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ศึกษาเกี่ยวกับความเป็นมาของพระพุทธศาสนา ตั้งแต่สภาพสังคมอินเดียก่อนพุทธกาล ความเป็นไปของพระพุทธศาสนาสมัยพุทธกาล พุทธประวัติ การบริหารองค์การสงฆ์ การเปลี่ยนแปลงความเชื่อของคนในสังคมอินเดีย ความเป็นไปของพระพุทธศาสนาหลังพุทธปรินิพพาน ทั้งความเจริญและความเสื่อม การเผยแผ่พระพุทธศาสนาไปสู่นานาประเทศ ตั้งแต่อดีตจนถึงปัจจุบัน
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DOU
(1)
DOU(2)
ISBN 978-974-8433-82-0
DOU. 69 . . 12120 0-2901-1013, 0-2901-1017 0-2901-1014http://www.dou.us
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DOU104
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DOU 111
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DOU116
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18 2 100 225 -
DOU144
21 22 3 (Dailai) 1 2 4
5 (..2158-2223) 5
14 ..2494 ..2502 5,000,000 1
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1 , , 2549 157
DOU 145
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2. 4
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1 (The History Channel).(2549) (The Road to Enlightenment).(intranet)
DOU 147
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1. (Kingdom of Thailand)
(..2549) 62,418,054 (..2548) 95% 3% 2%
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3.
4.
1
1 , , 2542 12-16
DOU148
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- ..1214 6 1
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1 , , 2542 22
DOU 149
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... ...1
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1-2 , , 2542 29-33
DOU150
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..2038-2068 1,200 32
3 ..1893 ..1921 417 33
2 - 8 ..1991-2031 ..2008 2,388
2 53,000 286 22,880 2 21 ..2153
DOU 151
3
..2199-2231 - 14 ...
1
300 2% -
..2310 4
1 , 2, 2519 180.
DOU152
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1 (..2325-2352) - ..2331 () 218 32
2 5 10 1 ..2325 10 ..2344 ..2325
2 (..2352-2367) 9 3-4 20-30 9
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DOU 153
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3 (..2367-2394) - 5 10,000 100,000 2
3 ..2372 ..2376 -
... ( 4 ) 1 4
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5 (..2411-2453) ..2427
.. 2432 .. 2439
39 1,000 ..2435 ..2436
..2445 ..121 ( 121)
6 (..2453-2468)
DOU 155
..2455
..2456 (..) .. ..2462-2463 ..2469 ..2454
7 (..2468-2477) 3 ..2468-2473 45 1,500 450 ..2471
8 (..2477-2489) 2
1. 80 ..2500 25
2. 1,250 ..2492
..2484 ... ..2484 4 ..2488 ..2436
9 (..2489-) -
DOU156
1-6 ..2514 ..2501 - 1-6
..2508 (...) 30
25
2. (Cambodia) (Kingdom of
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2,000 3 1 -
1 , ..2513-2534, 2549 1-2
DOU 157
4
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7-8 1
..1027 2
..1046 16
1-2 , .. 2513-2534, 2549 19-20
DOU158
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(..1100-1344) - ..1093 1 (..1159-1169) ( 1) ...1
1 (..1200-1224) 14
(..1345-1975) (Angkor Wat) (Angkor Thom) 2 (..1345-1420) (..1975)
2 ..1345
1 , .. 2513 -2534, 2549 20
DOU 159
1 ..1545-1593 2 ..1656-1693 7
