13
D I !I ; ' :'·;.__ .... - ·'· by <Piert·e des Meule.sf o of G4me "c:· ']"!Vi'l)llJ)!l{ni'Y')I1 f;' .• •. .l. l.. •• .. ., - •• l J • :.her; pl:dl!Jerl :-ncl Ci;rr·i.rHl ont ,, . i11g tt&hn·s of Dcn.ui:rinrr; re1ii'thl n t.:lYnY .\Jith n econ'0?!Y of' tir1c : nd r-:ff'0rt o t'nn:·teJ.y,. for V<'r'I011C nuch ;)n j_s not :•1- ,,;:.vG ii.U:tedi:. tly ny,plic: t.le to :-1spects of ccolufric;;l . ' n i" 'll ell.. •" C" ;i . i' \ . r lJ l . } . J t 1 to •· 11. e prE!n:• rJ n r: reB e.·· rc 1 n::ro frn 111 1.11 (jAn sor:1e of the tliE: l!I00!'1t7; environ1.:t:nt, jn \::C! bccr:lhe conv:i.n- c!;:r1 th;•t too littlc3! ·LilC1:cr(J\nu1 ini'on·.r.,tion ;·v0il::blc about to :-1llnu for t.Le p1t•nninf of nn 0neop;,te r;;'mfllinr•: :'li·,nror!ch. 'l'hiG s; tuntj ()n n:.r·ol.lpted :? of :1 · re'•' nre:· in th 0ir cnt irr:.t y.. n csirl nrovidi nr r0li:.blc 0:::t ... ob0ut t,lte s'ub:iectr.> undc:r invc!::ti.r::1tinn, t.!1i;; !lnnro: ch npneAren <:;. the only ,.;JJ'I ch ,;onld, r:t tbe ti: le, yield t h c 1Jn ni c l.:no\·J 1 r:d TC! n•1 ir(::cl for d evi sin :·· d enu;-, t <.; s:·Hrtnlin£!: to Ue U!:H:cl j_n (:)r1: ly:d.n of lv!bit:•ts. 1 ) (1<)1",'") . "-) "L •J 1 I 1 ... , _, :ts li ·1e on. y 1 J\tnc:r.tc::n to lltJVe rcnorLr,;c1 :.11.1011t {qJ of r: woo:,,:; y;•rd. Althonvh ini-.(:n:=;:Lve, J·,in survGy dici not '''!l"'rl· 11; ... ··J· •·t(": ., l"·c' 1 1: • \ ,. ,./ -( : -.L. ). • ' ... ., l i ' ' - - l' Susitna Joint Venture Document Number Please Return To DOCUMENT CONTROL

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Page 1: !I · D I !I ; ' -~: :'·;.__ .... -·'· by

D

I

!I ; ' -~: :'·;.__ ....

- ·'· by <Piert·e des Meule.sf o ~l~b'tc~'<.DepJ.rtw~~t of G4me r~nd Fi~hcr-i~.::;

"c:· ']"!Vi'l)llJ)!l{ni'Y')I1 f;' .• •. .l. l.. •• .. ., - •• l J •

:.her; tlrri~~':3r·ly pl:dl!Jerl :-ncl Ci;rr·i.rHl ont ,, . ~.~:.·tlf·, i11g j_;.~ t~· tt&hn·s of Dcn.ui:rinrr; re1ii'thl (~'·infox·r:l.~•tinn ~d)ont n ~10p1.11H­t.:lYnY .\Jith n ·c~Hl;;iclr!r·:·ltle econ'0?!Y of' tir1c : nd r-:ff'0rt o T!nfr~r­t'nn:·teJ.y,. for V<'r'I011C retH.~ou~_;, nuch ;)n r·.pln·o~'·cll j_s not :•1-,,;:.vG ii.U:tedi:. tly ny,plic: t.le to r~ll :-1spects of ccolufric;;l . '

n i" 'll ell.. •" C" ;i . i' \ ~v ~•·• .

r lJ • l . } . J t 1 to Ul.·trr~v·r-!1 •· 11. e prE!n:• rJ n r: -~· reB e.·· rc 1 n::ro frn 111 1.11 (jAn r~c

sor:1e of the rr-:lntiu1H~hins be;t\v(~c::n tliE: l!I00!'1t7; tnH~ it~: '"ilit~r environ1.:t:nt, jn Lr-~nrr:ntinr.:c P:~rl:, •.:u~:hec, \::C! bccr:lhe conv:i.n­c!;:r1 th;•t too littlc3! ·LilC1:cr(J\nu1 ini'on·.r.,tion 1·::,~, ;·v0il::blc about tll~ Dllbjr~ct to :-1llnu for t.Le p1t•nninf of nn 0neop;,te r;;'mfllinr•: :'li·,nror!ch. 'l'hiG s; tuntj ()n n:.r·ol.lpted :? r:t1H~Y of :1 · re'•' nre:· ~ in th 0ir cnt irr:.t y.. n csirl c:~ nrovidi nr r0li:.blc 0:::t ... ;· ob0ut t,lte s'ub:iectr.> undc:r invc!::ti.r::1tinn, t.!1i;; !lnnro: ch npneAren <:;. the only Ollf~ ,.;JJ'I ch ,;onld, r:t tbe ~::·1·e ti: le, yield t h c 1Jn ni c l.:no\·J 1 r:d rE~ TC! n•1 ir(::cl for d evi sin p· :·· d enu;-, t <.; s:·Hrtnlin£!: SChE.~IllCS to Ue U!:H:cl j_n fut~Ul'(! (:)r1: ly:d.n of Si1.1il.~!r lv!bit:•ts.

1) ~ (1<)1",'") . "-) "L •J 1 I • 1 eL>or~1un ... , _, :ts li ·1e on. y 1.ort~ 1 J\tnc:r.tc::n 1·•.n·.:~r to lltJVe rcnorLr,;c1 :.11.1011t {qJ intP.n~d.\·r~ :;~n·vC;;v of r: woo:,,:; y;•rd. Althonvh ini-.(:n:=;:Lve, J·,in survGy dici not i~~,:·:-; 1 ·.-. "~ ~-'''!l"'rl· 11; ... ··J· •·t(": ., l"·c' 1 1: • \ ,. ,./ -( : -.L. • ). • ' • ~ ... ., l i ' ~ '

-~~--~,r::?

