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ETHERNET TECNOLOGIES

Ethernet Tecnologies

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Tecnologia Ethernet

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Page 1: Ethernet Tecnologies

ETHERNET TECNOLOGIES

Page 2: Ethernet Tecnologies

1º: O Que é Ethernet ?

EthernetOrigem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.

Este artigo ou se(c)ção cita fontes fiáveis e independentes, mas que não cobrem todo o conteúdo (desde

setembro de 2012). Por favor, adicione mais referências e insira-as no texto ou no rodapé, conforme o livro de estilo. Conteúdo sem fontes poderá serremovido.Encontre fontes: Google (notícias, livros, acadêmico) — Yahoo! — Bing.

Protocolos Internet (TCP/IP)

Camada

Protocolo

5.Aplicação

HTTP, SMTP, FTP, SSH,Telnet, SIP, RDP, IRC,SNMP, NNTP, POP3, IMAP,BitTorrent, DNS, Ping ...

4.Transporte

TCP, UDP, RTP, SCTP,DCCP ...

3.Rede

IP (IPv4, IPv6) , ARP, RARP,ICMP, IPsec ...

2.Enlace

Ethernet, 802.11 (WiFi),802.1Q (VLAN), 802.1aq (SPB), 802.11g, HDLC,Token ring, FDDI,PPP,Switch ,Frame relay,

1.Físic Modem, RDIS, RS-232, EIA-422, RS-449, Bluetoot

Page 3: Ethernet Tecnologies

a h, USB, ...

Ethernet é uma arquitetura de interconexão para redes locais - Rede de Área Local

(LAN) - baseada no envio de pacotes. Ela define cabeamento e sinais elétricos para a camada física, e formato de pacotes e protocolos para a subcamada de controle de acesso ao meio (Media Access Control - MAC) do modelo OSI.1 A Ethernet foi padronizada pelo IEEE como 802.3. A partir dos anos 90, ela vem sendo a tecnologia de LAN mais amplamente utilizada e tem tomado grande parte do espaço de outros padrões de rede como Token Ring, FDDI e ARCNET.1

Índice

  [esconder] 

1   História

2   Descrição geral

3   Ethernet com meio compartilhado CSMA/CD

4   Hubs Ethernet

5   Ethernet comutada (Switches Ethernet)

6   Tipos de quadro Ethernet e o campo   EtherType

7   Variedades de Ethernet

8   Algumas variedades antigas de Ethernet

9   10 Mbit/s Ethernet

10   Fast Ethernet

11   Gigabit Ethernet

12   10-Gigabit Ethernet (Ethernet 10 Gigabit)

13   Padrões relacionados

14   Ver também

15   Referências

16   Ligações externas

História[editar | editar código-fonte]

A Ethernet foi originalmente desenvolvida, presume-se, a partir de projeto pioneiro atribuído a Xerox Palo Alto Research Center.2 Entende-se, em geral, que a Ethernet foi inventada em 1973, quando Robert Metcalfe escreveu um memorando para os seus chefes contando sobre o potencial dessa tecnologia em redes locais.2 Contudo, Metcalfe afirma que, na realidade, a Ethernet foi concebida durante um período de vários anos. Em 1976, Metcalfe e David Boggs (seu assistente) publicaram um artigo, Ethernet: Distributed Packet-Switching For Local Computer Networks.

Metcalfe deixou a Xerox em 1979 para promover o uso de computadores pessoais e redes locais (LANs), e para isso criou a 3Com.1 Ele conseguiu convencer DEC, Intel, e Xerox a trabalhar juntas para promover a Ethernet como um padrão, que foi publicado em 30 de setembro de 1980. Competindo com elas na época estavam dois sistemas grandemente proprietários, token ring e ARCNET. Em pouco tempo ambos foram afogados por uma onda de produtos Ethernet. No processo a 3Com se tornou uma grande companhia, e além de se ter tornado conhecida como U.S Robotics, também uma fabricante de processadores digitais.2

Descrição geral[editar | editar código-fonte]

Page 4: Ethernet Tecnologies

Uma placa de rede Ethernet típica com conectores BNC(esquerda) e RJ-45 (centro).

Ethernet é baseada na ideia de pontos da rede enviando mensagens, no que é essencialmente semelhante a um sistema de rádio, cativo entre um cabo comum ou canal, às vezes chamado de éter (no original, ether). Isto é uma referência oblíqua ao éter luminífero, meio através do qual os físicos do século XIX acreditavam que a luz viajasse.1

Cada ponto tem uma chave de 48 bits globalmente única, conhecida como endereço MAC, para assegurar que todos os sistemas em uma ethernet tenham endereços distintos.

Tem sido observado que o tráfego Ethernet tem propriedades de auto-similaridade, com importantes consequências para engenharia de tráfego de telecomunicações.

Os padrões atuais do protocolo Ethernet são os seguintes:

10 megabits/seg: 10Base-T Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)

100 megabits/seg: Fast Ethernet (IEEE 802.3u)

1 gigabits/seg: Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE 802.3z)

10 gigabits/seg: 10 Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE 802.3ae)

Ethernet com meio compartilhado CSMA/CD[editar | editar código-fonte]

Ver artigo principal: CSMA/CD

Um esquema conhecido como Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) organiza a forma como os computadores compartilham o canal. Originalmente desenvolvido nos anos 60 para ALOHAnet - Hawaii usando Rádio, o esquema é relativamente simples se comparado ao token ring ou rede de controle central (master controlled networks). Quando um computador deseja enviar alguma informação, este obedece o seguinte algoritmo:2

1. Se o canal está livre, inicia-se a transmissão, senão vai para o passo 4;

2. [transmissão da informação] se colisão é detectada, a transmissão continua até que o tempo mínimo

para o pacote seja alcançado (para garantir que todos os outros transmissores e receptores

detectem a colisão), então segue para o passo 4;

3. [fim de transmissão com sucesso] informa sucesso para as camadas de rede superiores, sai do

modo de transmissão;

4. [canal está ocupado] espera até que o canal esteja livre;

5. [canal se torna livre] espera-se um tempo aleatório, e vai para o passo 1, a menos que o número

máximo de tentativa de transmissão tenha sido excedido;

6. [número de tentativa de transmissão excedido] informa falha para as camadas de rede superiores,

sai do modo de transmissão;

Na prática, funciona como um jantar onde os convidados usam um meio comum (o ar) para falar com um outro. Antes de falar, cada convidado educadamente espera que outro convidado termine de falar. Se dois

Page 5: Ethernet Tecnologies

convidados começam a falar ao mesmo tempo, ambos param e esperam um pouco, um pequeno período. Espera-se que cada convidado espere por um tempo aleatório de forma que ambos não aguardem o mesmo tempo para tentar falar novamente, evitando outra colisão. O tempo é aumentado exponencialmente se mais de uma tentativa de transmissão falhar.

Originalmente, a Ethernet fazia, literalmente, um compartilhamento via cabo coaxial, que passava através de um prédio ou de um campus universitário para interligar cada máquina. Os computadores eram conectados a uma unidade transceiver ou interface de anexação (Attachment Unit Interface, ou AUI), que por sua vez era conectada ao cabo. Apesar de que um fio simples passivo fosse uma solução satisfatória para pequenas Ethernets, não o era para grandes redes, onde apenas um defeito em qualquer ponto do fio ou em um único conector fazia toda a Ethernet parar.

Como todas as comunicações aconteciam em um mesmo fio, qualquer informação enviada por um computador era recebida por todos os outros, mesmo que a informação fosse destinada para um destinatário específico. A placa de interface de rede descarta a informação não endereçada a ela, interrompendo a CPU somente quando pacotes aplicáveis eram recebidos, a menos que a placa fosse colocada em seu modo de comunicação promíscua. Essa forma de um fala e todos escutam definia um meio de compartilhamento de Ethernet de fraca segurança, pois um nodo na rede Ethernet podia escutar às escondidas todo o tráfego do cabo se assim desejasse. Usar um cabo único também significava que a largura de banda (bandwidth) era compartilhada, de forma que o tráfego de rede podia tornar-se lentíssimo quando, por exemplo, a rede e os nós tinham de ser reinicializados após uma interrupção elétrica.

Hubs Ethernet[editar | editar código-fonte]

Ver artigo principal: Hubs Ethernet

Este problema foi contornado pela invenção de hubs Ethernet, que formam uma rede com topologia física em estrela, com múltiplos controladores de interface de rede enviando dados ao hub e, daí, os dados são então reenviados a um backbone, ou para outros segmentos de rede.

Porém, apesar da topologia física em estrela, as redes Ethernet com hub ainda usam CSMA/CD, no qual todo pacote que é enviado a uma porta do hub pode sofrer colisão; o hub realiza um trabalho mínimo ao lidar com colisões de pacote.

As redes Ethernet trabalham bem como meio compartilhado quando o nível de tráfego na rede é baixo. Como a chance de colisão é proporcional ao número de transmissores e ao volume de dados a serem enviados, a rede pode ficar extremamente congestionada, em torno de 50% da capacidade nominal, dependendo desses fatores. Para solucionar isto, foram desenvolvidos "comutadores" ou switches Ethernet, para maximizar a largura de banda disponível.

Ethernet comutada (Switches Ethernet)[editar | editar código-fonte]

Ver artigo principal: Switches Ethernet)

A maioria das instalações modernas de Ethernet usam switches Ethernet em vez de hubs. Embora o cabeamento seja idêntico ao de uma Ethernet com hub (Ethernet Compartilhada), com switches no lugar dos hubs, a Ethernet comutada tem muitas vantagens sobre a Ethernet média, incluindo maior largura de banda e cabeamento simplificado. Mas a maior vantagem é restringir os domínios de colisão, o que causa menos colisão no meio compartilhado causando uma melhor desempenho na rede. Redes com switches tipicamente seguem uma topologia em estrela, embora elas ainda implementem uma "nuvem" única de Ethernet do ponto de vista das máquinas ligadas.

Switch Ethernet "aprende" quais são as pontas associadas a cada porta, e assim ele pára de mandar tráfego broadcast para as demais portas a que o pacote não esteja endereçado, isolando os domínios de colisão. Desse modo, a comutação na Ethernet pode permitir velocidade total de Ethernet no cabeamento a ser usado por um par de portas de um mesmo switch.

Já que os pacotes são tipicamente entregues somente na porta para que são endereçadas, o tráfego numa Ethernet comutada é levemente menos público que numa Ethernet de mídia compartilhada. Contudo, como é fácil subverter sistemas Ethernet comutados por meios como ARP spoofing e MAC flooding, bem como por administradores usando funções de monitoramento para copiar o tráfego da rede, a Ethernet comutada ainda é considerada como uma tecnologia de rede insegura.

Page 6: Ethernet Tecnologies

Tipos de quadro Ethernet e o campo EtherType[editar | editar código-fonte]

Há quatro tipos de quadro Ethernet :

Ethernet original versão I

O quadro Ethernet versão 2 ou quadro Ethernet II, chamado quadro DIX (iniciais de DEC, Intel, e Xerox).

É o mais comum atualmente, já que é muitas vezes usado diretamente pelo Protocolo Internet.

quadro IEEE 802.x LLC

quadro IEEE 802.x LLC/SNAP

Os tipos diferentes de quadro têm formatos e valores de MTU diferentes, mas podem coexistir no mesmo meio físico.

A Ethernet Versão 1 original da Xerox tinha um campo de comprimento de 16 bits, embora o tamanho máximo de um pacote fosse 1500 bytes. Esse campo de comprimento foi logo reusado na Ethernet Versão 2 da Xerox como um campo de rótulo, com a convenção de que valores entre 0 e 1500 indicavam o uso do formato Ethernet original, mas valores maiores indicavam o que se tornou conhecido como um EtherType, e o uso do novo formato de quadro. Isso agora é suportado nos protocolos IEEE 802 usando o header SNAP.

O IEEE 802.x definiu o campo de 16 bits após o endereço MAC como um campo de comprimento de novo. Como o formato de quadros do Ethernet I não é mais usado, isso permite ao software determinar se um quadro é do Ethernet II ou do IEEE 802.x, permitindo a coexistência dos dois padrões no mesmo meio físico. Todos os quadros 802.x têm um campo LLC. Examinando o campo LLC, é possível determinar se ele é seguido por um campo SNAP.

As variantes 802.x de Ethernet não são de uso geral em redes comuns. O tipo mais comum usado hoje é a Ethernet Versão 2, já que é usada pela maioria das redes baseadas noProtocolo da Internet, com seu EtherType setado em 0x0800. Existem técnicas para encapsular tráfego IP em quadros IEEE 802.3, por exemplo, mas isso não é comum.

Variedades de Ethernet[editar | editar código-fonte]

Além dos tipos de frames mencionados acima, a maioria das diferenças entre as variedades de Ethernet podem ser resumidas em variações de velocidade e cabeamento. Portanto, em geral, a pilha do software de protocolo de rede vai funcionar de modo idêntico na maioria dos tipos a seguir.

As seções seguintes proveem um breve sumário de todos os tipos de mídia Ethernet oficiais. Além desses padrões, muitos fabricantes implementaram tipos de mídia proprietários por várias razões, geralmente para dar suporte a distâncias maiores com cabeamento de fibra ótica.

Algumas variedades antigas de Ethernet[editar | editar código-fonte]

Xerox Ethernet  -- a implementação original de Ethernet, que tinha 2 versões, Versão 1 e Versão 2,

durante seu desenvolvimento. O formato de frame da versão 2 ainda está em uso comum.

10BASE5  (também chamado Thicknet) -- esse padrão antigo da IEEE usa um cabo coaxial simples em

que você conseguia uma conexão literalmente furando o cabo para se conectar ao núcleo. É um sistema

obsoleto, embora devido a sua implantação amplamente difundida antigamente, talvez ainda possa ser

utilizado por alguns sistemas.

10BROAD36  -- Obsoleto. Um padrão antigo permitindo a Ethernet para distâncias mais longas. Utilizava

técnicas de modulação de banda larga similares àquelas empregadas em sistemas de cable modem, e

operava com cabo coaxial.

1BASE5  -- Uma tentativa antiga de padronizar uma solução de LAN de baixo custo. Opera a 1 Mbit/s e

foi um fracasso comercial.

Page 7: Ethernet Tecnologies

StarLAN  1—A primeira implementação de Ethernet com cabeamento de par trançado.

10 Mbit/s Ethernet[editar | editar código-fonte]

10BASE2  (também chamado ThinNet ou Cheapernet) -- Um cabo coaxial de 50-ohm conecta as

máquinas, cada qual usando um adaptador T para conectar seu NIC. Requer terminadores nos finais.

Por muitos anos esse foi o padrão dominante de ethernet de 10 Mbit/s.

10BASE5  (também chamado Thicknet) -- Especificação Ethernet de banda básica de 10 Mbps, que usa

o padrão (grosso) de cabo coaxial de banda de base de 50 ohms. Faz parte da especificação de camada

física de banda de base IEEE 802.3, tem um limite de distância de 500 metros por segmento.

StarLAN  10—Primeira implementação de Ethernet em cabeamento de par trançado a 10 Mbit/s. Mais

tarde evoluiu para o 10BASE-T.

10BASE-T  -- Opera com 4 fios (dois conjuntos de par trançado) num cabo de cat-3 ou cat-5.

Um hub ou switch fica no meio e tem uma porta para cada nó da rede. Essa é também a configuração

usada para a ethernet 100BASE-T e a Gigabit.

FOIRL  -- Link de fibra ótica entre repetidores. O padrão original para ethernet sobre fibra.

10BASE-F  -- um termo genérico para a nova família de padrões de ethernet de 10 Mbit/s: 10BASE-FL,

10BASE-FB e 10BASE-FP. Desses, só o 10BASE-FL está em uso comum (todos utilizando a fibra

óptica como meio físico).

10BASE-FL  -- Uma versão atualizada do padrão FOIRL.

10BASE-FB  -- Pretendia ser usada por backbones conectando um grande número de hubs ou switches,

agora está obsoleta.

10BASE-FP  -- Uma rede passiva em estrela que não requer repetidores, nunca foi implementada.

Fast Ethernet[editar | editar código-fonte]

Ver artigo principal: Fast Ethernet

100BASE-T  -- Designação para qualquer dos três padrões para 100 Mbit/s ethernet sobre cabo de par

trançado.

Inclui 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-T4 e 100BASE-T2.

