Gerência de Redes de Computadores

7/21/2019 Gerncia de Redes de Computadores

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Dbura ]bpbos UbgtasIjbgk ]braueaIkbgmra @krtnaimaCrbgejsea Dbrekia Dbrquks IjdbSbggkr Sbseagekiias

Lkrgejb mk Pkmks mkEadputbmarks
http://www.esr.rnp.br/


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B PGV Pkmk Gbejagbi mk Kgsjgak Vksqujsb qubijcjebmb eadaudb Arlbgjzba Uaejbi (AU),skgma ijlbmb ba Djgjstrja mbEjgejb, ]kegaialjb k Jgavba( D E ] J ) k r k s p a g s v k i p k i aVralrbdb Jgtkrdjgjstkrjbi PGV,quk eagtb ead b pbrtjejpba masdjgjstrjas mb Kmueba (DKE), mbUbmk (DU) k mb Euiturb (DjgE).Vjagkjrb ga bekssa Jgtkrgkt ga

@rbsji, b PGV pibgkob k dbgtd brkmk Jp, b rkmk ptjeb gbejagbibebmdjeb mk bita mkskdpkgna.Ead Vagtas mk Vrkskgb gbs0< ugjmbmks mb ckmkrba, b rkmktkd dbjs mk >66 jgstjtujkseagketbmbs. Ua bpraxjdbmbdkgtk5,; djinks mk usurjas usucrujgma

mk udb jgcrbkstruturb mk rkmksbvbgbmbs pbrb eadugjeba,eadputba k kxpkrjdkgtba,quk eagtrj`uj pbrb b jgtklrbakgtrk a sjstkdb mk Ejgejb k]kegaialjb, Kmueba Uupkrjar,Ubmk k Euiturb.

Ejgejb, ]kegaialjbk Jgavba

Djgjstrja mb

KmuebaDjgjstrja mb

UbmkDjgjstrja mb

EuiturbDjgjstrja mb


3/323

Lkrgejb mkPkmks mkEadputbmarks

Dbura ]bpbos UbgtasIjbgk ]braueaIkbgmra @krtnaimaCrbgejsea Dbrekia Dbrquks IjdbSbggkr Sbseagekiias


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5/323

Lkrgejb mkPkmks mkEadputbmarks

Dbura ]bpbos UbgtasIjbgk ]braueaIkbgmra @krtnaimaCrbgejsea Dbrekia Dbrquks Ijdb

Sbggkr Sbseagekiias

Pja mk ObgkjraKseaib Uupkrjar mk Pkmks062;


6/323

Eapyrjlnt 062= Pkmk Gbejagbi mk Kgsjga k Vksqujsb PGVPub Ibura Diikr, 223 sbib 2265000:6-:63 Pja mk Obgkjra, PO

Mjrktar LkrbiGkisag Ujdks

Mjrktar mk Ukrvjas k Uaiuks Oas Iujz Pj`kjra Cjina

Kseaib Uupkrjar mk Pkmks

EaarmkgbaIujz Eakina

KmjaIjgeaig mb Dbtb

Eaarmkgbmas mb rkb mk Bmdjgjstrba mk Vraoktas mk PkmksIujz Ebrias Ia`bta

Kqujpk KUP (kd armkd bicb`tjeb)Bmrjbgb Vjkrra, Ekijb Dbejki, Mkrijgb Djrbgmb, Kmsag Hawbsh, Kijdrjb @bràsb, Kvkiiyg Ckjtasb,Ckijpk Gbsejdkgta, Iaurmks Uagejg, Iuejbgb @btjstb, Pkgbta Mubrtk k Zvk B`ki Dbrejbi.

Ebpb, praokta vjsubi k mjblrbdba]kegamksjlg

Skrsa0.6.2

Kstk dbtkrjbi mjmtjea caj kibàrbma eadgs kmuebejagbjs. Uaijejtbdas quk qubiqukr krra kgeag-trbma au mvjmb ead rkiba ba dbtkrjbi au sku usa skob kgvjbma pbrb b kqujpk mk kibàrba mkeagtkma mb Kseaib Uupkrjar mk Pkmks, ga k-dbji jgcaFksr.rgp.`r. B Pkmk Gbejagbi mk Kgsjga kVksqujsb k as butarks ga bssudkd qubiqukr rkspagsb`jijmbmk par kvkgtubjs mbgas au pkrmbs, bpkssabs au `kgs, arjljgbmas ma usa mkstk dbtkrjbi.

Bs dbrebs rkljstrbmbs dkgejagbmbs gkstk dbtkrjbi pkrtkgekd bas rkspketjvas tjtuibrks.MjstrjùjaKseaib Uupkrjar mk PkmksPub Ibura Diikr, 223 sbib 2265000:6-:63 Pja mk Obgkjra, POnttp?//ksr.rgp.`rjgcaFksr.rgp.`r

Mbmas Jgtkrgbejagbjs mk Ebtbialba gb Vuìjeba (EJV)

L53< Lkrgejb mk Pkmks mk Eadputbmarks / Dbura ]bpbos Ubgtas Xkt. bi.T. 0. km. Pja mk Obgkjra? PGV/KUP, 062;.

506 p. ? ji. 8 0


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jjj

Uudrja

Kseaib Uupkrjar mk Pkmks

B dktamaialjb mb KUP xj

Ua`rk a eursa xjj

B qukd sk mkstjgb xjj

Eagvkgks utjijzbmbs gkstk ijvra xjj

Vkrdjssks mk usa xjjj

Ua`rk a butar xjv

2. Jgtramua lkrgejb mk rkmks

Jdpartgejb ma lkrkgejbdkgta 2

Btuba ma lkrkgtk mk rkmks 0

Btjvjmbmks eadugs mk lkrkgejbdkgta 5

A quk lkrkgejbr1 =

rkbs cugejagbjs mk lkrkgejbdkgta (damkia AUJ) ;

Lkrkgejbdkgta mk cbinbs 3

Lkrkgejbdkgta mk mkskdpkgna

>0;) 50

Pkprkskgtba @KP (]IS) 5=

Bilugs jmkgtj ebmarks BUG.2 (tbls) 5;

BUG.2 k @KP (Kxkdpias) 53

0. Ckrrbdkgtbs mk jgspka k dagjtarba mk rkmks

Vra`ikdbs gb rkmk 5

Ckrrbdkgtbs pbrb jgspka k dagjtarba =2

\jrksnbrh =2

]EVM[DV ;>

Pkckrgejbs ;:

Rukstjagrja pbrb tkstbr as eagnkejdkgtas rkibtjvas ba usa ma \jrksnbrh 36

5. UGDVv2, UGDVv0 k UGDVv5

Eagtkxtubijzba 35

DJ@s Vbmragjzbmbs 3;


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v

rvark mk jmkgtj ebmarks 33

rvark mb DJ@ JJ 33

UGDVv0 Apkrba JgcardPkqukst k a lkrkgejbdkgtanjkrbrqujzbma >>

UGDVv0 Dkgsblkgs >:

UGDVv0? ]jpas mk blkgtks >:

Blkgtks praxy :6

UGDVv5? Gava damkia mk sklurbgb :6

Brqujtkturb damuibr UGDVv5 :2


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vj

Uklurbgb UGDVv5 :0

Cardbta mb dkgsblkd UGDVv5 :5

UGDV Blkgtk? GK]-UGDV :=

GK]-UGDV Bpijebks :;

GK]-UGDV Eag lurba :;

Uupartk b UGDVv5 ga pbeatk GK]-UGDV :3

Erjba mk usurjas UGDVv5 :

Lkrgejb mk eag lurba (Eag lurbtjag) 2=:

Lkrgejb mk eagtb`jijmbmk (Beeaugtjgl) 2;6

Lkrgejb mk mkskdpkgna (Vkrcardbgek) 2;2

Lkrgejb mk sklurbgb (Ukeurjty) 2;0

Ckrrbdkgtbs ijvrks 2;5

_b``jx 2;5

Jgstbiba ma _b``jx 2;=

[tjijzbgma a _b``jx 2;;

Gbljas 2;:

Jgstbiba ma Gbljas 2;:

Eustadjzbks ma sactwbrk 236

ApkgSBU 230

AEU Jgvkgtary 23;

Jgstbiba ma AEU Jgvkgtary 233


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vjjj

Upjek \arhs 23>

Jgstbiba ma Upjek\arhs 23>

G]AVgl 2

Ras gb jgtkrgkt 06:

Ukrvjas Mjckrkgejbmas 022


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jx

Eagmjks mk pravjsjagbdkgta mk trckla kd mjspasjtjvas mk armb pbrb pravkmarksmk skrvjas 02;

]jpas mk skrvjas 02.2.2? `ytks450 tkdpa45ds ]]I43=

Pkspastb mk 2:0.23>.2.2? `ytks450 tkdpa42ds ]]I43=



Kstbtstjebs ma Vjgl pbrb 2:0.23>.2.2?

Vbeatks? Kgvjbmas 4 =, Pkek`jmas 4 =, Vkrmjmas 4 6 (6% mk

pkrmb),

Bpraxjdbr ud gdkra rkmagma mk vkzks kd djijssklugmas?

Dgjda 4 2ds, Dxjda 4 5ds, Dmjb 4 0ds

Gkssk kxkdpia, bs dkgsblkgs JEDV kgvjbmbs usbrbd a tbdbgna pbmra mk 50 `ytks. A ]]Imk 3= jgmjeb quk kssk krb a gdkra dxjda mk gamas btrbvkssbmas gb rkmk pkia pbeatkpbrb tkgtbr enklbr ba kgmkrka JV 2:0.23>.2.2. Jssa kvjtb quk ud pbeatk lkrbma pkia pjgl

quk ejreuibgma gb rkmk jgmk gjmbdkgtk kd ebsa mk pra`ikdb mk ratkbdkgta.

Uk kssk praekmjdkgta ga tjvkssk eagsklujma a`tkr rkspastb ma kqujpbdkgta ba qubi apjgl caj mjrjljma, b dkgsblkd rkek`jmb skrjb bila tbi eada?

Ubj`b dbjs

A tkdpa, kd djijssk-lugmas, ga kxkdpia,dastrb quk a ratkbmarkstbvb dujta prxjdama eadputbmar qukkgvjau a pjgl, k brkspastb ga tbrmaudujta.

i


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L k r g e j b m k P k m k s m k E a d p u t b m a r k s

E?Y7pjgl 2:>.23>.0.2

Mjspbrbgma 2:>.23>.0.2 ead 50 `ytks mk mbmas?

Kslatbma a tkdpa ijdjtk ma pkmjma.

Kslatbma a tkdpa ijdjtk ma pkmjma.

Kslatbma a tkdpa ijdjtk ma pkmjma.Kslatbma a tkdpa ijdjtk ma pkmjma.

Kstbtstjebs ma Vjgl pbrb 2:>.23>.0.2?

Vbeatks? Kgvjbmas 4 =, Pkek`jmas 4 6, Vkrmjmas 4 = (266% mk pkrmb),

Gkssk ebsa, pamkrbdas eageiujr quk a kqujpbdkgta 2:>.23>.0.2 ga kxjstk gb rkmk au kstjgapkrbgtk. Kssb mvjmb pamkrjb skr rksaivjmb ead ud autra eadbgma `sjea quk jgmjebrjba ebdjgna (eagougta mk ratkbmarks) bt a kqujpbdkgta mkstjga. Kssk tkstk pamkrjb skr rkb-ijzbma ead a eadbgma trbekrautk , quk udb ckrrbdkgtb mk mjblgstjea quk rbstrkjb b ratbmk ud pbeatk btrbvs mk udb rkmk mk eadputbmarks quk utjijzb a prataeaia JV. Uku cugeja-

gbdkgta kst `bskbma ga usa ma ebdpa tjdk-ta-ijvk (]]I) ma pbeatk JVv=, mkstjgbma b ijdjtbra tkdpa mk vjmb mkik. Kssk vbiar mkerkdkgtbma b ebmb vkz quk a pbeatk kgebdjgnbmapar ud ratkbmar. Ba btjgljr a vbiar zkra, a pbeatk mksebrtbma k a arjljgbmar bikr tbma parudb dkgsblkd JEDV ]JDKQK^EKKMKM.

Btrbvs mb dbgjpuiba ma ebdpa ]]I (quk rkek`k vbiarks quk va skgma jgerkdkgtbmasmk udb ugjmbmk b ebmb pbssa), udb srjk mk mbtblrbdbs [MV mjrjljmas ba mkstjga gbiva skgma lkrbmas ead mjckrkgtks k erksekgtks vbiarks mk ]]I . Bssjd, passvki rkek`krkssb dkgsblkd mk ]JDK-K^EKKMKM mk ebmb ud mas ratkbmarks ga ebdjgna ma pbeatk kebieuibr a tkdpa quk caj usbma pbrb enklbr bt ebmb ud mas ratkbmarks jgtkrdkmjrjas.Kxjstkd jdpikdkgtbks mkssk eadbgma pbrb prbtjebdkgtk tamas as Ujstkdbs Apkrbeja -

gbjs, jgeiujgma bqukiks usbmas kd ratkbmarks. B dbgkjrb mk jgvaebr a eadbgma pamk vbrjbrijlkjrbdkgtk (trbekrt kd bd`jkgtk \jgmaws, trbekrautk kd autras bd`jkgtks). [d kxkdpiamk rksuitbma pbssvki mk skr a`tjma ead a eadbgmatrbekrautk bprkskgtbma b sklujr?

E?Y7trbekrt www.rgp.`r

Pbstrkbgma b ratb pbrb www.rgp. r X066.256.5;.=T ead ga dxjda 56 sbitas?

2 2.2.2

0 22 ds 23 ds > ds 26.T

3 0> ds 56 ds 5; ds se-sp-26l-aj. h .rgp. r X066.2=5.0;0.3;T

< ds 5< ds sp-ro-26l-aj. h .rgp. r X066.2=5.0;0. ;3 ds 30 ds ;< ds ro-mc-26l-aj. h .rgp. r X066.2=5.0;0.T

: ;> ds ;3 ds >> ds ibgmc-dxmc-26l-jgt. h .rgp. rX066.2=5.0;;.2


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E b p t u i a 2 -

J g t r a m u a l k r g e j b m k r k m k s

22 ;< ds ;> ds ;< ds hkr`kras.gb-mc.rgp.`r X066.256.5;.=T

Pbstrkbdkgta eageiuma.

Kssbs mubs ckrrbdkgtbs pamkrjbd skr usbmbs ga bpkgbs mb dqujgb agmk kst a usurjaquk kxpkrjdkgtb a praìkdb, dbs tbd`d mk autrbs dqujgbs gb dksdb su`rkmk k kdautrbs su`rkmks. Jssa pkrdjtjrb eagnkekr b kxtkgsa ma praìkdb rkibtbma a`skrvbgma b

rkspastb, par busgejb mk rkspastb kd ebmb ebsa. Ga kxkdpia bgtkrjar, passvki eagstbtbrquk a bekssa mksmk b dqujgb agmk a trbekrt caj mjspbrbma bt a skrvjmar ww w.rgp.`r kstapkrbejagbi. A pbssa sklujgtk skrjb jsaibr a praìkdb rkibtbma pkia usurja.

[d bspketa b rkssbitbr sa`rk a usa mkssbs ckrrbdkgtbs `sjebs quk kibs lkrbd trckla gbrkmk, k jssa prkejsb skr djgjdjzbma, sa` pkgb mk prkoumjebr a cugejagbdkgta mb rkmk eadkxekssa mk trckla mk tkstk. Autra pagta b btkgtbr quk kssk trckla pamk skr itrbma parbilud ratkbmar au rkwbii ba iagla mb ratb, k b busgejb mk udb rkspastb pamk skr ebusbmbpar kssk praekssa mk itrblkd.