--

l'

HA~112A·EBASCO Susitna Joint Venture

Document Number

Please Return To

DOCUMENT CONTROL

Page 2: !I · D I !I ; ' -~: :'·;.__ .... -·'· by

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!NT_1:N5l v~ S)UD_¥_qf _ _Atl_M~Y_Mill~ JiA-.5~1\-~-~~:e., t !2d_'_.:..l! ~r'_~:I.;. ~~1!!.02~-~L:_~~ Cl:~)

f l ... ·~r.t'·,·t.''1'P~' i~.~,, 1 ., . ~ . . "

hy Pierre des Meule.s 1

Quebec Dcrc.rtrn~nt of G.~me rmd Fit.hC:rie!;

] • :.1 I i 'I)( ) ]')! 1 ( "11 T , ) l 1 ••• J. \. • ... . _J .... \. J '

' .. hen nror>c:rl:,r pJ.;qlJJf::rl ;.nd e::rrirHl ont, ~-~·:·11!"·, :i.ng ir.: :.; 1 ir::;·1ns of ocn.uirinr.~ re1ictbl (! in:l'nr;:::•tinn ~·hont n ~lOpPlc:~­ti-n·t \Jith :1 r:onr;idr:r:·l>le eeono:·:y of til"IC ; nrl nff'ort. llnfc)r­i:1lr"l:·te:1y, for v;•rj 011s rc:t.;r:ou~.>, ~3uc1t :-1n r p 1 1I'0i~e1t is not :'1-,,;:.y;, it.H·Iedi:. tly rtp!Jlier ~·le to all :-1spects of ceolu{ric:;1 s t '1 cl i e ;. •

~·Jhile prr:~l):•rj nr. :· rcse:·rcl! nro!'·rn111 il!tP.nt0.d to unr..-~v£~1 so;:1e of thE: rt"-:1ntiunf.~llins bc;t.\·Jc~c.::n tile l!lOOr;6 one~ it~: \<~iutr:r

1. v"'. ''D" •r-=-n'"· ]. )l J r \l 1''('•Tit..; ,.l ~ ..... P··r]r I "1'' 1'"'r..e ,,t(• 1'ne'·• ,-.. C""''"l\1.: r' C: 1 ..L. r I; • i H-. I \..> ) ~ r-i , _. • • • ..1.. l l I_. '-' (. • ) ,I • • IJ 1.-. ) ~ • , '-' v I • H' ';': • ~~ l J. •-

c~::cl thr·t too little ·u;Jc1:rri:J1ll!t1 inl'v::·i·.c:,tion 1·::•!..~ ;·v.,.li1::t)1c ... t1bout tll8 snliJ'c.;ct to :-11lou J:or tLe nl;tnninc- of ;·:n nrle(ln:-•tc ' . ....

:;nHm1inr•: 0r··•ror~eh. 'l'h1.s s;tuntj,,n n:r··)l.Ipted r:• ;.tn(·:r of !J ·

r <:n·.r' n 1 · e: · ~-; l n t h (~ i r c n t i r r:: t v • B c s i r1 (: : n r o v i c1 i n :- r ,_ l i : .l J l c; ~ .

d::~t .. :· c.b(1'\1t ~11e s·u1J;ieet~3 urJdc:r invo~ti.r:ntinn, tLi~~ :q;pro; ell ....,nne~...,,.,.,..l '•C" tliC onl.,r Ol1f~ 1·'11.·1 ell 1'0'·1 c1 ~t tlJr'"' •·•·• ·::-. t; · •r::. lot., nJ. \:.ll <• .. • ·~ ' .... " .. :. • ,J .. •; ('. • \,;. .... , ; t.:.: -..1 *"""' yield t h c u~i r.i e kno\•J1 C!d r·E~ rc! nn ir(::d for d ~vi sin r'· :·· c1 cnu:-. t (-; s;Hnn1tne: sch~1wcs to bu u!:;(:d in fut:urC! Dn: 1y:d.f~ oi' !:·iuil:.·r 11.~1 bi t:·ts.

Pet..or:1un ( 1()~>3) :i.s the on1 "'l i~orth 1\lne:r.ic:ln 1··.n·!~~r to li tJ v f~ r c; no r 1 . r.; d ; J b o 11 t ; i 1 1 i n t en :5 i \' r~ s 111· v c y o f 11 Ill o o ;; t3 y n r c3 • A 1 t 1 1 on f•: h in t c: n s :i v E: , h i s s 11 rv C! y d i c1 not in v o l v e t 1r e en t j_ r e y;,rcl; hi;; :d.1:1n nnd I:H\thnd!J \··(·rc-: h~:-::i de:~ <1i f'fGrP.nt fro··t t',o­!~O rorH1r·t.e(1 in t}d.s ntll)c:r, nnd very little inl'orr;1;1·t.ion lt;·s, u n p: r (In t 1 y , 11 e c~ n c1 r: r i v c d r r c;; .-, h i ~; ::; 11 r v ~:. y ..

t\ 11: I , o 11 r h t h r (:: { ! r 1 :i i' r o r· <; n t y: . r d r~ h . , v e h (:l ' : n ~: t. n d .i e::· d d 11 -. l('' J , t. , 1. . . I . r lll :·: ,I { J • • ) I !II (! . 0 ~] I I c ; . II (1 ~ j f); c: r ~ 1 !i I L .. t. l 0 T I: i ) t 1:!. ~ 1): I p :.! r

de.:nl:; or1ly \·.':i.tlt LlH! i'ir~:,t. yt'J•d :-;t,ndied; lfl('•.;lli"Hh; :1pnl.ic~d ill ull L 1l.'l!l: y:.J·rl:~ 1"C-:1'C:, 1Jt)\·H~v, .. r, ;. i uri 1.''1"' :ill<l :!1] rc~n1.Lt~1 o u t. · i n c: c1 e o .C: Jl' :! r c I d : ~" i !] y c o lt 1 p: 1 r: l1 l e ..

'!'])(; fll~:.lu u\J:joC':tivt·!i of Lh:i:~ :;1.1ldy \·.·c·re to o1>t:•jn: 1) iufoJ'•,!::L.i()JJ :•lu1tll~ \,l'(' l'u<lf1 h:•hitn o!' tiiOl.'::c.:, in tll-r~ 1':11·k, iHlcli.i~ i (}(I''} L<J 1.-l!•)!'t! nl:t~: .i JJ!•d ill ,'1 Jlf'('\'.i oun ~~1-.Hc 1 y ( dv~~ /ot('lll,·:~ ].•)(,].); :') :t c;}t:•r·:·<~I~I·J•i ~~.:t!,·illU (1J' 1JuLJJ t·,lH·i.r ·l\"•t•t1.i.1tf'~ :•Pd >

: : 11 • · I i . . · 1 · i ' ' ~ •· c 111 · , • 1. , · r • : : ; • ~ ) L 11 t., I 1 : , r: i c ·i n 1 • , lJ ., ": ' l ~ i o 11 n P l : ' , : ; n : · 1 • y • · o r ' • '!!' • , L . l Cll VI.:; 111/'. ;.t•t:C:lJ;d,! ::; ! tll J.lll !H: H·:.~t'!i i't11' i'ltL1ll'l! ~:Lud j c~:: Ill

:. i 111 i ·1 :•r ·:.·t·l!:·.

l ."1"( I r•;ol',o•l'ttl l.tJ !·.'1'. l:t·i,t•:tll r 1 I' 1.1 ! t • I 111 !. :; I' i ( > Ji · • ' i (: II "I -~, .... ,, t; .• l I, .. 1 1 :·Ill' I ! • '.. I .. ,, I ; ~!. f •

:•, f • It

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rt' l ~ t..' (· . . 1111 ... J... l •..J l -1 • ... Ji •• • .. • !.