100BASE-TX  -- Usa dois pares, mas requer cabo cat-5.

Configuração "star-shaped" idêntica ao 10BASE-T. 100Mbit/s.

100BASE-T4  -- 100 Mbit/s ethernet sobre cabeamento cat-3 (Usada em instalações 10BASE-T).

Utiliza todos os quatro pares no cabo. Atualmente obsoleto, cabeamento cat-5 é o padrão. Limitado a Half-Duplex.

100BASE-T2  -- Não existem produtos.

100 Mbit/s ethernet sobre cabeamento cat-3. Suporta full-duplex, e usa apenas dois pares. Seu funcionamento é equivalente ao 100BASE-TX, mas suporta cabeamento antigo.

Page 8: Ethernet Tecnologies

100BASE-FX  -- 100 Mbit/s ethernet sobre fibra óptica. Usando fibra ótica multimodo 62,5 mícrons tem o

limite de 400 metros.

Gigabit Ethernet[editar | editar código-fonte]

Ver artigo principal: Gigabit ethernet

1000BASE-T  -- 1 Gbit/s sobre cabeamento de cobre categoria 5e ou 6.

1000BASE-SX  -- 1 Gbit/s sobre fibra.

1000BASE-LX  -- 1 Gbit/s sobre fibra. Otimizado para distâncias maiores com fibra mono-modo.

1000BASE-CX  -- Uma solução para transportes curtos (até 25m) para rodar ethernet de 1 Gbit/s num

cabeamento especial de cobre. Antecede o 1000BASE-T, e agora é obsoleto.

10-Gigabit Ethernet (Ethernet 10 Gigabit)[editar | editar código-fonte]

O novo padrão Ethernet de 10 gigabits abrange 7 tipos diferentes de mídias para uma LAN, MAN e WAN. Ele está atualmente especificado por um padrão suplementar, IEEE 802.3ae, e será incorporado numa versão futura do padrão IEEE 802.3.

10GBASE-SR  -- projetado para suportar distâncias curtas sobre cabeamento de fibra multi-modo,

variando de 26m a 82m dependendo do tipo de cabo. Suporta também operação a 300m numa fibra

multi-modo de 2000 MHz.

10GBASE-LX4  -- usa multiplexação por divisão de comprimento de onda para suportar distâncias entre

240m e 300m em cabeamento multi-modo. Também suporta 10 km com fibra mono-modo.

10GBASE-LR  e 10GBASE-ER -- esses padrões suportam 10 km e 40 km respectivamente sobre fibra

mono-modo.

10GBASE-SW , 10GBASE-LW e 10GBASE-EW. Essas variedades usam o WAN PHY, projetado para

interoperar com equipamentos OC-192 / STM-64 SONET/SDH. Eles correspondem à camada física do

10GBASE-SR, 10GBASE-LR e 10GBASE-ER respectivamente, e daí usam os mesmos tipos de fibra e

suportam as mesmas distâncias. (Não há um padrão WAN PHY correspondendo ao 10GBASE-LX4.)

Padrões relacionados[editar | editar código-fonte]

Esses padrões de rede não são parte do padrão Ethernet IEEE 802.3 Ethernet, mas suportam o formato de frame ethernet, e são capazes de interoperar com ele.

Wireless Ethernet (IEEE 802.11) - Frequentemente rodando a 2 Mbit/s (802.11legacy), 11 Mbit/s

(802.11b) ou 54 Mbit/s (802.11g).

100BaseVG  - Um rival precoce para a ethernet de 100 Mbit/s. Ele roda com cabeamento categoria 3.

Usa quatro pares. Um fracasso, comercialmente.

TIA 100BASE-SX - Promovido pela Associação das Indústrias de Telecomunicações (TIA). O 100BASE-

SX é uma implementação alternativa de ethernet de 100 Mbit/s em fibra ótica; é incompatível com o

padrão oficial 100BASE-FX. Sua característica principal é a interoperabilidade com o 10BASE-FL,

suportando autonegociação entre operações de 10 Mbit/s e 100 Mbit/s—uma característica que falta nos

Page 9: Ethernet Tecnologies

padrões oficiais devido ao uso de comprimentos de ondas de LED diferentes. Ele é mais focado para uso

na base instalada de redes de fibra de 10 Mbit/s.

TIA 1000BASE-TX - Promovido pela Associação das Indústrias de Telecomunicações, foi um fracasso

comercial, e nenhum produto desse padrão existe. O 1000BASE-TX usa um protocolo mais simples que

o padrão oficial 1000BASE-T, mas requer cabeamento categoria 6.

Ver também[editar | editar código-fonte]

CHAOSnet

Attachment Unit Interface

Virtual LAN

Spanning Tree Protocol

telecomunicação

Internet

X25

Referências

1. ↑ Ir para:a b c d O Que é Ethernet (em português) Trabalhos Feitos (16 de setembro de 2009). Página visitada

em 30 de setembro de 2012.

2. ↑ Ir para:a b c d Ethernet o que é isso   ?  (em português). Página visitada em 30 de setembro de 2012.

Ligações externas[editar | editar código-fonte]

O Commons possui imagens e outras mídias sobre Computer network

Ethernet: Distributed Packet Switching for Local Computer Networks  Cópia em HTML do artigo de 1996,

de Robert M. Metcalfe e David R. Boggs, parte dos textos lássicos da ACM

Welcome to Charles Spurgeon's Ethernet Web Site

(em inglês)IEEE 802

(em inglês)IEEE 802.3-2002

(em inglês)10 Gigabit Ethernet Alliance website

(em inglês)Ethernet frame formats

(em inglês)http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gorry/course/lan-pages/enet.html

(em inglês)10 Gigabit Ethernet over IP White Papers

(em inglês)http://www.datacottage.com/nch/eoperation.htm

Page 10: Ethernet Tecnologies

I - STARLAN

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

StarLAN was the first implementation of 1 megabit per second (1Mbit/s) Ethernet over twisted pair wiring. It was

standardized by the standards association of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) as 802.3e in

1986, as the 1BASE5 version of Ethernet.

References:

Ethernet family of local area network technologies

Speeds 10 Mbit/sec:  10BASE5 10BASE2 10BASE-T 100 Mbit/sec Gigabit/sec 10 Gigabit/sec 40/100 Gigabit/sec

Terabit/sec

General IEEE 802.3 Physical layer Autonegotiation Power over Ethernet Ethernet Type Ethernet Alliance Flow control

Frames Jumbos

Historical CSMA/CD StarLAN 10BROAD36 10BASE-FB 10BASE-FL 100BaseVG LattisNet Long Reach

Applications Industrial Carrier Audio First mile Data center Energy Efficiency Synchronous

Transceivers MAU GBIC SFP XENPAK XFP SFP+ CFP

Interfaces AUI MDI MII GMII XGMII XAUI

All Ethernet-related articles

Page 11: Ethernet Tecnologies

II – LATTISNET

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

LattisNet was a family of computer networking hardware and software products built and sold by SynOptics

Communications (also rebranded by Western Digital)[citation needed] during the 1980s. Examples were the 1000, 2500 and

3000 series of LattisHub network hubs. LattisNet was the first implementation of 10 Megabits per second local area

networking over unshielded twisted pairwiring in a star topology.[1]

Contents

1 Ethernet variants

2 Ethernet compatibility

3 References

4 External links

Ethernet variants

During the early 1980s most networks used coaxial cable as the primary form of premise cabling

in Ethernet implementations. In 1985 SynOptics shipped its first hub for fiber optics and shielded twisted pair.

[1] SynOptics' co-founder, Engineer Ronald V. Schmidt, had experimented with a fiber-optic variant of Ethernet called

Fibernet II while working at Xerox PARC, where Ethernet had been invented.[2] In January 1987 SynOptics announced

intentions to manufacture equipment supporting 10 megabits/sec data transfer rates over unshielded twisted pair,

telephone wire.[3]

In August 1987 New York based LAN Systems, Inc. completed the equipment testing and praised SynOptics for

successfully deploying a 10Mbit/s network that supported workstations up to 330 feet from the wiring closet, because of

their careful control of EMI and RFI.[3] Novell reported that the LattisNet equipment performed better than RG-58U coaxial

cable.[4]

This same year HP proposed a study group be formed to look into standardizing Ethernet on telephone wires. [3]

[5] SynOptics' investor, Menlo Ventures explained its position on joining the IEEE for standardization.

“When we [Menlo Ventures] initially made the investment, SynOptics had a patent on this architecture,

which Xerox Corporation had filed for them. [The patent] basically would have precluded anyone else from implementing Ethernet hubs. And so in one sense, you might look at this patent and say: 'That is a powerful barrier of entry. It will keep competitors away from the door.' Unfortunately, in the networking business [a central patent] works against you in that the IEEE will not allow any company to have a patent on something that is going to give that company an advantage, if the technology covered by the patent is to become an industry standard." So SynOptics had sort of a dilemma: If we retain the patent rights and defend our exclusivity, we basically have to give up the idea of becoming the industry standard. On the other hand, if we want to have our technology and architecture adopted as the industry standard, we basically have to throw our patent on the pile and offer a free license to anyone. So we decided to go for the standard and to give free license to the patent. By becoming the standard, the market acceptance of this technology would be dramatically increased. In fact, had

Page 12: Ethernet Tecnologies

we kept the proprietary standard, I believe someone else would have gone to the IEEE and a different approach would have been adopted, and we would have been left in the dust.

—Tom Bredt, July 2, 1995, The Triumph of Ethernet

In 1990 the IEEE issued an Ethernet over twisted pair standard known for transmitting 10 Mbit/s, or 10BASE-T

(802.3i).

Ethernet compatibility

Of the SynOptics hubs, the 2500 series was only compatible with LattisNet twisted-pair Ethernet; the 1000 and

3000 series featured modules for LattisNet and standard 10BASE-T. In the 1000 series, the 505 modules are LattisNet

and the 508 modules are 10BASE-T.

References

1. :a b Urs von Burg (2001). "The Battle Between Ethernet and Token Ring". The Triumph of Ethernet. Stanford University

Press. ISBN 0-8047-4094-1.

2. - R. Schmidt, E. Rawson, R. Norton Jr., S. Jackson, M. Bailey, (November 1983). "Fibernet II: A Fiber Optic

Ethernet". IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 1 (5): 702.doi:10.1109/JSAC.1983.1145992.

3. :a b c Paula Musich (August 3, 1987). "User lauds SynOptic system: LattisNet a success on PDS". Network World 4 (31).

pp. 2, 39. Retrieved June 10, 2011.

4. - Eric Killorin (November 2, 1987). "LattisNet makes the grade in Novell benchmark tests" 4 (44). Network World. p. 19.

Retrieved June 11, 2011.

5. - Understanding the Network A Practical Guide to Internetworking, page 131, accessdate-20 March 2011

Page 13: Ethernet Tecnologies

III - ETHERNET OVER TWISTED PAIR (10BASE-T)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from 10BASE-T)

Ethernet over twisted-pair cable

8P8C plug

Ethernet over twisted pair technologies use twisted-pair cables for the physical layer of an Ethernet computer

network. Other Ethernet cable standards employ coaxial cable or optical fiber. Early versions developed in the 1980s

included StarLAN followed by 10BASE-T. By the 1990s, fast, inexpensive technologies began to emerge. Currently the

most popular are 100BASE-TX (fast Ethernet; 100 Mbit/s) and 1000BASE-T (gigabit Ethernet; 1 Gbit/s). These standards

all use 8P8C connectors.[note 1] Meanwhile higher-speed implementations generally support lower-speed standards

inclusively; thus it is possible to mix different generations of equipment. Inclusive capability is

designated 10/100 or 10/100/1000- for connections that support such combinations.[1]:123 The cables usually have four

pairs of wires (though 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX only require two of the pairs). The three standards support both full-

duplex and half-duplex communication. High-grade twisted pair cabling can transport up to 10 Gbit/s Ethernet

(10GBASE-T).

Contents

1 History

2 Naming

3 Cabling

4 Autonegotiation and duplex mismatch

5 Variants

Page 14: Ethernet Tecnologies

6 See also

7 Notes

8 References

9 Further reading

10 External links

History

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards association ratified several versions of the

technology. The first two early designs were StarLAN, standardized in 1986, at one megabit per second, [2] and LattisNet,

developed in January 1987, at 10 megabit per second.[3][4] Both were developed before the 10BASE-T standard

(published in 1990 as IEEE 802.3i), and both were not compatible with it.[5]

Using twisted pair cabling, in a star topology, for Ethernet addressed several weaknesses of the previous

standards:

Twisted pair cables could be used more generally and were already present in many office buildings,

lowering overall cost.

The centralized star topology was a more common approach to cabling than the bus in earlier standards

and easier to manage.

Using point-to-point links instead of a shared bus greatly simplified troubleshooting and was less prone

to failure.

Exchanging cheap repeater hubs for more advanced switching hubs provided a viable upgrade path.

Mixing different speeds in a single network became possible with the arrival of Fast Ethernet.

Naming

The common names for the standards derive from aspects of the physical media. The leading number (10 in

10BASE-T) refers to the transmission speed in Mbit/s. BASE denotes that basebandtransmission is used.

The T designates twisted pair cable, where the pair of wires for each signal is twisted together to reduce radio frequency

interference and crosstalk between pairs. Where there are several standards for the same transmission speed, they are

distinguished by a letter or digit following the T, such as TX.

Page 15: Ethernet Tecnologies

Cabling

8P8C modular plug pin positioning

TIA/EIA-568 T568B termination

Pin

Ppair

Wwire

Color

1 2t

ip white/orange

2 2r

ing orange

3 3t

ip white/green

4 1r

ing blue

5 1t

ip white/blue

6 3r

ing green

7 4t

ip white/brown

8 4r

ing brown

Twisted-pair Ethernet standards are such that the majority of cables can be wired "straight-through" (pin 1 to pin

1, pin 2 to pin 2 and so on), but others may need to be wired in the "crossover" form (receive to transmit and transmit to

receive).

10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX only require two pairs to operate, located on pins 1 plus 2 and pins 3 plus 6. Since

10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX need only two pairs and Category 5 cable has four pairs, it is possible, but not standards

compliant, to run two network connections or use spare pairs for PoE (Power over Ethernet) (or a network connection

and two phone lines) over a Category 5 cable by using the normally unused pairs (pins 4–5, 7–8) in 10- and 100-Mbit/s

Page 16: Ethernet Tecnologies

configurations. In practice, great care must be taken to separate these pairs as most 10/100-Mbit/s hubs, switches, and

PCs electrically terminate the unused pins.[citation needed] Moreover, 1000BASE-T requires all four pairs to operate, pins 1 and

2, 3 and 6 — as well as 4 and 5, 7 and 8.

It is conventional to wire cables for 10- or 100-Mbit/s Ethernet to either the T568A or T568B standards. Since

these standards differ only in that they swap the positions of the two pairs used for transmitting and receiving (TX/RX), a

cable with T568A wiring at one end and T568B wiring at the other is referred to as a crossover cable. The terms used in

the explanations of the 568 standards, tip and ring, refer to older communication technologies, and equate to the positive

and negative parts of the connections.

A 10BASE-T or 100BASE-TX node such as a PC, with a connector called medium dependent

interfaces (MDI), transmits on pin 1 and 2 and receives on pin 3 and 6 to a network device using a "straight-through"

cable. In order for two network devices or two nodes to communicate with each other (such as a switch to another switch

or computer to computer) a crossover cable is often required at speeds of 10 or 100 Mbit/s. If available, connections can

be made with a straight-through cable by means of an MDI-X port, also known as an "internal crossover" or "embedded

crossover" connection. Hub and switch ports with such internal crossovers are usually labelled as such, with "uplink" or

"X". For example, 3Com usually labels their ports 1X, 2X, and so on. In some cases a button is provided to allow a port to

act as either a normal or an uplink port.

Many modern Ethernet host adapters can automatically detect another computer connected with a straight-

through cable and then automatically introduce the required crossover, if needed; if neither of the adapters has this

capability, then a crossover cable is required. Most newer switches have automatic crossover ("auto MDI-X" or "auto-

uplink") on all ports, eliminating the uplink port and the MDI/MDI-X switch, and allowing all connections to be made with

straight-through cables. If both devices being connected support 1000BASE-T according to the standards, they will

connect regardless of the cable being used or how it is wired.