Jsaibdkgta ma praìkdb

A jsaibdkgta ma praìkdb mkdbgmb biludb cardb mk jgspka au tkstk mas kqujpbdkgtaskgvaivjmas, mksmk bqukik agmk a praìkdb caj eagstbtbma, bt a mkstjga quk sku usurja prk-tkgmk bekssbr. Mkpkgmkgma mas rksuitbmas mas tkstks ead pjgl k trbekrautk, skrjb passvkivkrj ebr sk a kqujpbdkgta ma usurja krb a gjea b skgtjr a praìkdb au sk bpkgbs tjgnb sjmaa prjdkjra b eagstbtbr udb cbinb dbjs bdpib, quk jgj`jrjb a bekssa mk tamas as kqujpbdkgtasmk udb au dbjs su`rkmks au bt dksda mk tambs bs dqujgbs mb jgtrbgkt. B ebusb pamkrjbskr udb cbinb gb eagkxa mk sbmb mbqukib rkmk ead b jgtkrgkt au udb jgmjspagj`jijmbmk maskrvjmar rkdata. A eadbgma pjgl dastrbrjb sjdpiksdkgtk sk a skrvjmar rkdata kstbvb beks -svki. A trbekrautk dastrbrjb sk bilud praìkdb k jdpkmjdkgta au kxekssjva rktbrma kstbrjbaearrkgma gb ratb, b pbrtjr mk bilud pagta. As tkdpas mk rkspastb rkek`jmas mk ebmb pbssama rbstrkbdkgta ead a trbekrautk pkrdjtjrbd bvkrjlubr sk b rkmk tkd eadpartbdkgtagardbi, mklrbmbma au skd eagkxa b pbrtjr mk bilud pagta mb ratb.

Bps jsaibr b ebusb ma praìkdb jmkgtj ebgma a(b) kqujpbdkgta(s) au eadpagkgtk(s) mk sac-twbrk ead eadpartbdkgta jgearrkta, a trb`bina pbssbrjb pbrb b cbsk mk saiua ma praìkdb.

Pkpbra ma praìkdb butadbtjebdkgtk (sk passvki) au dbgubidkgtk

A rkpbra ma praìkdb pamk s vkzks skr eagsklujma mk cardb butadtjeb (au qubsk), eadudb rkjgjejbijzba ma kqujpbdkgta a quk pamk mjrjdjr bilud kstbma jgeagsjstkgtk ma sac -twbrk skgma kxkeutbma gbqukib dqujgb.

Dbs kd autras ebsas n quk pbssbr ba mjblgstjea mbs ebusbs ma dbu cugejagbdkgta, kjssa jdpijeb kd jgspkejagbr dbjs mktbinbmbdkgtk bqukik kqujpbdkgta pbrb a`tkr jgcardb -ks sa`rk as cbtarks quk pamkrjbd bcktbr sku eadpartbdkgta. Kssbs jgcardbks pamkd,kd pbrtk, skr a`tjmbs dkmjbgtk jgspka mas aòktas lkrkgejbmas k a usa ma prataeaiaUGDV pbrb kcktubr a paiijgl (eagsuitb bas mbmas ma blkgtk UGDV) mbqukib dqujgb pkrdjtka`tkr jgcardbks sa`rk a sjstkdb usbma, partbs mk eadugjeba, trckla, krras rkek`jmas,tb`kibs mk ratkbdkgta kte. Jssa kgvaivk a usa mk bilud sactwbrk quk pamk skr ga dgjdaud DJ@ @rawskr pbrb a`tkr as mbmas mb DJ@ ma blkgtk UGDV ga kqujpbdkgta skgma bgbij-sbma. [db pibtbcardb mk lkrgejb mk rkmk dbjs eadpiktb, tbi eada ]jvaij au NV Apkg Sjkw,kgtrk autrbs, ead `bgea mk mbmas ead b mk gja mk tamas as kqujpbdkgtas mb rkmk, subtapaialjb k ebrbetkrstjebs praparejagb eagmjks pbrb jgspkejagbr rkdatbdkgtk as eadpa -gkgtks mb rkmk, tbi eada jiustrbma gb lurb 2.


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2=


Patkbmar Ukrvjmar Uwjten Jdprkssarb

Kstba mkLkrkgejbdkgtamk Pkmk

UGDV

A rksuitbma mb jgspka mas kqujpbdkgtas dkmjbgtk a usa mk UGDV pamkrjb rktargbr jgcar-dbks tbjs eada?

q2 Skrsa ma Ujstkdb Apkrbejagbi k ma sactwbrk mk rkmk, skrvjas pravjmas pkiakqujpbdkgta8

2 Iaebijzba ma kqujpbdkgta k pkssab au sktar rkspagsvki par kstk8

2 Rubgtjmbmk k tjpa mk jgtkrcbeks mk rkmk `kd eada sub sjtuba apkrbejagbi k trcklarkek`jma k kgvjbma (ead tbxbs mk krras)8

2 Patkbmar mkcbuit, ratbs8

2 Eagkxks kstb`kikejmbs ead bqukik kqujpbdkgta k partbs (]EV au [MV) kd usa.

A rkpbra ma kqujpbdkgta ead praìkdbs pamk tkr mk skr ckjta dbgubidkgtk kgvaivkgmasu`stjtuja au bitkrba ma sactwbrk, boustk mk pbrdktras mk eag lurba au dksdasu`stjtuja mk nbrmwbrk (jgtkrcbeks au dksda a kqujpbdkgta eada ud tama).

]kstk ma rkpbra kd tamas as su`sjstkdbs jdpartbgtks

Rubgma a praekssa mk rkpbra supasta kstbr gbijzbma, tkstks mk bekjtba prkejsbd skrckjtas pbrb bvbijbr sk tamas as su`sjstkdbs kgvaivjmas k mkpkgmkgtks mbqukik quk kxpkrj-dkgtau praìkdbs mk cugejagbdkgta kgeagtrbd-sk apkrbejagbjs kd eagmjks gardbjs.As eadbgmas mk pjgl k trbekrautk pamkd skr usbmas pbrb vkrj ebr b eagketjvjmbmk. Ga ebsamk usa mk pibtbcardbs mk lkrkgejbdkgta, mjblrbdbs mb rkmk ead earks bssaejbmbs ba stbtusmas mjspasjtjvas (vkrmk pbrb cugejagbdkgta gardbi, bdbrkia ead krras jgtkrdjtkgtks kvkrdkina pbrb mjspasjtjva ead praìkdb, par kxkdpia) o pbssbd b dastrbr b sjtuba masmjspasjtjvas mb rkmk.

Cjlurb 2.< UGDV pbrbjgspkejagbrkqujpbdkgtasmb rkmk.


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2;

E b p t u i a 2 -


]ambvjb, kssbs jgmjebks pamkd skr jgeadpiktbs, kvjmkgejbgma bpkgbs quk kxjstk eagke-tjvjmbmk b gvki mk rkmk. ]kstks rkbijzbmas b gvki mk bpijeba tbd`d gkekssjtbd skrrkbijzbmas pbrb vkrj ebr sk as skrvjas kgvaiv jmas carbd rkjgjejbmas bpraprjbmbdkgtk. Kdbiludbs sjtubks, as skrvjas kxkeutbmas kd ud skrvjmar ga rktargbd butadbtjebdkgtkbps udb rkjgjejbijzba eada krb mk kspkrbr. Kd autrbs sjtubks, a eadpartbdkgtabgdbia mk udb kstba pamk tkr aebsjagbma udb bitkrba gbs rklrbs ma rkwbii, qukpbssau b jgj`jr bilugs tjpas mk bekssas mbqukib kstba.

Pkljstra mb mktkea k ma dama eada a praìkdb caj rksaivjma

Vraìkdbs tkgmkd b sk rkpktjr gb rkmk k b utjijzba mk ud Ujstkdb mk Pkljstra mk pra-ìkdbs buxjijb b kqujpk mk lkrgejb mk rkmk ga mjblgstjea ma praìkdb ead b passj`jij-mbmk mk bprkskgtba mk praìkdbs bgtkrjarks aearrjmas ead ebrbetkrstjebs sjdjibrks, dbstbd`d bljijzbd a praekssa mk eagtraik mb rkmk, parquk pkrdjtkd udb eadugjeba dbjsmjrktb ead as rkspagsvkjs pkib lkrgejb mb rkmk. A Pkljstra mk Vraìkdb mkvk pravkrud njstrjea eadpikta ma praìkdb, mk cardb quk qubiqukr apkrbmar passb tadbr biludbjgjejbtjvb skd quk pbrb jssa tkgnb mk eagsuitbr autra apkrbmar quk pamk tkr btubma gbqukikebsa kd ud turga bgtkrjar.

A sjstkdb mk rkljstra mk praìkdbs mkvk pkrdjtjr ud dkinar ksebiagbdkgta mk praìkdbsbtrjùjgma prjarjmbmks bas dksdas. As supkrvjsarks k apkrbmarks pamkra tadbr mkejsksbekreb mb gkekssjmbmk au ga mk dbjs pkssabi skr biaebma b ud mktkrdjgbma praìkdb, k bprjarjmbmk mas rkljstras pamk dumbr mk bearma ead b narb ma mjb au kd rkspastb b bibrdksmk tkdpa. [d tjdkaut pamk skr bssaejbma pbrb ebmb rkljstra mk praìkdb. Ebsa a pra-ìkdb ga skob rksaivjma kd tkdpa, butadbtjebdkgtk bejagbma ud bibrdk.

A sjstkdb mk rkljstra mk praìkdbs cargkek dkebgjsdas pbrb b a`tkga mk kstbtstjebs,tbjs eada ]kdpa dmja kgtrk cbinbs (Dkbg ]jdk @ktwkkg Cbjiurks D]@C) k ]kdpadmja mk eagskrta (Dkbg ]jdk ]a Pkpbjr D]]P).

Cjlurb 2.> Mbmas mk stbtusmas mjspasjtjvas

gb kstba mklkrkgejbdkgta

mb rkmk.


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B kstruturb mk ud rkljstra mk praìkdb eagsjstk mk trs pbr tks? eb`kbina, btubijzbks kmbmas mb rksaiua. A eb`kbina rkspagsvki pkibs jgcardbks mk b`krturb ma praìkdbk jgeiuj jgcardbks eada?

2 Narb k mbtb ma jgeja ma praìkdb8

2 Apkrbmar quk kst b`rjgma a rkljstra8

2 Ukvkrjmbmk ma praìkdb8

2 [db ijgnb mkserkvkgma a praìkdb (pbrb usa kd rkibtrjas)8

2 Dqujgb kgvaivjmb8

2 Pkmk kgvaivjmb8

2 Kgmkrka mb dqujgb kgvaivjmb8

2 Kgmkrka mb dqujgb mkstjga8

2 Vrxjdb ba8

2 Narb k mbtb pbrb bibrdk8

2 Vbrb qukd kssk rkljstra mkvkrjb skr kgvjbma8

2 Pkspagsvki pkia rkljstra8Bs jgcardbks mk btubijzba rkprkskgtbd bs bks k mjblgstjeas rkbijzbmas ba iagla maejeia mk vjmb ma praìkdb.

As mbmas mk rksaiua rkprkskgtbd bs jgcardbks quk rksudkd a praìkdb pbrb cuturbsbgijsks kstbtstjebs k, tbd`d, pbrb usa kd praìkdbs sjdjibrks eagtkgma jgcardbks tbjseada? narb k mbtb mb rksaiua, mkserja mb saiua ma praìkdb, eadpagkgtks bcktbmas,qukd vkrj eau a praìkdb mkpajs quk caj rksaivjma k qukd caj eagsuitbma pbrb buxija gbrksaiua ma praìkdb.

A kstb`kikejdkgta mk udb `bskijgk (`bsk mk rkckrgejb) ead mbmas sa`rk b rkmk k sub apk-

rba tpjeb buxjijb b rkeagnkekr k jmkgtj ebr eadpartbdkgta bgdbias bid mk cargkekr b`bsk pbrb damj ebr bs eag lurbks ead eag b`jijmbmk, pajs kd ebsa mk krra nbvkr udbeag lurba eagnkejmb k quk cugejagau kd bilud dadkgta bgtkrjar dumbgb b pbrb bqubi sk pamk rktargbr.

Kssk eagougta mk jgcardbks, mkrjvbmas ma praekssa mk rksaiua mk praìkdbs (trau-ìksnaatjgl) gb rkmk, ga bpkgbs praparejagb ud rkljstra sjstkdtjea mbs dumbgbs gbrkmk, tbi eada prkeagjzbma pkibs abs prtjebs mk lkrgejb mk eag lurba, dbs pamkskrvjr eada boumb ga mjblgstjea mk praìkdbs cuturas. Jssa kspkejbidkgtk jdpartbgtkmbmb b bitb ratbtjvjmbmk gb kqujpk mk lkrgejb mk rkmk quk praìkdb jdpartbgtk. Arlb-gjzbr kssbs jgcardbks mk dama quk passbd skr eagsuitbmbs, dbgubidkgtk au btrbvs mkud sjstkdb butadbtjzbma (sjstkdb kspkejbijstb), bekikrb a praekssa mk mjblgstjea, pajs aspraìkdbs gb rkmk tkgmkd b rkpktjr-sk. Budkgtbr a gvki mk butadba ga lkrkgejbdkgtamk rkmk ackrkek mjvkrsbs vbgtblkgs, eagcardk sbijkgtbma par Eadkr (066


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q2 Eagsjmkrb b rkmk eada ud sjstkdb mjgdjea kd pkrdbgkgtk trbgscardba8 2 Vrav k supartb gb dbgutkga mb kstruturb csjeb k iljeb mb rkmk8

2 Beadpbgnb a ejeia mk vjmb ma eadpagkgtk k sub eag lurba8

2 Jmkgtj eb eadpagkgtks kd ud gvki bpraprjbma k subs rkibks (tapaialjb)8

2 Dagjtarb ebmb eadpagkgtk, maeudkgtbgma bs traebs quk mkvkd dbgtkr as rkquj -

sjtas sjeas kstb`kikejmas8 2 Dbgtd rkljstras mas stbtus mk ebmb eadpagkgtk (tapaialjb k mjspasjtjvas)8

2 Bpajb b kxkeua mk bitkrbks gb eag lurba ma sjstkdb, vjsbgma jsaibr cbinbs,bijvjbr sjtubks ertjebs au btkgmkr b gkekssjmbmks mas usurjas.

Ckrrbdkgtbs pbrb b lkrgejb mk eagtb`jijzbaB lkrgejb mk eagtb`jijzba a praekssa usbma pbrb dkmjr pbrdktras mk utjijzba mbrkmk pbrb quk b btjvjmbmk mas usurjas jgmjvjmubjs au lrupas (mkpbrtbdkgtas, sktarks,ugjmbmks) passb skr rkluibmb mk cardb bmkqubmb pbrb kckjtas mk eagtb`jijmbmk au eadpkg-sba. skdkinbgtk lksta mk mkskdpkgna, k a prjdkjra pbssa pbrb b lksta mk eagtb`j -

ijzba bpraprjbma dkmjr b utjijzba mk tamas as rkeursas mk rkmk jdpartbgtks.

B lkrgejb mk eagtb`jijzba prav jgcardbks pbrb a rkpibgkobdkgta k rkmjdkgsjagb -dkgta mb rkmk (lkrkgejbdkgta mk mkskdpkgna). Dkmjbgtk a eagtgua beadpbgnbdkgtak rkljstra mas tjpas mk usa mb rkmk, passvki jmkgtj ebr, par kxkdpia, usas ga bijgnbmasead b djssa ertjeb mb jgstjtuja (usa supr ua), dbs quk kstkobd eagsudjgma rkeursasertjeas mb rkmk au mas mkdbjs rkeursas mk ]J. Mjvkrsbs ckrrbdkgtbs td sjma usbmbs pbrb blkrgejb mk eagtb`jijzba k biludbs sa rkibejagbmbs b sklujr?

q2 Ejsea GktCiaw (Ejsea 066).