200,000 1.5 600,000 40,000 100,000 1,800 10 100 5,000 40
7 ..1724 - 798
18 2,740 2,232 615 12,640 66,625 79,265 () 566 288 439 1
7 -
1 , ..2513-2534, 2549 33-34
DOU160
19 ..1894 ..1895 ..1974 ..1975 600 (..1345-1975)
(..1975-) .. 2109
1 3 () 1
..2410 ..2496 ..2498
(Buddhist Socialism) ..2513 ..2534
1 , ..2513-2534, 2549 39-40
DOU 161
-
5 ..2518 (Pol Pot) 8
2,000,000
3,000 ..2536 (Kingdom of Cambodia) ..2540
3. (Union of Myanmar)
50,519,000 (.. 2548) 90% 4% 3% 0.7% 2.3%1
1 .(2549)..()
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11,000 2,400 2
1 500 8 2
250 (..293) - 3
4
1 (2549). : .()2 -, 33 593 (2549). : .()4 , , 1 118
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4 (Sri Ksetra) 18 7 20
6 11
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..1600 40 1
(Shwedagon Pagoda)
1 (2549). : .()
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2,500 6 10 27 326 1,355 1,100 1 5,448 72 2,317 2
4,000 (World Heritage) UNESCO 2,000
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..1799-1830 3
1 ..2310.2 .(2549)..()3
DOU 165
..1600
..1912 (..2015-2035) 6 6 22 22
15,666
21 (..2001-2100)
..2094 30 ..2124
.. 2283 7 ..2300
DOU166
24 ..2396 5 ..2414 729
.. 2421
4 ..2492 6 17 ..2497 24 ..2499 25 -
4. (Lao Peoples
Democratic Republic) 5,924,000 (.. 2548) 60% 40% (Animism) 19 1896
..1902 3 3 3 3
DOU 167
(..2044-2063) - (..2063-2090)
2 -
120
..2109
.. 2117-2118 - ..2134
DOU168
- ..2135
..2235 2 ..2321 ..2436 45 19 ..2492
-
5. (Vietnam)
(Socialist Republic of Vietnam) 84,238,000 (..2548) 50% 50%
3 (Tong king) (Annam) (Cochin China) 3 ..433 1,000
DOU 169
7 (Meou-Po) 3
..1482 ..1511-1522
(..1571-1588) 95 (..1597-1615)
..1957-1974 -
..2014 ..2076 2 (Trinh) (Nguyen) 2 270
22 200 .. 2370-2401 100,000
DOU170
..2402
..2426
..2469 . ..2510
16 (..2503-2518) ..2509 ..2525
..2474 ()
DOU 171
4 9 -
6. (Indonesia) (Republic of
Indonesia) 222,781,000 (..2548) 87% 9.5% - 1.8% 1.3% 193,819,470 1 2 24 ..2549
(Borobudur) (Kedu) 42 123 31.5 55,000
. (Krom) + . - (Statterheim) (Budue) (Minangebau)
1 .(2549). . ()2
DOU172
+ () 1
1 (..1-100 / ..544-643) (Sailendra) ..1293-1393 ..1323-1376 (Angkor Wat)
122 14 ..2357 (Sir Thomas Raffles) ..2515-2525
14 ..2512 - 150 100 50
5.2.4 (Anatolia)
1 (2536). . ()2 12 ..1101-1200 ..1644-17433 97%
DOU 173
(Asia Minor) 3
(Islamic Republic of Afghanistan) 31,056,997 (..2549) 98% 83.2% 14.9% 1.4% 0.4% 0.1%1
(Taliban) ..25442 53 38 2,000
2,000
1 (2549). . ()2 (UNESCO) (United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)
DOU174
-
1 2
(King Ashoka) 3 (Kipin)
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(King Kanishka : ..621-644) () 4
1 2 3 (Kipin)
DOU 175
(Bamiyan) 200
..1252 100 3,000
5.2.5
(Kazakhstan) (Uzbekistan) (Tajikistan) (Turkmenistan) (Kyrgztan)
..600 ..1200
DOU176
2500 ..2504 1 (Smarkand) (Bukhara) (Termez) - 2
..2504 14 2 (Ajina-tepe) (Mountain of one thousand Buddhas Houses) ..800 (Dushanbe)
(Giaur Kala) ..2505 - 2 (Merv)
1 ..25342
5 5 5
6
DOU 177
6
DOU178
6
6.1 6.2
6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5 6.2.6 6.2.7
6.3
DOU 179
1.
2. - 24 25 24 25
1.