~ •• 5

o ·The OJ~r·o;·tunit.y '.;f cont1DctiiH' in1.c.:n~;i·v~ r..;u~··vr::n~ -:·f early surinr. h:·lri.t.: tr; of 1nno~;c;: '~:;.s Jriv(:n :·ft.c:..,... !~.r.;"'Jf!l·::1 vJell-defi.rtC:-6 y:,rd~~ l!:111 lH:"n lor.: L(·d in t.hr: r.11ieoutj.:·~i lli""~i•:.r· \·Jflteruhc:d, c1nr:i.lif{ thc·1 flC!:·l~ of ::r!v .r·~~~·: ::It :1·' cond:i.t i ()II;: of

1 A ·1 -·)', · . . 1 t' (< '"'C .. 1

( • ate ·prl , .L'-.C).L - ~~nn1·: v: rylrtf" J n c.(::·n 11 .! ro;;·l ) J co q·) In-ches \\Tith ~;everi:l l;1yers of ll(::·vy cr11:;t.

Lnurenti(1es Park is cJ. provj.nci:~l n··r1·: of n!-:::rly 1, 50n '1 l' · 11· l . ,--OJ5T l ,,,.O-c,

sqn:)re mJ.._cs, extenc~~nf". rour." z H.:t,"~:,'(~t~n. (8 !· nn~. r ,-: J)

lonp.;itune \·ie~:t, anc1 bet\·Jeen lt-7 10' nnd 1,.~ 20' l~'ltJ.tur~r:: nortn.

The 900 feet gular ..

topo gr:-1phy of the p~;rk' rt~ nrr.in (! in el ev <·tic n to over 40UO feet ~1bove the sc;, ·level i3 V(::.ry

The forests coverinG thi3 ;-.r(;Ci belonr: to the tLr~urenti­de-Onatchi';lDY Section' of the I3orcnl Forest HeFion ( P..o·::e, 1959); they Gre predomintlntly coniferous forests, co::i..-··o~,;ed primarily of br~lsata fir (Abies br:lr::•me:-,::~) , nnd blnc}: f.>nrucr-( Picef~ rnr-ri~n;;) • \'lh:i te birch ( HeL.\J:tr: nl: nvri i'r:Y":"•) , anc1 Hhi te sprue. tPic.;c:-· r-lc,uc;:) Bre co1;1::ton ;-!ssoci.··t~cs of t!te fjr ;1nd black spruce. Aspen ( Por)t:J~ trP.r!~~loj f1p;:,) often dor.1in2.tes the enrly succession st.-~P.:es 011 bu:cn8o-vv~~r f.!r·:;r:s.

J:'loose is believed to be t'ie only 1\·!ild 1 unr.ul~te no\! .. ·~ .

inhabitin[- the Park, and hBs 'ueen common th:r1 ou.~.-:·1out Lhis en·.-.;, for the last t'nirt y or forty yet: l'~. Prior to tb e :llive:Ji.: of moose, the coribou (RnnfTifP.r c<:ri~~·on) "\·J:-ls soin to be f~:irly abunrh;nt (see Cringr1n, l)l)o). It is no\·J b<.:!lieved tht.:t it h: s vanished from the PDrk. ·

T h !< y 3 r o c1 e s c r :i b e d ~ n t h j. s p: · p P r , i s situs t e t1 c: t l :-. t i­tur1 e h7v42' North, ancllonrritnrle '/1°15' ~·Jest. j.je;:n i 1 l'titud~.. in t1Ie yr:ro is ;~600 feet nbove -cile se:1 level. 'rhe forest clirnnx ch~-1r:1cteristic of the ore; is the 113lr1Ck Snru~c-Fern­J\1oss Clim[,xt ( '1 •• • for0t clirr:~1ciouc· d t Sninette noire nnsocit'~c nux mousses hypnnc6estt Lafond, 1960).

J.1E'l'l1l) D5 While explorinF. n 11:1rt of t1ll~ Chicoutimi Hivcr \·:ntcr::l1vd

on April 21, 1')61, 1·1e C[li1!G :.cr\.lSS a f:,,!t of t\·!O tnoo~e tr:1cl.:; runnin e; (;lose to p:Gth or-. C lo :1~ in r; l}cct ion of tl1 r\f', c tr:1 ~l: ::., f3Il0V!Cd thnt t1,JO JTIOODP., t.1n :Hlult tlrlO Cl C:llf::.~:., h:~cl p:·r\SI:.d there \·fithin the ln;..t, tvJ<!lvn hour:;. Aftc:r follovri.nr~ thc~e trnc;ks in their rev<:!r~•e direction, ror :1 fil1ort cli~:·ti.l1C'I.~, \·:t· vJ8r"G l<~d i111.o H \•!<"!1.1 -cL··J:.i.tli.~t1, nud nltno~;t ne·l f-c1rlil:'it~:·d y: !'d thiJt uppenrnc1 VUl'Y \•Je1.1. !'iUil.ed i'or 0111"' :i.ntclldt:cl intr;n:-;iv~ survey.

:::---f~c i c~nt:i l'i<; n:'!IIC::. t)1.-·'j-;-1 :lltl.n l'r;),!, 1 .:·ri<!-v-r7~t~~)r:i n, 1')1,'/. ~:.,;. Butll ltJtiltl:•l:; \H;l'(: \;d.t;l' :l.dc-:11til'.i(·!d :·:; :Hhtlt, l'<~··:::lt! :•nd c:.'lf.

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ini1';'•tt~(i jn .!''dt~-,]\}lll•. Il11 1 .. 0 1,1::•1. i.i :1,,

' nerj,~dic vi:dt~:-- Nt:r•· J·~:·c 1 t• Lu Ll•t.: )'fiJ'rl c,, :a:]:, ::ur·c: Lil.·d . .i.l. fH;td not bcr·n r0i~tl1:tbi Lr·rl i:y J:FJtt!jt:. 'J'l:o f'ull r~u--.:orJ:, ~~~~, :'l"Jtl rny~;(~lf ptil'ticj pnt.c:cl :iJJ t!lf· ·c~·urVl·Y. 111 rn·cll!T' to 1\!H:p pr.~r:•or;::l hifl:J con:.~t.:)nt, Dl] <·:;tiw· tion:~ 1·lr::rr 111:•tlrJ lJy th0 !~r·r·t(~ indivi­du~l' thr·ou[~hO\lt Ll!C pt.!rj (,d or ~;t1ldy.