Kgtrk as `kgkcejas mkrjvbmas mb lkrgejb mk eagtb`jijzba, pamkdas ejtbr? 2 Eagtraik mas rkeursas8

2 Vkrdjtjr quk tbrjcbs skobd bpijebmbs bas rkeursas mk rkmk (mjseas eadpbrtjinbmas, `bgmb,brqujvbdkgta rkdata, skrvjas mk tkikeadugjebks, k-dbjis kte.)8

2 Sjb`jijzbr b jmkgtj eba mk eustas pbrb b rkmk k skus rkeursas8

2 Dbgtkr ijdjtks mk eagsuda8

2 Kcktubr b dkinar mjstrj`uja mk rkeursas k bijdkgtbr t rb`binas mk pibgkobdkgta.


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*GktUeautUwjten Vra`k

GktCiaw/Mbtb Kxpart Ciaw Eaiiketars

Gktwarh Vibggjgl

Gktwarh Dagjtarjgl

Kgm-[skr Bpps

Beeaugtjgl/@jiijgl

Ciaw Vraijgl

PDAG Vra`k*

Lkrgejb mk mkskdpkgnaB lkrgejb mk mkskdpkgna kgvaivk dbgtkr mkskdpkgna (pkrcardbgek) mb rkmk kd gvkjsbekjtvkjs btrbvs mk dkmjks k lkrgejb mk mjvkrsbs vbrjvkjs ijlbmbs ba mkskdpkgna.Kxkdpias vbrjvkjs jgmjebmarks mk pkrcardbgek jgeiukd? tnraulnput, tkdpas mk rkspastb,utjijzba ma kgibek, btrbsas (mkiby) kte.

B cuga mb lkrgejb mk mkskdpkgna vjsb?

2 Eagtraibr a eadpartbdkgta mas rkeursas mk rkmk8

2 Bvbijbr bs btjvjmbmks mk eadugjeba ackrkejmbs gb rkmk8

2 Dagjtarbr b apkrba mjrjb mb rkmk8

2 Iaebijzbr pagtas ertjeas ga sjstkdb8

2 Pkljstrbr mbmas mk apkrba8

2 Buxjijbr cugks mk pibgkobdkgta k bgijsk.

B lkrgejb mk mkskdpkgna pamk tkr ud ebrtkr rkbtjva au prabtjva?

q2 Pkbtjva ? qubgma a mkskdpkgna sk targb jgbekjtvki (a vbiar dkmjma kst b sklujr maijdjtk? tnrksnaim), a mjspasjtjva lkrkgejbma rkblk kgvjbgma ud bikrtb pbrb a ULP.

2 Vrabtjva ? gb lkrgejb mk mkskdpkgna prabtjvb, udb sjduiba usbmb pbrb praoktbra dama eada a erksejdkgta mb rkmk bcktbr bs dtrjebs mk mkskdpkgna. Kssks sjdu-ibmarks bikrtbd as bmdjgjstrbmarks ga skgtjma mk jdpkmjr as pra`ikdbs, bgtks qukbcktkd as usurjas mb rkmk. Gb lkrgejb mk mkskdpkgna prabtjvb, udb sjduiba usbmb pbrb praoktbr a dama eada a erksejdkgta mb rkmk bcktbr bs dtr jebs mkmkskdpkgna. Kssks sjduibmarks bikrtbd as bmdjgjstrbmarks ga skgtjma mk jdpkmjras pra`ikdbs, bgtks quk bcktkd as usurjas mb rkmk.

Cjlurb 2.: [d ekgrja mk

lkrkgejbdkgta mkrkmk ead mjvkrsas

eadpagkgtks.


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Lkrgejb mk sklurbgb qB lkrgejb mk sklurbgb tkd eada dktb eagtraibr a bekssa b rkeursas mb rkmk, prkvkgjrsbàtblkd (jgtkgejagbi au ga) k bekssa ga butarjzbma b jgcardbks skgsvkjs. Kibbuxjijb lkrkgtks gb erjba mk ud bd`jkgtk mk rkmk sklura.

Gkssk skgtjma, kgvaivk a usa mk ckrrbdkgtbs eada Jgtrusjag Mktketjag Uystkd (JMU),rkwbii, bgtjvrus, kgtrk autras. Mkgtrk bs cugks mkssb ebtklarjb cugejagbi,

pamkdas rkssbitbr?

2 Eujmbr mas dkebgjsdas k praekmjdkgtas mk pratka8

2 Erjbr, bpblbr k eagtraibr as skrvjas k dkebgjsdas mk sklurbgb8

2 ]rbtbr mb mjstrjùja mb jgcardba rkibejagbmb ead sklurbgb k skus kvkgtas8 2 Dbgtkr rkljstras mk kvkgtas rkibtjvas sklurbgb8

2 Uupartbr k lbrbgtjr b paitjeb mk sklurbgb bmatbmb.

Damkia J]JI? Jgcardbtjag ]kengaialy Jgcrbstrueturk Ij`rbryKdàrb b dbjarjb mbs jgstjtujks tkgnb jgjejbma b arlbgjzba ma lkrkgejbdkgta mk rkmkead `bsk ga damkia CEBVU (JUA/AUJ), dksda ga usa mb brqujtkturb mk lkrkgejbdkgta pbrbb jgtkrgkt, ud erksekgtk gdkra mk jgstjtujks kst eadkbgma b utjijzbr a damkia J]JI .Kssk damkia cugejagbi dbjs b`rbglkgtk eadkau b rkek`kr btkgks k tkd sjma bmatbmaeada `bsk pbrb b arlbgjzba, ga bpkgbs ma lkrkgejbdkgta mk rkmk, dbs mk tamb b jgcrb-

kstruturb mk ]J mbs arlbgjzbks.

B J]JI ùseb pradavkr b lksta ead caea ga eijkgtk k gb qubijmbmk mas skrvjas mk tkegaialjbmb jgcardba (]J). B J]JI kgmkrkb kstruturbs mk praekssas pbrb b lksta mk udb arlbgjzbamk ]J bprkskgtbgma ud eagougta b`rbglkgtk mk praekssas k praekmjdkgtas lkrkgejbjs.

Kdàrb a damkia cugejagbi J]JI tbd`d utjijzk bs rkbs cugejagbjs mk gjmas pkib JUA eag-tkdpib ud kgtrkibbdkgta kgtrk kibs ougtbdkgtk ead autras skrvjas, tbi eada jiustrbmagb lurb sklujgtk.

Cjlurb 2.26 Kxkdpia mkbpijebtjva qukkxj`k mbmas mbrkmk vjb lr easmjgbdjebdkgtkbtubijzbmas.

J]JIJgcardbtjag ]kengaialyJgcrbstrueturk Ij`rbry udb jìjatkeb mk absprtjebs (ma jglis `kstprbetjeks) mkskgvaivjmbga cjgbi mas bgas >6pkib Ekgtrbi Eadputkrbgm ]kikeaddugjeb-tjags Blkgey (EE]B) kbtubidkgtk saèustmjb mb Accjek carLavkrgdkgt Eaddkrek(ALE), mb Jglibtkrrb.


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E b p t u i a 2 -


\nbt jstnk vjsjag1

\nkrk brkwk gaw1

\nkrk ma wkwbgt ta `k1

Naw ma wklkt wnkrk wkwbgt ta `k1

Naw ma wkenkeh aurdjikstagks nbvk`kkg rkbenkm1

Naw ma wk hkkp tnkdadkgtud lajgl1

Nbrmwbrk

Kgvjragdkgts

Gktwarhs

Vraekssks

Mbtb`bsks

Uactwbrk

Eustadkrs

Ukrvjeks

[skrs

Ukrvjekmksh Eaglurbtjag

Dbgblkdkgt

EnbglkDbgblkdkgt

PkikbskDbgblkdkgt

EbpbejtyDbgblkdkgt

CjgbgejbiDbgblkdkgtcar J] Ukrvjeks

J] UkrvjekEagtjgujtyDbgblkdkgt

Pkqujrkdkgts

Aptjdjsk Apkrbtk Mkpiay @ujim Mksjlg

VibgDbjgtbjg

Jdpikdkgt

Eagtrai

Kvbiubtk

MksjlgbgmVibggjgl

Mkpiaydkgt

Apkrbtjags]kengjebiUuppart

JgejmkgtDbgblkdkgt

VraìkdDbgblkdkgt

Bvbjib`jijtyDbgblkdkgt

Ukrvjek IkvkiDbgblkdkgt

Uuppijkr PkibtjagsnjpDbgblkdkgt

Pkvjkw, Vibggjgl,bgm Mkvkiapdkgt

@usjgkssPkibtjagsnjpDbgblkdkgt

Ijbjsag,Kmuebtjag bgmEaduggjebtjag

As prjgejpbjs praekssas k cugks ma J]JI pbrb supartbr a lkrkgejbdkgta mk skrvjas mk ]J sa?

2 Ekgtrbi mk Ukrvjas (Ukrvjek Mksh)? b Ekgtrbi mk Ukrvjas ud skrvja `sjea ma Lkrkgejb-dkgta mk Ukrvjas mk ]kegaialjb mk Jgcardba, tbi eada mk gjma pkib Jgcardbtjag ]ken-gaialy Jgcrbstrueturk Ij`rbry (J]JI). Kik sk mkstjgb b cargkekr ud pagta gjea mk eagtbtapbrb btkgmkr bs gkekssjmbmks mk eadugjeba mas usurjas k cugejagrjas, dbs tbd`dtkd eada dktb sbtjscbzkr a eijkgtk k as aòktjvas mk ]J ma pravkmar. [surja rkckrk-sk bausurja rkbi ma skrvja, kgqubgta a eijkgtk rkckrk-sk kgtjmbmk quk kst pblbgma pkiaskrvja. Dujtbs arlbgjzbks td jdpikdkgtbma ud pagta gjea mk eagtbta pbrb a btkgmj-dkgta ma usurja, usbgma bilugs tjpas mk ekgtrbi mk skrvjas quk kgvaivkd mjckrkgejbmasgvkjs mk nb`jijmbmk k passj`jijmbmk mk rksaiua pbrb enbdbmbs mk skrvja, tbjs eada?

0 Ebii ekgtkr.

0 Eagtbet ekgtkr.

5 Nkip mksh? ud tkrda mb iglub jgliksb quk mksjlgb a skrvja mk bpaja b usurjaspbrb supartk k rksaiua mk praìkdbs tegjeas, jgcardtjeb, tkikcagjb k tkegaia-ljbs mk jgcardba.

Cjlurb 2.22 Damkia cugejagbi

J]JI.


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2 Lksta mk Jgejmkgtks? rkmuzjr a tkdpa mk jgmjspagj`jijmbmk (mawgtjdk) mas skrvjas,ackrkekgma s arlbgjzbks b ebpbejmbmk mk prjdkjra mktketbr as jgejmkgtks k mkpajsskikejagbr a supartk earrkta pbrb rksaiv-ias a dbjs rpjma passvki rktargbgma a skrvjaba kstbma gardbi, mk gjma eada udb apkrba mk skrvjas mkgtra mas ijdjtks ma eag-trbta mk gvki mk skrvja (UIB). Jdpijeb kd?

0 Mktkea, btkgmjdkgta k rkljstra8

0 Lkrkgejbdkgta mbs saijejtbks mk skrvja8 0 Eibssj eba k supartk jgjejbi8

0 Jgvkstjlba k mjblgstjea8

0 Uaiua k rkeupkrba.

5 Ckenbdkgta mas praìkdbs. 2 Lksta mk Vraìkdbs ? djgjdjzbr a jdpbeta ga gkleja mas jgejmkgtks k praìkdbsebusbmas pkias krras gb jgcrbkstruturb mk ]J k prkvkgjr jgejmkgtks rkearrkgtks mkssksdksdas krras. Kgvaivkd?

0 Pkljstra k eibssj eba mk praìkdbs8

0 Jgvkstjlba k mjblgstjea mk praìkdbs8 0 Eagtraik mk krra.

5 Ckenbdkgta mas praìkdbs.

2 Lksta mk Dumbgb ? djgjdjzbr a jdpbeta mb dumbgb rkqukrjmb pbrb rksaiua ma jgej-mkgtk au praìkdb, dbgtkgma b qubijmbmk mas skrvjas, `kd eada dkinarbr b apkrbeja -gbijzba mb jgcrbkstruturb8

2 Lksta mk Ij`krba ? prkvkgjr b jgmjspagj`jijmbmk ma skrvja, lbrbgtjgma quk bs jgstbibksmk vkrsks mk nbrmwbrk k sactwbrk kstkobd sklurbs, butarjzbmbs k mkvjmbdkgtk tkstbmbs8

2 Lksta mk Eag lurba ? jmkgtj ebr k eagtraibr as btjvas mk ]J k jtkgs mk eag lurba

kxjstkgtks gb arlbgjzba, kstb`kikekgma a rkibejagbdkgta mkstks bas skrvjas prks -tbmas. Kgvaivk?

0 Kstb`kikekr jtkgs mk eag lurba8

0 Bekssbr jtkgs mk eag lurba8

0 Bitkrbr/rkvjsbr jtkgs mk eag lurba.

2 Lkrkgejbdkgta ma Gvki mk Ukrvja? lbrbgtjr a bearma mk gvki mk skrvja (UIBs) prkvjb-dkgtk kstb`kikejma kgtrk a cargkekmar k a eijkgtk8

2 Lkrkgejbdkgta gbgekjra pbrb a skrvja mk ]J ? mkdagstrbr ba eijkgtk a eusta rkbi masskrvjas prkstbmas k lkrkgej-ias mk cardb pra ssjagbi8

2 Lkrkgejbdkgta mk mjspagj`jijmbmk? lbrbgtjr b mjspagj`jijmbmk k eag b`jijmbmk masrkeursas mk ]J, b d mk bssklurbr b sbtjscba ma eijkgtk k b rkputba ma gkleja8

2 Lkrkgejbdkgta mk ebpbejmbmk? bssklurbr quk b ebpbejmbmk mb jgcrbkstruturb mk ]J kstbmkqubmb s mkdbgmbs ma gkleja eagcardk b gkekssjmbmk k ga tkdpa kspkrbma, a`skr-vbgma skdprk a lkrkgejbdkgta ma eusta kgvaivjma8

2 Lkrkgejbdkgta mb eagtjgujmbmk ma skrvja mk ]J ? btkgmkr tama a praekssa mk lkrkg-ejbdkgta mb eagtjgujmbmk ma gkleja, bssklurbgma quk as rkeursas tegjeas k sjstkdbsmk ]J skobd rkeupkrbmas qubgma rkqukrjmas, ga tkdpa mkskobma.


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Ciuxa mk dkgsblkgs kd UGDVq2 Dkgsblkgs traebmbs ga prataeaia UGDV pamkrjbd usbr ]EV au [MV eada prataeaia

mk trbgspartk, dbs a [MV caj a kseainjma, par qukstks mk pkrcardbgek. [MV skdeagkxa k dbjs ikvk quk a ]EV.

2 A lkrkgtk lkrbidkgtk jdpikdkgtb tjdkaut k rktrbgsdjssa sk ga a`tjvkr rkspastb.

As aòktas lkrkgejbmas sa gadkbmas ead bsk kd udb rvark mk gadkba pbmragjzbmb.Kssb rvark mk gadkba mktkrdjgb udb skqugejb mk gdkras quk jmkgtj ebd ebmbaòkta lkrkgejbma. B lurb sklujgtk dastrb eada kssb rvark mk gadkba kstruturbmb.[d aòkta lkrkgejbma jgtklrbgtk mb DJ@ 0 tkr udb jmkgtj eba quk quk vbj jgjejbr pkibsklujgtk skqugejb mk jmkgtj ebmarks? 2.5.3.2.0.2

jsa (2)eejtt (6)

...

jsa-eejtt (0)

...

stbgmbrm (6) rkljstrbtjag-butnarjty (2)

dkd`kr-àmy (0)

jmkgtjkm-

arlbgjzbtjag (5)

mam (3) ...

...jgtkrgkt (2)

mjrketary (2) skeurjty (;) sgdpS0 (3)dldt (0) prjvbtk (=)

... ... ...

kxpkrjdkgtbi (5)

dj`-0 (2)

... ... ...

kgtkrprjsk (2)

... ejsea (:) ...

