjdj jhakbtgvjs `krogs1 bjlfkbkr o pkrbkj mk kstgcjs porkltogs pkrbkpbgjlomjs

pjr pogs k rkspkbtgvjs egcfjs o egd mk oprjeulmor o bjdprkklsj mo mgldgbo eodgcgor mk

ejrdo dogs bjdpckto> oprjeulmor o rkcoj kltrk js KYs k j rklmgdkltj ksbjcor>

bjltrghugr poro j kstumj mj bjlbkgtj lj bjltkxtj bucturoc pjrtuùs> k bjltrghugr poro o

mgsbussj tkrgbo mj bjlbkgtj mk kstgcjs mk outjrgmomk porkltoc kd tjrlj mj rkcotgvgsdj

bucturoc.


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=2

Kd tkrdjs dogs kspkbegbjs, mkcgdgtodjs js jhakbtgvjs quk ossjbgod js KYs s

vorgvkgs mk brgtrgj kd kstumj k rkcoj kltrk js KYs k o j rklmgdkltj obomdgbj ljs

mgekrkltks kckdkltjs eodcgo.

Jhaktgvjs kspkbegbjs1

?. Bjdprkklmkr j kekgtj quk j KY pkrbkbgjlomj pjr pogs k egcfjs kxkrbk lj

rklmgdkltj ksbjcor kd oculjs mj 8. k 2. bgbcj mj klsglj hsgbj>

8. Olocgsor o bjlbjrmlbgo mj KYs kd momks eodgcgorks pogs/dks-egcfjs

2.

Ukrgegbor sk j KY vorgo kd eulj mo ksbjcorgmomk mjs pogs>=. Ykrbkhkr sk o gmomk mjs pogs k egcfjs kxkrbk gleculbgo lj KY omjtomj>

;. Jhskrvor o kxgstlbgo mk mgekrklos lj KY bjd hosk lj rklmgdkltj dmgj

dklsoc eodgcgor>

5. Ukrgegbor sk j KY mgekrk bjlsjoltk j `lkrj mjs pogs.


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==

GGG YOX]K

DK]JMJCJ@GO


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=;

2.? Mkcglkodkltj mj Kstumj

Yjr glvkstgòj kxpkrgdkltoc kltklmk-sk o rkcoj bousoc quk sk kstohkckbk

kltrk os vorgvkgs glmkpklmkltks sjhrk os mkpklmkltks. Kstk bjlsgmkromj j djmkcj

gmkoc poro glvkstgòj. Dolgpuco-sk o vorgvkc glmkpklmkltk k vkrgegbo-sk j kekgtj mksto

lo vorgvkc mkpklmkltk. Mkstobo-sk ossgd mjs rkstoltks mkcglkodkltjs prkbgsodkltk pjr

kstk doluskodkltj. J rkqugsgtj mkstk mkcglkodkltj o ockotjrgkmomk mo odjstro k j

`rupj mk bjltrjcj. Mgekrkltk lj mkcglkodkltj quosk-kxpkrgdkltoc, quk òroltk o

vocgmomk gltkrlo k kxtkrlo dos lj dolgpuco o vorgvkc glmkpklmkltk, bjd o quoc skbjlskùk o `klkrocgzoj pjpucoj. Lj mkcglkodkltj quosk-kxpkrgdkltoc lj f j

rkqugsgtj mo ockotjrgkmomk mo odjstro, pjmklmj ossgd skr udo odjstro pjr

bjlvklglbgo, lkd o jhrgòtjrgkmomk mj `rupj mk bjltrjcj, j quk sk gltrjmuz bjdj

dogs-vocgo pjr pjssghgcgtor o kxkbuj mk dogs kstumjs k pkco oprjxgdoj ojs bjltkxtjs

rkogs (Bordj & Ekrrkgro, 8996).