The ynrd '"':J:J fir~;t n~~ . .,l:erl into 'chi rt-nu::dr: t~) ,. ( Oo~;t.j r1", 1956), 11 feet, squilrc-: ( 1/)(,!) i1cr~). AJ 1 pelle:t-rroupn, nnc1 nll 't·!oody pl::lnt.s ohovr.~ 2 i'r:e:t in (!] 8V:,i·.ion, Hi t}~in e:'eh C,llLl­rlr~t, vJerc; loc· ted ~::!d tr: n: .. if'crrt.:d to n coordin.:-,te-!JflfH:r chnrt, :-tt n scnlr~ of 5 fr-;r::t t.o i1n inc:l1. Ste:ns of :1ll \·~ood~/ plnnts c;bove h. 5 fc;et in lH:!j rr!Jt \·Jure.: recorc1t;ri on the cl::.:Jrt. by species in onu of the followinr:: dinmete::r (d.b.h.) cl..-~~~!'..;e:!:: 0 . 5 n , 1. 0 rr , 1 • 5" , 2 • 0 n , 3 • 0 11 , h • 0 It , e t c • ; s tJ ems more t li :·, n 2 feet in heif~ht, 1Jut less than 0.25" in c1i(JJ:1eter (d.b.h.)

1 were re corcl od by ~J pee i (~S in eli nrnet er c: lc.J s s 0 o Qil o

The percent of clVtlil;)ble tvd.r,s t]J;!t bed been removed by brov.rsin[~ on eoch stew, \·n:.s i'i.r~>t ef:>tiin;::ted vi~;unlJy ~nd fit­t e d into on e o t" t lJ e f o 11 o Hi n g c 1 <=• s s e s of in t P. n s :i t y :

-6-1 2 3 h

'fhis estj_m.:,tton 1·:ns CLlrrierl out f1imply to obt?in the bt·cl~­ground inf_orm:.1tion required for the~ pli!nnj nr·: of a lllOrc

thorourh study of the bro1::,e connulilption, \·.'llich ,.~~~~1 cE:rried out , aft c.; r t h e c h cll .. t of t h e y; ~ r c1 l1 ~: d b e (·. n co 1 "'p ., e t e ci , 'l s follo\,!S:

1) het1.rG2n 10 and 20 percent of t,JJe broH:;ecl b:~ls::m fir str::!Jn[i, ln ench diD1neter class (d.b.h.), \·H~re selt.~ctcd r ... tl!dumly;

2) for c~;-,ch clin111etur cl;~ss (d. b. h.) , tltE; nve:-r:tf.e nur;ihcr of t\·!ir·:: th:1t h:tcl hc-.H~n brov,r~;t·rl, cl(t~:i:>:L C.iE:d by 0i~tlnc~c:r ;1t noint. of Ero\·:::int,: (d. }J. u.) to the~ nr·:•rE·~·t 1/ lc .. tll of :1:·1 j nell, \-.':.!-: dcter;ni11ed l'y cou1tti11r. ;,nd I!i(!,~.:-illl'irt~·· the; hro\·:~:c:d t\·d PS on every ~;tell! [i{I)IJlll(:cl; 8 notc:ht!cl r I :t~;tj c tr.·ttllll:•tG \·:::~.i 1l~l~:d t.n ru e (I fi 11 I' 8 t II e d • r . b • ;

j) tl1e :lV<-:rn,r•C .(J"rn0.11 \·JEd.!':llt of tv.Ji~-:; i11 t'','!('\1 <l.n.lJ. c):t~;:, 1,ltlri dc!'ti•)'t·;illc:•d \Jy clj tJpi II( il!!d \.ll.~i ["ll.i ilf' ."1 :;;q.tp I u ul' h.•l.\\1(.'1'\1)

1 ~) t o 1 · / ~~ L \! j 1 ~ : : .i n n : 1 <: It r • ] : • : : : ·, ; c 1 .i " 1 ;i 1 11 · \ : · ~' d , ) " v ' : i t. h ~: !t c • : q • : .

(.!C1Pi!JI~''d \·Jii.IJ .'t t•t!:l.:d t.c·!Hitii:~Lt! \:il.l1 :1 :;u,·i.·•:, ,,!' l;l.)t,<;J1('~;

COTTl~::pundlJIJ': itt ::i~',t;! l..O t.ltf· I:lid-!hJitll.!i ,J!' t.l\1· d.n.h. r.l"!\­:;e:;. 'J'lti.' :;l.(:(tl':l h'•'J'U ;! 11101lj i'j •·cl \'(•t': i11ll pj' t.i.,>~ (• Jll't)\IU~;I.'d by ~)ll:t i'~:l'' 1'){,'1;

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O':·f,.·'r.t,··tl' (•1· ''"'' ''''S f))ll'' 1 .l!l{•t'l 't,•r l •.• ,,]~,.·j·->1'\{il)(r ti;r ''Ht·"'"!·'P rl'l'-'-, ), .t -...'• l .... l ·• .. '11/tJ ~ ~ • '" ~ f • •.. • l ~ ~· .f. ( I,. ~ .._ I 4 Y ~ 4 I ,~ • I t •.

bcr of t,".·:ip.n :~overc:d, i11 e:;·ch d.p.b. clr·~1r., 1~y ti•r:: corJ·;-:·­nondin.r:: 1·1o:!.'rl1t fr.ct.or, l.lS obi'.: .inr3d in ~.tcr) 3, nnd :::n::1:n:!.n~·; . -

5) the totr:l '\·:eir.;ht ()f hro·v:~:e !/T'OVi<1r~d by b:-:J ~)IWJ fir \·.': r. obt .. ~ined by multiply·~ nr~ th8 t.otc!l ll1il!11Jr.r of st.er•13 thnt 1!:1(1

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been bro\·::~eri in encL dininE:t~cr cl~1:~s (d. b.h.), by the corr--·~:­pond ine; l;·eight of tli e cla ~ s , c! ~ (-'~E.!t. er::;i n crl ill Gt ep 1.,. '1'},- ~o t ('d v-.reight obtained in rrrum:r!8S '.·::1s con\rr;rr.;:·d in1·.o pounr1G uc.in·' the conversion factor: 1 I\ilocr<•n,m8 = 2. 2 pounds.

The only other species th;.t hr·d been bro\·.'~Jerl in this yard, was ~-~·hite birch, but no stem in the sApling stn,~T.e of this snecies ,,.;cJs nresent. The number of t\·Jir·$ brcn:seci ner stem of l.rhit~ birch Ntts found to be i'r·irly const.!..!nt, r~r·.:;rd­less of' the d. b.h. T1te &ve~,;·pe \·.teight of bro1·:se provtclpr] ner stem Nr.:s rneus1lrecl using procech·lres simil:;r to ·thof·.e usc!d .f·or bals[lm fir, nnd th~s L!Vernr:-e \·!i·S ;.1pplied to ster~:s, rep:,l"dless of the d.b.h.; 6.5~o of the bro".·rE;ed stews '\·Jere Scl!:!pl8d.

In order to ohtnin CJ reli;:;ble cstim;.te of the ncric,d of occupe:nc:·, the Si"1!1ie tv.ro anim:·ls \·Jere Cillo~.-:cd to -~ re-[~e,·.t] (.' in another c. re.~ for ''n exr-1ct perioci of 5. 3 dny~;, Rft.er \:hicl1 the &vor~re r~te of fecnl rle~osition, ncr d~y, ~as establi­shed,. The period of occup;,ncy Htts then dctcJ·l:-Jinf·o b)' di vi­ding the totC"ll number of p8llet- r.roups in tl1 e y:.r·d, by th t=: obtained rnte of deposition.