... ... ... ... ...tkdparbryvbrjbìks (5)

MKEgkt (2) ^GU (0) Bppik ]bih (5) Gavkii (5) SJGKU (=) Enbssjs (;)btigput (2)btIaebi (0)bt@ebstjg (5)btCarwbrm (=)...

...

.........

...

.........

...

...

B eagtjgujmbmk mas jmkgtj ebmarks mas aòktas lkrkgejbmas jgmjebr sk kiks pkrtkgekd bbilud mas lrupas mk aòktas gadkbmas gb lurb 2.25.

Cjlurb 2.20 DJM AJM.


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DJ@-JJ

]nk DJ@ su`-trkk

systkd(2) jgtkrcbeks(0) bt(5) jp(=) jedp(;) tep(3) ump() trbgsdjssjag(26) sgdp(22)

dj`(2)

Gatk? ]nkrk js bg aòket edat(:) ugmkr tnk dj` ùt jt nbs `keadk bidast supkrffuaus bgmcar bii jgtkgts bgm purpasks js gat agk ac tnk UGDV dbgblkbìk lraups wjtnjg dj`.

B kspkej eba mk ud aòkta lkrkgejbma jgeiujr, bid mk sub jmkgtj eba, tbd`dsubs ebrbetkrstjebs, au skob, sk kik ud gdkra jgtkjra au ud eagougta mk ebrbetkrks, skpkrdjtk bpkgbs ikjturb au pamk skr btubijzbma pkia lkrkgtk UGDV kte. B lurb 2.2= jiustrb bmk gja mk ud aòkta lkrkgejbma.

systkd(2)

sysMkser(2) sysAòketJM(0) sys[p]jdk(5) sysEagtbet(=)

sys[p]jdk A@OKE]-]ZVKUZG]B^ ]jdk]jehsBEEKUU rkbm-agiyU]B][U dbgmbtaryMKUEPJV]JAG

]nk tjdk (jg nugmrkmtns ac b skeagm)sjgek tnk gktwarh dbgblkdkgt partjag actnk systkd wbs ibst rk-jgjtjbijzkm.

??4 { systkd 5 }

AòketGbdk

AòketUygtbx

Damkia apkrbejagbi UGDVqA prataeaia UGDV trb`binb utjijzbgma a sklujgtk eagougta mk apkrbks?

2 LktPkqukst ? rkqujsja pbrb ebpturbr a vbiar mk udb vbrjvki8

2 UktPkqukst? rkqujsja mk dumbgb mk ud vbiar mk udb vbrjvki ckjtb pkia lkrkgtk8

2 LktGkxtPkqukst ? rkqujsja pbrb ebpturbr a vbiar mb prxjdb vbrjvki8

2 Pkspagsk ? dkgsblkd mk rkspastb ma blkgtk pbrb bs saijejtbks mk Lkt k Ukt8 2 ]rbp ? gatj eba ma blkgtk ba lkrkgtk, eadugjebgma a beagtkejdkgta mk ud kvkgtaprkmktkrdjgbma.

Kssbs dkgsblkgs sa kgebpsuibmbs pkia prataeaia [MV k trbgspartbmbs kd mbtblrbdbsJV. Btrbvs ma sku usa, b kstba mk lkrkgejbdkgta mb rkmk pkmk jgcardbks pbrb ablkgtk UGDV, bitkrb vbiarks mk aòktas lkrkgejbmas ga blkgtk k a`td rkspastbs b ksskseadbgmas. Bmjejagbidkgtk, a blkgtk UGDV pamk lkrbr dkgsblkgs ga saijejtbmbs au gatj -ebks kgvjbmbs pbrb a lkrkgtk UGDV. B lurb 2.2; jiustrb kssbs jgtkrbks.

Cjlurb 2.25 DJ@ JJ.

Cjlurb 2.2= Mk gja mkaòktas ga UGDV.


43/323

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LktPkspagsk

LktPkqukst

LktPkspagsk

LktGkxtPkqukst

LktPkspagsk

UktPkqukst

]rbp

LKPKG]K BLKG]K

A prataeaia UGDV caj jgjejbidkgtk mk gjma pkia PCE 263< kd 2:>>, dbs sacrku udbkvaiua k b vkrsa 0 caj pu`ijebmb kd 2::5, ga PCE 2==0, k iala rkek`ku bdpib bekjtba.Gkssb sklugmb vkrsa, dkebgjsdas mk sklurbgb carbd bmjejagbmas, dbs kd ebrtkrapejagbi, k kssb b vkrsa dbjs mjsskdjgbmb. Kd 2::;, caj pu`ijebmb b vkrsa, mk gjmb gaPCE 2>32, quk jgearparb dkebgjsdas mk sklurbgb ead butkgtjeba car tk k erjptalrb b.

Skrsa Gvki Butkgtjeba Erjptalrbcjb A quk beagtkek1

UGDVv2 gaButnGaVrjv [sb a tkxtaeaddugjty pbrb butkgtjebr

UGDVv0e gaButnGaVrjv [sb a tkxtaeaddugjty pbrb butkgtjebr

UGDVv5 gaButnGaVrjv [skrgbdk [sb a uskrgbdk eaddugjty pbrb butkgtjebr

butnGaVrjv DM;au UNB [sb as bilarjtdas mk butkgtjeba - NDBE-DM;k NDBE-UNB

butnVrjv DM;au UNB MKU [sb erjptalrbcjb ;3-`jt MKU

PDAG Pkdatk]kgma kd vjstb b gkekssjmbmk mk dagjtarbr k a`tkr jgcardbks sa`rk tamas as mjspasjtjvas mbrkmk, dksda bqukiks quk ga tkgnbd ud blkgtk UGDV au a quk a blkgtk kstkob mksbtjvbma, cajprapastb kd 2::2 udb bdpijba gb cuga ma blkgtk UGDV ead vjstbs sub btuba mk damabgiala ba mk ud bgbijsbmar mk rkmk. B kxpbgsa mb cuga caj prapastb dkmjbgtk a usa mkudb bdpijba mb DJ@ (PCE 20


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Lrupas mk Aòktas mb PDAG v2 2 Utbtjstjes? kstbtstjebs mk Pkmk kd tkdpa rkbi8

2 Njstary ? njstrjea mk kstbtstjebs pr-skikejagbmbs8

2 Bibrd ? ]rbps quk skra kgvjbmbs ebsa bs kstbtstjebs kxekmbd ud mktkrdjgbma vbiar8

2 Nasts ? kstbtstjebs mk rkmk mk udb dqujgb kspke eb8

2 Nasts tap G ? Pkljstra mk G eagkxks btjvbs gud mktkrdjgbma pkrama8

2 Dbtrjx ? Dbtrjx ead a trckla kgtrk dqujgbs8

2 Cjitkr? Cjitra pbrb ebpturbr sadkgtk a mbma jgtkrkssbma8

2 Ebpturk ? eaika mk mbmas itrbmas pkia lrupa itkr8

2 Kvkgt? kgvjb bikrtbs, ]rbps UGDV8

2 ]ahkg Pjgl ? kspke ea pbrb kgibeks ]ahkg Pjgl8

Lrupas mk Aòktas mb PDAG v0 2 Vrataeai Mjrketary ? ijstb mk prataeaias quk pamkd skr dagjtarbmas8

2 Vrataeai Mjstrjùtjag ? kstbtstjeb mk trckla par prataeaia8

2 Bmmrkss Dbp? dbpkbdkgta mk JV pbrb DBE BMMPKUU8

2 Gktwarh-Ibykr Nast ? kstbtstjeb mk trckla mk ebdbmb 5 skpbrbmb par dqujgb8

2 Gktwarh-Ibykr Dbtrjx ? trckla mk ebdbmb 5 ead a rkljstra mk arjlkd k mkstjga8

2 Bppijebtjag-Ibykr Nast ? kstbtstjeb mk trckla par prataeaia k dqujgb8

2 Bppijebtjag-Ibykr Dbtrjx ? kstbtstjeb mk trckla par prataeaia, dqujgb, arjlkd k mkstjga8

2 [skr Njstary ? bdastrbs pkrjmjebs mk udb vbrjvki kspke eb8

2 Vra`k Eag lurbtjag ? utjijzbma pbrb eag lurbks rkdatbs8

2 PDAG Eagcardbgek ? rkqujsjtas pbrb cugejagbr ead pbmra PDAG v0.

JsaArlbgjzbtjags

MAM

Vrjvbtk

Jgtkrgkt

Dbgblkdkgt

DJ@ J bgm JJ

DJ@ J

20

25

Vra`kEagl biDbtrjx biNast gDbtrjxuskNjstary

Nast ]apGNastsBibrdsNjstaryUtbtjstjes

giNast

BmmrkssDbp

VrataeaiMjst

VrataeaiMjr

]ahkg Pjgl

Kvkgts

Vbehkt Ebpturk

Cjitkrs

]rbste Dbtrjx

PDAG

2 0 5 = ;3

:

26

22

2=2;2322:

Cjlurb 2.23 Eibssks mk aòktasmb PDAG DJ@.


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E b p t u i a 2 -


gkekssrjb udb kstruturb mk jgcardba mk lkrkgejbdkgta pbrb lkrkgejbr b dbssb mkjgcardbks bssaejbmbs s eadpikxbs rkmks duitjcb`rjebgtks quk kxjstkd8

2 [db gadkgeibturb mkvk skr mk gjmb pbrb mkserkvkr kssbs jgcardbks8

2 Mkvkd skr mk gjmas praekmjdkgtas mk bekssa k bitkrba mbs jgcardbks8

2 A trbtbdkgta k b damkiblkd mk jgcardba mk lkrkgejbdkgta gardbidkgtk bàrmbdudb kstrbtljb `bskbmb kd aòktas. Var jssa, jdpartbgtk rkearmbr kssks eagekjtas8

2 B b`strba mk aòktas pkrdjtk quk skobd ebpbzks mk damkibr bspketas rkbjs mb sjtubaau eadpartbdkgta mas mjspasjtjvas mb rkmk. Bssjd, as aòktas rkprkskgtbra udb rkb -ijmbmk au bspketa eagerkta tbi eada b qubgtjmbmk mk partbs kd ud ratkbmar, b qubg-tjmbmk mk pbeatks rkek`jmas kd udb partb, as jmkgtj ebmarks (gdkra JV) mk arjlkd kmkstjga mk udb eagkxa ]EV kte.

Eagekjtas mk arjkgtba b aòktasq2 Eibssks.

2 Kgebpsuibdkgta.

2 Apkrbks (dtamas). 2 Kvkgtas.

2 Pkibejagbdkgtas kgtrk as aòktas, bssaejba, nkrbgb kte.

[db jgstgejb jgmjvjmubi mk ud aòkta lkrkgejbma udb vbrjvki mb DJ@.

]kdpibtks (damkias) sa usbmas pbrb b mk gja mas aòktas. Bs jdpikdkgtbks mkvkdsklujr bs jgcardbks mkserjtbs gas tkdpibtks pbrb ugjcardjzbr b eadprkkgsa k b dbgjpu -iba mb jgcardba. Kxkdpia? sk ud cb`rjebgtk brdbzkgb k trbtb a kgmkrka JV mk ud kquj-pbdkgta eada ma tjpa strjgl k autra eada ma tjpa jgtkjra iagl, bs bpijebks quk va eaiktbrk trbtbr kssbs jgcardbks pamkrjbd kstbr trb`binbgma ead tjpas mk mbmas jgeadpbtvkjs.

Utrueturk ac Dbgblkdkgt Jgcardbtjag (UDJ)q2 Eada arlbgjzbr as mbmas mk lkrkgejbdkgta mk rkmk1

2 Mk quk cardb pamkdas jmkgtj ebr ud aòkta1

2 Eada mk gjr k mkserkvkr ud aòkta1

2 Mk quk cardb pamkdas eamj ebr (skrjbijzbr) ud aòkta1

2 Eada bs vbrjvkjs mkearrkgtks mkssbs bks mkvkd skr rkprkskgtbmbs1

Kd ud gvki dbjs bita, b Utrueturk ac Dbgblkdkgt Jgcardbtjag (UDJ) usbmb gb erjba mkud dmuia mk jgcardba (ud pbeatk mk jgcardbks rkikvbgtks usbmbs pkia lkrkgejb -

dkgta ead UGDV). Kd rksuda, b UDJ usbmb pbrb b erjba mk dmuias mk DJ@.

Var kxkdpia, b UDJ pbrb brqujtkturb ]EV/JV (UGDV) mk gk?

2 A dama eada sa mk gjmas as dmuias mk DJ@8

2 A suèagougta mb ijglublkd mk mkserja mk mbmas, ga pbmra BUG.2 (kxpijebma bmjbgtk),usbma ead UGDV8

2 A dama eada tambs bs eagstruks BUG.2 mkvkra skr skrjbijzbmbs pbrb kgvja pkib rkmk8

2 A cardbta mas jmkgtj ebmarks mk aòktas gb rvark DJ@ pbrb lkrkgejbdkgta jgtkrgkt8

2 B mkserja mas aòktas lkrkgejbmas UGDV8


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2 B eamj eba mkssks aòktas pbrb trbgsdjssa gb rkmk, ckjtb btrbvs mbs rklrbs `sjebsmk eamj eba (@KP, @bsje Kgeamjgl Puiks).

2 B UDJ pbrtjeuibr pbrb udb mktkrdjgbmb brqujtkturb mk lkrkgejbdkgta mk rkmk.

B`strbet Ujgtbx Gatbtjag (BUG.2)qBtrjùtas prjgejpbjs pbrb ebmb aòkta?

2 Gadk ma aòkta (jmkgtj ebmar).

2 Ujgtbxk ma aòkta.

2 Eamj eba ma aòkta.

B mkserja mb DJ@ cardbijzb sub kstruturb, ebmb aòkta quk kib eagtd k subs ebrbetkrs-tjebs. gkekssrjb udb mk gja tkxtubi mb DJ@, mk cardb b pbmragjz-ib k pkrdjtjr quk kibskob jdpikdkgtbmb par autras cb`rjebgtks k mkskgvaivkmarks.

Bs vbrjvkjs gbs DJ@s sa mkserjtbs par ud suèagougta mk cbejijmbmks mk udb ijglublkd mkmkserja mk mbmas enbdbmb B`strbet Ujgtbx Gatbtjag (BUG.2) quk ud pbmra JUA (>>0=).B JUA mk gju kssb gatba, mkrjvbmb mb rkeadkgmba J][ ^.=6:), quk pkrdjtk mk gjr tjpas

mk mbmas sjdpiks k eadpikxas, `kd eada as vbiarks quk tbjs tjpas pamkd bssudjr. Kssbgatba, mkgadjgbmb Gatba pbrb Ujgtbxk B`strbtb [d (BUG.2 B`strbet Ujgtbx GatbtjagAgk). B gatba ga jgmjeb a vbiar mas mbmas, bpkgbs sub cardb. Bmjejagbidkgtk kxjstkdbilarjtdas, mkgadjgbmas Pklrbs @sjebs mk Eamj eba (@bsje Kgeamjgl Puiks) quk mktkr-djgbd a vbiar mas aetktas rkprkskgtbgma tbjs vbiarks tbi eada skra trbgsdjtjmas ead asprataeaias mk trbgsckrgejb mk mbmas.

BUG.2 utjijzb bilugs tjpas prjdjtjvas (kikdkgtas mk mbmas) ead as qubjs pamkd skr ead-pastbs kstruturbs dbjs eadpikxbs. As tjpas prjdjtjvas au `sjeas sa?

2 @AAIKBG8

2 JG]KLKP8

2 @J]U]PJGL8

2 AE]K]UZ]PJGL8

2 G[II.

Kstruturbs eadpikxbs sa mk gjmbs blrklbgma-sk tbjs tjpas prjdjtjvas mk biludbs cardbs prk-vjstbs gb BUG.2. Bs prjgejpbjs cardbs mk kstruturba mk tjpas eadpastas au eagstrumas sa?