Bjlsgmkrolmj quk kstk kstumj mk borobtkr quoltgtotgvj mk bjrtk trolsvkrsoc

(momjs rkbjcfgmjs lud s djdkltj) k skd dolgpucoj mo vorgvkc glmkpklmkltk,

bjlsgmkromj ud mkcglkodkltj pr-kxpkrgdkltoc. jhskrvobgjloc pjrquk lj f

lklfudo gltkrvklj pjr portk mj glvkstgòmjr. Js momjs sj rkbjcfgmjs bjd hosk kd

qukstgjlrgjs k ksbocos quoltgtotgvjs lud lgbj djdkltj. Os volto`kls mkstk

mkcglkodkltj prklmkd-sk bjd o pjssghgcgmomk mk obkmkr rkocgmomk skd dolgpucor

bjdj bjlstrugr bklrgjs, k o obkssghgcgmomk mo odjstro. Bjdj mksvolto`kd mkstk

mkcglkodkltj, rkekrgdjs o mgegbucmomk quk pjmk kxgstgr kd òroltgr o vocgmomk kxtkrlo k

gltkrlo, bjdj pjr kxkdpcj kd sgtuoks mk mgcj`j kltrk js portgbgpoltks (Bordj &

Ekrrkgro, 8996) k, pkco lj ockotjrgzoj mo odjstro, j lj bjltrjcj mk vorgvkgs

kxtkrlos gltkrvklgkltks k/ju porosgtos, oudkltolmj j klvgksodkltj mj kstumj. Kstos


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=5

cgdgtoks gdpkmkd o `klkrocgzoj mj rksuctomjs pjpucoj kd `kroc, pjmklmj

opklos os glekrlbgos skr bjlsgmkromos pjpucoj rkstrgto (kstohkckbgdkltj mk klsglj).

Egùro ?.

Jpkrobgjlocgzoj mos vorgvkgs

Egùro ?. Uorgvkgs mk brgtrgjs (U.B.), vorgvkc glmkpklmkltk (U.G.) sj js KYs k o vorgvkcmkpklmkltk (U.M.) j rklmgdkltj obomdgbj.

8.2 Fgptksks

Yogs1

F?1 J KY pkrbkbgjlomj pkcjs pogs tkd ud kekgtj ljs rksuctomjs ksbjcorks mjs egcfjs.F81 Lj kxgstkd mgekrklos kltrk pogs k dks lj KY quk pkrbkbgjlod.

F21 O gmomk mj(o) pog/dk k j KY pkrbkpbgjlomj bjrrkcobgjlod-sk.

F=1 Os fohgcgtoks cgtkrrgos mjs pogs k j KY pkrbkpbgjlomj bjrrkcobgjlod-sk.

F;1 J rklmgdkltj dmgj dklsoc eodgcgor k j KY pkrbkpbgjlomj bjrrkcobgjlod-sk.

Momks1

Eulj porkltoc

Gmomk mjs pogs

Xklmgdkltjkbjldgbj

Fohgcgtoksobomdgbos

Kstomj bgvgc

L mk egcfjs

Gmomk mjs egcfjs

@lkrj mjs egcfjs

Opjgj kmubotgvj

Xklmgdkltj ksbjcor

(dmgo ksbjcor> l lkòtgvos k rktklks)

Kstgcj mk OutjrgmomkYorkltoc

U.B

U.G..

U.M

U.B


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=0

F51 Lj kxgstk bjlbjrmlbgo kltrk js kstgcjs mk outjrgmomk porkltoc los momks dk-

egcfj(o).

F01 Lj kxgstk bjlbjrmlbgo kltrk js kstgcjs mk outjrgmomk porkltoc los momks pog-

egcfj(o).

Egcfjs1

F61 Kxgstk ud kekgtj ljs rksuctomjs ksbjcorks kd eulj mj KY pkrbkbgjlomj pkcjs

egcfjs.