A 10BASE-T transmitter sends two differential voltages, +2.5 V or −2.5 V.

100BASE-TX follows the same wiring patterns as 10BASE-T, but is more sensitive to wire quality and length,

due to the higher bit rates.

A 100BASE-TX transmitter sends three differential voltages, +1 V, 0 V, or −1 V.[6]

1000BASE-T uses all four pairs bi-directionally and the standard includes auto MDI-X; however, implementation

is optional. With the way that 1000BASE-T implements signaling, how the cable is wired is immaterial in actual usage.

The standard on copper twisted pair is IEEE 802.3ab for Cat 5e UTP, or 4D-PAM5; four dimensions using PAM (pulse

amplitude modulation) with five voltages, −2 V, −1 V, 0 V, +1 V, and +2 V[7] While +2 V to −2 V voltage may appear at the

pins of the line driver, the voltage on the cable is nominally +1 V, +0.5 V, 0 V, −0.5 V and −1 V.[8]

100BASE-TX and 1000BASE-T were both designed to require a minimum of Category 5 cable and also specify a

maximum cable length of 100 meters. Category 5 cable has since been deprecated and new installations use Category

5e.

Unlike earlier Ethernet standards using broadband and coaxial cable, such as 10BASE5 (thicknet)

and 10BASE2 (thinnet), 10BASE-T does not specify the exact type of wiring to be used, but instead specifies certain

characteristics that a cable must meet. This was done in anticipation of using 10BASE-T in existing twisted-pair wiring

systems that may not conform to any specified wiring standard. Some of the specified characteristics

Page 17: Ethernet Tecnologies

areattenuation, characteristic impedance, timing jitter, propagation delay, and several types of noise. Cable testers are

widely available to check these parameters to determine if a cable can be used with 10BASE-T. These characteristics are

expected to be met by 100 meters of 24-gauge unshielded twisted-pair cable. However, with high quality cabling, cable

runs of 150 meters or longer are often obtained and are considered viable by most technicians familiar with the 10BASE-

T specification.[citation needed]

Autonegotiation and duplex mismatch

Main articles: Autonegotiation and Duplex mismatch

Many different modes of operations (10BASE-T half duplex, 10BASE-T full duplex, 100BASE-TX half duplex, ...)

exist for Ethernet over twisted pair, and most network adapters are capable of different modes of operation. 1000BASE-T

requires autonegotiation to be on in order to operate.

When two linked interfaces are set to different duplex modes, the effect of this duplex mismatch is a network that

functions much more slowly than its nominal speed. Duplex mismatch may be inadvertently caused when an

administrator configures an interface to a fixed mode (e.g. 100 Mbit/s full duplex) and fails to configure the remote

interface, leaving it set to autonegotiate. Then, when the autonegotiation process fails, half duplex is assumed by the

autonegotiating side of the link.

Variants

Speed [Mbit/s]

Distance

[m]Name

Standard/ Year

Description

1100(nominally)

StarLAN802.3e

1986[9]

Runs over four wires (two twisted pairs) on telephone twisted pair or Category 3 cable. An active hub sits in the middle and has a port for each node. Manchester coded signaling.

10100(nominally)

LattisNet(pre) 802.3i

1987

Runs over AT&T Premises Distribution System (PDS) wiring or four wires (two twisted pairs) on telephone twisted pair or Category 3 cable.[3][10]

10100(nominally)[11] 10BASE-T

802.3i

1990

Runs over four wires (two twisted pairs) on a Category 3 or Category 5 cable. Star topology with an active hub orswitch sits in the middle and has a port for each node. This is also the configuration used for 100BASE-T and gigabit Ethernet. Manchester coded signaling.

100 100 100BASE-TX802.3u

1995

4B5B MLT-3 coded signaling, Category 5 cable copper cabling with two twisted pairs.

1000 100 1000BASE - T 802.3ab

1999

PAM-5 coded signaling. At least Category 5 cable with four twisted pairs copper cabling. Category 5 cable has since been deprecated and new installations use Category 5e. Each pair is used in both directions simultaneously.

Page 18: Ethernet Tecnologies

10 000 100 10GBASE - T 802.3an

2006THP PAM-16 coding. Uses category 6a cable.

40 000 ≥30 40GBASE-T 802.3bq[12] under development, uses encoding from 10GBASE-T on proposed Cat   8.1/8.2  shielded cable

See also

25-pair color code

Copper cable certification

Ethernet physical layer

Ethernet extender

Fast Ethernet , 100 Mbit/s

IEEE 802.3

Network isolator

Power over Ethernet  (PoE)

Twisted pair

Notes

1. - The 8P8C modular connector is often called RJ45 after a telephone industry standard.

References

1. - Charles E. Spurgeon (2000). Ethernet: the definitive guide. OReilly Media. ISBN 978-1-56592-660-8.

2. - Urs von Burg (2001). The triumph of Ethernet: technological communities and the battle for the LAN standard .

Stanford University Press. pp. 175–176, 255–256. ISBN 978-0-8047-4095-1.

3. ^ Jump up to:a b Paula Musich (August 3, 1987). "User lauds SynOptic system: LattisNet a success on PDS". Network

World 4 (31). pp. 2, 39. Retrieved June 10, 2011.

4. - W.C. Wise, Ph.D. (March 1989). "Yesterday, somebody asked me what I think about LattisNet. Here's what I told

him in a nutshell". CIO Magazine 2 (6). p. 13. Retrieved June 11, 2011.(Advertisement)

5. - Network Maintenance and Troubleshooting Guide. Fluke Networks. 2002. p. B-4. ISBN 1-58713-800-X.

6. - David A. Weston (2001). Electromagnetic Compatibility: principles and applications. CRC Press. pp. 240–

242. ISBN 0-8247-8889-3. Retrieved June 11, 2011.

7. - Steve Prior. "1000BASE-T Duffer's Guide to Basics and Startup". Retrieved 2011-02-18.

8. - Nick van Bavel, Phil Callahan and John Chiang (2004-10-25). "Voltage-mode line drivers save on power". Retrieved

2011-02-18.

Page 19: Ethernet Tecnologies

9. - 802.3a,b,c, and e-1988 IEEE Standards for Local Area Networks: Supplements to Carrier Sense Multiple Access

With Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications . IEEE Standards Association.

1987. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.1987.78883.

10. - Eric Killorin (November 2, 1987). "LattisNet makes the grade in Novell benchmark tests" 4(44). Network World.

p. 19. Retrieved March 18, 2011.

11. - IEEE Computer Society (2008-12-26), IEEE Std 802.3-2008 : 14.1.1.3 Twisted-pair media, IEEE

12. - "IEEE P802.3bq 40GBASE-T Task Force". IEEE 802.3.

Page 20: Ethernet Tecnologies

IV - 10GIGABIT ETHERNET

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  (Redirected from 10GBASE-T)

In computer networking, 10 gigabit Ethernet (10GE or 10GbE or 10 GigE) refers to various technologies for

transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of 10 gigabits per second (10×109 or 10 billion bits per second), first defined by

the IEEE 802.3ae-2002 standard. Unlike previous Ethernet standards, 10 gigabit Ethernet defines only full duplex point-

to-point links which are generally connected by network switches; shared-medium CSMA/CD operation has not been

carried over from the previous generations Ethernet standards.[1] Half duplex operation and hubs do not exist in 10GbE.

Like previous versions of Ethernet, 10GbE supports both copper and fiber cabling. However, due to its higher

bandwidth requirements, higher-grade copper cables are required: category 6a orClass F/Category 7 cables for links up

to 100m. The 10 gigabit Ethernet standard encompasses a number of different physical layer (PHY) standards. A

networking device may support different PHY types through pluggable PHY modules, such as those based on SFP+.[2] At

the time that the 10 gigabit Ethernet standard was developed, interest in 10GbE as a wide area network (WAN) transport

led to the introduction of a WAN PHY for 10GbE. The WAN PHY encapsulates Ethernet packets in SONET OC-192c

frames and operates at a slightly slower data-rate (9.95328 Gbit/s) than the local area network (LAN) PHY.

Router with 10 gigabit Ethernet ports and three physical layer module types

The adoption of 10 gigabit Ethernet has been more gradual than previous revisions of Ethernet: in 2007, one

million 10GbE ports were shipped, in 2009 two million ports were shipped, and in 2010 over three million ports were

shipped, [3][4] with an estimated nine million ports in 2011.[5] As of 2012, the price per port of 10 gigabit Ethernet relative to

its one gigabit counterpart still hindered more widespread adoption, even though the price per gigabit of bandwidth

enabled by 10 gigabit Ethernet was already about one-third compared to the bandwidth cost of its one gigabit

predecessor.[6][7]

Page 21: Ethernet Tecnologies

Contents

1 Standards

2 Physical layer modules

3 Optical fiber

o 3.1 10GBASE-SR

o 3.2 10GBASE-LR

o 3.3 10GBASE-LRM

o 3.4 10GBASE-ER

o 3.5 10GBASE-ZR

o 3.6 10GBASE-LX4

o 3.7 10GBASE-PR

4 Copper

o 4.1 10GBASE-CX4

o 4.2 SFP+ Direct Attach

o 4.3 Backplane

4.3.1 10GBASE-KX4

4.3.2 10GBASE-KR

o 4.4 10GBASE-T

5 WAN PHY (10GBASE-W)

6 10GbE NICs

7 See also

8 Notes and references

9 External links

Standards

Standard Year Description

802.3ae 2002[8] 10 Gbit/s Ethernet over fiber for LAN (10GBASE-SR, 10GBASE-LR, 10GBASE-ER, 10GBASE-LX4) and WAN (10GBASE-SW, 10GBASE-LW, 10GBASE-EW)

802.3ak 2004 10GBASE-CX4 10 Gbit/s Ethernet over twin-axial (InfiniBand type) cable

802.3-2005 2005 A revision of base standard incorporating the prior amendments and errata

802.3an 2006 10GBASE-T 10 Gbit/s Ethernet over copper twisted pair cable

802.3ap 2007 Backplane Ethernet (1 and 10 Gbit/s over printed circuit boards)

802.3aq 2006 10GBASE-LRM 10 Gbit/s Ethernet over multimode fiber with enhanced equalization

802.3-2008 2008A revision of base standard incorporating the 802.3an/ap/aq/as amendments, two corrigenda and errata. Link aggregation moved to 802.1AX

802.3av 2009 10GBASE-PR 10 Gbit/s Ethernet PHY for EPON

Page 22: Ethernet Tecnologies

802.3-2012 2012 The latest version of the base standard

Over the years the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.3 working group has published

several standards relating to 10GbE. These included: 802.3ae-2002 (fiber -SR, -LR, -ER and -LX4 PMDs), 802.3ak-2004

(-CX4 copper twin-ax InfiniBand type cable), 802.3an-2006 (10GBASE-T copper twisted pair), 802.3ap-2007 (copper

backplane -KR and -KX4 PMDs) and 802.3aq-2006 (fiber -LRM PMD with enhanced equalization). The 802.3ae-2002

and 802.3ak-2004 amendments were consolidated into the IEEE 802.3-2005 standard. IEEE 802.3-2005 and the other

amendments were consolidated into IEEE Std 802.3-2008.

Physical layer modules

Closeup of an XFP transceiver, in 2008

To support different 10GbE physical layer standards, many interfaces consist of a standard socket into which

different PHY modules may be plugged. Physical layer modules are not specified in an official standards body but

by multi-source agreements (MSAs) that can be negotiated more quickly. Relevant MSAs for 10GbE

include XENPAK (and related X2 and XPAK), XFP and SFP+. When choosing a PHY module, a designer considers cost,

reach, media type, power consumption, and size (form factor). A single point-to-point link can have different MSA

pluggable formats on either end (e.g. XPAK and SFP+) as long as the 10GbE optical or copper port type (e.g. 10GBASE-

SR) inside the pluggable is identical.

XENPAK was the first MSA for 10GE and had the largest form factor. X2 and XPAK were later competing

standards with smaller form factors. X2 and XPAK have not been as successful in the market as XENPAK. XFP came

after X2 and XPAK and it is also smaller.

The newest module standard is the enhanced small form-factor pluggable transceiver, generally called SFP+.

Based on the small form-factor pluggable transceiver (SFP) and developed by the ANSI T11 fibre channel group, it is

smaller still and lower power than XFP. SFP+ has become the most popular socket on 10GE systems. [9][10] SFP+ modules

do only optical to electrical conversion, no clock and data recovery, putting a higher burden on the host's channel

equalization. SFP+ modules share a common physical form factor with legacy SFP modules, allowing higher port density

than XFP and the re-use of existing designs for 24 or 48 ports in a 19" rack width blade.

Optical modules are connected to a host by either a XAUI, XFI or SFI interface. XENPAK, X2, and XPAK

modules use XAUI to connect to their hosts. XAUI (XGXS) uses a four-lane data channel and is specified in IEEE 802.3

Clause 48. XFP modules use a XFI interface and SFP+ modules use an SFI interface. XFI and SFI use a single lane data

channel and the 64b/66b encodingspecified in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49.

Page 23: Ethernet Tecnologies

SFP+ modules can further be grouped into two types of host interfaces: linear or limiting. Limiting modules are

preferred except when using old fiber infrastructure which requires the use of the linear interface provided by 10GBASE-

LRM modules.[11]

Interconnect AKA Defined Connector[12] Medium Media Type Wavelength Max range Notes

10GBASE-USR ultra short reach2011[citation

needed] X2, SFP fiber serial multi-mode 850 nm 100 midentical to 10GBASE-SR except for lower performance/reach

10GBASE-SR short reach 2002XENPAK, X2,

SFP+fiber serial multi-mode 850 nm 400 m

10GBASE-LR long reach 2002XENPAK, X2,

XFP, SFP+fiber serial single-mode 1310 nm 10 km

10GBASE-ER extended reach 2002XENPAK, X2,

XFP, SFP+fiber serial single-mode 1550 nm 40 km

10GBASE-ZR -XENPAK, X2,

XFP, SFP+fiber serial single-mode 1550 nm 80 km Not covered by IEEE 802.3ae

10GBASE-LX4 2002XENPAK, X2,

SFP+fiber

WDM multi-mode or single-mode

1310 nm300 m (multi-mode), 10 km (single-mode)

Costly and complex, replaced by 10GBASE-LRM

10GBASE-LRM long reach multi-mode 2006XENPAK, X2,

SFP+fiber serial multi-mode 1310 nm 220 m

10GBASE-CX4 2004 XENPAK, X2 copperInfiniBand

4Xtwinaxial 8-pair[13]

- 15 m

Four lanes, each at 3.125 Gbit/s.[citation

needed] Larger form factor, bulkier cables and more expensive than SFP+ Direct Attach

SFP+ Direct Attach DA, "10GBASE-CR" 2006 SFP+ copper twinaxial 2-pair - 15 m Cheap, low latency, low power

10GBASE-T 2006 8P8C coppercategory 6, 6a or 7

twisted pair-

55 m (cat 6), 100 m (cat 6a or 7)

Can reuse existing cables, high port density, relatively high power

10GBASE-KX4 802.3ap 2007 copper PCB backplane - 1 m

10GBASE-KR 802.3ap 2007 copper PCB backplane - 1 m

10GBASE-PR 802.3av 2009 fiberPassive Optical

Network1270 nm/1577 nm

20 km 10G EPON

Optical fiber

A Foundry Router with 10 gigabit Ethernet optical interfaces (XFP transceiver). The yellow cables are single-mode duplex fiber

optic connections.