2 UKR[KGEK? ijstb armkgbmb mk tjpas8

2 UKR[KGEK AC? jtkrba jijdjtbmb mk ud gjea tjpa8

2 UK]? ijstb ga armkgbmb mk tjpas kstruturba8

2 UK] AC? jgtkrba jijdjtbmb mk ud gjea tjpa (b armkd ga k jdpartbgtk)8

2 ENAJEK? ud ebdpa quk eagsjstk mk ud vbiar mkgtrk as t jpas ijstbmas.

BUG.2 mk gk udb gatba pbrb kspkej eba mk vbiarks k pbrb mk gja mk tjpas. B mk -gja mk ud tjpa eagsjstk kd udb eaika mk ebdpas quk, ga dbjs `bjxa gvki, eagsjstk kdud jmkgtj ebmar, udb passvki ktjquktb (rtuia au tbl), udb rkckrgejb k udb passvkijgmjeba mk quk bqukik ebdpa apejagbi (pamk skr adjtjma).

Ga dkgar gvki, as ebdpas mb mk gja sa ead`jgbmas usbgma dkebgjsdas mk kstrutu-rba quk eadkbd ead a gadk ma tjpa mb kstruturb k kgta, kd lkrbi, udb ijstb mk ebdpasskpbrbmas par vrluibs k kgvaivjmas kd enbvks {}. vijma usbr bgjgnbdkgta mk kstruturbs.


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E b p t u i a 2 -


Bssjd, ud tjpa skr mk gjma, sklugma b BUG.2, usbgma udb mbs skqugejbs mk tjpa vijmbs,ma tjpa @ujitjg au Mk gkm?

]ypk??4 @ujitjg]ypk|Mkcjgkm]ypk

@ujitjg]ypk ??4 @aaikbg]ypk|

Jgtklkr]ypk|

@jtUtrjgl]ypk|

AetktUtrjgl]ypk|

Guii]ypk|

Ukqukgek]ypk|

UkqukgekAc]ypk|

Ukt]ypk]ypk|

UktAc]ypk|

Enajek]ypk|

]bllkm]ypk|

Bgy]ypk|

EnbrbetkrUkt]ypk|

[skcui]ypk|

A Mk gkm]ypk kspkej eb skqugejbs kxtkrgbs usbmbs pbrb rkckrjr mk gjks mk tjpas k vbiarks.

Ujgtbxk BUG.2 mk ud aòkta mb DJ@As aòktas mk udb DJ@ sa kspkej ebmas usbgma BUG.2, kd eada a prprja prataeaiaUGDV, quk tbd`d kspkej ebma ead BUG.2. B lurb sklujgtk jiustrb b mk gja ma aòktasys[p]jdk gkssb cardb mk gatba.

sys[p]jdk A@OKE]-]ZVK

UZG]B^ ]jdk]jehs

BEEKUU rkbm-agiy

U]B][U dbgmbtary

MKUEPJV]JAG

]nk tjdk (jg nugmrkmtns ac b skeagm) sjgek tnk gktwarh dbgblkdkgtpartjag ac tnk systkd wbs ibst rk-jgjtjbijzkm.

??4 { systkd 5 }

Kssb mk gja tbgta iklvki pkibs pkssabs eada par pralrbdbs k jssa pkrdjtk quk gavasaòktas lkrkgejbmas skobd jgearparbmas b udb DJ@ k bs bpijebks mk lkrkgejbdkgta mk rkmkpamkd ikr kssb kspkej eba k eadpjibr b mk gja mas gavas aòktas, jgearparbgma-as babekrva mk aòktas lkrkgejbmas quk skra eagsuitbmas pkrjamjebdkgtk (praekssa mk paiijgl)pkia lkrkgtk, usbgma a prataeaia UGDV k euoas vbiarks skra rktargbmas pkia blkgtk UGDV.

Cjlurb 2.2: Mk gja mk ud

aòkta lkrkgejbmakd BUG.2.


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Pklrbs mk eamjcjeba @KP (@bsje Kgeamjgl Puiks JUA >>0;)Bs @bsje Kgeamjgl Puiks pravkkd ud bilarjtda quk kspkej eb eada ud vbiar mk qubi-qukr kstruturb (tjpa) mk gjmb usbgma BUG.2 mkvk skr eamj ebmb pbrb trbgsdjssa. A usa mabilarjtda ga skgtjma eagtrrja pkrdjtk quk qubiqukr rkekptar quk tjgnb eagnkejdkgta mbmk gja ma tjpa BUG.2 passb mkeamj ebr as `jts quk enklbd kd ud vbiar mbqukik tjpa.

B eamj eba mk ud tjpa mk mbmas BUG.2 (usbgma bs @bsje Kgeamjgl Puiks) pkrdjtk quk udrkekptar, skd eagnkejdkgta mb mk gja mk tjpa, rkeagnkb a jgjeja k a d mbs eagstruks(UKR[KGEK, UK], kte.) k as aetktas rkprkskgtbgma as tjpas `sjeas mk mbmas (@AAIKBG,JG]KLKP). Ga usa dbjs sjdpiks mb gatba, k tbd`d passvki mktkrdjgbr, b pbrtjr mb eamj -eba, bs eagstruks kcktjvbdkgtk usbmbs k as tjpas mk mbmas sjeas.).

Ebmb vbiar mk mbmas b skr eamj ebma tkr udb rkprkskgtba eagsjstjgma mk?

2 ]? tjpa8

2 E? eadprjdkgta? qubgma jgmk gjma, tkrdjgb ead majs aetktas guias8

2 S? vbiar pamk skr ud vbiar (gdkra au ebmkjb mk ebrbetkrks) au udb srjk mk autras

eadpagkgtks ]ES (tjpas eadpikxas au eagstruma).60

jgtklkr

]jpa

62

2 `ytk

Eadprjdkgta

66

vbiar 4 6

Sbiar

6=

strjgl

]jpa

63

3 ytks

Eadprjdkgta

jmkgtj ebd b eibssk, mk bearma ead b tb`kib 2.5.

Eibss `jt > `jt k < eagtjvkrkd a vbiar 6, a tjpa ma vbiarma mbma BUG.2 gbtjva8

2 Ebsa b eibssk skob Bppijebtjag ead a vbiar ma `jt > jlubi b 6 k a vbiar ma `jt < jlubi b 2,jssa sjlgj eb quk a vbiar pbrb udb bpijeba kspke eb, eada par kxkdpia a skrvja mkmjrktrja mk gjma pkib srjk mk pbmra ^.;66 mb J][-]8

Cjlurb 2.06 Eamj eba kdudb jgcardbamk ud a`oktalkrkgejbma.

Cjlurb 2.02 ]ypk gb BUG.2

]b`kib 2.5 Eibssks kd BUG.2


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E b p t u i a 2 -


2 Uk b eibssk car ma tjpa Eagtkxt-spkej e, au skob, a `j t > ead vbiar 2 k a `jt < ead vbiar6, sjlgj eb quk a tjpa mk mbma udb kstruturb kspke eb k ]BLs sa utjijzbmbs pbrbcbzkr b mjstjga kgtrk kssks tjpas8

2 Uk b eibssk car ma tjpa Vrjvbtk, sjlgj eb quk a mbma kspke ea mk ud cb`rjebgtk.

O a `jt 3, tbd`d eagnkejma eada prjdjtjva/eagstruma? V/E sk kstjvkr ead a vbiar 6 sjl-gj eb quk ud vbiar prjdjtjva, eada par kxkdpia, ud vbiar JG]KJPA. Ebsa a `jt prjdjtjva/

eagstruma V/E kstkob ead a vbiar 2 sjlgj eb quk a mbma ma tjpa eagstruma k as `jt mk2 ; skra a ebdpa ]BL utjijzbma pbrb jmkgtj ebr kssk tjpa mk mbma.

B tb`kib mb lurb 2.05 mkserkvk a ebdpa ]BL k skus vbiarks earrkspagmkgtks, au skob, sk as`jts mk 2 b ; tjvkrkd a vbiar 6, sjlgj eb quk a d ma mbma. Ebsa a `jt ; eagtkgnb a vbiar2 k as `jts mk 2 b = tjvkrkd a vbiar 6662, sjlgj eb quk a mbma ma tjpa @AAIKBG, bssjdeada tkdas b sklujr.

Gadk V/EGdkra(mkejdbi)

Gdkrankxbmkejdbi)

Gdkra`jgrja

KAE (Kgm-ac-Eagtkgt) V 6 6 66666

@AAIKBG V 2 2 66662

JG]KLKP V 0 0 66626

@J] U]PJGL V/E 5 5 66622

AE]K] U]PJGL V/E = = 66266

G[II V ; ; 66262

A@OKE] JMKG]JCJKP V 3 3 66226

A`oket Mkserjptar V < < 66222

K^]KPGBI E > > 62666PKBI (ciabt) V : : 62662

KG[DKPB]KM V 26 B 62626

KD@KMMKM E 22 @ 62622

[]C>Utrjgl V/E 20 E 62266

PKIB]JSK-AJM V 25 M 62262

UKR[KGEK bgm UKR[KGEK AC E 23 26 26666

UK] bgm UK] AC E 2< 22 26662

GudkrjeUtrjgl V/E 2> 20 26626

Vrjgtb`ikUtrjgl V/E 2: 25 26622

]32Utrjgl V/E 06 2= 26266

SjmkatkxUtrjgl V/E 02 2; 26262

JB;Utrjgl V/E 00 23 26226

[]E]jdk V/E 05 2< 26222

Lkgkrbijzkm]jdk V/E 0= 2> 22666


52/323

5=


Gadk V/EGdkra(mkejdbi)

Gdkrankxbmkejdbi)

Gdkra`jgrja

LrbpnjeUtrjgl V/E 0; 2: 22662

Sjsj`ikUtrjgl V/E 03 2B 22626

LkgkrbiUtrjgl V/E 0< 2@ 22622

[gjvkrsbiUtrjgl V/E 0> 2E 22266

ENBPBE]KP U]PJGL V/E 0: 2M 22262

@DVUtrjgl V/E 56 2K V/E 56 2K 22226

Pkprkskgtba @KP (]IS)Eamjeba mk eadprjdkgta mkgjma(tjpas prjdjtjvas au eagstrumas)

Jmkgtjebmar(tbl) ]bdbgna

Eagtkma(vbiar)

eibssk V/E ] ]]]] AIII IIII

2ggg gggg

auau

tbl (2-56)

Cardbta eurta mk eadprjdkgta(6 94 eadprjdkgta 94 20


53/323

5;

E b p t u i a 2 -


Bilugs jmkgtjcjebmarks BUG.2 (tbls)JG]KLKP 60

@J] U]PJGL 65

AE]K] U]PJGL 6=

G[II 6;

A@OKE] JMKG]JCJKP 63

UKR[KGEK 56

JpBmmrkss =6

Eaugtkr =2

Lbulk =0

]jdk]jehs =5

Apbquk ==

Eaugtkr3= =3

[jgtklkr50 =666 ;*0;3+26420:6

]bdbgna mb Utrjgl Utrjgl ]bdbgna mb skgtkgb kd `ytks

Jgjeja mbskgtkgb

]bdbgna jgtkjra Cbisa @aaikbga

Skob ga kxkdpia eada bs rklrbs @KP mktkrdjgbd udb gjeb skrjbijzba pbrb a eagougta mkmbmas b skr trbgsdjtjma.

Dksda b traeb mk mbmas kgtrk bpijebks kd pibtbcardbs mjckrkgtks ga earrk a rjsea mk tkrjgeakrgejbs gb eadprkkgsa mbs jgcardbks.

Cjlurb 2.05 Kxkdpia mkeamj ebausbgma @KP.


55/323

5


Vraekssa mk rksaiua mk praìkdbsAs praìkdbs, eada sk pamk vkrj ebr gkssb lurb, pamkd skr aebsjagbmas par jgdkrbsebusbs, tbjs eada dbu cugejagbdkgta mk nbrmwbrk, sactwbrk au dksda usurja lkrbgma

trckla kxekssjva. Pkbijzbr a mjblgstjea mk ud praìkdb mk dbu cugejagbdkgta kd rkmkrkqukr udb bàrmblkd sjstkdtjeb. [db prapastb mk bàrmblkd pbrb mjblgstjea mkpraìkdbs mk rkmk caj sulkrjmb kd ud lujb mk mjblgstjea mb EJUEA (066>) k kdprklb trslrbgmks ktbpbs?

2 Mk gjr a praìkdb, eadpagma ud qubmra mkserjtjva kd quk tamas as sjgtadbs kstarkibejagbmas8

2 Jmkgtj ebr as passvkjs praìkdbs quk passbd aebsjagbr bqukiks sjgtadbs8

2 @usebr kvjmgejbs sa`rk b aearrgejb mk ebmb ud mkssks passvkjs praìkdbs, jgjejbgmapkias dbjs usubjs.

Kssk praekssa mk rksaivkr praìkdb mktbinbma ga mjblrbdb mb lurb 0.0.

Cjlurb 0.2 Ebusbs mk dbucugejagbdkgta mkudb rkmk iaebi.


57/323

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E b p t u i a 0 -

C k r r b d k g t b s m k j g s p k a k d a g j t a r b a m k r k m k s

Jdpikdkgtbr ud pibga mk ba

Erjbr ud pibga mk ba

Uk a praìkdb pkrsjstk

Uk a sjgtadb mksbpbrkek

Vraìkdb rksaivjma

Eagsjmkrbr bs passj`jijmbmks`bskbmbs gas cbtas

A`tkr cbtas

Mkgjr a praìkdb

A`skrvbr rksuitbmas

Pkjtkrbr praekmjdkgta

Ga prjdkjra pbssa, pbrb ebmb sjgtadb pkrek`jma, bs ebusbs bssaejbmbs sa rkibejagbmbs.Dujtbs vkzks a rkljstra ma praìkdb surlk ead jgcardbks jgeadpiktbs au vblbs. Varkxkdpia, ud usurja pamk rkeibdbr quk a skrvjmar kst ikgta. Ead kssb jgcardba, ga skpamk sb`kr sk b ikgtjma aearrk bpkgbs pbrb ud mktkrdjgbma skrvjmar, pbrb udb mktkr-djgbmb bpijeba au sk tbd`d n ikgtjma ga bekssa b autras skrvjmarks. Ba kcktubr arkljstra ma praìkdb, jdpartbgtk carduibr udb srjk mk pkrlugtbs ead a aòktjva mk eag-sklujr udb mk gja a dbjs eadpiktb passvki pbrb a praìkdb. Kd biludbs jgstjtujks,sa prkpbrbmas ratkjras mk pkrlugtbs, kgebmkbmbs mk cardb b eagmuzjr b udb ebrbetkrj-zba ma praìkdb kd mktkrdjgbmb rkb mk passvkjs ebusbs.

Biludbs sjtubks ga sa pbssvkjs mk skrkd pkrek`jmbs pkia usurja quk rkibtb apraìkdb, k mkdbgmbra jgspka mk mbmas mk eag lurba pkib kqujpk mk supartkmk rkmk k mk sjstkdbs.

Ga kxkdpia ejtbma, sk ud sjgtadb car rkspastb dujta ikgtb mk ud skrvjmar, udb ijstb mkebusbs pamkrjb jgeiujr mksmk nast dbi eag lurbma, sa`rkebrrklbma, skrvja eag lurbma mkcardb jgbmkqubmb, praìkdbs mk ratkbdkgta au itrblkd mk pbeatks ga dkja ma ebdjgnak bt jgtkrcbek mk rkmk ead mkckjta ga ibma ma eijkgtk. Kssks itjdas datjvas pamkrjbdaebsjagbr pkrmb jgtkrdjtkgtk mk pbeatks, ikvbgma gkekssjmbmk mk rktrbgsdjssa par aear-rgejb mk tjdkaut ga prataeaia mk trbgspartk au dksda gb bpijeba.

Bssjd, pbrb bvbgbr ga praekssa mk mjblgstjea, a pbssa sklujgtk, eagcardk jiustrbma gblurb 0.0, eagsjstk kd a`tkr cbtas k jssa jdpijeb kd ùsebr jgcardbks dbjs mktbinbmbs

sa`rk as sjgtadbs k kqujpbdkgtas k sjstkdbs kgvaivjmas. Kssbs jgcardbks pamkd skreagsklujmbs dkmjbgtk a usa mk?

