Examining Accesses by Country, Language and

Area of Knowledge

ETD 2011 – Cape Town

Ana Pavani

Laboratório de Automação de Museus, Bibliotecas Digitais e Arquivos

Departamento de Engenharia ElétricaPontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de JaneiroBrazil

apavani@lambda.ele.puc-rio.br http://www.maxwell.lambda.ele.puc-rio.br/

ETD 2011 – South Africa

This work is a continuation of a work presented last year in Austin. The two works differ in the following aspects:

In 2010, there were 71 data sets and this work considers 85 (20% more)

East Timor was included because accesses from this country have started happening

The UNDP has changed the way HDI is computed, so this data has been updated, as well as the populations of the countries

My co-author left the university, so this time I am by myself

ETDs, PUC-Rio, BDTD & NDLTD

PUC-RioRio de Janeiro

Brazil

PUC-Rio is a small private university. It is divided in 3 centers and each has graduate programs:

CTCH (Humanities) – 6

CCS (Social Sciences) – 10

CTC (Science & Technology) – 10

The oldest graduate program (EE) started in 1963. The newest graduate program is less than 5 years old.

Characteristics of PUC-Rio’s ETD program:

First published ETD – May 2000

ETDs became mandatory – Aug 2002

Number of ETDs – 5,694 (Jun 2011)

CTCH – 1,442 CCS – 1,291 CTC – 2,961

Yearly average number of defended T&Ds(*) – 590

(*) 2007, 2008, 2009 & 2010; (**) 2006, 2007, 2008 & 2009. There is retrospective digitization.

ETDs are made available in chapters (graduate school regulation – please, don’t ask me the reason!, but it will change as of Oct 2011)

All CTCH CCS CTC

Number of ETDs 5,694 1,442 1,291 2,961

Average number of ETDs – June 2004 to June 2011 3,553.1 888.9 726.1 1,938.3

Average number of partitions – June 2011 7.3 7.9 7.3 7.0

Average of averages number of partitions – June 2004 to June 2011

6.93 7.82 6.83 6.57

PUC-Rio’s ETDs, BDTD(*) and NDLTD (**) :

Number of BDTD institutions – 97 (OAI-PMH data providers)

Number of BDTD metadata records – 170K+ (BDTD is an OAI-PMH data and service provider)

BDTD records are/were harvested by OCLC and other institutions, and made available worldwide

Brazilian ETDs are the largest collection in Portuguese available worldwide

(*) BDTD – Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações = Brazilian Nat’l Consortium. (**) You must know what NDLTD stands for!!!

Accesses to PUC-Rio’s ETDs:

Access logs saved since – Jun 2004

Number of monthly logs when article was written – 85

pt & es IN THE WORLD

Worldwide WesternLanguages

Internet

Portuguese 7th 3rd 6th

Spanish 2nd 1St 3rd

pt is the official or one of the official languages of:

Angola Brazil Cape Verde Equatorial Guinea (*) East Timor (**) Guinea-Bissau Macau (***) Mozambique Portugal Sao Tome and Principe

es is the official or one of the official languages of:

Argentina Bolivia Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Rep Ecuador El Salvador Equatorial Guinea (*) Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Spain Uruguay Venezuela

(*) es & pt official(**) less than 5% of the population know it; it was banned during the Indonesian rule(***) UNDP did not publish in the last report; other data were used

Assumptions for the analysis:

ETDs are very specialized items – people who seek ETDs are highly educated

es and pt are quite similar languages – educated people who can speak one can read the other

es and pt-speakers are potential readers of PUC- Rio’s ETDs

2 countries were not considered:

Brazil – is the home country US – there are very large groups of es and pt-speaking

persons but neither one is the language of the country

2 groups were defined:

“international group” – all countries except Brazil and the US

“pt+es group” – all countries that have pt and/or es as one of the official languages

Factors considered to influence accesses to ETDs:

Population size Level of education Access to the Internet

DEALING WITH COUNTRIES DIFFERENCES

Mexico has 110M

inhabitants

Sao Tome and Principe has

165K inhabitants

Portugal and Spain are in

EuropeArgentina and Honduras are

in Latin America

Angola and Mozambique are in Africa

Portugal has 10M

inhabitants

Spain has 45M inhabitants

Equatorial Guinea has the

2 languages

Quantization of potential accesses from countries that are very different :

Need to find data on the factors that may influence accesses to ETDs:

Population size – easy Level of education – difficult (literacy rates are easy!) Access to the Internet – difficult All data should be considered in the same time-frame

Knowledge that the second and the third factors are dependent on how developed countries are

Knowlede that it was necessary to combine the 3 factors

Decision on how to deal the countries differences:

Use UNDP’s HDI – Human Development Index that contains information on the second and the third factors (HDI combines indicators of life expectancy, education and income; the new way it is computed contains means years of schooling and expected years of schooling, going beyond literacy rates)

Decision to combine HDI with the population size

Index I = Population x HDI

All CTCH

Total population 420,281,000 57,858,800

Average HDI 0.707 0.527

Index I 309,420,871 25,114,111

Comments:

21 es-speaking and 10 pt-speaking countries (Equatorial Guinea was counted in both)

Average HDI for es-speaking countries is 34.16% higher than the other group

Population of the es-speaking countries is almost 7.4 times the population of the other group

Index I for the es-speaking group is 12.36 times the same index for the pt-speaking group

The expectation was to have many more accesses from es-speaking countries than from pt-speaking countries!!