There are two classifications for optical fiber: single-mode (SMF) and multimode (MMF).[14] In SMF light follows a

single path through the fiber while in MMF it takes multiple paths resulting in differential mode delay (DMD). SMF is used

for long distance communication and MMF is used for distances of less than 300 m. SMF has a narrower core (8.3 µm)

which requires a more precise termination and connection method. MMF has a wider core (50 or 62.5 µm). The

advantage of MMF is that it can be driven by a low cost Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) for short distances,

and multimode connectors are cheaper and easier to terminate reliably in the field. The advantage of SMF is that it can

work over longer distances.[15]

Page 24: Ethernet Tecnologies

In the 802.3 standard reference is made to FDDI-grade MMF fiber. This has a 62.5 µm core and a minimum

modal bandwidth of 160 MHz*km at 850 nm. It was originally installed in the early 1990s

for FDDI and 100BaseFX networks. The 802.3 standard also references ISO/IEC 11801 which specifies optical MMF

fiber types OM1, OM2, OM3 and OM4. OM1 has a 62.5 µm core while the others have a 50 µm core. At 850 nm the

minimum modal bandwidth of OM1 is 200 MHz*km, of OM2 500 MHz*km, of OM3 2000 MHz*km and of OM4

4700 MHz*km. FDDI-grade cable is now obsolete and new structured cabling installations use either OM3 or OM4

cabling. OM3 cable can carry 10GbE 300 meters using low cost 10GBASE-SR optics (OM4 can manage 400 meters) . [16]

[17]

To distinguish SMF from MMF cables, SMF cables are usually yellow, while MMF cables are orange (OM1 &

OM2) or aqua (OM3 & OM4). However, in fiber optics there is no agreed color for any specific optical speed or

technology with the exception being angular physical connector (APC), it being an agreed color of green.[18]

There are also active optical cables (AOC). These have the optical electronics already connected eliminating the

connectors between the cable and the optical module. They plug into standard optical module sockets. They are lower

cost than other optical solutions because the manufacturer can match the electronics to the required length and type of

cable.

10GBASE-SR

10GBASE-SR ("short range") is a port type for multi-mode fiber and uses 850 nm lasers. Its Physical Coding

Sublayer 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 and its Physical Medium Dependent PMD in Clause 52. It

delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125 Gbit/s.

Over obsolete FDDI-grade 62.5 micrometers multimode fiber cabling it has a maximum range of 26 meters, over

62.5 micrometers OM1 it has a range of 33 meters, over 50 micrometers OM2 a range of 82 meters, over OM3

300 meters and over OM4 400 meters.[17] [19] OM3 and OM4 are the preferred choices for structured optical cabling within

buildings. MMF has the advantage over SMF of having lower cost connectors because of its wider core.

The 10GBASE-SR transmitter is implemented with a VCSEL which is low cost and low power. OM3 and OM4

optical cabling is sometimes described as laser optimized because they have been designed to work with VCSELs.

10GBASE-SR delivers the lowest cost, lowest power and smallest form factor optical modules.

For 2011, 10GBASE-SR is projected to make up a quarter of the total 10GbE adapter ports shipped.[20]

There is a non-standard lower cost, lower power variant sometimes referred to as 10GBASE-SRL (10GBASE-SR

lite). This is inter-operable with 10GBASE-SR but only has a reach of 100 meters.

10GBASE-LR

10GBASE-LR ("long reach") is a port type for single-mode fiber and uses 1310 nm lasers. Its Physical Coding

Sublayer 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 and its Physical Medium Dependent PMD in Clause 52. It

delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125 Gbit/s.

10GBASE-LR has a specified reach of 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), but 10GBASE-LR optical modules can often

manage distances of up to 25 kilometres (16 mi) with no data loss.

Page 25: Ethernet Tecnologies

The 10GBASE-LR transmitter is implemented with a Fabry–Pérot or Distributed feedback laser (DFB). DFB

lasers are more expensive than VCSELs but their high power and longer wavelength allow efficient coupling into the

small core of single mode fiber over greater distances.

10GBASE-LRM

10GBASE-LRM, (Long Reach Multimode) originally specified in IEEE 802.3aq is a port type for multimode fiber

and uses 1310 nm lasers. Its Physical Coding Sublayer 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 and its Physical

Medium Dependent PMD in Clause 68. It delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125 Gbit/s.

10GBASE-LRM supports distances up to 220 metres (720 ft) on FDDI-grade multimode fiber and the same 220m

maximum reach on OM1, OM2 and OM3 fiber types.[17] 10GBASE-LRM reach is not quite as far as the older 10GBASE-

LX4 standard.

To ensure that specifications are met over FDDI-grade, OM1 and OM2 fibers, the transmitter should be coupled

through a mode conditioning patch cord. No mode conditioning patch cord is required for applications over OM3 or OM4.

[21]

Some 10GBASE-LRM transceivers also support distances up to 300 metres (980 ft) on standard single-mode

fiber (SMF, G.652), however this is not part of the IEEE or MSA specification.

10GBASE-LRM uses electronic dispersion compensation (EDC) for receive equalization.[22]

10GBASE-ER

10GBASE-ER ("extended reach") is a port type for single-mode fiber and uses 1550 nm lasers. Its Physical

Coding Sublayer 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 and its Physical Medium Dependent PMD in Clause

52. It delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125 Gbit/s.

The 10GBASE-ER transmitter is implemented with an externally modulated laser (EML).

10GBASE-ER has a reach of 40 kilometres (25 mi) over engineered links and 30 km over standard links.[17][23]

10GBASE-ZR

Several manufacturers have introduced 80 km (50 mi) range ER pluggable interfaces under the name

10GBASE-ZR. This 80 km PHY is not specified within the IEEE 802.3ae standard and manufacturers have created their

own specifications based upon the 80 km PHY described in the OC-192/STM-64 SDH/SONET specifications.

The 802.3 standard will not be amended to cover the ZR PHY.

10GBASE-LX4

Page 26: Ethernet Tecnologies

10GBASE-LX4 is a port type for multimode fiber and single-mode fiber. It uses four separate laser sources

operating at 3.125 Gbit/s and coarse WDM with four unique wavelengths around 1310 nm. Its Physical Coding

Sublayer 8B10B PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 48 and its Physical Medium Dependent PMD in Clause 53.[17]

It supports a range of 300 metres (980 ft) over FDDI-grade, OM1, OM2 and OM3 multimode cabling (all these

fiber types are specified to have a minimum modal bandwidth of 500 MHz*km at 1300 nm).

10GBASE-LX4 also supports a range of 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) over SMF.

For MMF links the WDM output needs to be coupled through a SMF offset-launch mode-conditioning patch cord.

This is explained in subclauses 53.6 and 38.11.4 of the IEEE 802.3 spec.[17]

Until 2005 10GBASE-LX4 optical modules were cheaper than 10GBASE-LR optical modules.

10GBASE-LX4 was used by people who wanted to support both MMF and SMF with a single optical module.

10GBASE-LX4 is now an obsolete technology and has no significant market presence.

10GBASE-PR

10GBASE-PR ("PON") originally specified in IEEE 802.3av is a 10G Ethernet PHY for passive optical networks

and uses 1577 nm lasers in the down stream direction and 1270 nm lasers in the upstream direction. Its Physical Medium

Dependent PMD is specified in Clause 75. Downstream it delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125 Gbit/s in a

point to multi-point configuration.[17]

10GBASE-PR has three power budgets specified as 10GBASE-PR10, 10GBASE-PR20 and 10GBASE-PR30.

Copper

10G Ethernet can also run over twin-axial cabling, twisted pair cabling, and backplanes.

10GBASE-CX4

10GBASE-CX4 — was the first 10G copper standard published by 802.3 (as 802.3ak-2004). It uses the XAUI 4-

lane PCS (Clause 48) and copper cabling similar to that used by InfiniBand technology. It is specified to work up to a

distance of 15 m (49 ft). Each lane carries 3.125 G baud of signaling bandwidth.

10GBASE-CX4 offers the advantages of low power, low cost and low latency, but has a bigger form factor and

more bulky cables than the newer single lane SFP+ standard and a much shorter reach than fiber or 10GBASE-T. This

cable is fairly rigid and considerably more costly than Category 5 or 6 UTP.

Shipments of 10GBASE-CX4 today are very low.[20] although some network vendors offer CX-4 interfaces which

can be used for either 10GBase ethernet or for stacking of switches at (slightly) higher speeds. An example of combi

stacking/ethernet are Dell PowerConnect PCT6200, PCT7000 and the 1G Powerconnect blade switches PCM6220 and

PCM6348[24]

Page 27: Ethernet Tecnologies

SFP+ Direct Attach

Also known as Direct Attach (DA), 10GSFP+Cu, 10GBASE-CR,[25] 10GBASE-CX1, SFP+, or 10GbE Cu SFP

cables. Direct Attach uses a passive twin-ax cable assembly and connects directly into an SFP+ housing. SFP+ Direct

Attach has a fixed-length cable, typically 1 to 7 m (passive cables) or up to 15 m (active cables) in length,[26][27] and, like

10GBASE-CX4, is low-power, low-cost and low-latency with the added advantages of using less bulky cables and of

having the small form factor of SFP+. SFP+ Direct Attach today is tremendously popular, with more ports installed than

10GBASE-SR.[20]

Backplane

Backplane Ethernet — also known by its task force name 802.3ap — is used in backplane applications such

as blade servers and modular routers/switches with upgradable line cards. 802.3ap implementations are required to

operate in an environment comprising up to 1 metre (39 in) of copper printed circuit board with two connectors. The

standard defines two port types for 10 Gbit/s (10GBASE-KX4 and 10GBASE-KR) and a 1 Gbit/s port type (1000BASE-

KX). It also defines an optional layer for FEC, a backplane autonegotiation protocol and link training for 10GBASE-KR

where the receiver can set a three tap transmit equalizer. The autonegotiation protocol selects between 1000BASE-KX,

10GBASE-KX4, 10GBASE-KR or 40GBASE-KR4 operation. 40GBASE-KR4 is defined in 802.3ba. [28]

New backplane designs use 10GBASE-KR rather than 10GBASE-KX4.[20]

10GBASE-KX4

This operates over four backplane lanes and uses the same physical layer coding (defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause

48) as 10GBASE-CX4.

10GBASE-KR

This operates over a single backplane lane and uses the same physical layer coding (defined in IEEE 802.3

Clause 49) as 10GBASE-LR/ER/SR.

10GBASE-T

10GBASE-T, or IEEE 802.3an-2006, is a standard released in 2006 to provide 10 Gbit/s connections over

unshielded or shielded twisted pair cables, over distances up to 100 metres (330 ft).[29]Category 6a is required to reach

the full distance of 100 metres (330 ft) and category 6 may reach a distance of 55 metres (180 ft) depending on the

quality of installation, determined only after re-testing to 500MHz. 10GBASE-T cable infrastructure can also be used for

1000BASE-T allowing a gradual upgrade from 1000BASE-T using autonegotiation to select which speed to use.

10GBASE-T has latency in the range 2 to 4 microseconds compared to 1 to 12 microseconds on 1000BASE-T. [30][31] As of

2010 10GBASE-T silicon is available from several manufacturers[32][33][34][35] with claimed power dissipation of 3–4 W at

structure widths of 40 nm, and with 28 nm in development, power will continue to decline.[36]

Page 28: Ethernet Tecnologies

10GBASE-T uses the IEC 60603-7 8P8C (commonly known as RJ45) connectors already widely used with

Ethernet. Transmission characteristics are now specified to 500 MHz. To reach this frequency Category 6A or better

balanced twisted pair cables specified in ISO/IEC 11801 amendment 2 or ANSI/TIA-568-C.2 are needed to carry

10GBASE-T up to distances of 100 m. Category 6 cables can carry 10GBASE-T for shorter distances when qualified

according to the guidelines in ISO TR 24750 or TIA-155-A.

The 802.3an standard specifies the wire-level modulation for 10GBASE-T to be Tomlinson-Harashima

precoded (THP) pulse-amplitude modulation with 16 discrete levels (PAM-16), encoded in a two-dimensional

checkerboard pattern known as DSQ128.[37] Prior to precoding, forward error correction (FEC) coding is performed using

a (2048,172) low-density parity-check code, with the parity check matrix construction based on a generalized Reed–

Solomon (32,2,31) code over GF(26).[37] By contrast PAM-5 is the modulation technique used in 1000BASE-T gigabit

Ethernet.

WAN PHY (10GBASE-W)

The WAN PHY uses the same 10GBASE-S, 10GBASE-L and 10GBASE-E optical PMDs as the LAN PHYs and

is designated as 10GBASE-SW, 10GBASE-LW or 10GBASE-EW. Its Physical Coding Sublayer 64b/66b PCS is defined

in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 and its Physical Medium Dependent PMDs in Clauses 52. It also uses a WAN Interface

Sublayer (WIS) defined in Clause 50 which adds extra encapsulation to format the frame data to be compatible with

SONET STS-192c.[17]

The WAN PHY was designed to interoperate with OC-192/STM-64 SDH/SONET equipment using a light-weight

SDH/SONET frame running at 9.953 Gbit/s.

The WAN PHY can support maximum link distances up to 80 km depending on the fiber standard employed.

10GbE NICs

10GbE network interface cards are available from several manufacturers. These plug into ordinary computer

servers using PCI express and provide one or more PHY module, LC or 8P8Cconnectors.

See also

100 Gigabit Ethernet

Energy Efficient Ethernet

List of device bandwidths

GG45

TERA

XAUI

Optical interconnect

Optical fiber cable

Optical communication

Parallel optical interface

Page 29: Ethernet Tecnologies

10G-PON

Notes and references

1. - Michael Palmer. Hands-On Networking Fundamentals, 2nd ed.. Cengage Learning. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-285-40275-8.

2. - Anil Sharma (19 January 2011). "LightCounting forecasts CAGR of Over 300 Percent for 10GBASE-T Port Shipments

Through 2014". TMCnet. Retrieved 7 May 2011.

3. - "Dell'Oro press release". Retrieved 29 March 2011.

4. - "Intel blog about Interop 2011". Retrieved 20 September 2011.

5. - http://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2012/03/google-microsoft-network-gear/

6. - 10 Gigabit Ethernet still too expensive on servers

7. - Soz, switch-fondlers: Doesn't look like 2013 is 10Gb Ethernet's year

8. - "IEEE P802.3ae 10Gb/s Ethernet Task Force". Retrieved 2013-03-19.

9. - "LightCounting's LightTrends April 2010". Retrieved 3 May 2010.

10. - "10GbE Optical Component and SFP+ Modules: This Time It's Different by Andrew Schmitt". Retrieved 11 March 2008.

11. - "The road to SFP+: Examining module and system architectures by Ryan Latchman and Bharat Tailor" . Retrieved 15

January 2009.

12. - 10-Gigabit Ethernet Transceiver Modules Compatibility Matrix

13. - Practical deployment and management of InfiniBand

14. - "Optical Fiber and 10 gigabit Ethernet white paper by the 10GEA". Archived from the original on 14 June 2008.

Retrieved 1 July 2008.

15. - "Why choose Multimode fiber? by Corning". Retrieved 11 March 2008.

16. - "10 Gigabit Ethernet over Multimode Fiber by John George". Retrieved 10 March 2008.

17. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h "IEEE 802.3 standard".

18. - "How to tell? MMF or SMF". Retrieved 6 September 2011.

19. - "Description of Cisco 10G optical modules". Retrieved 3 May 2010.

20. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "Another Serving of Alphabet Soup   — by Intel" . Retrieved 4 September 2011.

21. - "Cisco 10GBASE SFP+ Modules Data Sheet". Cisco Systems. February 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-12.

22. - "10GBase-LX4 vs 10GBase-LRM: A debate". Archivedfrom the original on 2009-07-20. Retrieved 2009-07-16.

23. - "Cisco 10GBASE XENPAK Modules". Cisco Systems. November 2011. Retrieved 2012-05-12.

24. - Dell webshop CX4 uplink and stacking module, visited 2 March 2013

25. - "Cables and Transceivers". Arista Networks. Retrieved 21 September 2012.

26. - "Optcore SFP+ direct-attach cables". Optcore. Retrieved 21 September 2012.

27. - "HP X242 SFP+ Direct Attach Copper Cable". Hewlett Packard. Retrieved 27 March 2013.

Page 30: Ethernet Tecnologies

28. - "IEEE P802.3ap Backplane Ethernet Task Force". Retrieved 30 January 2011.

29. - "IEEE Standards Status Report for 802.3an". Retrieved 14 August 2007.

30. - 10GBASE-T for Broad 10 Gigabit Adoption in the Data Center, Intel, retrieved 2011-12-21

31. - SWITCHES SWITCH FROM 1000BASE ‐ T TO 10GBASE ‐ T NOW , Teranetics, October 2009, retrieved 2011-12-21

32. - "Broadcom 10GBASE-T PHY". Retrieved 2 December 2011.

33. - "PLX Technology, Teranetics 10GBASE-T PHY". Retrieved 11 February 2011.

34. - "Solar Flare 10GBASE-T PHY". Archived from the original on 2009-09-07. Retrieved 2009-09-05.

35. - "Aquantia 10GBASE-T PHY". Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2008.