F71 Lj kxgstkd mgekrklos lj KY pkrbkbgjlomj kd eulj mj `lkrj mj egcfj(o):

F?91 O gmomk mj(o) egcfj (o) k j KY pkrbkpbgjlomj pkcjs egcfjs bjrrkcobgjlod-sk.

F??1 Os fohgcgtoks cgtkrrgos mjs pogs k j KY pkrbkbgjlomj pkcjs egcfjs

bjrrkcobgjlod-sk.

F?81 J rklmgdkltj dmgj dklsoc eodgcgor k j KY pkrbkbgjlomj pkcjs egcfjs

bjrrkcobgjlod-sk.

F?21 Kxgstkd mgekrklos lj KY pkrbkbgjlomj kltrk oculjs bjd k skd lkbkssgmomks mk

opjgj kmubotgvj.

F?=1 Rk js oculjs td dogs rktklks mk olj kltj kcks tklmkd o pkrbkbgjlor dogs j

KY pkrdgssgvj.

2.?.8 Uorgvkgs

O rkbjcfo mos vorgvkgs mk brgtrgj, ju skao, borotkrstgbos pr kxgstkltks lo

pjpucoj, ejg kektuomo dkmgoltk j qukstgjlrgj sjbgjmkdj`regbj.


48/111


49/111

=7

glmgbod quk os mgekrklos klbjltromos prjvd mk rkogs mgekrklos (Dorbzyn kt oc.,

899;). Yjr jutrj comj, udo odjstro mkdosgomj fjdj`lko pjmkr bjlstgtugr udo

gdpjrtoltk cgdgtoj pkco pjssvkc mgdglugj kd tkrdjs mk vorgohgcgmomk.

O odjstro ossgd bjlstgtumo pjr 886 omjcksbkltks k lj quk sk rkekrk ojs pogs

(klborrkòmjs mk kmuboj), o odjstro bjdpjsto pjr ?6= pogs k dks quk

rkspjlmkrod oj YO_-Y (vkrsj poro pogs) k oj qukstgjlrgj sjbgjmkdj`regbj. Mj tjtoc

mk oculjs quk jhtgvkrod outjrgzoj poro portgbgpor lj kstumj, lkd tjmjs js

mkvjcvkrod j qukstgjlrgj mkvgmodkltk prkklbfgmj, j quk rksuctju lo djrtocgmomk

kxpkrgdkltoc mk == (?7%) qukstgjlrgjs. Lj quk sk rkekrk ojs pogs k dks, a lj ejg

pjssvkc jhtkr udo kqugvoclbgo lj `lkrj, sklmj o portgbgpoj mos dks mk ?;=

(62.09%) k o portgbgpoj mjs pogs ejg mk 29 (?5.29%). Lj quk mgz rkspkgtj dmgo mk

gmomks mos dks k pogs mk =?.=; oljs (MY4 ;.7;), sklmj quk vorgod kltrk js 82 k js

;6 oljs.

_uoltj oj kstomj bgvgc, os pkssjos bosomos ju kd ulgj mk eotj sj os dogs

rkprkskltomos, tjtocgzolmj ?80 pogs k dks (57%), kstolmj js rkstoltks mgstrghumjs kltrk

js pogs k dks sjctkgrjs ?7 (?9.29%) k mgvjrbgomjs/skporomjs k vgvjs 20 (89.?9%). J

ldkrj mk egcfjs kd bomo udo mkstos eodcgos vorgo kltrk ? k 6, sklmj quk o dkmgolo sk

sgtuo ljs 8 egcfjs pjr o`rkòmj eodgcgor.

Lj quk sk rkekrk ksbjcorgmomk mjs pogs, 87 (?;.69%) mo odjstro tkd ud `rou

mk klsglj supkrgjr, 09 (26%) tkd j ?8. olj, (=0) 8;.;9% tkd j 7. olj, 82 (?8.;9%)

tkd j 5. olj k ?= (0.?9%) tkd j = olj mk ksbjcorgmomk.