WORKING WITH DATA AND RESULTS

Information:

Number of sets of data – 85 (one for each month)

For each set, 16 variables were computed (examples – number of countries, number of pt-speaking countries countries, total number of accesses, etc)

All data were computed for the complete set and for each of the 3 areas of knowledge

From the sets (collection and areas ) side

This analysis focused on the way the whole collection and each individual set – CTCH, CCS and CTC – were accessed from countries in different groups.

Results:

Total number of countries that accessed ETDs – 204

CTCH – 183 CCS – 183 CTC – 189

Total number in the “international group” – 202

CTCH – 181 CCS – 181 CTC – 187

Maximum number of countries in the “international group” in a month – 143

CTCH – 112 CCS – 108 CTC – 132

Maximum number of countries in the “pt+es group” in a month – 28 (maximum possible 30)

CTCH – 27 CCS – 27 CTC – 27

Number of months with accesses from 100 or more countries – 42

CTCH – 18 CCS – 15 CTC – 32

Some percentages follow

% accesses All CTCH CCS CTC

from the international group 8.48 7.99 7.89 9.12

in the international group from the es+pt-sepaking group 69.03 73.27 68.56 66.32

in the es+pt-speaking group from pt-speaking countries 82.07 87.11 84.44 77.35

in the international group from pt-speaking countries 56.65 63.83 57.89 51.30

in the international group from Portugal 49.74 57.39 49.54 44.69

in the es+pt-speaking group from Portugal 72.05 78.27 72.26 67.39

in the pt-speaking group from Portugal 87.89 88.92 85.57 87.12

Comments:

Absolute values for CTC are higher – this area has the largest collection (higher than the sum of the others)

Percentages for CTC are lower, except for accesses from the “international group”

Is it more international? It seems that language is not very important in C&T

From the accesses side

This analysis focused on the way accesses behaved for the complete collection and how they spread among the sets – CTCH, CCS and CTC.

The collection and the sets have different profiles – numbers of ETDs and numbers of partitions. For this reason, normalization was necessary.

Quantization of potential accesses to sets of works with different profiles:

Sets are very different in:

Numbers of ETDs Numbers of partitions per ETD

This means that numbers of accesses had to be normalized in order to compare accesses to the sets

This work presents a first attempt to quantize the way the “average ETD” in a set “attracts” accesses

Decision on how to deal the sets differences:

Combine average numbers of ETDs with average of average numbers of partitions

Index EI = 1 / (average number of ETDs x average of average numbers of partitions)

All CTCH CCS CTC

Index EI 0.000041 0.000144 0.000202 0.000079

Average numbers of All CTCH CCS CTC

Accesses 740.40 901.73 755.93 644.32

Accesses from the int group 62.77 72.01 59.63 58.79

Accesses from the es+pt-speaking group 43.33 52.76 40.88 38.99

Accesses from the pt-speaking countries 35.56 45.96 34.52 30.16

Accesses from Portugal 31.22 41.32 29.54 26.27

numbers computed for the total numbers of acesses x index EI numbers to be viewed as accumulated monthly averages can be obtained dividing by 85

Comments:

When normalized data is consideredn, the average number of accesses (per ETD in Science & Technology) from the international group is the lowest among all

The same happens with accesses from the es+pt and pt-speaking groups, and Portugal as well

The reason is that ETDs in this group have the lowest average of accesses per ETD among the 3 subsets

When normalized data is considered, the average number of accesses (per ETD in Humanities) from the international group is the highest among all

The same happens with accesses from the es+pt and pt-speaking groups, and Portugal as well

The reason is that ETDs in this group have the highest average of accesses per ETD among the 3 subsets

FINAL COMMENTS

Percentage wise, international accesses are the most significant for ETDs in S&T

At the same time, the “average S&T ETD” “attracts” less international accesses than ETDs in other areas of knowledge and the “average Humanities ETD” “attracts” the most

In all areas of knowledge, accesses from:

es- and/or pt-speaking countries are the most significant pt-speaking countries are the most significant in the

“es+pt–group” Portugal are the most significant in the pt-group

New ways of defining “attraction” should be examined

Results seem to indicate that language and HDI are important factors in accesses

Thank you!Muito obrigada!