2. 6 1
DOU180
6
6.1
. (Henry C. Finney) 10 22 ..2518 40 ..2540 400 4.5 18 ..2522 74 ..2540 340 1
..2540 5,000,000 2 - ..2503 200,000 3 ..2547 3,000,000 4 15 44 . ..2524 35,000 ..2534 4 140,000 ..2529 -..2544
1 Martin Baumann.(2541) Working in the Right Spirit: The Application of Buddhist Right Livelihood in theFriends of the Western Buddhist Order.()
2 Lionel Obadia (2540).Tibetan Buddhism in France: A Missionary Religion?()3 JAN Nattlier. (2543). Why Buddhism, Why Now ? AND WHY IN AMERICA.()4 The U.S. State Departments International Religious Freedom, Wikipedia.(2549). Buddhism in the
United States.()
DOU 181
(Australian Capital Territory)1
2529 2534 2539 2544 % %
11,381,900 12,465,644 12,582,764 12,764,341 68% 1.5% 80,387 139,847 199,812 357,813 1.9% 79.1% 67,279 95,473 0.5% 41.9% 109,500 147,507 200,885 281,578 1.5% 40.2% () 69,100 74,386 79,805 83,995 0.4% 5.3%
2 3
(Jan Nattlier) night-stand Buddhists 10,000,000 4
1 The Buddhist Council of New South Wales. (2549). Analysis of Religious Growth in Australia.()2 .3 () . 1. 89.4 JAN Nattlier.(2543). Why Buddhism, Why Now ? And Why In America.()
DOU182
19 1 . . Controversy at Panadura, Or, PanaduraVadaya -
150 ( ..2470)
202 (Google) Zen 74,400,000 Theravana 1,390,000 3 50 100
.
1 19 ..1801-1900 ..2344-2443.2 20 ..1901-2000 ..2444-2543.3 Google.(2549) zen,theravana.()
DOU 183
250 1 2 (Soka Gakkai International = SGI) 12 3
(The 14th Dalai Lama,Tenzin Gyatso) 52 50 57 ..25324
(Center) www.buddhanet.net www.buddhanet.net
1 . (2549). : .()2 (2538). Tricycle.()3 SGI.(2549).Soka Gakkai International.()4 www.buddhanet.net (2549). Buddhist Masters and Their Organisations.()
DOU184
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..
1. 1835 253 1446 548 6444 254 136 3,000,000 2547 262 49 175 83 29 63 38 44 5 25 17 8 14 19 13 8 3 2 6 228 12 178 83 70 25 382. 661 57 568 321 208 29 46 230,000 2549 4485 86 700,000 435 95 213 89 60 27 127 151,283 2544 334 19 199 100 7128 116 139 20 110 71 25 14 9 110 15 76 47 37 1 10 110,000 105 4 87 51 33 3 14 88 11 62 30 27 5 15
1 www.buddhanet.net (2549). Buddhist Directory.()2 3 Wikipedia.(2549).Religion.()4 842 Center [Thomas Kirchner (2549).Zen Centers -USA.()]5 Igor Troyanovsky.(2544). Buddhism In Russia.() Igor Troyanovsky
www.buddhanet.net
6 Thomas Kirchner (2546). Zen Centers - Rusia.()
DOU 185
..
84 1 74 53 21 9 78 8 67 55 12 3 77 7 60 40 13 7 10 60 8 45 8 26 11 7 297 33 237 153 54 30 273. 1 28 4 12 5 7 124. 51 11 33 10 12 11 7
5. 412 92 234 107 22 105 86 93 26 55 31 13 11 12 5872 730 3969 1910 1403 626 742
1
6.2
326-323 ..217-220 217-220 3
DOU186
..222 26 (Megasthenes)
(..276-312) 1
500 (clement) ..743 ...2
..1797 6 Itinerarium ... ...
Description of the World (Marco Polo) 16 ..1818-..1834 ...3
1 , , 2541 1892-3 () . , 2-3
DOU 187
4 (Nicholas) ..2085 (Franciscus Xaverius) 1 (Gua) (Yagiro)
17 ..2144 -
19 (..1801-1900 ..2344-2443) (Simon de La Loubere) 14
DOU188
..2230-2231 Description du Royaumede Siam ..2234 20
6.2.1
(United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) (United Kingdom UK) 4 3 1 60,441,457 (..2548) ( 70-80 %) The 2001UK census (..2544) (Non-Religious) 9,337,580 1 10 1 6 BBC ..2547 40 % (Atheists, Agnostic)2
The 2001 UK census(..2544) 151,283 - 435 (The Pali Text Society)
. .