_uoltj ojs rklmgdkltjs, o dogjrgo mjs o`rkòmjs eodgcgorks kst lj 8. ksbocj

mj GXR bjd 77 pkssjos (;2.69%), bjd vocjrks dklsogs kltrk js ;99 k js ?.=89. Mksto

odjstro =9 pogs k dks (8?.09%), jhtd dkljs mk ;99 dklsogs k ud ldkrj glekrgjr

26 (89.59%) rkbkhk obgdo mjs ?.=29 pjr ds.


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;9

]ohkco 8.

Kstomj bgvgc, ksbjcorgmomk mjs pogs k dks k rklmgdkltj dmgj dklsoc

L %

Kstomj bgvgc Rjctkgrj(o) ?7 ?9.2

Bosomj(o) k

[lgj mk eobtj?80 57.9

Mgvjrbgomj(o)>

Rkporomj(o) k

Ugvj(o)

20 89.?

Dgssgl` ? 9.;

]jtoc ?6= ?99Ksbjcorgmomk Ot oj 5 olj 25 ?7.5

7 olj =0 8;.;

?8 olj 09 26.9

Dgssgl` ? 9.;

]jtoc ?6= ?99Xklmgdkltj dmgj Ot ;99/ds =9 8?.0Eodgcgor Kltrk ;99 -

?.=89/ds77 ;2.6

Kltrk ?.=29 -

8.6;9/ds2; ?7.9

Dogs mk8.6;9/ds

2 ?.5

Dgssgl` 0 2.6

]jtoc ?6= ?99

Ljto. Uocjrks ohsjcutjs k pkrbkltuogs mos borobtkrstgbos sjbgjmkdj`regbos mo odjstro - pogs

Lo odjstro mjs omjcksbkltks ??6 (;?.69%) sj mj `lkrj ekdglglj k ??9 sj mj

`lkrj dosbucglj (=6.89%). Os gmomks mjs oculjs kstj bjdprkklmgmos kltrk js mkz k

js mkzjgtj oljs (D4 ?8.59%>MY4 ?.68).

O mgstrghugj mjs oculjs pkcjs oljs mk ksbjcorgmomk o sk`ugltk1 ;5 (8=.59%)

mj ;. olj, ;9 (8?.79%) mj 5. olj, 22 (?=.;9%) mj 0. olj, =9 (?0.;9%) mj 6. olj k =7

(8?.;9%) mj 7. olj. O pkrbklto`kd dogs hogxo vkrgegbju-sk lo rkprkskltotgvgmomk mjs

oculjs mj 0. olj. O dmgo ksbjcor mkstks oculjs pjsgtgvo (D 4 2.;2> MY 4 9.59)


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;?

(ludo ksboco mk ? o ;). O dmgo dogs hogxo rk`gstomo lksto odjstro mk 8.22 k o dmgo

dogs kckvomo mk ; vocjrks.

O portgbgpoj mk oculjs bjd rktklks mk olj ejg mk ;? (88.=9%), sklmj quk

?00 (00.59%) mjs quk portgbgporod lj td, ot oj prkskltk olj cktgvj, quocqukr

rkprjvoj mk olj cktgvj. Mo pkrbklto`kd mk oculjs quk a tkd rktklks, 80 (;;%)

egborod rktgmjs udo vkz, ?6 (2;%) muos vkzks k ; (?9%) rk`gstod 2 ju dogs rktklks.

_uoltj oj opjgj ksbjcor, 5? oculjs (29.89%) mksto odjstro glmgbo usuerugr mk oc`ud

opjgj, kdhjro j tgpj mk opjgj skao vorgomj (mksmk kxpcgboks kd bkltrj mk kstumjs ot

turdos YBO (pkrbursj burrgbucor octkrlotgvj).

]ohkco 2.