2 [sa mk eadbgmas mk jgspka, eada pjgl k trbekrautk , bid mk autras pbrb tkstbr eagke-tjvjmbmk ba iagla mb ratb8

Cjlurb 0.0

Vraekssa mkrksaiua mkpraìkdbs.


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2 Bgbijsk ma trckla gb rkmk tbgta ga skldkgta ba qubi a skrvjmar kst ijlbma qubgma gaibma ma eijkgtk. Kssb bgijsk mkdbgmb b ebpturb mk trckla, quk pamk skr ckjtb ga prprjaskrvjmar, usbgma eadbgmas eada trbekrautk , au ead b boumb mk bgbijsbmarks mk rkmkquk ebpturbd tama a trckla k passj`jijtbd mjckrkgtks damas mk blrklba k itrblkd,pkrdjtjgma kxj`jr pbeatks par kgmkrka arjljgbmar, mkstjgbtrja, prataeaia kte., kdeada eadpar rkibtrjas tatbijzbgma a trckla par mjckrkgtks erjtrjas, au bjgmb dastrbrskqugejbs mk pbeatks jgtkrebd`jbmas par mktkrdjgbmas pbrks mk kgmkrka ead a usamk prataeaias kspke eas, kgtrk autrbs tegjebs8

2 Bgijsk ma rkljstra mk ials ma skrvjmar pbrb eadpikdkgtbr b jgspka mk trckla tatbi kdtamas as bekssas ba skrvjmar.

Kssb jgcardba dbjs rjeb k mktbinbmb pkrdjtjr eagnkekr b sjtuba mb rkmk, b pbrtjr matrckla ebpturbma k bgbijsbma. Jssa passj`jijtbr kstrkjtbr a kseapa mb ùseb, kijdjgbgmaeibssks mk praìkdbs. Ga ebsa mb rkspastb ikgtb ma skrvjmar ga kxkdpia bgtkrjar, b prk-skgb mk trckla jgtkgsa kd bilud trkena mb rkmk ga ebdjgna kgtrk a usurja k a skrvjmarpamkrjb skr eagstbtbmb k skrjb udb passvki ebusb. Uk a praìkdb rkibtbma cassk tatbi cbitbmk bekssa ba skrvjmar, b mktkea mk bilud trckla gb rkmk, pravkgjkgtk ma kgmkrka maskrvjmar, pkrdjtjrjb kijdjgbr ebusbs jgtkrdkmjrjbs, tbi eada ratkbdkgta jgearrkta au kgibekjgtkrdkmjrja jgapkrbgtk.

Mkpajs mk a`tkr bs jgcardbks quk pkrdjtbd eagnkekr b sjtuba, a pbssa sklujgtkeagsjstk kd erjbr ud pibga mk ba pbrb trbtbr as praìkdbs patkgejbjs quk pamkrjbdaebsjagbr as sjgtadbs pkrek`jmas. Ga tbrkcb ceji jmkgtj ebr bs ebusbs passvkjs. Jssamkdbgmb eagnkejdkgta tegjea quk pkrdjtb bgbijsbr sk as sjgtadbs pkrek`jmas k as mbmasa`tjmas mb dagjtarba sa as quk ud sjstkdb apkrbgma mk eagmjks gardbjs mkvkrjbkxj`jr. Dbs tbd`d mkdbgmb eagnkejdkgta nkurstjea, mkrjvbma mbs kxpkrjgejbs bgtk-rjarks mk mjblgstjea mk earrka mk cbinbs gb rkmk. Vassvkjs cagtks mk bpaja k rkckrgejbsgkssb cbsk sa?

2 Dbgubjs ? kxpijebd a cugejagbdkgta kspkrbma k jgmjebd passvkjs ebusbs pbrb pra-ìkdbs eadugs8

2 ]b`kibs mk trauìksnaatjgl ? bssaejbd sjgtadbs b ebusbs pravvkjs8

2 Kxpkrjgejb bgtkrjar ? bpagtb ebusbs mk sjgtadbs sjdjibrks kd sjtubks bgtkrjarks8

2 Ujstkdbs kspkejbijstbs ? earrkibejagbd ebusbs k sjgtadbs tjpjebdkgtk rkibejagbmas, kbt pamkd sulkrjr bks earrktjvbs passvkjs.

A pibga mk ba, `bskbma ga eagougta mk passj`jijmbmks jmkgtj ebmbs, useb kijdjgbr udbb udb bs passvkjs ebusbs pbrb as sjgtadbs, dkmjbgtk a`skrvba k bgijsk mb rkmk, eada trckla gardbi k ead trckla mk tkstk mk ebmb udb mbs njptksks b jgvkst jlbr. A pibgamk ba mkvk ijdjtbr-sk b jgvkstjlbr udb vbrjvki mk ebmb vkz, pajs ead dujtbs bitkrbks

skgma rkbijzbmbs eageadjtbgtkdkgtk, pamk aearrkr ud rktarga mb rkmk ba kstbma apkrb-ejagbi skd quk skob passvki pkrek`kr qubi au qubjs carbd bs dkmjmbs quk saiuejagbrbd apraìkdb. Bssjd, a rkeadkgmvki jdpikdkgtbr b bitkrba/earrka pibgkobmb k kgtaa`skrvbr, tkstbr k bvbijbr a rksuitbma. B a`skrvba/tkstk kgvaivk a usa mk eadbgmas mkjgspka mk eag lurba, mk stbtus mk kqujpbdkgtas k dagjtarba mb rkmk.

Uk a praìkdb mksbpbrkeku, kgta b sjtuba kst rksaivjmb k rkstb bpkgbs ckenbr a rkljstramk aearrgejb rkljstrbgma b ebusb kcktjvbdkgtk mjblgastjebmb k b cardb mk rksaivkr apraìkdb. Jssa bdpijbr b bsk mk eagnkejdkgta sa`rk praìkdbs mk rkmk k subs ebusbs,cbejijtbgma jgvkstjlbks mk cuturas praìkdbs tbgta pkib dksdb kqujpk eada par autrbskqujpks quk vjkrkd b su`stjtujr as quk btubrbd gb jgvkstjlba.


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E b p t u i a 0 -


Uk a praìkdb ga pamk skr rksaivjma ead b kstrbtljb sklujmb, a pibga mk ba mkvk skrrk gbma ead `bsk gas rksuitbma k ud gava pibga mk ba mkvk skr mk gjma k jdpikdkg-tbma, rkjtkrbmbdkgtk, bt quk a praìkdb skob saiuejagbma.

Ckrrbdkgtbs pbrb jgspka k dagjtarbaMjvkrsbs ckrrbdkgtbs pbrb jgspka k dagjtarba mb rkmk pamkd skr utjijzbmbs?

2 Bgbijsbmarks b gvki csjea, eada ebìk sebggkrs, quk buxjijbd b bvbijbr bs eagmjksmk trbgsckrgejb mk mbmas mb rkmk k pkrdjtkd vkrj ebr sk kxjstk biludb btkguba audksda radpjdkgta ma dkja mk trbgsdjssa (dktijea au tjea)8

2 Bgbijsbmarks mk prataeaias ebpbzks mk ebpturbr, rkljstrbr, bgbijsbr k rkeagnkekr mktkrdj-gbmas pbmrks mk traeb mk dkgsblkgs mas prataeaias dbjs eadugs gbs rkmks, tbgta gbsebdbmbs mk kgibek, mk rkmk, mk trbgspartk eada mk bpijeba.

Bgbijsbmarks ma dkja csjea Bgbijsbmarks mk rkmk k prataeaias

Ebìk Uebggkr?2 ]jdk Madbjg Pkciketadktkr (]MP) ?

[d ]MP apkrb trbgsdjtjgma ud sjgbi ga ebà.Jgtkrrupks k autras praìkdbs pravaebd udbrkcikxa ma sjgbi ead ebrbetkrstjebs kspkecjebs.A ]MP dkmk qubgta tkdpa ikvb pbrb a sjgbirkciktjma rktargbr, k ead jssa ebieuib b mjstgejbbt udb bvbrjb ga ebà. ]MP tbd`d pamk skrusbma pbrb dkmjr a eadprjdkgta mk ud ebà8 2 Aptjebi ]adk Madbjg Pkciketadktkr (A]MP) ?pamk dkmjr a eadprjdkgta mb cj`rb, iaebijzbrradpjdkgtas, btkguba bgardbi kte.

Nbrmwbrk k sactwbrk

Uactwbrk

Kxjstkd mjvkrsbs saiuks eadkrejbjs kd tambs bs ebtklarjbs mk bgbijsbmarks, dbs udpramuta tkd btrbma b btkga k jgtkrkssk mb eadugjmbmk mk rkmk pkia cbta mk skr ackrkejmaeada sactwbrk ijvrk, mjstrjùma ead udb ijekgb Lkgkrbi Vuìje Ijekgsk (LG[) vkrsa 0.]rbtb-sk ma \jrksnbrh, ud sactwbrk pbrb dagjtarba mk rkmk k bgijsk mk prataeaia.

\jrksnbrh

A \jrksnbrh ud pralrbdb quk ebpturb k bgbijsb a trckla mk rkmk, pkrdjtjgma mjvkrsbscardbs mk arlbgjzba au bprkskgtba ma quk caj ebpturbma. Bs cugejagbijmbmks ma\jrksnbrh sa pbrkejmbs ead a tepmudp (bàrmbma pastkrjardkgtk), dbs ead jgtkrcbeklr eb, dbjs jgcardba k ead bdpib vbrjkmbmk mk itras quk pamkd tbgta ijdjtbr b ebpturbeada boustbr a quk bprkskgtbma, pbrb cbejijtbr b bgijsk.

Cjlurb 0.5 Ckrrbdkgtbs mkbgijsk mk rkmk.


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A mkskgvaivjdkgta mkssk sactwbrk eadkau kd 2::>, ead a praokta quk jgjejbidkgtkcaj mkgadjgbma Ktnkrkbi. Bps b djlrba ma prjgejpbi butar, Lkrbim Ead`s, pbrb autrbkdprksb, a mkskgvaivjdkgta prasskluju, ead gava gadk pbrb a sac twbrk. Btubidkgtkeagtb ead b eaibàrba mk udb jdkgsb eadugjmbmk mk mkskgvaivkmarks quk tbgta eag-trjùkd pbrb a mkskgvaivjdkgta kd sj (kd dambijmbmk mk sactwbrk ijvrk), eada blrklbdckrrbdkgtbs eadkrejbjs bmjejagbjs ( \jrksnbrh 0620).

A \jrksnbrh kxkeutb gb dbjarjb mbs pibtbcardbs, jgeiujgma \jgmaws, AU ^, Ijgux k [GJ^, ksub dbreb rkljstrbmb pkrtkgek \jrksnbrh Caugmbtjag.

Bilugs pramutas eadkrejbjs, mkskgvaivjmas b pbrtjr ma \jrksnbrh au quk a jgeiukd, kstatbd`d mjspagvkjs ga dkrebma. B EBEK ]kengaialjks ackrkek ud bmbptbmar BjrVebp, qukpassj`jijtb ebpturb mk trckla >60.22 b/`/l/g k sub jgspka ead a \jrksnbrh. Bmjejagbi-dkgtk, kssb kdprksb vkgmk ud pramuta mkgadjgbma EBEK Vjiat, pbrb bvbijbr tkgmgejb matrckla b iagla prbza. B Ejsea kdùtju a \jrksnbrh gb ijgnb mk swjten Gkxus


61/323

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E b p t u i a 0 -


Uk a a`oktjva cassk ebpturbr k bgbijsbr a trckla quk uj kgtrk a ratkbmar mk `armb mb rkmk kb jgtkrgkt, udb saiua skrjb jgeiujr ud nu` kgtrk a ratkbmar k a swjten (tbi eada jiustrbmagb lurb 0.;) jgtkrijlbgma gkssk nu` a sgj kr, quk pamkrjb kgta ebpturbr tamas as pbeatks,

ujgma kgtrk kiks.

Patkbmar

Uwjten

Nu`

Ugjstkr

Uk a sgj kr cassk jgtkrijlbma kd udb mbs partbs ma swjten, b skldkgtba mk trckla qukgbturbidkgtk ckjtb pkia swjten jdpkmjrjb a sgj kr mk ebpturbr k jgspkejagbr a trckla

ujgma kgtrk ud mas kqujpbdkgtas, dastrbmas gb lurb 0.=, k a ratkbmar. Vbrb eagsklujrebpturbr k jgspkejagbr kssk trckla, pamkrjb skr rkpktjmb b dksdb kstrbtljb mk jgeiujr udnu` ga ebdjgna, tbi eada jiustrbma gb lurb 0.3.

Uwjten

Nu`

Ugjstkr

Bilugs damkias mk swjten pkrdjtkd mupijebr a trckla mk ud au dbjs partbs mjspagj`jijzbgmaudb epjb ma trckla kd biludb autrb partb. Jssa eastudb skr mksjlgbma eada part

djrrarjgl au kspkinbdkgta mk partb. Gkssk ebsa, ga skrjb gkekssrja a usa ma nu` pbrbpkrdjtjr ba sgj kr ebpturbr a trckla mb partb mkskobmb. @bstbrjb eag lurbr a swjten pbrbcbzkr a kspkinbdkgta ma trckla k eagketbr a sgj kr gb partb mksjlgbmb pbrb rkek`kr bepjb ma trckla.

Kssk dkebgjsda mk ebpturbr trckla tbd`d pamk kxjstjr kd bilugs kqujpbdkgtas qukeagtkgnbd ud blkgtk PDAG, a quk pkrdjtjr eaiktbr mbmas sa`rk a t rckla k dksda ebp -turbr skiktjvbdkgtk pbeatks, kgvjbma a rksuitbma mb ebpturb k bgijsk ma trckla pbrb udbkstba lkrkgejbmarb mb rkmk, dkmjbgtk a usa ma prataeaia UGDV. Dbjar mktbinbdkgta mablkgtk PDAG skr bprkskgtbma kd ebptuia su`skqukgtk.

Cjlurb 0.; Nu` pbrb jgtklrbr asgj kr ga ebdjgna

mk udb jgtkrijlbab jgvkstjlbr.

Cjlurb 0.3 Nu` pbrb mkrjvbr

ud pagta mkebpturb kd udbpartb ma swjten.


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2 Eagvkrtkr

Mkpajs mk ebpturbr a trckla, a sgj kr btub eagvkrtkgma as mbmas `jgrjas ebpturbmas, mkdama quk skobd dbjs cbejidkgtk jgtkrprktvkjs.

As prataeaias usbmas sa rkeagnkejmas k as mbmas eagtjmas kd ebmb skldkgta ebpturbma sajmkgtj ebmas k bprkskgtbmas ead as rkspketjvas eb`kbinas, tbi eada jiustrbma gb lurb 0..2.265 (kgmkrkb-dkgta prjvbtjva) kgvjb ud pbeatk JEDV ma tjpa Kena rkqukst pbrb b dqujgb 066.256.5;.=,quk ga dadkgta ma tkstk caj a kgmkrka nttp?//www.rgp.`r . B trbmua mk gdkra JV eada gadk k madgja ma kgmkrka kgvaivjma ga tkstk pamk skr ckjtb pkia sactwbrk \jrksnbrhparquk kik pkrdjtk eag lurbr sk b rksaiua mk gadks mkvk au ga skr ckjtb k, kd ebsapasjtjva, kik eagsuitb ud skrvjmar mk MGU pbrb a`tkr a gadk bssaejbma ba gdkra JV qukbpbrkeku ga eb`kbina ma pbeatk ebpturbma.

2

Bgbijsbr as mbmas ebpturbmas a tkrekjra k dbjs jdpartbgtk pbssa ma praekssa.

A sactwbrk trb`binb sa`rk as mbmas ebpturbmas, o mkeamj ebmas, k pkrdjtk jgspkejagbr aseb`kbinas k mkdbjs jgcardbks, tkgma kd vjstb as prataeaias prkskgtks kd ebmb ebdbmb.