1 Wikipedia.(2549).Religions in United Kingdom.()2 Wikipedia.(2549).Atheism studies and Statistics.()
DOU 189
..2418 . ...1
.. 2393 .. 2422 150 ( ..2470)
Hamlet House -
. ..2424 ... ...2 2 Scared Books of the Buddhist Series ..2438 ..2442
1 () . 1. 272 .(2549). .()
DOU190
3 4
..2442 (Gordon Douglas)
..2445 (Charles Henry AllenBernett) 1 The Buddhist The Buddhist -
.. (R.J.Jackson) ..2449 ..
.. (J.R.Pain) The Buddhist .... ..2450 . (Buddhist Society of Great Britainand Ireland ) .
DOU 191
..2491 . (A.Rant) (Buddhist ViharaSociety of England) ..2497 .. 5, HeathfieldGardens, London, W4 200 (Buddhist Study Circles)
27 ..2499 (W. A. Purfust) ..2497 ..2510 [The Friends of The Western Buddhist Order (FWBO)] FWBO
..2507 1 ( .9) 3 25 ..2507
..2508 1 ..2509 -
DOU192
(..2514) (..2532) (..2539) (..2537)
(SGI) ..2503 450 1
.. 2515 (Peggy Kennett) (Soto Zen) British Zen Mission Society OBC (the Order of BuddhistContemplatives) OBC FWBO NKT 2 .
..2534 (Geshe Kelsang Gyatso) The New Kadampa Tradition (NKT) NKT NKT (Kadam or Gelug)
6.2.2 (Federal
Republic of Germany) 82,438,000 (..2548)
1 SGI-UK.(2549) Soka Gakkai International UK.() SGI www.buddhanet.net
2 David N. Kay (2547).Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain. [ Inken Prohl(2549) .Book Review
.()
DOU 193
( 68 %) 10,000 ..2549 (Non-Religious) (Atheists) 29.6% 24,400,000 1 4 1 ..2549 230,000 661 2
(IsaacJacob Schmidt) .. 2322- 23903 (Arthur Schopenhauer) The World as will and Representation ..2362 25 - 19
-... 4
(Friedrich Zimmermann) - ..2423
1 REMID.(2549).Religions in Germany.[ Wikipedia (2549).Religions in Germany.()]2 www.buddhanet.net.(2549) Buddhist directory .()3 REMID.(2549).Religions in Germany.[ Wikipedia (2549).Religions in Germany.()]4 () . , 287
DOU194
BuddhistischenKatechismus - ..2431 14
..2446 . (KarlSeidenstuecker) - (Society For Buddhist Mission in Germany) (Leip-Zig) . - (Apostle)
(Anton Walter Florus Gueth) ..2447 (Nyanatiloka Maha Thera) -
-
DOU 195
The World of the Buddha ..2449 9 10,000 6 28 ..2500 500,000 Independence Square
(Breslau) ..2452 (German Pali Society) 3 League For Buddhist Life ..2456
(George Grimm)
..2464 . Utting am Ammersee 8 . -
DOU196
.. .