36. - Hostetler, Jeff. "10GBASE-T – Is 2012 the Year for Wide Adoption?".

37. - Ungerboeck, Gottfried (22 September 2006)."10GBASE-T: 10Gbit/s Ethernet over copper". Vienna: Broadcom.

Retrieved 7 August 2013.

Page 31: Ethernet Tecnologies

V - FAST ETHERNET (100BASE-T)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Intel PRO/100 Fast Ethernet NIC, a PCI card

In computer networking, Fast Ethernet is a collective term for a number of Ethernet standards that carry traffic at

the nominal rate of 100 Mbit/s, against the original Ethernet speed of 10 Mbit/s. Of the Fast Ethernet standards

100BASE-TX is by far the most common and is supported by the vast majority of Ethernet hardware currently produced.

Fast Ethernet was introduced in 1995[1] and remained the fastest version of Ethernet for three years before being

superseded by gigabit Ethernet.[2]

Contents

1 General design

2 Copper

o 2.1 100BASE-TX

o 2.2 100BASE-T4

o 2.3 100BASE-T2

3 Fiber optics

o 3.1 100BASE-FX

o 3.2 100BASE-SX

o 3.3 100BASE-BX

o 3.4 100BASE-LX10

4 See also

Page 32: Ethernet Tecnologies

5 References

6 External links

General design

Fast Ethernet is an extension of the existing Ethernet standard. It runs on UTP data or optical fiber cable in a star

wired bus topology, similar to 10BASE-T where all cables are attached to a hub. And, it provides compatibility with

existing 10BASE-T systems and thus enables plug-and-play upgrades from 10BASE-T. Fast Ethernet is sometimes

referred to as 100BASE-X where X is a placeholder for the FX and TX variants.[citation needed] The standard specifies the use

of CSMA/CD for media access control, although in practice all modern networks use Ethernet switches and operate

in full-duplex mode.

The 100 in the media type designation refers to the transmission speed of 100 Mbit/s. The "BASE" refers

to baseband signalling. The TX, FX and T4 refer to the physical medium that carries the signal.

A Fast Ethernet adapter can be logically divided into a Media Access Controller (MAC) which deals with the

higher level issues of medium availability and a Physical Layer Interface (PHY). The MAC may be linked to the PHY by a

4 bit 25 MHz synchronous parallel interface known as a Media Independent Interface (MII) or a 2 bit 50 MHz

variant Reduced Media Independent Interface(RMII). Repeaters (hubs) are also allowed and connect to multiple PHYs for

their different interfaces.

The MII may (rarely) be an external connection but is usually a connection between ICs in a network adapter or

even within a single IC. The specs are written based on the assumption that the interface between MAC and PHY will be

a MII but they do not require it.

The MII fixes the theoretical maximum data bit rate for all versions of Fast Ethernet to 100 Mbit/s. The data

signaling rate actually observed on real networks is less than the theoretical maximum, due to the necessary header and

trailer (addressing and error-detection bits) on every frame, the occasional "lost frame" due to noise, and time waiting

after each sent frame for other devices on the network to finish transmitting.

Copper

3Com 3c905-TX 100BASE-TX PCI network interface card

100BASE-T is any of several Fast Ethernet standards for twisted pair cables, including: 100BASE-TX

(100 Mbit/s over two-pair Cat5 or better cable), 100BASE-T4 (100 Mbit/s over four-pair Cat3 or better cable, defunct),

Page 33: Ethernet Tecnologies

100BASE-T2 (100 Mbit/s over two-pair Cat3 or better cable, also defunct). The segment length for a 100BASE-T cable is

limited to 100 metres (328 ft) (as with 10BASE-T and gigabit Ethernet). All are or were standards under IEEE

802.3 (approved 1995). Almost all 100BASE-T installations are 100BASE-TX.

In the early days of Fast Ethernet, much vendor advertising centered on claims by competing standards that said

vendors' standards will work better with existing cables than other standards. In practice, it was quickly discovered that

few existing networks actually met the assumed standards, because 10-megabit Ethernet was very tolerant of minor

deviations from specified electrical characteristics and few installers ever bothered to make exact measurements of cable

and connection quality; if Ethernet worked over a cable, no matter how well it worked, it was deemed acceptable. Thus

most networks had to be rewired for 100-megabit speed whether or not there had supposedly been CAT3 or CAT5 cable

runs.[citation needed]

100BASE-TX[edit]

8P8C Wiring (TIA/EIA-568-B T568B)

PinPair

Wire Color

1 2 +/tip  white/orange

2 2 −/ring  orange

3 3 +/tip  white/green

4 1 −/ring  blue

5 1 +/tip  white/blue

6 3 −/ring  green

7 4 +/tip  white/brown

8 4 −/ring  brown

100BASE-TX is the predominant form of Fast Ethernet, and runs over two wire-pairs inside acategory 5 or above

cable. Like 10BASE-T, the active pairs in a standard connection are terminated on pins 1, 2, 3 and 6. Since a typical

category 5 cable contains 4 pairs, it can support two 100BASE-TX links with a wiring adaptor. [3] Cabling is conventional

wired to TIA/EIA-568-B's termination standards, T568A or T568B. This places the active pairs on the orange and green

pairs (canonical second and third pairs).

Each network segment can have a maximum cabling distance of 100 metres (328 ft). In its typical configuration,

100BASE-TX uses one pair of twisted wires in each direction, providing 100 Mbit/s of throughput in each direction (full-

duplex). See IEEE 802.3 for more details.

The configuration of 100BASE-TX networks is very similar to 10BASE-T. When used to build a  local area

network, the devices on the network (computers, printers etc.) are typically connected to a hub or switch, creating a star

network. Alternatively it is possible to connect two devices directly using a crossover cable.

With 100BASE-TX hardware, the raw bits (4 bits wide clocked at 25 MHz at the MII) go through 4B5B binary

encoding to generate a series of 0 and 1 symbols clocked at 125 MHz symbol rate. The 4B5B encoding provides DC

equalization and spectrum shaping (see the standard for details). Just as in the 100BASE-FX case, the bits are then

transferred to the physical medium attachment layer using NRZI encoding. However, 100BASE-TX introduces an

additional, medium dependent sublayer, which employs MLT-3 as a final encoding of the data stream before

Page 34: Ethernet Tecnologies

transmission, resulting in a maximum "fundamental frequency" of 31.25 MHz. The procedure is borrowed from the ANSI

X3.263 FDDI specifications, with minor discrepancies.[4]

100BASE-T4

100BASE-T4 was an early implementation of Fast Ethernet. It requires four twisted copper pairs, but those pairs

were only required to be category 3 rather than the category 5 required by TX. One pair is reserved for transmit, one for

receive, and the remaining two will switch direction as negotiated. A very unusual 8B6T code is used to convert 8 data

bits into 6 base-3 digits (the signal shaping is possible as there are nearly three times as many 6-digit base-3 numbers as

there are 8-digit base-2 numbers). The two resulting 3-digit base-3 symbols are sent in parallel over 3 pairs using 3-

level pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM-3). The fact that 3 pairs are used to transmit in each direction makes 100BASE-

T4 inherently half-duplex. This standard can be implemented with CAT 3, 4, 5 UTP cables, or STP if needed against

interference. Maximum distance is limited to 100 meters. 100BASE-T4 was not widely adopted but the technology

developed for it is used in 1000BASE-T.[5]

100BASE-T2

Symbol Line signal level

000 0

001 +1

010 −1

011 −2

100 (ESC) +2

In 100BASE-T2, the data is transmitted over two copper pairs, 4 bits per symbol. It uses these two pairs for

simultaneously transmitting and receiving on both pairs[6] thus allowing full-duplex operation. First, a 4 bit symbol is

expanded into two 3-bit symbols through a non-trivial scrambling procedure based on a linear feedback shift register; see

the standard for details. This is needed to flatten the bandwidth and emission spectrum of the signal, as well as to match

transmission line properties. The mapping of the original bits to the symbol codes is not constant in time and has a fairly

large period (appearing as a pseudo-random sequence). The final mapping from symbols to PAM-5 line modulation

levels obeys the table on the right. 100BASE-T2 was not widely adopted but the technology developed for it is used in

1000BASE-T.[5]

Fiber optics

100BASE-FX

100BASE-FX is a version of Fast Ethernet over optical fiber. It uses a 1300 nm near-infrared (NIR)

light wavelength transmitted via two strands of optical fiber, one for receive(RX) and the other for transmit(TX). Maximum

length is 412 metres (1,350 ft)[citation needed] for half-duplex connections (to ensure collisions are detected), and 2 kilometres

(6,600 ft) for full-duplex over multi-mode optical fiber. 100BASE-FX uses the same 4B5B encoding and NRZI line code

that 100BASE-TX does. 100BASE-FX should use SC, ST, LC, MTRJ or MIC connectors with SC being the preferred

option.[7]

100BASE-FX is not compatible with 10BASE-FL, the 10 MBit/s version over optical fiber.

100BASE-SX

Page 35: Ethernet Tecnologies

100BASE-SX is a version of Fast Ethernet over optical fiber. It uses two strands of multi-mode optical fiber for

receive and transmit. It is a lower cost alternative to using 100BASE-FX, because it uses short wavelength optics which

are significantly less expensive than the long wavelength optics used in 100BASE-FX. 100BASE-SX can operate at

distances up to 550 metres (1,800 ft).

100BASE-SX uses the same wavelength as 10BASE-FL, the 10 Mbit/s version over optical fiber. Unlike

100BASE-FX, this allows 100BASE-SX to be backwards-compatible with 10BASE-FL.

Because of the shorter wavelength used (850 nm) and the shorter distance it can support, 100BASE-SX uses

less expensive optical components (LEDs instead of lasers) which makes it an attractive option for those upgrading from

10BASE-FL and those who do not require long distances.

100BASE-SX is not standardized by the IEEE 802.3 committee. It is an industry de facto standard rather than a

formal Ethernet standard.[citation needed]

100BASE-BX

100BASE-BX is a version of Fast Ethernet over a single strand of optical fiber (unlike 100BASE-FX, which uses

a pair of fibers). Single-mode fiber is used, along with a special multiplexer which splits the signal into transmit and

receive wavelengths; the two wavelengths used for transmit and receive are 1310 nm and 1550 nm. The terminals on

each side of the fiber are not equal, as the one transmitting "downstream" (from the center of the network to the outside)

uses the 1550 nm wavelength, and the one transmitting "upstream" uses the 1310 nm wavelength. Distances can be 10,

20 or 40 km.

100BASE-LX10

100BASE-LX10 is a version of Fast Ethernet over two single-mode optical fibers. It has a nominal reach of

10 km and a nominal wavelength of 1310 nm. It is described in IEEE 802.3-2005 Section 5 chapter 58

See alsoList of device bandwidths

References IEEE 802.3u-1995

1.  [1] The 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet Standard was published

2. - "CAT5E Adapters". Retrieved 2012-12-17.

3. - "The 100BASE-TX PMD (and MDI) is specified by incorporating the FDDI TP-PMD standard, ANSI X3.263: 1995 (TP-

PMD), by reference, with the modifications noted below." (section 25.2 of IEEE802.3-2002).

4.  - Charles E. Spurgeon (2000). Ethernet: the Definitive Guide. O'Reilly Media. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-56592-660-8.

5. - Robert Breyer and Sean Riley (1999). Switched, Fast, and Gigabit Ethernet. Macmillan Technical Publishing. p. 107.

6. - 802.3-2008 section 26.4.1

Page 36: Ethernet Tecnologies

VI - GIGABIT ETHERNET

( 1000 BASE-T / “1GbBASE-T” )

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  (Redirected from 1000BASE - T )

GigE redirects here. For the camera protocol, see GigE vision.

Intel PRO/1000 GT PCI network interface card

In computer networking, gigabit Ethernet (GbE or 1 GigE) is a term describing various technologies for

transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of a gigabit per second (1,000,000,000 bits per second), as defined by

the IEEE 802.3-2008 standard. It came into use beginning in 1999, gradually supplanting Fast Ethernet in wired local

networks, where it performed considerably faster. The cables and equipment are very similar to previous standards

and have been very common and economical since 2010.

Half-duplex gigabit links connected through hubs are allowed by the specification,[1] but full-duplex usage

with switches is used exclusively.

Contents

1   History

2   Varieties

o 2.1   1000BASE-X

2.1.1   1000BASE-CX

2.1.2   1000BASE-KX

2.1.3   1000BASE-SX

2.1.4   1000BASE-LX

Page 37: Ethernet Tecnologies

2.1.5   1000BASE-LX10

2.1.6   1000BASE-EX

2.1.7   1000BASE-BX10

2.1.8   1000BASE-ZX

o 2.2   1000BASE-T

o 2.3   1000BASE-TX

3   See also

4   Notes

5   References

6   Further reading

7   External links

History

Ethernet was the result of the research done at Xerox PARC in the early 1970s. Ethernet later evolved into a

widely implemented physical and link layer protocol. Fast Ethernet increased speed from 10 to 100 megabits per second

(Mbit/s). Gigabit Ethernet was the next iteration, increasing the speed to 1000 Mbit/s. The initial standard for gigabit

Ethernet was produced by the IEEE in June 1998 as IEEE 802.3z, and required optical fiber. 802.3z is commonly

referred to as 1000BASE-X, where -X refers to either -CX, -SX, -LX, or (non-standard) -ZX. For the history behind the "X"

see Fast Ethernet.

IEEE 802.3ab, ratified in 1999, defines gigabit Ethernet transmission over unshielded twisted

pair (UTP) category 5, 5e, or 6 cabling and became known as 1000BASE-T. With the ratification of 802.3ab, gigabit

Ethernet became a desktop technology as organizations could use their existing copper cabling infrastructure.

IEEE 802.3ah, ratified in 2004 added two more gigabit fiber standards, 1000BASE-LX10 (which was already

widely implemented as vendor specific extension) and 1000BASE-BX10. This was part of a larger group of protocols

known as Ethernet in the First Mile.

Initially, gigabit Ethernet was deployed in high-capacity backbone network links (for instance, on a high-capacity

campus network). In 2000, Apple's Power Mac G4 and PowerBook G4 were the first mass-produced personal computers

featuring the 1000BASE-T connection.[2] It quickly became a built-in feature in many other computers.

Higher bandwidth 10 Gigabit Ethernet standards have since become available as the IEEE ratified a fiber-based

standard in 2002, and a twisted pair standard in 2006. As of 2009, 10Gb Ethernet is replacing 1Gb as the backbone

network and has begun to migrate down to high-end server systems.[citation needed]

Varieties

Page 38: Ethernet Tecnologies

1000BASE-T capable network interface card made by Intel, which connects to the computer via PCI-X

There are five physical layer standards for gigabit Ethernet using optical fiber (1000BASE-X), twisted pair

cable (1000BASE-T), or shielded balanced copper cable (1000BASE-CX).

The IEEE 802.3z standard includes 1000BASE-SX for transmission over multi-mode fiber, 1000BASE-LX for

transmission over single-mode fiber, and the nearly obsolete 1000BASE-CX for transmission over shielded balanced

copper cabling. These standards use 8b/10b encoding, which inflates the line rate by 25%, from 1000 Mbit/s to

1250 Mbit/s, to ensure a DC balanced signal. The symbols are then sent using NRZ.

IEEE 802.3ab, which defines the widely used 1000BASE-T interface type, uses a different encoding scheme in

order to keep the symbol rate as low as possible, allowing transmission over twisted pair.

IEEE 802.3ap defines Ethernet Operation over Electrical Backplanes at different speeds.

Ethernet in the First Mile later added 1000BASE-LX10 and -BX10.

Name Medium Specified distance

1000BASE-CX Shielded balanced copper cable[3] 25 meters

1000BASE-KX Copper backplane 1 meter

1000BASE-SX Multi-mode fiber220 to 550 meters dependent on fiber diameter and bandwidth[4]

1000BASE-LX Multi-mode fiber 550 meters[5]

1000BASE-LX Single-mode fiber 5 km[5]

1000BASE-LX10 Single-mode fiber using 1,310 nm wavelength 10 km[5]

1000BASE-EX Single-mode fiber at 1,310 nm wavelength ~ 40 km

1000BASE-ZX Single-mode fiber at 1,550 nm wavelength ~ 70 km

1000BASE-BX10Single-mode fiber, over single-strand fiber: 1,490 nm downstream 1,310 nm upstream

10 km

1000BASE-T Twisted-pair cabling (Cat-5, Cat-5e, Cat-6, or Cat-7) 100 meters

1000BASE-TX Twisted-pair cabling (Cat-6, Cat-7) 100 meters

1000BASE-X

1000BASE-X is used in industry to refer to gigabit Ethernet transmission over fiber, where options include

1000BASE-SX, 1000BASE-LX, 1000BASE-LX10, 1000BASE-BX10 or the non-standard -EX and -ZX implementations.