The averar~e \·reigl!t (air-dry l.'eiP·ht) of indi vichlDl pel­let-r:roups of adult ond cr: lf, '\·I:•s detr-:rmined by 1·:eiphing 20 sn1nnles of e:1ch. The totr-1 "\·rei[)'ht of f.:--teccs th0t lr:~o been voided on the oren .,.,~~s then co::1liUtcct.

rrhe pur!JOSe of the ref1t of t}Je \·Jork \'.'.'!S to deter1nine tlle ossentil!l features of the vnrious sub-ore:·s nfter they had been cl::!ssified by the (ICtivit'i.es th11t h<·d t~d\en plDce in them. 'l'his clAssific;~tion \·:~u done fro1n tl1e d;:1tt1 m:tnnt~rl on the ch~:rt. In order to f0cilit:·te, compilr·tion, dnt8 ·.for ec!Ch indi vidu.:1l quFldrnt v1ere tr<:nsl'errect to n lt" by 6tt file c.~Jrd ..

Since we haci observed ·that moose hD.ve 0 tcnc1ency to defccDte in, or near their beddinr:; sites, all C]UcSrlr0ts in \·Jhi ch pGll et-p:roups vrere present Here D s ~ CJabl e<i, anci c l:H; ni­fied as the 1 ::.:lu~ltcrinp: Sub-A "CU 1 ; qu~dre1ts in , .. ,hich bro\-.r!liltr' ,.,n.s notetl , .. :ere assembled Ctnd cle~snificd ns the 'J"eedinr~ Sub­Aren'; quncirats in ''Jhich bot.h bro1.·nJinr~ nnd pcllet-1~roHp~1 vrere present wcro n~i~~cmblcd, ~111d dc:~1ir:n:1t.(~d :\~3 the 'Fct'dinJ': ond f3be:ltcrin[~ [)ub-J\r(~:l 1 ; qu;1dr:tt.:; in \JlJi<:lt no ~1i!··n of :~c1:.i-v ity 1.;t1;; ll()tnd t·Jore ns!)ntnblL!d tu f'on.J tile~ 1 Jndi.l't'l'~rcnt.. ~Ul1-, tJ.' (.~() T •

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~The distributj.on of the pcll et-::-rronn~1 \·::-.s tr;~~:.-od rH-:•j n~·t the exnected Poi:~~..;on Dintrj hntion j n c;r·dc:r 1.o c~ctcrr:line "'.·::!tlir.·r they ":H:re rrrnclowl:,r dist,ri1·n1t(~d. ( And"!"'··~v:t:l't,ht! ,~:~ H] ::ch, l:J)/:, p. 559); tho Chi-sounre test~ (:Jned0c()r, l~}~){>, p.ht-1 2-h~~.G) \·J.-lfJ

applied.

RESULTS A r:rec:tt cnnount of infortni .. tion r.:n1 be oLt~.inc-!cl from ~n1ch

a survey .. The rE:sult~s o'ttairH:d so f;.r c'rc only frr:;r.rn·3nt;·l, and t ent[!ti ve; v bro:J der vnnly~is of the d:. t::1 colle:!ct eel is planned for the near future.

A totnl of l27h auo.drnts ( 3. 5 Rcrcs) 1,·1as stuoied. Clns­sification of the aundrAts by activity wns as follow~: 1) 'Feeding Sub-Area', 2n3 qundrats; 2) 'Shelterine Sub-Areat, 103 (!Uadrots; 3) 'Fc9ding r.1nd Shelterinr: Sub-Area', ?5 aua­drats; 4) 1Indi2ferent Sub-Arca 1 , Rl3 quadrnts.

Pellet-vrouns A to-.:..·!1 of 2117 pellet-r:rou!)S \·::~~- counted on i:he DreA.

The frequency of 0, 1, 2, etc. grou~s per oua~rnt is nhown in Tnble 1, whc;re their distribution io tes-t:,e!~ ar•:;.:inst t.hc Poisson Distribution. The Chi-sou2.rc V;)lue obt<.tined ( 230.7 ,,Jith 2 dep,ree~ of freedom) indicntes th.:1t their cti!.~tribut.ion departs hip:hly sirsnific~.nltly fro1n the e):})ected Poisson Dis­tributiono Pellet-[r.roups \·.rere conseq1.1ently not voine:d D.t rv.ndorn.

Table 1: DISTfliBliTION OF 1~7l~o (lUAUiu\TS CLJ\~SI>'IED ;~y r·nJ1.~11E11 01,' PELLET Gil.OliPS. !•'IT i'Ell POI~;;=.:;u!·~ DISTHIDU'1'IOH.

=-~~~-------------=-----~T~~s~·r~_o_~~~~;-_IG_;_H~T_1_•'J~c~~~h_u_c~·~~~--~--~~--~~~~~ Pellet J!.roupn Observed Exp8cteri DevirJtion ( Tlev~:.Htion) c--per qut~drnt FrefJuency Frequency from Expectr.:d _________ ....:('-N-1 1-!_r_n h • ~"~u c.1 c1 r • ) Ex11 e c t e d

0 1,102 l 1~7 ?. 2 '1 3 13 h 2 5 1 6 l 7 0 e J.

____ l.;_)._"t.-l:__ ---- ____ () _____ _

Totul: l,27h

+ L) ') r; f~ . (- .... ~

'!" "~ - D.;)n + 7.30

+16.50 0 0 1

0.00

2.6 '? c\ , '· c.). b 2.7

')'1 ·' J •• ,. (I • I·

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c· Ti1~: nvt.·rnr"'t! r:·tA nf nel1c:t-rronp dt!~·'': ·;~-.inn, ~-;~ dr:tr·r-·l:,irF·d l11 t!t~ S(;COl"!d ;n·cr~,·\'l:Jf5 ?1.) [~ronp:~ •.:r tl;1y (ll.<~l f'or t l H':: :: d u l t i' c..: lli • · ] e , : 1 n d <J • u i · o r t ll e c n 1 :r ) ; ; : i. 1 1 c o a t u t ; : 1 o f 2h? r-:r·oHp!:l (110 frn11) 1~Le c::l1f nnc1 13'1 fro:.1 t.it(~ ;,cJnlt f(-'fll;•l,:) \-J:Jc counted i.n thu y:q·d, tl;r• r~criod of occ1~p: ncy \·I:·s cct.c:l-b 1 i ~; 11 c c1 .') t 21~ 7 I 21 • 5 = 11 • 5 c1 n y!; •

11' h C aVer[! ro· C \•[ e j_! )1 t 0 f ~J C i tl f T S p (~ ]_]_ C! t f: T'O U n \·J: I G f 0 U n d to be 0.6 pounds ( nir dry \·J(:i.J~ltt) 1 nnd til:·t of the CON 0. 7 pOUl!clS; the totnl (Iir ury \•!td J·:ht of i>UCC!B Ol'l the i1r8£1 \•!.'iS

thus (110;.: 0.6) + (137 z 0.7) = 162 pounds.