(Siegmund Feniger) ..2479 (Buddhist Study Circle) (TheWorld Fellowship of Buddhist) (Nyanponika Maha Thera) 1,000,000 70
(Hermann Oldenburg) - . (Paul Dahlke) 5 . (Wilhelm Geiger) ..2451-2473 (Maya Keller Grimm)-
. - (Eugen Herrigel)
DOU 197
Zen in the Art of Archery bestseller 40 6 ..2467-2472 ..2479 ..2496 ..2503-2513 1
..2505 2 8 ..2523-2533 Diamond Way (Kagyu) 126 /2 28-30 ..2546 18,000 10,000 3
6.2.3. (Russian Federation)
15 ..2534 7
1 Agganyani (Christa Bentenrieder). (2545). The Prospects for the Growth of Buddhism in Germany andother Western Countries. ()
2 Diamond Way Buddhism Worldwide (2549) Diamond Way Buddhism Centerlist : Germany.()3 Tibet Net Homepage (2546). His Holiness the Dalai Lama Visits Germany.()
DOU198
1 Wikipedia. (2549).Religion in the Soviet Union.()2 Wikipedia. (2549).Buddhism in Russia .()3 () . 2, 120.4 .(2549). ? .()
142,893,540 (..2549)
700,000 0.5% 1 -2 ..276-312 ...3
..1766 4 17 ..2193 (Baikal) (Tuva) - (Buryatia) (Kalmykia)
..2347 - . (I.Rizhsky)
DOU 199
1 () . 2, 1232 (Thibow, ..2421-2428) 3 2428
. (S.Uvarov) The Academy of Science 1
..2417 (Ivan Minayev) Studies of Ceylon and India From theTravel Notes of a Russian ..2421 ... - 2
(FyodorScherbatskoy) Theoryof Knowledge and Logic According to Later Buddhists ..2446
..2460 2
DOU200
1 Igor Troyanovsky (2534). Buddhism In Russia. ()2 Wikipedia. (2549).Stalin.()
-1
..2461 ..2462
..2466 ..2473 1,000 5 10 2 ..2484-2488 20 10 2
DOU 201
1 All-Russia Center. Wikipedia.(2549).Atheism studies and Statistics.()2 Igor Troyanovsky (2534).Buddhism In Russia. ()
62 1 4 ..2500 ..2545 32% 1
..2528 ..2533 ..2534 15 ..2534 300,000 432 16 70 2
DOU202
6.2.4 (France) (French
Republic) 61,044,684 (..2549) ..2546 62% 26% (no religion) 74% (atheists, unlikely) GallupInternational 15% 334
(Eugene Bernouf) Essai sur le Pali ..2369 .. (B.H.Hodgson) British Resident-General (Introduction a Historie duBuddhisme Indien) ..2387
. (A.Foucher) 7 1 ..2439 Les Scenes Figureers de la legende de Bouddha ..2448 Lart grecobouddhiquedu Gandhara ..2460 . The Beginnings of Buddhist Artand Other Essays
DOU 203 1 () . 2, 32, 35
-(Alexandra David neel) 15 10 5 Buddhism, Its Doctrines and Methods, My Journey to Lhasa, With Mystics and Magicians, Tibetan Journey - -
- Buddhism and Social Problems Buddhist Review -..2453 ...... ... () ..... ...1
..2472 (Constant Lounsbery) (Les Amis du Buddhisme) Buddhist Meditation La PenseeBuddhique .. 2512
DOU2041 www.budpage.com (2548). .()
(Sylvain Lavi) Kuchean - (..2355) Le Nepal (..2450) (Louis De La Vallee Poussin) (..2439) (..2446-2456) (..2459-2460)
(Thich Nhat Hanh) ( Plum Village) (Engaged Buddhism) 100 1,500,000 - (Tricycle) 1
..2525 150 1,000 500 500
DOU 205
5 5 4
24 24
25
DOU206
2-3
6.2.5 (Italian Republic)
58,751,711 (..2549) 90% 87.8% 36.8% 30.8% 1 2 110,000 110 (Tibetan) 47 37 3 15 4
1 Wikipedia.(2549). Religion in Italy. ()2
275 921 (..2548) 16