1000BASE-CX

1000BASE-CX is an initial standard for gigabit Ethernet connections with maximum distances of 25 meters using

balanced shielded twisted pair and either DE-9 or 8P8C connector (with a pinout different from 1000BASE-T). The short

segment length is due to very high signal transmission rate. Although it is still used for specific applications where cabling

Page 39: Ethernet Tecnologies

is done by IT professionals, for instance the IBM BladeCenter uses 1000BASE-CX for the Ethernet connections between

the blade servers and the switch modules, 1000BASE-T has succeeded it for general copper wiring use.

1000BASE-KX

1000BASE-KX is part of the IEEE 802.3ap standard for Ethernet Operation over Electrical Backplanes. This

standard defines 1-4 lanes of backplane links, one RX and one TX differential pair per lane, at link bandwidth ranging

from 100Mbit to 10Gbit per second (from 100BASE-KX to 10GBASE-KX4). The 1000BASE-KX variant uses 1.25 GBd

electrical (not optical) signalling speed.

1000BASE-SX

1000BASE-SX is a fiber optic gigabit Ethernet standard for operation over multi-mode fiber using a 770 to

860 nanometer, near infrared (NIR) light wavelength.

The standard specifies a distance capability between 220 metres (62.5/125 µm fiber with low modal bandwidth)

and 550 metres (50/125 µm fiber with high modal bandwidth). In practice, with good quality fiber, optics, and

terminations, 1000BASE-SX will usually work over significantly longer distances.[citation needed]

This standard is highly popular for intra-building links in large office buildings, co-location facilities and carrier

neutral internet exchanges.

Optical power specifications of SX interface: Minimum output power = −9.5 dBm. Minimum receive sensitivity =

−17 dBm.

1000BASE-LX

1000BASE-LX is a fiber optic gigabit Ethernet standard specified in IEEE 802.3 Clause 38 which uses a long

wavelength laser (1,270–1,355 nm), and a maximum RMS spectral width of 4 nm.

1000BASE-LX is specified to work over a distance of up to 5 km over 10 µm single-mode fiber.

1000BASE-LX can also run over all common types of multi-mode fiber with a maximum segment length of 550

m. For link distances greater than 300 m, the use of a special launch conditioning patch cord may be required. [6] This

launches the laser at a precise offset from the center of the fiber which causes it to spread across the diameter of the

fiber core, reducing the effect known as differential mode delay which occurs when the laser couples onto only a small

number of available modes in multi-mode fiber.

1000BASE-LX10

1000BASE-LX10 was standardized six years after the initial gigabit fiber versions as part of the Ethernet in the

First Mile task group. It is very similar to 1000BASE-LX, but achieves longer distances up to 10 km over a pair of single-

mode fiber due to higher quality optics. Before it was standardized 1000BASE-LX10 was essentially already in

widespread use by many vendors as a proprietary extension called either 1000BASE-LX/LH or 1000BASE-LH.[7]

1000BASE-EX

1000BASE-EX is a non-standard but industry accepted[citation needed] term to refer to gigabit Ethernet transmission. It

is very similar to 1000BASE-LX10 but achieves longer distances up to 40 km over a pair of single-mode fibers due to

higher quality optics than a LX10, running on 1310 nm wavelength lasers.[8] It is sometimes referred to as LH (Long Haul).

Easily confused with a 1000BASE-LX10 or 1000BASE-ZX because some vendors use the LH term.

Page 40: Ethernet Tecnologies

1000BASE-BX10

1000BASE-BX10 is capable of up to 10 km over a single strand of single-mode fiber, with a different wavelength

going in each direction. The terminals on each side of the fibre are not equal, as the one transmitting downstream (from

the center of the network to the outside) uses the 1,490 nm wavelength, and the one transmitting upstream uses the

1,310 nm wavelength.

1000BASE-ZX

1000BASE-ZX is a non-standard but industry accepted[citation needed] term to refer to gigabit Ethernet transmission

using 1,550 nm wavelength to achieve distances of at least 70 km over single-mode fiber.

1000BASE-T

An Intel 82574L Gigabit Ethernet NIC, PCI Express x1 card

1000BASE-T (also known as IEEE 802.3ab) is a standard for gigabit Ethernet over copper wiring.

Each 1000BASE-T network segment can be a maximum length of 100 meters (328 feet), and must use Category

5 cable or better (including Cat 5e andCat 6).

Autonegotiation is a requirement for using 1000BASE-T[9] according to Section 28D.5 Extensions required for

Clause40 (1000BASE-T).[10] At least the clock source has to be negotiated, as one endpoint must be master and the

other endpoint must be slave.

In a departure from both 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-T uses all four cable pairs for simultaneous

transmission in both directions through the use of adaptive equalization and a 5-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-

5) technique. The symbol rate is identical to that of 100BASE-TX (125Mbaud) and the noise immunity of the 5-level

signaling is also identical to that of the 3-level signaling in 100BASE-TX, since 1000BASE-T uses 4-dimensional trellis

coded modulation (TCM) to achieve a 6 dB coding gain across the 4 pairs.

Since negotiation takes place on only two pairs, if two gigabit devices are connected through a cable with only

two pairs, the devices will successfully choose 'gigabit' as the highest common denominator (HCD), but the link will never

come up. Most gigabit physical devices have a specific register to diagnose this behaviour. Some drivers offer an

"Ethernet@Wirespeed" option where this situation leads to a slower yet functional connection.[11]

The data is transmitted over four copper pairs, eight bits at a time. First, eight bits of data are expanded into four

3-bit symbols through a non-trivial scrambling procedure based on a linear feedback shift register; this is similar to what is

done in 100BASE-T2, but uses different parameters. The 3-bit symbols are then mapped to voltage levels which vary

continuously during transmission. An example mapping is as follows:

Page 41: Ethernet Tecnologies

Symbol 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

Line signal level

0 +1 +2 −1 0 +1 −2 −1

Automatic MDI/MDI-X Configuration is specified as an optional feature in the 1000BASE-T standard, [12] meaning

that straight-through cables will often work between gigabit-capable interfaces. This feature eliminates the need

for crossover cables, making obsolete the uplink/normal ports and manual selector switches found on many older hubs

and switches and greatly reduces installation errors.

1000BASE-TX[edit]

The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) created and promoted a standard similar to 1000BASE-T

that was simpler to implement, calling it 1000BASE-TX (TIA/EIA-854).[13] The simplified design would have, in theory,

reduced the cost of the required electronics by only using two unidirectional pairs in each direction instead of 4

bidirectional. However, this solution has been a commercial failure, likely due to the required Category 6 cabling and the

rapidly falling cost of 1000BASE-T products.

1000BASE-T products are sometimes marketed as 1000BASE-TX despite the difference in standards. The

confusion possibly stems from the most popular form of Fast Ethernet (100 Mbit/s) is known as 100BASE-TX, leading to

many products supporting multiple speeds of 10/100/1000Mbit/s marketed as "10/100/1000BASE-TX".[note 1]

See also

List of device bandwidths

Jumbo frames

Optical fiber connector

Small form-factor pluggable transceiver  (SFP)

Notes

- An example of a product specifying 10/100/1000BASE-TX ports can be found at "Cisco SR224G 24-port

10/100 2-port Gigabit Switch + 2 miniGBIC". Archived from the original on September 10, 2011.

References

- A single repeater per collision domain is defined in IEEE 802.3 2008 Section 3: 41. Repeater for 1000 Mb/s

baseband networks

1. - "Power Macintosh G4 (Gigabit Ethernet)". apple-history.com. Retrieved 2007-11-05.

2. - IEEE 802.3-2008 clause 39

3. - IEEE 802.3-2008 Section 3 Table 38-2 p.109

4. ^ Jump up to: a  b c IEEE 802.3-2008 Section 3 Table 38-6 p.111

5. - "Mode-Conditioning Patch Cord Installation Note". Retrieved 2009-02-14

6. - "Cisco SFP Optics For Gigabit Ethernet Applications". Cisco Systems. Retrieved 2010-06-01.

Page 42: Ethernet Tecnologies

7. - "Optcore 1000BASE-EX SFP Module".

8. - "Auto-Negotiation; 802.3-2002" (PDF). IEEE Standards Interpretations. IEEE. Retrieved 2007-11-05.

9. - IEEE. "Part 3: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) access method and Physical Layer

specifications". SECTION TWO: This section includes Clause21 through Clause 33 and Annex 22A through Annex 33E .

Retrieved 2010-02-18.

10. - "Broadcom Ethernet NIC FAQs". Retrieved 2009-07-25.

11. - Clause 40.4.4 in IEEE 802.3-2008

12. - "TIA Publishes New Standard TIA/EIA-854". TAI. 2001-07-25. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27.

13.

Further reading

Norris, Mark , Gigabit Ethernet Technology and Applications, Artech House, 2002. ISBN 1-58053-505-4

External links

Get IEEE 802.3

IEEE 802.3

IEEE and Gigabit Ethernet Alliance Announce Formal Ratification of gigabit Ethernet Over Copper

Standard - Announcement from IEEE June 28, 1999

IEEE P802.3ab 1000BASE-T Task Force  (historical information)

IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD (ETHERNET)

1000BASE-T Whitepaper from 10GEA

Gigabit Ethernet Auto-Negotiation

Page 43: Ethernet Tecnologies

VII - 100 GIGABIT ETHERNET

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In computer networking, 100 Gigabit Ethernet (or 100GbE) and 40 Gigabit Ethernet (or 40GbE) refers to

various technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at a rates of 100 or 40 gigabits per second (100 to 40 Gbit/s), first

defined by the IEEE 802.3ba-2010 standard.[1]

Another variant, 802.3bg, was added in March 2011. There is an active task force 802.3bj[2] working on a four

lane backplane and copper 100 Gbit/s standard, and also the 802.3bm task force[3]working on a standard for lower cost

100 Gbit/s optical physical interfaces.

Contents

1   History

2   Standards

3   100G Port Types

o 3.1   100GBASE-CR10

o 3.2   100GBASE-CR4

o 3.3   100GBASE-SR10

o 3.4   100GBASE-SR4

o 3.5   100GBASE-LR4

o 3.6   100GBASE-ER4

o 3.7   100GBASE-KR4

o 3.8   100GBASE-KP4

4   40G Port Types

o 4.1   40GBASE-CR4

o 4.2   40GBASE-KR4

o 4.3   40GBASE-SR4

o 4.4   40GBASE-LR4

o 4.5   40GBASE-ER4

o 4.6   40GBASE-FR

o 4.7   40GBASE-T

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5   Chip-to-Chip/Chip-to-Module Interfaces

o 5.1   CAUI

o 5.2   CAUI-4

6   Connectors

o 6.1   QSFP+

o 6.2   MPO

7   100G Optical Module standards

8   Products

o 8.1   Backplane

o 8.2   Copper cables

o 8.3   Multimode fiber

o 8.4   Single mode fiber

o 8.5   Compatibility

o 8.6   Test and measurement

9   Commercial trials and deployments

o 9.1   Optical transport systems

o 9.2   Products

10   See also

11   References

12   Further reading

13   External links

History

On July 18, 2006 a call for interest for a High Speed Study Group (HSSG) to investigate new standards for high

speed Ethernet was held at the IEEE 802.3 plenary meeting in San Diego.[4]

The first 802.3 HSSG study group meeting was held in September 2006.[5]

In June 2007, a trade group called "Road to 100G" was formed after the NXTcomm trade show in Chicago.[6]

On December 5, 2007 the Project Authorization Request (PAR) for the P802.3ba 40Gbit/s and 100Gbit/s

Ethernet Task Force was approved with the following project scope:[7]

The purpose of this project is to extend the 802.3 protocol to operating speeds of 40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s in order

to provide a significant increase in bandwidth while maintaining maximum compatibility with the installed base of 802.3

interfaces, previous investment in research and development, and principles of network operation and management. The

Page 45: Ethernet Tecnologies

project is to provide for the interconnection of equipment satisfying the distance requirements of the intended

applications.

The 802.3ba task force met for the first time in January 2008. [8] This standard was approved at the June 2010

IEEE Standards Board meeting under the name IEEE Std 802.3ba-2010.[9]

The first 40 Gbit/s Ethernet Single-mode Fibre PMD study group meeting was held in January 2010 and on

March 25, 2010 the P802.3bg Single-mode Fibre PMD Task Force was approved for the 40 Gbit/s serial SMF PMD.

The scope of this project is to add a single-mode fiber Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) option for serial 40

Gb/s operation by specifying additions to, and appropriate modifications of, IEEE Std 802.3-2008 as amended by the

IEEE P802.3ba project (and any other approved amendment or corrigendum).

On June 17, 2010 the IEEE 802.3ba standard was approved [1][10]

In March 2011 the IEEE 802.3bg standard was approved.[11]

On September 10, 2011 the P802.3bj 100 Gbit/s Backplane and Copper Cable task force was approved.[2]

The scope of this project is to specify additions to and appropriate modifications of IEEE Std 802.3 to add 100

Gb/s 4 lane Physical Layer (PHY) specifications and management parameters for operation on backplanes

and twinaxial copper cables, and specify optional Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) for 40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s operation

over backplanes and copper cables.

On May 10, 2013 the P802.3bm 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s Fiber Optic Task Force was approved.[3]

This project is to specify additions to and appropriate modifications of IEEE Std 802.3 to add 100 Gb/s Physical

Layer (PHY) specifications and management parameters, using a four-lane electrical interface for operation on multimode

and single-mode fiber optic cables, and to specify optional Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) for 40 Gb/s and 100Gb/s

operation over fiber optic cables. In addition, to add 40 Gb/s Physical Layer (PHY) specifications and management

parameters for operation on extended reach (> 10 km) single-mode fiber optic cables.

Also on May 10, 2013 the P802.3bq 40GBASE-T Task Force was approved.[12]

Specify a Physical Layer (PHY) for operation at 40 Gb/s on balanced twisted-pair copper cabling, using existing

Media Access Control, and with extensions to the appropriate physical layer management parameters.

Standards

The IEEE 802.3 working group is concerned with the maintenance and extension of the Ethernet data

communications standard. Additions to the 802.3 standard [13] are performed by task forces which are designated by one

or two letters. For example the 802.3z task force drafted the original gigabit Ethernet standard.

802.3ba is the designation given to the higher speed Ethernet task force which completed its work to modify the

802.3 standard to support speeds higher than 10 Gbit/s in 2010.

The speeds chosen by 802.3ba were 40 and 100 Gbit/s to support both end-point and link aggregation needs.

This was the first time two different Ethernet speeds were specified in a single standard. The decision to include both

speeds came from pressure to support the 40 Gbit/s rate for local server applications and the 100 Gbit/s rate for internet

backbones. The standard was announced in July 2007[14] and was ratified on June 17, 2010.[9]

Page 46: Ethernet Tecnologies

A 40G-SR4 transceiver in the QSFP form factor

The 40/100 Gigabit Ethernet standards encompass a number of different Ethernet physical layer (PHY)

specifications. A networking device may support different PHY types by means of pluggable modules. Optical modules

are not standardized by any official standards body but are in multi-source agreements (MSAs). One agreement that

supports 40 and 100 Gigabit Ethernet is the C Form-factor Pluggable (CFP) MSA[15] which was adopted for distances of

100+ meters. QSFP and CXP connector modules support shorter distances.[16]

The standard supports only full-duplex operation.[17] Other electrical objectives include:

Preserve the 802.3 / Ethernet frame format utilizing the 802.3 MAC

Preserve minimum and maximum Frame Size of current 802.3 standard

Support a bit error ratio (BER) better than or equal to 10−12 at the MAC/PLS service interface

Provide appropriate support for OTN

Support MAC data rates of 40 and 100 Gbit/s

Provide Physical Layer specifications (PHY) for operation over single-mode optical fiber (SMF), laser

optimized multi-mode optical fiber (MMF) OM3 and OM4, copper cable assembly, and backplane.