Ebdbmb Vrataeaias

Bpijeba N]]V, UD]V, C]V, UGDV

]rbgspartk ]EV, [MV

Pkmk JV, JEDV, BPV, PJV, AUVC

Kgibek Ktnkrgkt

Cjlurb 0.< Mkeamj eba mkprataeaias ckjtbpkia \jrksnbrh.

Cjlurb 0.> Vrataeaias usubjsgb jgtkrgkt kebdbmbs kd qukbtubd.


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B bgijsk pamk skr ckjtb eagsjmkrbgma ud gjea pbeatk ebpturbma au skqugejbs mk pbeatks.A trckla pamk skr eibssj ebma kd ebtklarjbs?

2 @rabmebst? trckla quk mjrjljma b tamas as mjspasjtjvas gb rkmk8

2 Duitjebst ? trckla quk mjrjljma b ud kgmkrka mkstjgbtrja quk rkprkskgtb ud lrupa.Kqujpbdkgtas jgtklrbgtks ma lrupa mkvkd tkr prkvjbdkgtk mjrjljma ud pkmjma mkjglrkssa ga lrupa duitjebst. Kssb jgcardba eb rkljstrbmb kd ratkbmarks quk pamkdrkek`kr ud uxa mk pbeatks k rkpijebr kssk uxa par vrjas ebdjgnas agmk kxjstbdrkekptarks rkljstrbmas8

2 [gjebst ? trckla mk ud eadputbmar pbrtjeuibr pbrb autra eadputbmar pbrt jeuibr.

Jgstbibgma a \jrksnbrh

A sactwbrk \jrksnbrh pamk skr kgeagtrbma ga sjtk nttp?//www.wjrksnbrh.arl k, sklujgma bapa mk mawgiabm, pamkr skr kgeagtrbmb k itjdb vkrsa kstvki k tbd`d vkrsks dbjsrkekgtks, dbs quk bjgmb ksta kd mkskgvaivjdkgta. A sactwbrk pamkr skr a`tjma kd vkrsaprkpbrbmb pbrb skr jgstbibmb kd mjvkrsas bd`jkgtks, au dksda kd emjla-cagtk, tbi eadarkckrjma par Enbpkii (0626). Kxjstkd vkrsks pbrb mjvkrsas Ujstkdbs Apkrbejagbjs? \jgmaws,

Bppik Dbe AU , Mk`jbg LG[ /Ijgux, rVbtn Ijgux, Uug Uaibrjs/j5>3, Uug Uaibrjs/ Upbre k[ùgtu. Bs vkrsks mk jgstbibmarks quk pamkd skr a`tjmbs ga sjtk ma \jrksnbrh jgeiukd?

2 \jgmaws Jgstbiikr (3=-`jt)8

2 \jgmaws Jgstbiikr (50-`jt)8

2 \jgmaws [5 (50-`jt)8

2 \jgmaws VartbìkBpps (50-`jt)8

2 AU ^ 26.3 bgm ibtkr Jgtki 3=-`jt .mdl8

2 AU ^ 26.; bgm ibtkr Jgtki 50-`jt .mdl8 2 AU ^ 26.; bgm ibtkr VVE 50-`jt .mdl8

2 Uaurek Eamk.

A sactwbrk \jrksnbrh tbd`d pamk skr jgstbibma kd dqujgb vjrtubi. B jgstbiba ckjtbb pbrtjr mb kxkeua ma bpijebtjva `bjxbma ma sjtk ma \jrksnbrh. Ga ebsa mk ud bd`jkgtk\jgmaws (3= jts), par kxkdpia, a bpijebtjva \jrksnbrh-wjg3=-2.26.>.kxk kcktub b jgstb-iba ma sactwbrk quk pamk eadkbr b skr jdkmjbtbdkgtk utjijzbma. Rubgma a \jrksnbrh jgstbibma, a bekssa jgtkrcbek mk rkmk (eb`kbma au skd a) jgtkrdkmjbma par ratjgbsmk bekssa, tbjs eada? \jgEbp (bd`jkgtk \jgmaws), BjrEbp (jgtkrcbek pbrb ebpturbr t rckla>60.22) au ijèbp (bd`jkgtk *GJ^ ).

Bmjejagbidkgtk, a \jrksnbrh pamk skr usbma pbrb bgbijsbr brqujvas ead trckla ebpturbmapar autras bgbijsbmarks mk prataeaias quk usbd vbrjbmas cardbtas, eada?

2 ij`pebp? ebpturks crad \jrksnbrh/]Unbrh/mudpebp, tepmudp, bgm vbrjaus atnkr taaisusjgl ij`pebps/tepmudps ebpturk cardbt8

2 pebp-gl? gkxt-lkgkrbtjag sueekssar ta ij`pebp cardbt8

2 Djerasact Gktwarh Dagjtar ebpturks8

2 BJ^s jptrbek ebpturks8

2 Ejgea Gktwarhs Gkt^Pby ebpturks8

2 Gktwarh Bssaejbtks \jgmaws-`bskm Ugj kr ebpturks8

2 Gktwarh Lkgkrbi/Gktwarh Bssaejbtks MAU-`bskm Ugj kr (eadprksskm ar

ugeadprksskm) ebpturks8


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2 \BG/IBG bgbiyzkr ebpturks8

2 Gktwarh Jgstrudkgts A`skrvkr vkrsjag : ebpturks8 2 iks crad NV-[^s gkttik8

2 tnk autput crad SDUs ]EVJVtrbek/]EVtrbek/[E^$]PBEK utjijtjks8

2 Ijgux @iukz @iuktaatn stbeh nejmudp -w trbeks8

2 Ougjpkr Gktserkkg sgaap iks8 2 Uyd`jbg AU `tsgaap iks8

2 Bppik VbehktIallkr iks8

2 Cjiks crad Bktnrb ]kikeaddugjebtjags VE26> sactwbrk car tnkjr tkst jgstrudkgts.

[tjijzbgma a \jrksnbrh

Rubgma a \jrksnbrh kxkeutbma, b tkib jgjejbi kxj`jmb gb lurb 0.: bprkskgtbmb.

Kssb pljgb mk b`krturb tkd qubtra skks?

2 rkb mk ebpturb (Ebpturk)? eag lurba ma praekssa mk ebpturb8

2 rkb mk brqujvas (Cjiks)? pkrdjtk skikejagbr k b`rjr brqujvas ead ebpturbs prkvjbdkgtkrkbijzbmbs, pbrb bgijsk ga \jrksnbrh8

2 rkb agijgk (Agijgk)? pkrdjtk bekssbr dbtkrjbi mk boumb quk kst agijgk gb rkmk8

2 rkb mk boumb pbrb b ebpturb (Ebpturk Nkip)? eagtd arjkgtbks k jgstruks pbrbrkbijzbr b ebpturb.

B rkb mk ebpturb bprkskgtb udb ijstb mk jgtkrcbeks btjvbs rkeagnkejmbs pkia \jrksnbrh.Eijebgma kd Jgtkrcbek Ijst, b obgkib tbi eada dastrbmb gb lurb 0.26, kxj`jmb. Vbrb jgjejbr bebpturb par biludb mbs jgtkrcbeks ijstbmbs, `bstb skikejag-ia k mkpajs eijebr ga `ata Utbrt.

Cjlurb 0.: ]kib jgjejbi ma\jrksnbrh.


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2 Ebpturk bii jg pradjseuaus damk ? sk a jgtkrkssk gb ebpturb car jgspkejagbr a trckla mkautrbs dqujgbs usbgma biludbs mbs eag lurbks dastrbmbs gbs lurbs 0.; k 0.3 audksda part djrrarjgl, kgta mkvk skr dbrebmb b apa ebpturb kd dama pradseua. Dbssk a jgtkrkssk mb ebpturb car bgbijsbr a trckla kgvjbma k rkek`jma pkib prprjb dqujgb gbqubi a \jrksnbrh kst skgma kxkeutbma, ksta kssb ebjxb mk apa pamk ebr mksdbrebmb8

2 Ebpturk Cjik(s)? jgmjebgma ud mjrktrja k gadk mk brqujva, as mbmas ebpturbmas skra

brdbzkgbmas gbqukik iulbr, bid sk skrkd kxj`jmas gb obgkib mk kxj`ja. Ditjpiasbrqujvas pamkd skr usbmas k rkusbmas mk cardb ejreuibr au skqukgejbi, ead a prxjdabrqujva eadkbgma b skr utjijzbma kd cuga mk tkdpa mkearrjma (djgutas) au rkbaeupbmb (dklb`ytks)8

2 Utap Ebpturk ? pkrdjtk kspkej ebr quk b ebpturb mkvb skr kgekrrbmb bps udb mktkrdj-gbmb qubgtjmbmk mk pbeatks tkrkd sjma ebpturbmas, bps udb qubgtjmbmk mk dklb`ytkstkrkd sjma eaiktbmas au bps ud tkdpa mktkrdjgbma tkr mkearrjma8

2 Mjspiby Aptjags?

0 [pmbtk ijst ac pbehkts jg rkbi tjdk ? pradavk b kxj`ja mas pbeatks quk ksta skgmaebpturbmas8

0 Butadbtje seraiijgl jg ijvk ebpturk ? mk gk sk nbvkr raibdkgta mk tkib gb dkmjmbkd quk as pbeatks ksta skgma ebpturbmas k kxj`jmas8

0 Njmk ebpturk jgca mjbial? btjvb udb pkqukgb obgkib quk dastrb ud rksuda ma qukkst skgma ebpturbma, tbi eada jiustrbma gb lurb 0.20.

2 Gbdk Pksaiutjag?

0 Kgb`ik DBE gbdk rksaiutjag ? sk mksdbrebma, kxj`k bpkgbs as ebrbetkrks nkxb-mkejdbjs ma kgmkrka DBE. Uk kssb apa car dbrebmb, eaiaeb jgcardba sa`rk acb`rjebgtk mb jgtkrcbek, qubgma passvki8

Cjlurb 0 .20 Obgkib mkjgcardbks sa`rkb ebpturb.


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0 Kgbìk gktwarh gbdk rksaiutjag ? sk mksdbrebma, kxj`k bpkgbs a kgmkrka JV. Uk kssbapa dbrebmb, eagsuitbma a skrvja mk MGU pbrb kxj`jr a gadk nast kd vkz makgmkrka JV. Kssb apa pamk aebsjagbr pkrmb mk ebpturb mk pbeatks, pajs rkqukr quk a\jrksnbrh eagsudb praekssbdkgta k tkdpa pbrb rkbijzbr b rksaiua mk gadks8

0 Kgbìk trbgspart gbdk rksaiutjag ? sk kssb apa dbrebmb, skr kxj`jmb b bpij-eba bssaejbmb ead b partb utjijzbmb pkib ebdbmb mk trbgspartk.

A àta mk Utbrt pkrdjtk jgjejbr b ebpturb mk pbeatks ead bs apks eag lurbmbs gb obgkibmk apks. Mkpajs quk ud brqujva ead pbeatks ebpturbmas prkvjbdkgtk b`krta au udb gavbebpturb jgjejbmb, b tkib prjgejpbi ma \jrksnbrh kxj`jmb, tbi eada jiustrbma gb lurb 0.25.

Bs rkbs bssjgbibmbs gkssb tkib sa?

2. ]tuia80. Dkgu (tkxta)8

5. @brrb mk ckrrbdkgtbs prjgejpbi8

=. @brrb mk ckrrbdkgtbs mk itrblkd8

;. @brrb mk ckrrbdkgtbs mk rkmk skd a8

3. Vbjgki ead b ijstb mk pbeatks8

. Vbjgki ead as `ytks mas pbeatks8

:. @brrb mk stbtus.

Cjlurb 0.25 ]kib prjgejpbi ma

\jrksnbrh.


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]tuia

A ttuia pamk skr eag lurbma usbgma b apa mk kmjtbr a ibyaut kd Kmjt/ Vrkckrkgeks/Ibyaut.

Dkgu

A dkgu iaebijzbma iala b sklujr ma ttuia bprkskgtb tambs bs cugejagbijmbmks mk trb`bina

ead a \jrksnbrh, agmk pamkdas mkstbebr eada prjgejpbjs?

2 Cjik? pkrdjtk b`rjr au sbivbr ud brqujva mk ebpturb pbrb bgijsk pastkrjar, bid mkkxpartbr mktkrdjgbmas pbeatks8

2 Kmjt? gkssk su`dkgu, passvki dbrebr pbeatks pbrb pastkrjar bgijsk, sjgbijzbr udgava pbeatk eada skgma a jgeja mb ebpturb au bitkrbr bs prkckrgejbs mk vjsubijzba mbckrrbdkgtb8

2 Sjkw? pkrdjtk bitkrbr bs apks mk vjsubijzba mb ckrrbdkgtb, ead mkstbquk pbrb bapa Eaiarjgl ruiks, quk passj`jijtb traebr bs earks mk vjsubijzba mas pbeatks sklugmabs rklrbs mktkrdjgbmbs gkssb apa8

2 La? apks mk gbvklba kgtrk as pbeatks. A`skrvk bs tkeibs mk btbina jgcardbmbs gkssksu`dkgu, pbrb cbejijtbr gbvklba8

2 Ebpturk ? rkckrk-sk s apks mk ebpturbs. Kssbs cugejagbijmbmks ksta rkprkskgtbmbspkias prjdkjras eagks mb `brrb mk ckrrbdkgtbs prjgejpbi8

2 Bgbiyzk?

0 Mjspiby Cjitkrs...? pkrdjtk b rkbijzba mk itras kspke eas, bàrmbma pastkrjardkgtkgb `brrb mk ckrrbdkgtb mk itrblkd8

0 Kgbìkm Vrataeais? skika mk qubjs prataeaias skra bprkskgtbmas pbrb vjsubijzbaga \jrksnbrh8

0 Caiiaw ]EVUtrkbd? bprkskgtb a eagtkma mas pbeatks quk cbzkd pbrtk ma dksdauxa (eagvkrsb) ma pbeatk skikejagbma. Var kxkdpia, sk a pbeatk skikejagbma rkck-

rkgtk b udb eadugjeba N]]V, gkssb apa skr passvki vjsubijzbr a eagtkma mabrqujva N]DI gb gtklrb.

2 Utbtjstjes? vjsubijzba mk kstbtstjebs, bàrmbma pastkrjardkgtk8

2 ]kikpnagy ? pkrdjtk b rkbijzba mk itras sa`rk prataeaias kspke eas mk tkikcagjb au SaJV.

2 ]aais?

0 Cjrkwbii BEIs ruiks? buxjijb gb erjba mk rklrbs mk rkwbii, lkrbgma butadbtjeb-dkgtk rklrbs gbs prjgejpbjs pibtbcardbs kxjstkgtks, eada EJUEA, JVtbìks, \jgmawsgktsn k autrbs8

0 I[B ? BVJ mk pralrbdba pbrb a \jrksnbrh.

@brrb mk ckrrbdkgtbs prjgejpbi

B `brrb mk ckrrbdkgtbs prjgejpbi bprkskgtb bs prjgejpbjs ckrrbdkgtbs mk trb`bina. Gas ejgeaprjdkjras eagks ksta bs apks rkckrkgtks ba eagtraik mk ebpturbs mk pbeatks?

Sjsubijzbr b ijstb mk jgtkrcbeks pbrb rkbijzbr udb gavb ebpturb, eagcardk b lurb 0.26.

Bitkrbr bs apks mk ebpturb, eagcardk b lurb 0.22.

Jgjejbr udb gavb ebpturb.


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Vbrbr udb ebpturb.

Pkjgjejbr b ebpturb btubi.

@brrb mk ckrrbdkgtbs mk cjitrblkd

Bps b rkbijzba mk udb ebpturb, gardbidkgtk prkejsbdas rkbijzbr itras mk vjsubijzbapbrb skikejagbr bpkgbs bs jgcardbks pkrtjgkgtks ba gassa a`oktjva. Kssk itra pamk skrrkbijzbma par qubiqukr prataeaia au jgcardba ebpturbmb. Eada mkdagstrbma gb lurb0.2=, as itras pamkd skr rkbijzbmas mjrktbdkgtk gb brrb mk ckrrbdkgtbs.