3 http://iriz.hanazono.ac.jp(2549). zen_centers. (). 58 centers4 www.buddhanet.net.(2549). Buddhist Directory. ()
DOU 207
16 ..1818-..1834 Description of the World -
..1877 - 4 (Nicholas) - () ..1873 Voyages (John Mandeville) ..1908 300 22 ..2013 18
(Giuseppe de Lorenzo) (Giuseppe Tucci) . ..2414
. ..2437
DOU208
210 Instituto Italaino Per il Medio Ed Estremo Oriente Rome LaSapienza -
..2514 77 2,000 . (Ghangar)
(Lama Geshe Jampa Gyatso) Institute Lama Tzong Khapa Pomaia ..2519 (The Lama Gangchen World Peace Foundation) (Lama Gangchen) ..2535 (Inner Peace is the Best Foundation for World Peace) 100 23 11
DOU 209
9 5 ..2549 - 16 (dialogue)
..2544 Institute Lama Tzong Khapa 3,000 22 150 4 Mr.Claudio Martini (Tuscany Region) 1 ..2544 80
..2519 2 (Piero Borri) (Marco Magrini) (Karl Potter) (Marvin Smith)
..2519 (Poppiano) (Florence) 60 ..2524 (Daisaku Ikeda) 1 (Renaissance)
DOU210
Il..Nuovo..Rinascimento (The NewRenaissance) ..2525 ..2543 21,000 .. 2541 Toward a Century ofHumanity (Human Rightsin Todays World) 80,000
..2542 180,000 435,000 ..2543 2,500 (Leonardo Dominici) 1
. (U.Lokanatha Thera) ..2468 ..2471 5 13 34 ..2475-2509 3
1Tamiko kaneda (2543). SGI-Italy : A Youthful Movement. ()
DOU 211
..2476 ..2482 ..2483
6.2.6 (United States of America)
300,080,997 (..2549) ( 76.7%) 24.3% Pew Research Center ..2547 (Non-Religious) 18.5% (30 = 6%) 55,514,984 1 6 55,514,984 60 Wikipedia ..2539 1,000 - 60.7% (Atheists) The U.S. State Departments InternationalReligious Freedom ..2547 1% 3,000,000 1
..2416 The Time of Ceylon . ..2423..
1 Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. (2549). Buddhism in the United States. ()
DOU212
(Buddhist Catechism) ..2424 ..2436 (Parliament of Religions) ... (C.T.S.Strauss) 5 ... (maryMikahala Foster)
..2434 - Buddhism Legends The Buddhas Teachings Being The Sutta Nipata or Discourse-Collection (Resoning) ...1
..2436 (Soyen Shaku) (JohnHenry Barrows) (World Parliament of Religions)
1 () . 2, 180
DOU 213
. (Dr.Paul Carus) . . ..2440. .
. The Gospelof Buddha ..2437 . (Sir Moniermonier Williams)
. ... 1
(ErnestShinkaru Hunt) ..2467
1 () . 2, 190-192
DOU214
..2475 The International Buddhist Institute of Hawaii (The Western Buddhist Order) 1 - (Dai-osho) -
..2475 . (Dwight Goddard) (The Buddhist Bible)
(Robert Aitken ) The DiamondSangha ..2502 (Chan) Hsuan Hua The Dharma Realm Buddhist Association(DRBA) ..2502 - The GoldMountain Monastery, The City of Ten Thousand Buddhas
(Sheng-yen) ..2513 The Kwan Um School of Zen ..2515 100
DOU 215
..2503 40 71 330,000 1
Geshe Ngawang Wangyal (Gelug) ..2498 Lamaist BuddhistMonastery of America ..2501 Robert Thurman, Jeffrey Hopkins Alexander Berzin
..2522 ..2546 ..2540 (Kundun) (Seven Years in Tibet) 2 ..2494 ..2502 Martin Scorsese
..2504 8
1 SGI.(2549).The SGI organization in the United States.()
DOU216
..2518 - ..2539 15 1 Harvard University, PrincetonUniversity, University of Chicago, University of Virginia
..2513 3 ( ) () () 2 19 ..2515 () 29 ..2525 - ..