The following nomenclature was used for the physical layers:[18]

Physical layer 40 Gigabit Ethernet 100 Gigabit Ethernet

Backplane 40GBASE-KR4 100GBASE-KP4

Improved Backplane 100GBASE-KR4

7 m over twinax copper cable 40GBASE-CR4 100GBASE-CR10

30 m over "Cat.8" twisted pair 40GBASE-T

100 m over OM3 MMF40GBASE-SR4 100GBASE-SR10

125 m over OM4 MMF[16]

2 km over SMF, serial 40GBASE-FR

10 km over SMF 40GBASE-LR4 100GBASE-LR4

40 km over SMF 100GBASE-ER4

The 100 m laser optimized multi-mode fiber (OM3) objective was met by parallel ribbon cable with 850 nm

wavelength 10GBASE-SR like optics (40GBASE-SR4 and 100GBASE-SR10). The backplane objective with 4 lanes of

10GBASE-KR type PHYs (40GBASE-KR4). The copper cable objective is met with 4 or 10 differential lanes using SFF-

8642 and SFF-8436 connectors. The 10 and 40 km 100 Gbit/s objectives with four wavelengths (around 1310 nm) of

25 Gbit/s optics (100GBASE-LR4 and 100GBASE-ER4) and the 10 km 40 Gbit/s objective with four wavelengths (around

1310 nm) of 10 Gbit/s optics (40GBASE-LR4).[19]

Page 47: Ethernet Tecnologies

In January 2010 another IEEE project authorization started a task force to define a 40 Gbit/s serial single-mode

optical fiber standard (40GBASE-FR). This was approved as standard 802.3bg in March 2011. [11] It used 1550 nm optics,

had a reach of 2 km and was capable of receiving 1550 nm and 1310 nm wavelengths of light. The capability to receive

1310 nm light allows it to inter-operate with a longer reach 1310 nm PHY should one ever be developed. 1550 nm was

chosen as the wavelength for 802.3bg transmission to make it compatible with existing test equipment and infrastructure.

[20]

In December 2010, a 10x10 Multi Source Agreement (10x10 MSA) began to define an optical Physical Medium

Dependent (PMD) sublayer and establish compatible sources of low-cost, low-power, pluggable optical transceivers

based on 10 optical lanes at 10 gigabits/second each.[21] The 10x10 MSA was intended as a lower cost alternative to

100GBASE-LR4 for applications which do not require a link length longer than 2 km. It was intended for use with

standard single mode G.652.C/D type low water peak cable with ten wavelengths ranging from 1523 to 1595 nm. The

founding members were Google, Brocade Communications, JDSU and Santur.[22] Other member companies of the 10x10

MSA included MRV, Enablence, Cyoptics, AFOP, OPLINK, Hitachi Cable America, AMS-IX, EXFO, Huawei, Kotura,

Facebook and Effdon when the 2 km specification was announced in March 2011.[23] The 10X10 MSA modules were

intended to be the same size as the C Form-factor Pluggable specifications.

There are currently two projects in 802.3 underway to specify additional PHYs. The 802.3bj task force is working

to produce 100 Gbit/s 4x25G PHYs for backplane and twin-ax cable (100GBASE-KR4, 100GBASE-KP4 and 100GBASE-

CR4). The 802.3bm task force is working to produce lower cost optical PHYs. The detailed objectives for these projects

can be found on the 802.3 website.

100G Port Types

100GBASE-CR10

100GBASE-CR10 ("copper") is a port type for twin-ax copper cable. Its Physical Coding Sublayer 64b/66b PCS

is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 82 and its Physical Medium Dependent PMD in Clause 85. It uses ten lanes of twin-ax

cable delivering serialized data at a rate of 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane.[13]

100GBASE-CR4

100GBASE-CR4 ("copper") is a port type for twin-ax copper cable. Its Physical Coding Sublayer 64b/66b PCS is

defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 82 and its Physical Medium Dependent PMD in Clause 92 of 802.3bj. It uses four lanes of

twin-ax cable delivering serialized data at a rate of 25.78125 Gbit/s per lane.[2]

100GBASE-SR10

100GBASE-SR10 ("short range") is a port type for multi-mode fiber and uses 850 nm lasers. Its Physical Coding

Sublayer 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 82 and its Physical Medium Dependent PMD in Clause 86. It

uses ten lanes of multi-mode fiber delivering serialized data at a rate of 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane.[13]

100GBASE-SR4

100GBASE-SR4 ("short range") is a port type for multi-mode fiber being defined in P802.3bm and uses 850 nm

lasers. Its Physical Coding Sublayer 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 82 and its Physical Medium

Dependent PMD in Clause 95. It uses four lanes of multi-mode fiber delivering serialized RS-FEC encoded data at a rate

of 25.78125 Gbit/s per lane.[3]

Page 48: Ethernet Tecnologies

100GBASE-LR4

100GBASE-LR4 ("long range") is a port type for single-mode fiber and uses four lasers using four wavelengths

around 1300 nm. Its Physical Coding Sublayer 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 82 and its Physical Medium

Dependent PMD in Clause 88. Each wavelength carries data at a rate of 25.78125 Gbit/s.[13]

100GBASE-ER4

100GBASE-ER4 ("extended range") is a port type for single-mode fiber and uses four lasers using four

wavelengths around 1300 nm. Its Physical Coding Sublayer 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 82 and

its Physical Medium Dependent PMD in Clause 88. Each wavelength carries data at a rate of 25.78125 Gbit/s.[13]

100GBASE-KR4

100GBASE-KR4 is a port type for backplanes. Its Physical Coding Sublayer 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE

802.3 Clause 82 and its Physical Medium Dependent PMD in Clause 93 of 802.3bj. It delivers Reed Solomon encoded

serialized data at a rate of 25.78125 Gbit/s per lane over four lanes of up to one meter of backplane. The Reed Solomon

forward error correction is defined in Clause 91.[2]

100GBASE-KP4

100GBASE-KP4 is a port type for backplanes. Its Physical Coding Sublayer 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE

802.3 Clause 82 and its Physical Medium Dependent PMD in Clause 94. The data is further encoded by the Reed

Solomon forward error correction is defined in Clause 91 and the four level amplitude modulation is defined in Clause 94

of 802.3bj. 100GBASE-KP4 uses more power than 100GBASE-KR4 but is designed to work on lower cost and legacy

backplanes.[2]

40G Port Types

40GBASE-CR4

40GBASE-CR4 ("copper") is a port type for twin-ax copper cable. Its Physical Coding Sublayer 64b/66b PCS is

defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 82 and its Physical Medium Dependent PMD in Clause 85. It uses four lanes of twin-ax

cable delivering serialized data at a rate of 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane.[13]

40GBASE-KR4

40GBASE-KR4 is a port type for backplanes. Its Physical Coding Sublayer 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE

802.3 Clause 82 and its Physical Medium Dependent PMD in Clause 84. It uses four lanes of backplane delivering

serialized data at a rate of 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane.[13]

40GBASE-SR4

40GBASE-SR4 ("short range") is a port type for multi-mode fiber and uses 850 nm lasers. Its Physical Coding

Sublayer 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 82 and its Physical Medium Dependent PMD in Clause 86. It

uses four lanes of multi-mode fiber delivering serialized data at a rate of 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane. 40GBASE-SR4 has a

reach of 100m on OM3 and 150m on OM4. There is a longer range variant 40GBASE-eSR4 with a reach of 300m on

OM3 and 400m on OM4. This extended reach is equivalent to the reach of 10GBASE-SR.[24]

Page 49: Ethernet Tecnologies

40GBASE-LR4

40GBASE-LR4 ("long range") is a port type for single-mode fiber and uses 1300 nm lasers. Its Physical Coding

Sublayer 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 82 and its Physical Medium Dependent PMD in Clause 87. It

uses four wavelengths delivering serialized data at a rate of 10.3125 Gbit/s per wavelength.[13]

40GBASE-ER4

40GBASE-ER4 ("extended range") is a port type for single-mode fiber being defined in P802.3bm and uses

1300 nm lasers. Its Physical Coding Sublayer 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 82 and its Physical Medium

Dependent PMD in Clause 87. It uses four wavelengths delivering serialized data at a rate of 10.3125 Gbit/s per

wavelength.[3]

40GBASE-FR

40GBASE-FR is a port type for single-mode fiber. Its Physical Coding Sublayer 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE

802.3 Clause 82 and its Physical Medium Dependent PMD in Clause 89. It uses 1550 nm optics, has a reach of 2 km

and is capable of receiving 1550 nm and 1310 nm wavelengths of light. The capability to receive 1310 nm light allows it

to inter-operate with a longer reach 1310 nm PHY should one ever be developed. 1550 nm was chosen as the

wavelength transmission to make it compatible with existing test equipment and infrastructure.[13]

40GBASE-T

40GBASE-T is a port type for 4-pair balanced twisted-pair Cat.8 copper cabling being defined in P802.3bq.[25]

Chip-to-Chip/Chip-to-Module Interfaces

CAUI

CAUI is a 100 Gbit/s 10 lane electrical interface defined in 802.3ba.[1]

CAUI-4

CAUI-4 is a 100 Gbit/s 4 lane electrical interface being defined in 802.3bm.[3]

Connectors

QSFP+

The QSFP+ connector is specified for use with the 40GBASE-CR4 PHY, see Figure 85–20 in the 802.3 spec.[1]

MPO

The 40GBASE-SR4 and 100GBASE-SR10 PHYs use the Multiple-Fiber Push-On/Pull-off (MPO) connector, see

subclause 86.10.3.3 of the 802.3 spec.[1]

100G Optical Module standards

The CFP Multi-Source Agreement (MSA) defines hot-pluggable optical transceiver form factors to enable

40Gbit/s and 100Gbit/s applications.[26]

CFP and CFP2 modules use the 10-lane CAUI electrical interface. CFP4 will use the CAUI-4 electrical interface.

[26]

Page 50: Ethernet Tecnologies

Cisco has the CPAK optical module that uses the four lane CEI-28G-VSR electrical interface. The QSFP28

module also uses this electrical interface. [27][28]

There are also CXP and HD module standards.[29]

Products

Backplane

NetLogic Microsystems announced backplane modules in October 2010.[30]

Copper cables

Quellan announced a test board in 2009.[31]

Multimode fiber

In 2009, Mellanox [32]  and Reflex Photonics[33] announced modules based on the CFP agreement.

Single mode fiber

Finisar,[34] Sumitomo Electric Industries,[35] and OpNext[36] all demonstrated singlemode 40 or 100 Gbit/s Ethernet

modules based on the C Form-factor Pluggable agreement at the European Conference and Exhibition on Optical

Communication in 2009.

Compatibility

Optical fiber IEEE 802.3ba implementations were not compatible with the numerous 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s line

rate transport systems because they had different optical layer and modulation formats. In particular, existing 40  Gbit/s

transport solutions that used dense wavelength-division multiplexing to pack four 10 Gbit/s signals into one optical

medium were not compatible with the IEEE 802.3ba standard, which used either coarse WDM in 1310 nm wavelength

region with four 25 Gbit/s or four 10 Gbit/s channels, or parallel optics with four or ten optical fibers per direction. [citation

needed]

Test and measurement

Ixia developed Physical Coding Sublayer Lanes[37] and demonstrated a working 100GbE link through a test setup

at NXTcomm in June 2008.[38] Ixia announced test equipment in November 2008.[39][40]

Discovery Semiconductors introduced optoelectronics converters for 100 Gbit/s testing of the 10 km and 40 km

Ethernet standards in February 2009.[41]

JDS Uniphase introduced test and measurement products for 40 and 100 Gbit/s Ethernet in August 2009.[42]

Spirent Communications introduced test and measurement products in September 2009.[43]

EXFO demonstrated interoperability in January 2010.[44]

Xena Networks demonstrated test equipment at the Technical University of Denmark in January 2011.[45][46]

Commercial trials and deployments

Page 51: Ethernet Tecnologies

Unlike the "race to 10Gbps" that was driven by the imminent needs to address growth pains of the Internet in late

1990s, customer interest in 100 Gbit/s technologies was mostly driven by economic factors. Among those, the common

reasons to adopt the higher speeds were:[47]

to reduce the number of optical wavelengths ("lambdas") used and the need to light new fiber

to utilize bandwidth more efficiently than 10 Gbit/s link aggregate groups

to provide cheaper wholesale, internet peering and data center interconnect connectivity

to skip the relatively expensive 40 Gbit/s technology and move directly from 10 Gbit/s to 100 Gbit/s

Considering that 100GbE technology is natively compatible with Optical Transport Network (OTN) hierarchy and

there is no separate adaptation for SONET/SDH and Ethernet networks, it was widely believed [by whom?] that 100GbE

technology adoption will be driven by products in all network layers, from transport systems to edge routers and

datacenter switches. Nevertheless, in 2011 components for 100GE networks were expensive and most vendors entering

this market relied on internal R&D projects and extensive cooperation with other companies.[citation needed]

Optical transport systems

Optical signal transmission over a nonlinear medium is principally an analog design problem. As such, it has

evolved slower than digital circuit lithography (which generally progressed in step withMoore's law.) This explains why 10

Gbit/s transport systems existed since the mid-1990s, while the first forays into 100 Gbit/s transmission happened about

15 years later – a 10x speed increase over 15 years is far slower than the 2x speed per 1.5 years typically cited for

Moore's law. Nevertheless, by August 2011 at least five firms (Ciena, Alcatel-Lucent, MRV, ADVA Optical and Huawei)

made customer announcements for 100 Gbit/s transport systems[48] – with varying degrees of capabilities. Although

vendors claimed that 100 Gbit/s lightpaths could use existing analog optical infrastructure, in practice deployment of new,

high-speed technology was tightly controlled and extensive interoperability tests were required before moving them into

service.

Products

Designing routers or switches supporting 100 Gbit/s interfaces is difficult. One reason is the need to process a

100 Gbit/s stream of packets at line rate without reordering within IP/MPLS microflows. As of 2011, most components in

the 100 Gbit/s packet processing path (PHY chips, NPUs, memories) were not readily available off-the-shelf or require

extensive qualification and co-design. Another problem is related to the low-output production of 100 Gbit/s optical

components, which were also not easily available – especially in pluggable, long-reach or tunable laser flavors.

Alcatel-Lucent

In November 2007 Alcatel-Lucent held the first field trial of 100 Gbit/s optical transmission. Completed over a

live, in-service 504-km portion of the Verizon network, it connected the Florida cities of Tampa and Miami. [49] 100GbE

interfaces for the 7450 ESS/7750 SR service routing platform were first announced in June 2009, with field trials with

Verizon,[50] T-Systems and Portugal Telecom following in June–September 2010. In September 2009 Alcatel-Lucent

Page 52: Ethernet Tecnologies

combined the 100G capabilities of its IP routing and optical transport portfolio in an integrated solution called Converged

Backbone Transformation.[51]

In June 2011, Alcatel-Lucent announced a packet processing architecture called FP3, advertised for 400 Gbit/s

rates.[52] In May 2012, Alcatel-Lucent announced a router based on the FP3.[53][54]

Arista

Arista Networks announced its 7500E switch with up to 96 100GbE ports in April 2013.[55]

Brocade

In September 2010, Brocade Communications Systems announced their first 100GbE products based on the

former Foundry Networks hardware (MLXe).[56] In June 2011, the new product went live at AMS-IX traffic exchange point

in Amsterdam.[57]

Cisco

Cisco Systems and Comcast announced their 100GbE trials in June 2008,[58] however it is doubtful this

transmission could approach 100 Gbit/s speeds when using a 40 Gbit/s per slot CRS-1 platform for packet processing.

Cisco's first deployment of 100GbE at AT&T and Comcast occurred in April 2011.[59] Later in the same year, Cisco tested

the 100GbE interface between CRS-3 and a new generation of their ASR9K edge router.[60]

Extreme Networks

Extreme Networks announced its first 100GbE product on November 13, 2012, a four-port 100GbE module for

the BlackDiamond X8 core switch.[61]

Huawei

In October 2008, the Chinese vendor Huawei presented their first 100GbE interface for their NE5000e router.