Borobtkrgzoj mo odjstro kroc mjs omjcksbkltks

L %

Ksbjcorgmomk ; olj ;5 8=.5Egcfjs 5 olj ;9 8?.7

0 olj 22 ?=.;6 olj =9 ?0.;

7 olj =7 8?.;]jtoc 886 ?99

Dmgo Ot 8,7 2; ?;.2;Ljtos Mksmk 2.9 o 2.; 62 25.=9

Mksmk 2.5 o =.= 62 25.=9

Mksmk =.; o ; 80 ??.6;

]jtoc 886 ?99

Xktklks Rgd ;? 88.=

Lj ?00 00.5

]jtoc 886 ?99Opjgj Rgd 5? 22.8Ksbjcor Lj ?82 55.6

]jtoc ?6= ?99Ljto. Uocjrks ohsjcutjs k pkrbkltuogs mos borobtkrstgbos sjbgjmkdj`regbos rkcotgvos oj rklmgdkltj

ksbjcor mjs omjcksbkltks mo odjstro


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2.2 Glstrudkltjs

Ejg bjlstrumj ud qukstgjlrgj sjbgjmkdj`regbj quk pkrdgtk o borobtkrgzoj

mo odjstro k o rkbjcfo mos vorgvkgs mk brgtrgj ovocgomos bjdj pkrtglkltks poro j

prkskltk kstumj, skùlmj o rkvgsj mk cgtkroturo kektuomo. ]odhd ejg opcgbomj j

_ukstgjlrgj mk Outjrgmomk Yorkltoc (YO_) mk Hurg (?77?) (Djròmj, kt oc, 8995) k j

YO_-Y (omkquoj mj YO_ poro rkspjstos mjs pogs) poro obkmkr pkrbkj mk kstgcj mk

outjrgmomk porkltoc, prglbgpoc vorgvkc kd kstumj (Ygrks, 89?9> Ygrks, kt oc., 89??).

Js glstrudkltjs utgcgzomjs lj prkskltk kstumj klbjltrod-sk vocgmomjs poro o

pjpucoj pjrtuùkso, rozj pkco quoc sk jptju pkco suo utgcgzoj. Rj glstrudkltjs

kqugvockltks quk pkrdgtkd obkmkr pkrbkj mk KYs mk pogs k egcfjs, ospktj

eulmodkltoc poro vkrgegbor o bjlbjrmlbgo mjs KY pkrbkbgjlomjs pkcjs mgekrkltks

kckdkltjs mj sgstkdo eodgcgor. J YO_ ud glstrudkltj bjd hjos bopobgmomks

psgbjdtrgbos, tklmj, pjr gssj, sgmj usomj kd mgekrkltks posks k kstumjs gltkrlobgjlogs.

2.2.?. _ukstgjlrgj Rjbgjmkdj`regbj

J qukstgjlrgj sjbgjmkdj`regbj ejg kcohjromj bjd j jhaktgvj mk rkbjcfkr os

vorgvkgs mkdj`regbos, mk brgtrgj, ju skao, lj dolgpucvkgs k pr-kxgstkltks lo

pjpucoj, kltklmgmos bjdj lkbkssrgos poro j prkskltk kstumj (Ygrks, 89?9).

Mksg`lomodkltk j `lkrj mjs pogs k egcfjs, gmomk, kstomj bgvgc, ksbjcorgmomk mjs pogs k

mjs egcfjs, rklmgdkltj dmgj eodgcgor dklsoc, ldkrj mk egcfjs, ldkrj mk rktklks

ksbjcorks mj egcfj quk portgbgpo lj kstumj k sk tkd ocùd opjgj kmubotgvj. Kstos

vorgvkgs ejrod rkekrgmos kd kstumjs oltkrgjrks bjdj kstolmj ossjbgomos ojs KYs

(Houdrglm, ?708, ?77?> Mjrlhusbf, kt oc., ?760> Ygrks, 89??> Xkhkbbo, 8995> Rtkglhkr`,

kt oc., ?767).