6.2.7 (Commonwealth of
Australia) 6 2 (Canberra) (Darwin) 6 (Sydney)
1 Robert Topmiller (2539). Buddhism In America.()
DOU 217
(Brisbane) (Adelaide) (Hobart) (Perth) (Melbourne)
20,555,300 (..2549) ..2544 357,813 ..2549
1 The Buddhist Council of New South Wales .(2549).Analysis of Religious Growth in Australia.()
(Australian Capital Territory)
..2529 ..2534 ..2539 ..2544 % %
11,381,900 12,465,644 12,582,764 12,764,341 68.0% 1.5% 80,387 139,847 199,812 357,813 1.9% 79.1% 67,279 95,473 0.5% 41.9% 109,500 147,507 200,885 281,578 1.5% 40.2% () 69,100 74,386 79,805 83,995 0.4% 5.3%
(New South Wales)
..2529 ..2534 ..2539 ..2544 % %
4,464,926 4,520,334 71.4% 1.0% 35,114 81,908 58,743 147,839 2.3% 80.4% 35,576 51,463 0.8% 44.5% 57,551 77,845 102,288 140,938 2.2% 37.8% () 29,641 32,652 34,597 0.5% 5.3%
DOU218
412 ..2529-25441
79-80% 1.5% 15 ..2529-2544 - ..2529
..2391 (Victorian gold fields) (Gold Rush) ..2399
..2410 ..2413 Thursday Island ..2525 500 2
..2434
DOU 219
Theosophical Society (AlfredDeakin) 3 3 ..2433
..2453 ..2481 (Len Bullen) ..2496 ..2501
..2513 (Somaloka) ..2514 Blue Mountains (Sydney) 11 ..2527 -
1 SGIA History (2549).Soka Gakkai International Australia.() www.buddhanet.net SGI
DOU220
..2507 6 270 5-10 1
..2517 ..2519 Geshe Acharya ThubtenLoden 1,000 3 ..2525 ..2535 ..2539 (John Howard) - www.buddhanet.net 107
6.3
24 25 11 ..2544
DOU 221
1
2 (Crusade)3
200 ..1639-..1834 4
1 () . 2, 190-1922 - 3 Crusade Cross 4 (2548)..()
DOU222
%Atheist
.. 2547 .. 2548 2
1. 143,782,000 24-48% 34,507,680 - 69,015,3602. 82,425,000 41-49% 33,734,250 - 40,388,2503. 60,424,000 43-54% 25,982,320 - 32,628,9604. 293,028,000 3 - 9% 8,790,840 - 26,822,5205. 60,271,000 31-44% 18,684,010 - 26,519,2406. 32,508,000 19 - 30% 6,176,520 - 9,752,4007. 40,281,000 15 - 24% 6,042,150 - 9,667,4408. 47,732,000 220% 9,546,0009. 58,057,000 6 - 15% 3,483,420 - 8,708,55010. 8,986,000 46 - 85% 4,133,560 - 7,638,10011. 16,318,000 39 - 44% 6,364,020 - 7,179,92012. 10,246,100 54 - 61% 5,328,946 - 6,250,12113. 19,913,000 24 -25% 4,779,120 - 4,978,25014. 10,032,000 32 - 46% 3,210,240 - 4,614,72015. 10,348,000 42 - 43% 4,346,160 - 4,449,640
/ % 894,351,100 29 -38% 175,169,630 - 258,613,471
1
1 Zuckerman, Phil. (2548) Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns, chapter in The Cambridge Companionto Atheism, ed. by Michael Martin, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK www.adherents.com (2005)The Largest Atheist / Agnostic Populations.()2 2 (Atheist) (Agnostic)
DOU 223
6 6 6
7
DOU224
DOU 225
7
DOU226
7
7.1 7.2
DOU 227
2,500 -
9
2
1.
2. 4
DOU228
DOU 229
7
7.1 2,500
9
() () 1,700
9
DOU230
2
1.
2.
- 4
DOU 231
7.2
www.buddhanet.net 623-543 B.C.E.1 543 2550 2007 565-485 B.C.E. .. ..2492 ..2550 58 .. 58
1000 ()
58 2 1) 218 2) 267
485 (218+267 = 485) 2007 2492 (2007+485)
..
1 B.C.E = Before common Era Before the Christian Era
DOU232
600
* (565-485 B.C.E.) 623-543 B.C.E.
* - [Cyrus the Great, 550 B.C.E.]* (551-479 B.C.E.)* (550 B.C.E.)
500
* 1 (485 B.C.E. ..1) 3 *
* (469-399 B.C.E.)* (490-479 B.C.E.)* (469-399 B.C.E.)* (427-347 B.C.E.)
400
* 2 (..100) 100 *
* (384-322 B.C.E.)* (356-323 B.C.E.) (327 B.C.E.)
300
* (..218-255) 9 * 3 (..236) * * (..239)
* (250 B.C.E.)* [Hadrian, ]
..
DOU 233
200
* (..286)* * (..611) (..601-618)
* (Sanchi) * (..337-763)1
100
* (..451-454)* :
* (01B.C.E. Mar 1)* (100-44 B.C.E.)* (Virgil) (70-19 B.C.E.)