Food HPhit::-; Bol!.:tJll fir, r!nd uhite birch ,.Jere t!il'7! only t\•ro species

thDt Nere browsed in tl1is yt:rd. Spruces ( Picr-;.1 sp~.) \:Jere the only other Hoody pl~nts th~1t offerec1 bro1;::.;c, but ns observerl in Previous stud:i.es in the Parl: (de~; Ti8u1es, 1961), nnd elsei·!hece( Pe'tcrson, 1055; Hoslc-:y, 191/); and others) , this species rloes not Cippear palatnble to moose r1nd \·.ras not bro\':D E:d e

By tl1e nroce3s tl1c:1t hns hecn rlescri bed nncler" the section . -

dealinr~ vriLh ti1r:1 TJ.if:!thods', and ·which can be folloHcl in de-tail in Tnhle ;~, 3, c:nd h, it h<lo b8Gn dct.crwined the3t bnl­sam fir provided 7?0 pounds ( r;reen \·JP.ir:ht) of bro1·.rse, rluring the 11.5 day period, durin13 v1hich t~he YF!rd 1-.·as occupied.

The average \·reir:ht that wns provided by on indivirlual 1:1hite birc..h stem 1·1ns found to be O.J.2 ponnds ([::rt":en '·.reight). Since 1,012 inc1ividual stems had been hrc,·n.>ed, the total ·weight provided by this species \•rns 126 pounrls.

The total food intoke, for the 11.5 day period, was consequently R96 pounds of bro·v.rse; ua1fJarn fir pr·ovided 85.9~~ of this llCit:11t, and 1·1hite birch the rewnininr; lh. J~>~. The dc:lily intnke of bro1·rse, by both nnlrJJal::

1 ,.,as thus approximB­

tely 78 pounrls. If '\·,Te as~ume that tl1e adult fe1:1ale 1·rcir:hcd 1, 200 pounds, and the calf' 350 pounds, \·.'e obtnin an intalce v a lu e of 5 • 0 pc u n d ~ per 1 n1 n d r e ci w c i r h t , p c r c1 n y . In a preY i o us study in t 11 e P 8 r k ( d e !3 i:1 e u 1 c s , 1 ~ H.i 1 ) , a v .=1111. t: of 5 • 6 pound s lla.s been olJt:-.inc~d, by usinr~ a di ffc·rertt r;pprOi!Ch. 1·~ cllum ( 1941) h a s d e t e r rn in e cl t h D t D n a d u 1 t p G n n c d Ill o o s e in p: e G t e d bet \\1 e c n lrO e1nd 50 pouL.d s daily D

'l'he d0.ily intake of browse per llunclrechJeir·~ht, is r:iven here only for purpc·se of cowpnrison. Since t~rowing anitn<1ls }lQVG proportioll11Cllly f~T'C!ilte;~r food r~~(J\lli'(~IdC:lltS thnn udnJ.ts (l.:nynarrl .--. LooDli, 1()~~6), tlH.: rntio of tl1o 1·:eip·ht of f'oeccs void<~d by the c:rlf, to the: \Jc~ir·'ld~ of fncc(~B Vt)idod by tl1e cH1ult fc~lll(tle l·J:t:5 believed to yir:ld n lllOr<~ r.ound C!~3tiwntc of

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1 (). ~\ 1 1 ('J • J .l (). 31 0.15 nil O .. L) 11. ( , 3 . 1,1: () r r O .. lh . , . 1

'1- • _rJ nJ . .J.. nJ.._ ')r· ')IJ '• .I a /.., 5 ~·0

• 4- ;' 1. )3 0. ;1 3 nil nil ') ,. nr· lJ f~q '") lf'i 0 r)l'"l 0.?2 nil / ( • \)!) . ", ... /. ·-· • r ... ,:.

'1" ')3 20.09 6.')1 0. g3 0.16 nil ,_. /

3.0" lOR.g; r> J 1 ? ,_ 1-. t-~- 11.01 1.'/0 0 .1;.2 O.lh 1-r. 0 tl 99 • r/1 1r: .• 57 ') ~ f' / • - i () .1/l nil nil 5 on~-+ JJ(}. 00 1'3 .. 12 l.?S nil nil . 1

• 'lj n1._

T-!.lb1e 3·. nJ .... P"GT' '·'li'Jl'l-''r 01•' DJL"·~· "1'1'1 'tlt·iT("c CLt('("l~''I 1"'D l~Y 0. _._ J1 l! .. tJ\ !J ... ..1 .. J 1 J l .)hi·} I, l ~•~ l,:) H),) J1 .~ ~

DIJ:f!··~'l'l~'t J.'l' PUII!T OF lH~o· .. r.~:E (cl.n.b.)

\'Ieight in grDTni!10.S

1/ (~11

5.8

3 '16 11 . I

21.8

]) . ~ . J_ .::-nne 'J er 177(=

1r6.n

---------~------------~-of 'r~d. rr s ~.Du ') I <! n

) I l .~ '1/l(jlt

100.6 135.0 205.0

Table h: /d OU!·!'l' OF I3EU~·.7;.)!~ YIELDED I!! YJJlD BY El"1C1I DI/d':l~'J'E11 CL:".:;~} OF B:·l.~li .. !·; FIR ( :·rr. -II!'f!P:i)

Diameter of stnrn

0.0 11

0. 511

l.on 1. 511

2.0" 3.0" 4.0" 5 • QHl'r..+

JJumbr~r of stems bru,:n} r=d

[3"0 184 128

61 52 5h 20 ?.6

f..ver;ure yiclc1 per ;_; t c~ m in G •

2 c; ') l,tJ / j. ,.J

179. ~JS 327.7h '7 •")1' '-ll , r,;. • '*~

1 ? c' r O( '·- CJ). / u

1) y 3 (~. :) 2 1,150.73

6'"11,.. "'~)

Total 't·Jei[!.ht. provirlect by boJ.Si.'Jll fir 31;9, ~J>6. lt7 r~ra1mnes npp. 770 pounds

the clt,ily food int~nkF; of encli individunl. J1e~n1ltn from this up}1roncl1 :tre ;1s . .follov.r:J: nfhllt fn!n.·1le, l~t~ ponnds ( fJ:reen VH~if~ht) per d;•y, i.e!., 3.<: poullrl!_i per h11ndred1.teirJ't; cnlf, 32 pouncls per clDy, i.o., 9.1 pOIJTld!:; ~)\3r lntndrc·'(h-,•eip·_llt. Tl!n int.;d\G r:ttio -C(tlf/tHhLI.t- tlll1~i obt:•ill(Hi ( ~-~ .11 ) j_:_; t1lll10~.;t <~qunl to t.lle )';lt·. j 0 or tot,·..! di!''f·\:it:i b]J• 1\llt·.rj ('~l!t~'i (?. 3) , l'e­

qllirt:d 1'nr J1CH'lii:•J. [J)''O\•Jtlt lJ)' h1.!l i'er·~j Of :i d('!l11.lG:Il \!l~i 11:l1t~~, r·~3 c:;•lc:uJ:·l:nc! l'rotn t.lre dnt;' ol' ilitcllc~1 L(in J·.1:ryn:t1·d .':-. Lt)(l::li., J·)~6, p.Jllt>).