Eagtuma, pbrb cbejijtbr b erjba mas itras, a \jrksnbrh mjspagj`jijzb udb jgtkrcbek mklkrba mk itras, quk pamk skr bekssbmb pkib apa Kxprkssjag.... Gkssb apa, eagcardkb lurb 0.2;, bprkskgtbmb udb rkiba mk tamas as prataeaias eagnkejmas pkia \jrksnbrhk a eagtkma mk skus eb`kbinas.

Ga kxkdpia mb lurb 0.2;, kst skgma rkbijzbma ud cjitra par tamas as pbeatks agmk b partb]EV mk arjlkd(tep.srepart) skob jlubi b >6.

Gb `brrb mk ckrrbdkgtb mk itrblkd, tbd`d passvki rkbijzbr itras eadpastas btrbvsmas apkrbmarks K (&&) k A[ ( || ), eada ga kxkdpia mb lurb 0.23. Ebsa aearrb bilud krramk sjgtbxk ga itra, a \jrksnbrh bitkrb b ear mb pksqujsb.

@brrb mk ckrrbdkgtbs rkmk skd cja

Gkssb `brrb passvki ebmbstrbr b enbvk mk mkserjptalrb b mb rkmk wjrkikss b qubi vaequkr dagjtarbr, usbgma pbrb jssa b apa Mkerjptjag Hkys... ( lurb 0.2


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Sbik rksbitbr quk gb rkmk wjrkikss passvki ebpturbr bpkgbs as pbeatks kgebdjgnbmaspbrb b kstba agmk kst kxkeutbgma a sgj kr. Vbrb ebpturbr tamas as pbeatks kd damapradseua, gkekssrja bmqujrjr b jgtkrcbek wjrkikss tbi eada a BjrVebp.

Vbjgki ead b ijstb mk pbeatks

Gkssk pbjgki, sa dastrbmas tamas as pbeatks kd armkd mk ebpturb. A`skrvk quk b eaiugb]jdk bprkskgtb a tkdpa kd sklugmas ma pbeatk ebpturbma kd rkiba ba prjdkjra pbeatk.Uaurek k Mkstjgbtjag bprkskgtbd a kgmkrka mk arjlkd k mkstjga ma pbeatk, pamkgma skrud kgmkrka DBE au kgmkrka JV. Vrataeai bprkskgtb a prataeaia mk dbjs bita gvki quk

kxjstk ga pbeatk, Ikgltn bprkskgtb a tbdbgna ma pbeatk k Jgca udb jgtkrprktba ma\jrksnbrh mk jgcardbks rkikvbgtks quk a pbeatk eagtkgnb au rkprkskgtk.

Vbjgki ead mktbinks ma pbeatk

Gkssk pbjgki, passvki vjsubijzbr tambs bs jgcardbks eagtjmbs gas eb`kbinas mk tambs bsebdbmbs gb qubi a pbeatk pkrtkgek. Gb lurb 0.2> tkdas a kxkdpia mk ud pbeatk mk rkquj-sja N]]V, agmk btrbvs mbs rkbs lrjcbmbs passvki a`skrvbr a kgmkrka DBE mk arjlkdk mkstjga, a kgmkrka JV mk arjlkd k mkstjga, a eagtkma mb ebdbmb mk trbgspartk rkckrkgtkb ud eagtkma ]EV k jgcardbks mb ebdbmb mk bpijeba ma prataeaia N] ]V, jgeiujgma agadk ma nast bekssbma k a eadbgma kgvjbma, quk gkssk kxkdpia caj ud LK].

Cjlurb 0 .2< Ebmbstra mk enbvksmkserjptalr ebs.

Cjlurb 0.2> Bjrebp.


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Vbjgki mk `ytks ma pbeatkGkssk itjda pbjgki mb lurb 0.25 ksta bs jgcardbks kxbtbdkgtk eada carbd ebpturbmbspkia \jgVebp. A`skrvk quk a pbeatk kst skgma mkdagstrbma kd majs cardbtas, ksqukrmb kdnkxbmkejdbi k mjrkjtb kd BUEJJ. Kssk pbjgki jdpartbgtk pbrb sb`krdas b pasja kd quk bsjgcardbks sk kgeagtrbd mkgtra ma pbeatk pbrb, sk gkekssrja, rkbijzbr pksqujsbs sa`rk kibs.

@brrb mk stbtus

B `brrb mk stbtus bprkskgtb jgcardbks mk pbeatks ebpturbmas, dastrbmas, dbrebmas k,prjgejpbidkgtk, mk pbeatks pkrmjmas. Jssa gas buxjijb b mksea`rjr sk rkbidkgtk kstbdasebpturbgma tamas as pbeatks rkek`jmas gb jgtkrcbek mk rkmk au gkekssjtbdas bitkrbr biludbapa ma \jrksnbrh pbrb quk jssa aearrb.

Cjitras mk ebpturb ga \jrksnbrh

Eagcardk bàrmbma ga tpjea sa`rk b `brrb mk itrblkd ma \jrksnbrh, bs apks mkssb`brrb sa itras mk vjsubijzba. Jssa sjlgj eb quk as pbeatks sa ebpturbmas kd sub tatbij-mbmk k mkpajs itrbmas.

Eagtuma, mkpkgmkgma ma uxa mk jgcardbks quk pbssbd pkib kstba mk ebpturb, dujtaspbeatks pamkd skr pkrmjmas pkib lrbgmk qubgtjmbmk mk pbeatks rkek`jmas. ]bd`d pamkaearrkr quk a aòktjva mb ebpturb mk pbeatks skob b ùseb mk bila kspke ea. Gkssks ebsas,pamkdas rkbijzbr ud itra mk ebpturb, a qubi skr rkbijzbma pkib `jìjatkeb \jgVebp gadadkgta ma rkek`jdkgta mas pbeatks gb jgtkrcbek mk rkmk, mksagkrbgma as rkeursas mknbrmwbrk k sactwbrk pbrb a brdbzkgbdkgta mk tamas as pbeatks ebpturbmbs.

Cjlurb 0.2: Mktbinbdkgtama pbeatk.


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Kssk itra mkvkr skr rkbijzbma bgtks ma jgeja mb ebpturb, mjrktbdkgtk gb tkib jgjejbi ma\jrksnbrh gb apa Ebpturk Aptjags au btrbvs ma dkgu Ebpturk/Aptjags ( lurb 0.06).

Mkgtra mbs apks mk ebpturb, skikejagk b jgtkrcbek gb qubi skr rkbijzbmb b ebpturb (2) keijquk mubs vkzks. Ead jssa, b obgkib mk eag lurba mb jgtkrcbek skr b`krtb k b apa mk

itras mk ebpturb (0) kstbr mjspagvki.

B kseainb mk itras mk ebpturb bpraprjbmas jdpartbgtk pbrb ijdjtbr b qubgtjmbmk mkpbeatks ebpturbmas, pajs kd rkmks ead bita trckla b qubgtjmbmk mk pbeatks kikvbmb k a

uxa mk trckla eagtd dujtas pbeatks quk pamkd ga jgtkrkssbr ba praekssa mk mjblgs-tjeas kd eursa. Bmjejagbidkgtk, qubgma b qubgtjmbmk mk pbeatks ebpturbmb dujta lrbgmk,a cugejagbdkgta ma prprja sactwbrk eb mklrbmbma (dbjs ikgta).

Autra bspketa b eagsjmkrbr quk pamk aearrkr pkrmb mk pbeatks pkib jgebpbejmbmk ma kquj-pbdkgta mk ebpturb. Dksda quk udb jgtkrcbek mk rkmk mk ud kqujpbdkgta, tbi eada udgatk`aah, passb tkr ebpbejmbmk mk apkrbr kd vkiaejmbmk bitb (2 Ljlb, par kxkdpia), jssa gasjlgj eb quk a kqujpbdkgta vbj eagsklujr ebpturbr, mkeamj ebr k brdbzkgbr ud uxa mk`jts par sklugma prxjda mkssb vkiaejmbmk. Kqujpbdkgtas mkmjebmas ebpturb mk trcklatd ebpbejmbmk mk ebpturb dbjs kikvbmb.

Ga \jrksnbrh, b sjgtbxk mas itras mk ebpturb mjckrkgtk mb sjgtbxk mas itras mk vjsubij-zba, pajs, eada o dkgejagbma, as itras mk ebpturb sa rkbijzbmas pkib \jgVebp, qukutjijzb b dksdb sjgtbxk ma bpijebtjva tepmudp, bprkskgtbma pastkrjardkgtk gkssk ebptuia.Vbrb dkinar kgtkgmjdkgta, b kxpijeba mas itras mk ebpturbs dbjs usubjs skra bprkskg-tbmas kd kxkdpias?

Cjlurb 0.06 Cjitras mk ebpturb.


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Cjitra Ujgtbxk ma cjitra

Ebpturbr a trckla mk pbeatks rkek`jmas k kgvjbmas ma nast 26.26.2.25 nast 26.2.2.25

Ebpturbr as pbeatks arjljgbmas mb rkmk 26.2.2.6/0= sre gkt 26.2.2.6/0=

Ebpturbr as pbeatks quk passukd b rkmk 066.250.6.6/23 eada mkstjga kkgebdjgnbmas pbrb b partb >6

mst gkt 066.250.6.6/23 bgm part >6

Ebpturbr tamas as pbeatks ]EV quk b par tb ga skob >6 k ==5 tep bgm gat ( par t >6 ar par t ==5)

Kstbtstjebs ga \jrksnbrh

Bid mk ebpturbr pbeatks, a \jrksnbrh udb pamkrasb ckrrbdkgtb kstbtstjeb, quk gasbuxjijb gb bgijsk mb rkmk. Btrbvs mbs kstbtstjebs eagsklujdas rkspagmkr pkrlugtbs eada?

2 Rubjs sa as prataeaias dbjs utjijzbmas gb djgnb rkmk1

2 Rubi a tbdbgna dmja mk pbeatks mb rkmk1 2 Rubgtas % mk `rabmebst n gb rkmk1

Btrbvs ma dkgu Utbtjst jes/Uuddbry, eagcardk b lurb 0.02, pamkdas vkrj ebr a tkdpamk ebpturb rkbijzbmb, b qubgtjmbmk mk pbeatks ebpturbmas, qubi a tbdbgna kd `y tks mbebpturb k b dmjb mk `ytks k pbeatks par sklugma.

Autras kxkdpias mkitras pamkd skr

bekssbmas kdnttp?//wjhj.wjrksnbrh.arl/EbpturkCjitkrs

w

]b`kib 0.2Kxkdpias mk itras

mk ebpturb ma\jrksnbrh.

Cjlurb 0.02 Uudbrjzba mb

ebpturb rkbijzbmb.


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Ga dkgu Utbtjstjes/Vrataeai Njkrbreny, a`tkdas b prapara mk pbeatks par prataeaias.Eada ga kxkdpia mb lurb 0.00, quk dastrb pbeatks JVv3 k pbeatks JVv=, skgma kd subdbjarjb ]EV k 02,


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]EVM[DV

A temudp autrb ckrrbdkgtb mk dagjtarba quk kst mjspagvki pbrb b dbjarjb masUjstkdbs Apkrbejagbjs mkrjvbmas ma [gjx, jgeiujgma DbeAU. Gkssk bpijebtjva, quk utjijzb bIj`Vebp, bs ebpturbs mk pbeatks sa rkbijzbmbs skd jgtkrcbek lr eb. Ukgma bssjd, as rksui-tbmas mbs ebpturbs pamkra skr vjsubijzbmbs ga tkrdjgbi ma Ujstkdb Apkrbejagbi, sbivbs kdcardbta tkxta au ga cardbta Ij`Vebp. [tjijzbgma a cardbta Ij`Vebp, passvki vjsubijzbr bebpturb ga \jrksnbrh.

Cardbta sjdpij ebma?

#tepmudp XapksT XcjitraT

XapksT

2 -j? mktkrdjgb b jgtkrcbek. Mjeb? kxkeutk a eadbgmajceag l pbrb sb`kr bs jgtkrcbeks mkrkmk kxjstkgtks8

2 -s? dbjar tbdbgna mk pbeatk b skr ebpturbma8

2 -e? gdkra mk pbeatks b skrkd ebpturbmas8

2 -g? kvjtb b rksaiua mk gadks pbrb as kgmkrkas k partbs8

2 -v? dama mktbinbma, jgeiuj dbjs jgcardbks ma pbeatk. ]kstk tbd`d bs apks -vv k-vvv pbrb tkr dbjs mktbinks8

2 -w 9brqujva7? gadk ma brqujva quk brdbzkgbr b ebpturb ga cardbta I j`Vebp8

2 -r 9brqujva7 ? utjijzk kssb apa pbrb vjsubijzbr as pbeatks mk udb ebpturb rkbijzbmbbgtkrjardkgtk ead b apa -r.

X itraT

As itras ma ]EVM[DV sa jlubjs bas itras mk ebpturb ma \jrksnbrh, pkrdjtjgma itras par

kgmkrka JV, partbs, rkmks mk arjlkd mkstjga au qubiqukr ebdpa kxjstkgtk ga eb`kbina maprataeaia b skr ebpturbma. ]ambs bs passj`jijmbmks mk itras pamkd skr bekssbmbs ga ijghnttp?//www.dbgpblkz.ead/dbg/


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Pkckrgejbs 2 ENBVVKII, Iburb. \jrksnbrh Gktwarh Bgbiysjs? ]nk A ejbi \jrksnbrh Ekrtj km GktwarhBgbiyst Utumy Lujmk. 0626. Vrataeai Bgbijsys Jgstjtutk.

2 ENBVVKI, Iburb. \jrksnbrh 262 Ksskgtjbi Uhjiis car Gktwarh Bgbijsys. Vrataeai BgbiysjsJgstjtutk, Jge. 0625

2 EJUEA. Ejsea @]U 26066 Uactswjten ]rauìksnaatjgl Lujmk, Pkikbsk =.= 066>? EjseaUystkds, Jge.

2 EAD@U, Lkrbim. \jrksnbrh MjspibyCjitkrs.Mjspagvki kd? 9nttp?//wjhj.wjrksnbrh.arl/MjspibyCjitkrs 7

2 NAPG, Djhk. \jrksnbrh EbpturkCjitkrs.Mjspagvki kd? 9nttp?//wjhj.wjrksnbrh.arl/EbpturkCjitkrs7

2 OBEA@UAG, Sbg8 IKPKU, Erbjl8 DEEBGGK, Utkvkg. ]EVM[DV dbg pblks? Ibwrkgek@krhkiky Gbtjagbi Ibàrbtary, [gjvkrsjty ac Ebijcargjb, @krhkiky, EB.Mjspagvki kd 9nttp?//www.dbgpblkz.ead/dbg/2/tepmudp/7

2 IBDVJGL ,[ic8 UNBPVK, Pjenbrm8 \BPGJEHK, Km. \jrksnbrh [skrs Lujmk.Mjspagvki kd 9nttp?//www.wjrksnbrh.arl/maes/wsulQntdiQenughkm/7

2 UBGMKPU, Lnrjs. Vrbetjebi Vbehkt Bgbiysjs [sjgl \jrksnbrh ta saivk rkbi warim praìkds.066< Ga Utbren Vrkss Jge. Ubg Crbgejsea.


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Rukstjagrja pbrb tkstbr as eagnkejdkgtas rkibtjvas ba usama \jrksnbrh2. Rubi cugejagbijmbmk eb mjspagvki sadkgtk ead a dama mk apkrba pradseua1

C Vkrdjtjr b ud bmbptbmar \IBG ebpturbr pbeatks jgmkpkgmkgtk ma vbiar ma UUJM.

C Vassj`jijtbr quk udb jgtkrcbek ebpturk pbeatks BPV rkqukst/rksuit.

C Vassj`jijtb b udb jgtkrcb

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