[62] In September 2009, Huawei also demonstrated an end-to-end 100&Gbit/s link. [63] It was mentioned that Huawei's

products had the self-developed NPU "Solar 2.0 PFE2A" onboard and was using pluggable optics in CFP form-factor. In

a mid-2010 product brief, the NE5000e linecards were given commercial name LPUF-100 and credited with using two

Solar-2.0 NPUs per 100GbE port in opposite (ingress/egress) configuration.[64] Nevertheless, in October 2010, the

company referenced shipments of NE5000e to Russian cell operator "Megafon" as "40Gbps/slot" solution, with

"scalability up to" 100Gbit/s.[65]

In April 2011, Huawei announced that the NE5000e was updated to carry 2x100GbE interfaces per slot using

LPU-200 linecards.[66] In a related solution brief, Huawei reported 120 thousand Solar 1.0 integrated circuits shipped to

customers, but no Solar 2.0 numbers were given. [67] Following the August 2011 trial in Russia, Huawei reported paying

100 Gbit/ DWDM customers, but no 100GbE shipments on NE5000e.[68]

Juniper

Juniper Networks announced 100GbE for its T-series routers in June 2009.[69] The 1x100GbE option followed in

Nov 2010, when a joint press release with academic backbone network Internet2marked the first production 100GbE

interfaces going live in real network.[70] Later in the same year, Juniper demonstrated 100GbE operation between core (T-

series) and edge (MX 3D) routers.[71]Juniper, in March 2011, announced first shipments of 100GbE interfaces to a major

North American service provider (Verizon[72]). In April 2011, Juniper deployed a 100GbE system to the UK network

operator JANET.[73] In July 2011, Juniper announced 100GbE with Australian ISP iiNet on their T1600 routing platform.[74]

Page 53: Ethernet Tecnologies

In March 2012, Juniper Networks started shipping the MPC3E line card for the MX router, a 10GbE CFP MIC,

and a 100GbE LR4 CFP optics. In Spring 2013, Juniper Networks announced the availability of the MPC4E line card for

the MX router that includes 2 100GbE CFP slots and 8 10GbE SFP+ interfaces.

Dell

Dell's Force10 switches support 40 Gbit/s interfaces. These 40 Gbit/s fiber-optical interfaces using QSFP+

transceivers can be found on the Z9000 distributed core switches, S4810 and S4820 [75]as well as the blade-switches MXL

and the IO-Aggregator. The Dell PowerConnect 8100 series switches also offer 40 Gbit/s QSFP+ interfaces.[76]

Chelsio

In June 2013, Chelsio Communications, announced 40 Gbit/s Ethernet network adapters based on the fifth

generation of its Terminator architecture.[77]

See also

Energy Efficient Ethernet

Ethernet Alliance

Ethernet physical layer

Interconnect bottleneck

Optical communication

Optical fiber cable

Optical interconnect

Optical Transport Network

Parallel optical interface

References[edit]

1. ^ : a  b c d e "IEEE P802.3ba 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s Ethernet Task Force". official web site. IEEE. June 19, 2010. Retrieved

June 24, 2011.

2. ^ Jump up to: a  b c d e "100 Gb/s Backplane and Copper Cable Task Force". official web site. IEEE. Archived from the

original on 2013-06-26. Retrieved 2013-06-22.

3. ^ Jump up to: a  b c d e "40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s Fiber Optic Task Force".official web site. IEEE.

4. - "IEEE Forms Higher Speed Study Group to Explore the Next Generation of Ethernet Technology". 2006-07-25.

5. - "IEEE 802.3 Higher Speed Study Group". IEEE802.org. Retrieved December 17, 2011.

6. - Jeff Caruso (June 21, 2007). "Group pushes 100 Gigabit Ethernet: The 'Road to 100G' Alliance is born". Network

World. Retrieved June 6, 2011.

7. - "Project Authorization Request Approval notification: Approcal of P802.3ba". IEEE Standards Association Standards

Board. December 5, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2011.

8. - Caruso, Jeff (2008-01-15). "Standardization work on next Ethernet gets under way". NetworkWorld.

Page 54: Ethernet Tecnologies

9. ^ Jump up to: a  b "IEEE P802.3ba 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s Ethernet Task Force". 2010-06-21.

10. - "IEEE 802.3ba standard released". Help Net Security web site. June 21, 2010. Retrieved June 24, 2011. "The IEEE

802.3ba standard, ratified June 17, 2010, ..."

11. ^ Jump up to: a  b "IEEE P802.3bg 40Gb/s Ethernet: Single-mode Fibre PMD Task Force". official task force web site.

IEEE 802. April 12, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.

12. - "P802.3bq PAR".

13. "IEEE 802.3 standard" .

14. - Reimer, Jeremy (2007-07-24). "New Ethernet standard: not 40Gbps, not 100, but both". ars technica.

15. - "CFP Multi-Source Agreement". official web site.Archived from the original on September 27, 2009. Retrieved June

24, 2011.

16.  Greg Hankins (October 20, 2009). "IEEE P802.3ba 40 GbE and 100 GbE Standards Update" (PDF). North American

Network Operators' Group (NANOG) 47 Presentations. Retrieved June 24, 2011.

17. - John D'Ambrosia. "IEEE P802.3ba Objectives".Archived from the original on September 27, 2009. Retrieved

September 25, 2009.

18. - Ilango Ganga (May 13, 2009). "Chief Editor's Report".IEEE P802.3ba 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s Ethernet Task Force

public record. p. 8. Retrieved June 7, 2011.

19. - Ilango Ganga; Brad Booth; Howard Frazier; Shimon Muller; Gary Nicholl (May 13, 2008). "IEEE P802.3ba 40Gb/s

and 100Gb/s Ethernet Task Force, May 2008 Meeting".

20. - Anderson, Jon. "Rationale for dual-band Rx in 40GBASE-FR".

21. - "10 x 10 MSA – Low Cost 100 GB/s Pluggable Optical Transceiver". official web site. 10x10 multi-source agreement.

Retrieved June 24, 2011.

22. - "Leading Industry Peers Join Forces to Develop Low-Cost 100G Multi-Source Agreement". Businesswire news

release. December 7, 2010. Retrieved June 24, 2011.

23. - "10X10 MSA Ratifies Specification for Low Cost 100 Gb/s 2 Kilometer Links". News release (10x10 MSA). March 4,

2011. Retrieved June 24, 2011.

24. - Coleman, Doug. "Optical Trends in the Data Center".

25. - "IEEE P802.3bq 40GBASE-T Task Force". IEEE 802.3.

26. "CFP MSA" .

27. - "Cisco CPAK 100GBASE Modules Data Sheet".

28. - "Multi-Vendor Interoperability Testing of CFP2, CPAK and QSFP28 with CEI-28G-VSR and CEI-25G-LR Interface

During ECOC 2013 Exhibition".

29. - Daniel Dove. "4X25G Optical Modules and Future Optics". Archived from the original on 2013-07-11. Retrieved

2013-07-04.

Page 55: Ethernet Tecnologies

30. - "NetLogic Microsystems Announces Industry's First Dual-Mode Quad-Port 10GBASE-KR and 40GBASE-KR4

Backplane PHY with Energy Efficient Ethernet". News release (NetLogic Microsystems). October 13, 2010. Retrieved

June 24, 2013.

31. - "Quellan QLx411GRx 40G Evaluation Board". Archivedfrom the original on September 27, 2009. Retrieved

September 25, 2009.

32. - "Mellanox Technologies". Archived from the original on September 27, 2009. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

33. - "InterBOARD CFP 100GBASE-SR10 Parallel Optical Module". commercial web site. Reflex Photonics Inc. Archived

from the original on September 27, 2009. Retrieved June 7, 2011.

34. - "Finisar Corporation – Finisar First to Demonstrate 40 Gigabit Ethernet LR4 CFP Transceiver Over 10   km of Optical

Fiber at ECOC". Archived from the original on September 27, 2009. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

35. - "Sumitomo Electric develops 40GbE transceiver". Retrieved September 25, 2009.

36. - "Hitachi and Opnext unveil receiver for 100GbE and demo 10   km transmission over SMF" . Retrieved October 26,

2009.

37. - "Enabling 100 Gigabit Ethernet Implementing PCS Lanes".

38. - "Avago Technologies, Infinera & Ixia to demo the first 100 Gig Ethernet". Archived from the original on 2012-03-09.

Retrieved 7 March 2012.

39. - "Ixia First to Offer 100 GE Testing Capability". News release (Ixia). September 29, 2008. Retrieved June 7, 2011.

40. - "40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s Testing: Overview". commercial web site. Ixia. Retrieved June 7, 2011.

41. - "Discovery Semiconductors – 100 Gb Ethernet (4 x 25 Gb/s) Quad PIN-TIA Optical Receiver". commercial web site.

Retrieved June 7, 2011.

42. - "JDSU Introduces Industry’s Most Robust 100 Gigabit Ethernet Test Suite". News release. JDS Uniphase. August

19, 2009. Retrieved June 7, 2011.

43. - "40/100 GbE: Testing the next generation of high speed Ethernet". commercial web site. Spirent Communications.

Retrieved June 7, 2011.

44. - "EXFO and Opnext Achieve Full Interoperability, Successfully Testing IEEE-Compliant 100 Gigabit Ethernet

Optics". News release. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2011.

45. - "Workshop on 100 Gigabit Ethernet a huge success".DTU news (Technical University of Denmark). February 2,

2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.

46. - Torben R. Simonsen (January 26, 2011). "Dansk virksomhed klar med test til 100 Gb ethernet". Elektronik Branchen.

Retrieved June 7, 2011. (Danish)

47. - 100G in routers Juniper Networks Presentation at ECOC 2009

48. - "Huawei's 100G is out of the door".

49. - "Verizon Successfully Completes Industry’s First Field Trial of 100 Gbps Optical Network Transmission".

50. - "Verizon completes industry-leading 100G Ethernet field trial".

Page 56: Ethernet Tecnologies

51. - "A game-changing approach to the core".

52. - "Alcatel-Lucent's FP3 network processor routes at 400Gbps". Press release. June 29, 2011. Retrieved June 24,

2013.

53. - David Goldman (May 21, 2012). "How Alcatel-Lucent made the Internet 5 times faster". CNN Money. Retrieved June

24, 2013.

54. - "100 Gigabit Ethernet (100GE): Services unleashed at speed". Company web site. Archived from the original on

November 16, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2013.

55. - Jim Duffy (May 1, 2013). "Arista heading off Cisco/Insieme at 100G SDNs?". Network World. Retrieved May 24,

2013.

56. - Brocade set to unveil 100G Ethernet Brocade

57. - "3 new services are launched by AMS-IX at MORE IP event".

58. - "Cisco NGN Transport Solutions".

59. - Matsumoto, Craig (April 11, 2011). "AT&T, Comcast Go Live With 100G". Light Reading. Retrieved December 17,

2011.

60. - Liu, Stephen (July 25, 2011). "Cisco Live! Showing Off 100GbE on CRS-3 and ASR 9000 Series". blogs.cisco.com.

Retrieved December 17, 2011.

61. - Duffy, Jim (November 13, 2012). "Extreme joins Cisco, Brocade, Huawei at 100G". Network World. p. 1. Retrieved

January 18, 2013.

62. - "Huawei Successfully Develops 100 Gigabit Ethernet WDM Prototype".

63. - "Huawei Launches World' s First End-to-End 100G Solutions".

64. - "Huawei E2E 100G Solution".

65. - "Russia's MegaFon Awards Backbone Contract to Huawei".

66. - "Huawei Unveils the World's First 200G High-Speed Line Card for Routers".

67. - "Huawei 200G Solution".

68. - "Оборудование Huawei 100G успешно прошло тестирование в России".

69. - "Juniper networks introduces breakthrough 100 gigabit ethernet interface for t series routers".

70. - "Internet2 racing ahead with 100G Ethernet network".

71. - "Juniper Demonstrates Industry's First Live 100G Traffic From the Network Core to Edge".

72. - "Verizon First Service Provider to Announce 100G Deployment on U.S. Network".

73. - Deploying 100GE JANET UK

74. - "iiNet Pioneers 100GbE with new Juniper Networks Backbone".

75. - Dell Force10 S-series model comparison, visited 2 March 2013

76. - Technical details PowerConnect 8100 series, visited: 2 March 2013

Page 57: Ethernet Tecnologies

77. - "Chelsio Delivers 40Gb Ethernet Adapter (40GbE), Sets new performance bar for high speed Ethernet". Press

release. June 11, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-06-22. Retrieved June 20, 2013.

Page 58: Ethernet Tecnologies

VIII - TERABIT ETHERNET

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Terabit Ethernet or TbE describes a possible speed of Ethernet above 100 Gigabit

Ethernet. Facebook and Google, among other companies, have expressed a need for TbE.[1] Some think that400 Gigabit

Ethernet is a more practical goal.[2] In 2011 researchers predicted Terabit Ethernet in 2015, and 100 Terabit Ethernet by

2020.[3] UCSB attracted help from Agilent Technologies,Google, Intel, Rockwell Collins, and Verizon Communications to

help with the research.[4]

The IEEE announced the formation of "IEEE 802.3 Industry Connections Ethernet Bandwidth Assessment Ad

Hoc," to investigate the business needs for short and long term bandwidth requirements. They planned to formally

announce reports of findings the first half of 2012.[5] [6]

IEEE 802.3's "400 Gb/s Ethernet Study Group" started working on the 400 Gbit/s generation standard in March

2013.[7] Results are expected by 2017.[8]

Contents

  [hide] 

1 See also

2 References

3 Further reading

4 External

See also[edit]

Ethernet Alliance

Optical interconnect

Interconnect bottleneck

Optical fiber cable

Optical communication

Parallel optical interface

References[edit]

1. - Feldman, Michael (Feb 3, 2010). "Facebook Dreams of Terabit Ethernet". HPCwire. Tabor

Communications, Inc.

2. - Matsumoto, Craig (March 5, 2010). "Dare We Aim for Terabit Ethernet?". Light Reading. UBM

TechWeb,.

Page 59: Ethernet Tecnologies

3. - "UCSB’s Professor Daniel Blumenthal to Address the Road to Terabit Ethernet at the Ethernet

Technology Summit". University of California, Santa Barbara. February 18, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2013.

4. - Craig Matsumoto (October 26, 2010). "The Terabit Ethernet Chase Begins". Light Reading.

Retrieved 15 Dec 2011.

5. - Stephen Lawson (May 9, 2011). "IEEE Seeks Data on Ethernet Bandwidth Needs". PC World.

Retrieved May 23, 2013.

6. - Max Burkhalter Brafton (12 May 2011). "Terabit Ethernet could be on its way". Perle. Retrieved 15

Dec 2011.

7. - "400 Gb/s Ethernet Study Group". Group web site. IEEE 802.3. Retrieved May 23, 2013.

8. - Jim Duffy (April 2, 2013). ""Tsunami" of bandwidth demand pushes IEEE 400G Ethernet standards

process". NetworkWorld. Retrieved May 23, 2013.

Further reading[edit]

Chris Jablonski. "Researchers to develop 1 Terabit Ethernet by 2015". ZD Net. Retrieved 9 Oct 2011.

Iljitsch van Beijnum (Aug 2011). "Speed matters: how Ethernet went from 3Mbps to 100Gbps... and

beyond". Ars Technica. Retrieved 9 Oct 2011.

Rick Merritt (9 May 2011). "IEEE Looks beyond 100G Ethernet". The Cutting Edge. Retrieved 9 Oct

2011.

Stephen Lawson (2 Feb 2010). "Facebook Sees Need for Terabit Ethernet". PC World. Retrieved 15

Dec 2011.

IEEE Reports

"100 gigabit Ethernet and beyond" . March 2010. ISSN 0163-6804.

"The drive towards Terabit Ethernet" . July 2011. ISBN 978-1-4244-5730-4.

"DQPSK for Terabit Ethernet in the 1310 nm band" . July 2011. ISBN 978-1-4244-5730-4.

External[edit]

West, John (Apr 3, 2009). "Terabit Ethernet on the way". insideHPC.

Mellor, Chris (Feb 15, 2009). "Terabit Ethernet possibilities". The Register.

Wang, Brian (Apr 24, 2008). "Terabit Ethernet around 2015".

Duffy, Jim (Apr 20, 2009). "100 Gigabit Ethernet: Bridge to Terabit Ethernet". Network World.

Fleishman, Glenn (Feb 13, 2009). "Terabit Ethernet becomes a photonic possibility". Ars

Technica. Condé Nast.