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\·J(·;·fr}lt r.J' , 1tr•<.·c ·t'·;J··,..... ; •r:· ·····.,t,. lln bv tl•c• l.r•'1 Vt·•· ;., \...I \J"'-•) •4•(•-,) ...&...~ 1•4\ ..... *' .... , ••• ~w\,• ,Je

Ghrrr:•c:t.0-;-·i z:.t.j t)li of ~:1:1"! 1 Sn1J-/-.rt"!t't;' of ;q:ttvi ~.v '- -~-----.. .. --·--- -·-- -----

'1'1 r:. ,. r~ • • , ... 4

- C·J''J.·; .• ,··i 'I 4 u· ( ,., . .,.,( ··~ ~-: .• c·c-·.··r ,, . .; -1 .'t',·:. .. ·.~--',11"'t• .. ·-. j ..:: IJ ~-. l) I J I . '·' v IJ \ .J. (. v . ~ .. '.. ; ' . ~I lJ : I ~~ •• I •• ·~ • ' v .l. c : • • ~ • - •

o1 the /+ di.l~i'.::l'ent 1 S11b-/ .. 1·r:·:t!~' , ;•;,!H•··r to be l:hr! nnJ:tl,r-r c,f coniferou!":: r;·t~l:!~ liiOre t~liiJl1 3. 5 inch8s in di::!,lc-!ter ( c1. b .. h.), nnci the l11Htlber of b~ll!::un fir s~lplllu·-,::::, Pc~r unit o.f or~c; the for!~cr provide shelter, ;~11d tl1e lnttcr provide bro~'l;3t.;. The reD pecti v e 11Uit1bE~r of !3t el!lS of E.~:1 c h cnt ctory, rn·e!".; Cl !t in ench 1 ~)ub-/~ren', i.z :.:ho\ln in trtu! e ~, :-1l1d in Figure 1. 'l'able 6 .sitou~ tl1e b~:::;,l ,·,r·c[\ (:in ~.Hplr,re feet per c:•cre), occupied by ec1ch spec.:ierJ, i11 uech 'SuL-Areo t ..

flelation of the YFIT'cl to tOD0f··r;.!nhy IJuri11f.: tile survc-:y, l:.!nci ~lcv:·tion!3 \•.rithin the y.:1rd '\·Te­

re measurc:!rl, t:tnci Cl nt.-tp slJO\·Jin[_~ tlle cor1tour lines hr:~s be·2n prepnrcd o The IUOVeli1cnt.s of tlte en:i11wls 1·:ere entirely r8s­tricted to the J·!ortLe;.!~~t fc:1cinp: slope. T11orouJ•:h ann lysis of t h e i n flu en c e o f to () ot·· r r1 n 11 y h ~: s t e en p o s t p o n e rl , u n t i 1 ternperntn1·c :Jncl \·tind d:ttn, for tite conc::rnc:!d r~eriod, nre o bt:d.n ed frolf! the rnet c~orolop:i cul st.::r tj_\ th.:1t t 11 e Dep[1 rt-11lent of LC!nd:.; And Forests oper~·tes, 3 J::.!.lc::~ .South of th8 ..... ~ y ,, ro .

Sub-Area D:-JlGcHll fir Sc.tplilJ·'~S per acre, dbli J.)HP.:-

Con j f or t> us T r c c s p (: r r~ e r c , cl h h 3 . G" & +

Fceclinr: S I 1 E·l terin rr ~ .. Ft;crlinrr .. ~:. Shelterinrr.

\ . Indi r f'C1'l~llt

~)'I~~ :.~Q2

I '3 J .. 1;.75

971.- 39(> ·-··--·-·---

r~ ') l ] • c /....:..:_1 ___________ ~; } ·--------

T;1ble 6: Cll/dU\C'l'l•:lfJZJ;'i'J lll·l Oi•' '1,111·: i<'tlllH ~;lJl~-/\1<1·:1\;; HY TilE n;.~~i~L i~In·:J\ Ui·' 'I'll}•; ~)l'!•:t:·J !·;~; !'!ti·::;,.;:'•l• ( ;.1lU::1'r• f'(\f•1:/t•t'1'l!) ----·------- - -~------

Sub-Ar<~a

1r' c odlii [~ Sh el t or:Ln[~ I•'eerlinr': l:·. Shcltcrint': Jnrlj ffflr·(·nt

·----------

c. 1) • ) ... 'll c (.1 ... ~ ! J ~ ,..' ). ,

3 5 ;TJ.,. -0~~~1u :·~1. 5:1 ·-----

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Nwnber of Coniferous stems per acr~ rl. b. h. :..~ 3". 5

Fi.qure 1: Characterization qf the various 'Sub-Areas' within the ynrrl, by the re 1 n ti ve den~i ty of coniferotlS tree a anri bR1Liarn fir B:t p li ll/~:3.

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nrcc -1 ("";c·· l'~····~l"'"L'' ..... -;,...,,.; ··· '(.1 ,.,....,_ I· ·•n'•r~, .. , .. ,-~. ~11l'T•O~'"(:·,... I"-- ~·- • • ~ .. \4 < • .. L •• '. H .. ... l. ..1. ,.. ... .I (. 1 ( . .. •• ~. l II I J ' d •• ' • • v ~\ppC:;!r!3 tl:~.t ;: V;l11•_:· ,(i!' )0 r')ll!H1~ ( (rc·cn \•.'eiJ':ht) of brO'o'f{~r.: l) r.>.r •·.·~·,··, ...... j 'J~".>r (l~."'" ]. '' ,., "'"t.l

1 'r.:. nt'tl'J• 'It C:· tO 1.'1r~n ,,,•l.J~"•rl ~,rc-.J·r.•:r•-inrr 1;;; C , hI • • _._ ) ~ \. I , r' ' • •' I • • • 1.. .._ ,_ o..J "L • - -· " 1_..- • '-' "-' • '- -. •·· -'- . J

the i"ecd:!.rH·r notf.:t:t:i:ll of [~n .:-:n"OC!. . .

\'li thou~ e:x:,_~r·tinr: undne presf..~ure on the nvail;-ible fooci supply, both nn:i.Jnttl8 l!av c eaten, r.ppc1rcnt~ly orlcq11Dtely, for 11. 5 day:;, on 3 5 f-~/3(~0 n c re of for<::st of nvernp:e qnu] it y ns far os tl1e n-;raiJ.,1iJility of hro1·;::>e is concerned; this \•.rould Sll£:.[~<~s .. c t}~:-~t an indj_vidUF11 i(lCI•.;[;e could obtrlin food for 1nore than 200 dr.:ys of '1·!intc1 r on lCJ acrt:B of si1I1il:1r habitDt.

In internr·ctin;_:: the results of the 3ttempt to charc::cte­rize the different sub-nrcc.:EJ of the yard, sonn-3 cau·tion sl1ould be ex r->rci ~ r.::.d • ....... _.,.)'-...