1(..1-100)
* 4 (..643)4 - (..621-644)* (..643) (..693)* *
* (..0-33 )* (..70)*
2
* (..693) (The Middle Way = )
* * ..185 112
1 www.geocities.com (2549) Dynasty / ()
DOU234
* * (Maitreyanatha)* (Persia)
3
4
* (..853-933) (..963-1043) * * (..887-956) [Hui-yuan, ..877-959] * (..915)
* 2 (..375-415) * [Saint Augustine, ..354-430]
5
* * (Visuddhimagga) * * (..942-957)* * (..976)*
* * (.. 437)* (.. 476)
* 3 (..220-265)* (..312)
DOU 235
6
* (..1069)* (..1132-1160) * (Tien-tai), (Hua-yen), * (..1081) (..1137)* * (Khusru) [Persian, ..1074-1122]
* (..570-632)* (..630-725)* (..600)
7
* (..1184-1193)* (..1149-1190) *
* (..700-800)* (..618-906)
8
* 6 (Jojisu) (Kusha) (Sanron) (Hosso) (Ritsu) (Kegun)* * * (Nyingma) * (Borobudur Temple) * (Syrian) (Arabic) Kalilag and Damnag
* (..710-784)* (Sam-ye) (..749)* (..760)
DOU236
9
* (Angkor Wat) * [Saicho,..1310-1365] (Tendai) [Kukai, ..1317- 1378] (Shingon) * (..1388) (Saint John of Damascus) Balaam Josaphat
* (Heian) (..794-1185)* : (Diamond Sutra) (..868)
10
* (..1526) (Szechuan edition)* (..1443-1543)* (..1443-1543)
* (..960-1279)* ..1000 200
11
* [Anawrahta,..1587-1620] * [Atisha,..1525-1597] (..1585)* (..1555-1640) (Kargyu) * [Milarepa,..1583-1666] * (Anuradhapura) * (Sakya) * *
* (..1000-1100)* (..1054)* (Crusades) 1 (..1096-1099)
DOU 237
12
* * [Honen,..1676-1755] (Pure Land) * [ Eisai,..1684-1758] (Rinsai-Zen) * ..1736 () ()* (Koryo) (..1683-1933)
* (Omar Khayyam) (..1044-1123)* ..1119 (Bologna) * ..1150 * (Kamakura) (..1192-1338)
13
* (..1716-1806) * (..1743-1796) * (..1765-1796) * * *
* [Francis of Assisi, ..1181-1226]* (..1215)* [Thomas Aquinas, ..1225-1274] * (..1279)
14
* (Bu-ston) * ( ..1903)* * [Tsong-Kha-Pa,..1900-1962] (Gelugpa)
* [John Wyclife, ..1328-1384] * (..1368)
DOU238
15
* (Ankor wat) ( 20)
* * (..1452-1519)* (, ..1492)
* (..1564-1616)* (..1633-1642)
16
17
* (..2146-2410)* [Hakuin, ..2229-2312] (Rinzai Zen)
* (..1639)* (..1642)
18
* * (Kirti Sri Rajasinha)
* 18 * (..1776)* (..1789-1802)
* (Gelugpa) [Altan Khan ..2121]* 5 (Shunzhi)
19
* * (..2405)* ( ..2405)* * ..2395 (Neumann)
* () (..1868)* (..1833)* (..1861-1865)
DOU 239
(Odlenburg) * (Nyanatiloka)* (..2396)* 5 729 (..2411-2414)
20
* (..2450)* (..2446)* (Taisho Shinshu Daizokyo) (..2467-2472)* (..2493)* [World Fellowship of Buddhists, ..2495]* 6 (..2497-2499)* 25 * (..2502)* * (..2509)* (Sakya) (..2514)* (..2503)* (His Holiness Dalai lama) (..2532)
* (..1869-1948)* 1 (..1914-1918)* (..1917-1922)* (Ernest Rutherford) (..1919)* 2 (..1939-1945)* (..1966)* (..1989)* 2 (..1995)
DOU240
7 7 7
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