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;2

2.2.8. _ukstgjlrgj mk Outjrgmomk Yorkltoc (YO_)

J _ukstgjlrgj mk Outjrgmomk Yorkltoc (YO_) ejg mksklvjcvgmj pjr Hurg (?77?),

bjd hosk ljs trs KYs quk Houdrglm (?70?) mkeglgu (pkrdgssgvj, outjrgtotgvj k

outjrgtrgj). Os qukstks sj rkekrkltks oj KY omjtomj pkcj pog k dk, k rkspjlmgmos

pkcjs egcfjs (omjcksbkltks). Os vkrsks poro j pog k dk sj gùogs, s octkrolmj o

mksg`loj quk gmkltgegbo o dk ju j pog. Kstk glstrudkltj jrg`glocdkltk tglfo =6 gtkls,

tklmj sgmj rkmuzgmj o 25 ludo prgdkgro ovocgoj rkocgzomo pjr 8? prjegssgjlogs k, dogs

tormk, possju o 29 gtkls. Ksto ksboco bjlstgtumo pjr trs suhksbocos (?9 gtkls bomo) quk

bjrrkspjlmkd ojs trs kstgcjs mk outjrgmomk porkltoc1 pkrdgssgvj, outjrgtotgvj k

outjrgtrgj. Os rkspjstos mjs portgbgpoltks sj ossglocomos ludo ksboco mk ; pjltjs, tgpj

Cgnkrt, mk objrmj bjd o skùgltk bcossgegboj1 Mgsbjrmj tjtocdkltk (?), Mgsbjrmj (8),

Lj bjlbjrmj lkd mgsbjrmj(2), Bjlbjrmj (=) k Bjlbjrmj tjtocdkltk(;). J sbjrkmo

ksboco sgtuo-sk kltrk j ?9 (vocjr dlgdj) k j ;9 (vocjr dxgdj), sklmj quk j rksuctomj

dogs kckvomj los suhksbocos glmgbo o prkmjdgllbgo mj KY.

J ocpfo mk Brjlhobf eulbgjlo, lo prtgbo, bjdj ud glmgbomjr mo

ulgmgdklsgjlocgmomk mk ud bjlaultj mk gtkls, pkrdgtglmj pkrbkhkr sk tjmjs js gtkls quk

pkrtklbkd o kssk bjlaultj sk jròlgzod kd tjrlj mk udo dksdo mgdklsj. O vkrsj

jrg`gloc mksto ksboco jhtkvk rksuctomjs quoltj rjhustkz kstotstgbo bjlsjoltk j `lkrj

mj prj`klgtjr, tklmj o skùgltk mgstrghugj1 dks lj KY pkrdgssgvj (

4 .0;),

outjrgtrgj (4 .6;) k outjrgtotgvj (4 .68)> pogs lj KY pkrdgssgvj (4 .0=), outjrgtrgj

(4 .60) k outjrgtotgvj (4 .6;). Oprksklto, ossgd, hjls rksuctomjs quoltj egohgcgmomk

(Hurg, ?77?). Js vocjrks glmgbod o kstohgcgmomk mo dkmgmo toltj lo vkrsj mkstglomo ojs

pogs bjdj s dks.

J YO_ ejg omoptomj k vocgmomj poro o pjpucoj pjrtuùkso (Djròmj, kt oc,

89?8) ludo odjstro bjd ;20 omjcksbkltks. J glstrudkltj doltd js dksdjs 29 gtkls,


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;=

quk pkrdgtkd ovocgor o pkrbkj mjs egcfjs sjhrk j kstgcj mk outjrgmomk porkltoc. _uoltj

rjhustkz kstotstgbo mo vkrsj pjrtuùkso, opksor mksto oprkskltor vocjrks cg`kgrodkltk

glekrgjrks ksboco jrg`gloc, js dksdjs sj obkgtvkgs o hjls. Ukrgegbju-sk quk los

suhksbocos kstgcj outjrgtotgvj ( 4 .06) k outjrgtrgj ( 4 .00) kxgstk udo hjo

bjlsgstlbgo gltkrlo. Lo suhksboco kstgcj pkrdgssgvj (4 .55), o bjlsgstlbgo gltkrlo

rozjvkc.

Otrovs mj prj`rodo kstotstgbj GHD RYRR (Rtotgstgboc Yobno`k ejr Rjbgoc

Rbgklbks vkrsj 88), ejg pjssvkc olocgsor o egohgcgmomk mos suhksbocos poro o odjstro

mj prkskltk kstumj. _uoltj oj vocjr mo ossgdktrgo, tjmjs js gtkls sk sgtuod mkltrj mk

(2), ju skao, lj f lklfud vocjr ohogxj mk 2 ju obgdo mk 2. Xkcotgvodkltk oj

obfotodkltj, tjmjs js gtkls kstj kl`cjhomjs kd (0), lj kxgstglmj lklfud vocjr

glekrgjr o -0 lkd lklfud vocjr supkrgjr o 0. Mkstk djmj, pjmkdjs oegrdor quk lklfud

mjs gtkls bjrrjdpk j prkssupjstj mk ljrdocgmomk (Dorjbj, 89?9).

Yoro sk bjlsgmkror quk o odjstro tkd udo mgdklsj oprjprgomo, j vocjr mkNDJ mkvkr skr supkrgjr o .09. J vocjr jhtgmj lkstk kstumj ejg mk .0;, pkcj quk

pjmkdjs glekrgr quk o mgdklsj mo odjstro omkquomo (Dorjbj, 89?9).

Ejg opcgbomj j dtjmj jrtj`jloc mk rjtoj mk eotjr vorgdox poro pkrbkhkrdjs

sk o mgstrghugj mjs gtkls mk sk jrmklorgo pkcjs trs eotjrks, toc bjdj ejg vkrgegbomj

pkcjs outjrks mj glstrudkltj vocgmomj poro o pjpucoj pjrtuùkso. Js gtkls

mgstrghurod-sk mk objrmj bjd j quk kro kspkrolmj (?9 gtkls pjr eotjr), tklmj pjr

prkssupjstj js rksuctomjs mo ksboco jrg`gloc1 j eotjr ? bjrrkspjlmk oj KY outjrgtotgvj

(?8.29% mo vorglbgo)> j eotjr 8 rkekrk-sk oj KY outjrgtrgj (??.=8% mo vorglbgo)> j

eotjr 2, rkcotgvj oj KY pkrdgssgvj (?9.29% mo vorglbgo).

J vocjr mj ocpfomk Brjlhobf mkstk glstrudkltj rkvkcju-sk gùoc poro os trs

suhksbocos ( 4 .02), djstrolmj o kxgstlbgo mk udo hjo bjlsgstlbgo gltkrlo. Kstks


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;;

vocjrks vj oj klbjltrj mjs rksuctomjs jhtgmjs pkcjs outjrks mo vocgmoj mo ksboco poro

o pjpucoj pjrtu`ukso, kxbktj lo suhksboco mj KY pkrdgssgvj, a quk j vocjr mj ocpfo

mk Brjlhobf dogs kckvomj lkstk kstumj. Js vocjrks klbjltromjs otkstod o rjhustkz

psgbjdtrgbo mj glstrudkltj poro ovocgor js KYs, glmgbolmj o suo omkquoj odjstro

kd kstumj.

]ohkco =.

Uocjrks mk egmkcgmomk mj YO_ mo odjstro

OcpfoBrjlhobf Gtkls

KY Outjrgtotgvj .02 ?9KY Outjrgtrgj .02 ?9

KY Ykrdgssgvj .02 ?9

]jtoc 29

2.2.8. _ukstgjlrgj mk Outjrgmomk Yorkltoc omoptomj ojs pogs (YO_

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Estilos Parentais e o Rendimento Escolar - Telma Paz