1) tl1c usc of the pro:-:c:nce of pellet-groups to define the· nhel tcrine <lUC"trt E:rc tends norne\·.rhat to minimize the ..... ...

char~~c~er::; of this ~ub-:-: .• re.n. Since:: all pellet-groups are not ncce::;sarily voirled in the sheltering sub-CJJ'ell, it i:; to be expected t!u;t a certain number of quaci ·c:1ts uhic:'1 telonced to the inr.iffcrcnt sub-nrGa, have been comp.Lll-;d as pC!rt of th c ~h el t c:ri ng co111pou r:nt o It is ell­so to b9 expcc·ted th.:Jt the environJnental factor 1·1hich pro vi d C:! d s 11 C! 1 t e r 1>1.::-! s , o f t c n e 11 o u E h' , tJ i t u D t e rl i n e1 q u n­drnt adjacent to tllfit in "i·!liicll the pellct-r:roup( s) w&s ( \·.rere) voided. If hirLly si fnifi C(:nt rlif f erenc es in the stand coinposition of this area nre never'thele~s obsc ... rved, it must be t.hilt it is stron.r.J.y chC1J'tlCtt3r::'.~?.ed. The nuL1br:!r of 1 sbelter-trc<;s' pc·r unit o.f a run, obtained by tld s rncthor1, nnl!3t conseq11r:1Jtly be lo1..rer 1-.llcln the true val~1·"·, ond is not nue-r~r::::.>tcd as ci reli :-:b.lr:? vr-1lue for w;!nnr:c~lltr::nL.. ~tu<lies of the.~ iJ;JJ:Jc:di~ltt! vicinity of kno1·1n bedding :=-.i-t es, in Dltnt.h er sill1i lt: r :,rard, inht1 bit ed uy the snme \~\·.Jo anirnnls, sup:geDt thl1t the true value is closer to f~OO 'shr::lter-trec?.s 1 pc~r nere.

2 ) 0 n c P1U ~3 t Pt l ~..; o r_, e c ; Ill t i o u s j n in t c= r pre t j. n r: t h c n 11n ~her of b:tlnnrn-fi.r ~;nn l l nF:·i uer ncr·e in the differt~nt sul.-~ . oreil~3 of ·Lite y~ .. rd lJc .. c:tl!~~!~ :H1 j;HlH1rt~~nt pt:-~rr.cnt~lre ui' the!~(~ ~1te::1~; iD UUi!V~·.Ilnh I {.j J't)r bt·ovniint::, bc.:inr~ plF~inly cove:c·r-:d, or bcuL nne! eClvl'rud by sn01.;J. 'l'hc only v.'ny t.o obvi:;,t(-! tld.r: c:ll.lEi' f)i' l~i:,:; \·rottlrl lH: to C~irry out the D U r V C tr \'! }J i 1 0 :l ll f) N l. fl : it i ll 0 J1 i', }1 (! I r l" 0 llll ll •

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Por11l .·J!·.-Lol! t'!.il',it.,.'d.r.~:;, L:r::nd 011 t rJOrlllnl t S\.111lplinP: oi' pcl]ci.-[~!'<Jtlp:j, ::itunld litJL ih! ilt·.t·,r,rll!ll.cHl ·ilt :::jrrtilnr y:11'<ls, ~iincr.: Lhu Cl.i.:;Lril>ttLi.t>lJ of' l.lt•·:;,. '''l'tJlln:~ ,l,·pnr·t:~ ll:ip·Jrlv fJ"ir··ni.-. . . . .. ' r i. c ,') Jl t 1 y J' ('C) Ill t. II i. 1 J 0 i. : 1 : : ( )f I : J i. : ; I. I ' i L I I I. i ()JI • I i I ] 1 n : I ll p 1 . 0 1) r j : I t. p n : ! m p -lill[1

: t(:Citll i mtt' t''t·l!lrl i rt:: tu l~t: dt•V<:l ''PJlt·<i • .I i. ·j :; hi [!'hJ.y :,ll:)!H~r.­tod l.]t;i\~ t!tr: :•:tr:tc! J'(•:iLr·icLir>ll:~ ;lfJIJlV t·.o l.ll,· :::llllll.lillt·· ol' hr·n\:-· ·' • cl (' L .,., • • l ,• ' ; t • • ••

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Crinann, A.'r .. , 1~)5().,( 'Solile ;:r;nccts of tho bio1or'"y of cnrik-nl nnd 1.1 study· of tho \·:-aodlt:nri Ct':r.iiH.JU r:1n.:::c of thr: Sl.·~te IsJ.t,nds, Lcd~e Sur>erj.or, Ont.:n"'io. J·.j.J~. TlH;::ii~ Tiep:.rtmc-~nt of Zoo1or;y, Urd v crsi t y of Toronto. 300 pnr::es.

des Meules, P. , 1 ')61. St urJi es of the fooc1 h.'J b:L t D of moo;, P.

on four y D r ding ;1 r e \ l s in L :.rn r en t i d u D P c=.1 r 1: , C~ u e be c • Unpuhl. renort, typc11ritten. 25 p:lreD.

Hosley, N.V/,., 19h9. The moo::.. c:tnd itn ecolo~y. \'lildl:i.fe leC~­i'let 317., Fish and \.'iidlifc Service, Depe1rtrnent of the Interior, United States, 'Vht~hington 25, D.C. 51 pages.

Kellum, F., 19hl. Cusino 1 s cnntive moose. J-.iich. Cons., Dept. Cons .. , vol. 10, no.. 7, pr:rT'e;, 4--5.

Lafond, A.'· 1960. Notes !JOUr 1 Tidentific2tion de tynes fo­rest i crs des con c essio:-1~; de ln C~ue bc~c North Shure Paper Cor:1pe1ny .. 2ierne edition, B.:!ie Cornc:lu. 93 n;1res ..

Harie-Victorin, fr., 191,.7. Flore lt;nrentienne. Les Frere~1 des Eccles Chr~tiennes, J·iontreal. 916 po.p:es.

J.iaynnrd, L.A., 1956. Anirrwl nutrition .. hth ed., J-1cGr·;n·I-!li11 B o o 1: Co • N .. Y • ~~- i! 4 p .:-: V e s •

Oo s t in g , 1 I • J • , 19 56 • '.l' h e stu rl y of p ln n t co lllll1 unit i c ::J • 2nd edition, \tl. H .. FrE!eluon und Colrlp::tny, Se1n Frc:tnci sco. h40 pages.

..... Peterson, R.L., 1953. Studinfl of the .food lrHbits nn<i the ha­hit:~t nf moose in Ont.:-trio. Contr:Lbutio11~.1 of the Tioy;tl .lt.t:rio J:iuseuln of Zoology ond Pnleontolor:y, n 0 • 3 (; , '1' 0 r 0 n t 0 • l1-9 p D f. C ~j •

Peterson, H.L., ltJ55. North autericnn lrloone. Univ<::!rsity of Toronto PrGu~:;. ~f·~U p:1{-'t~0.

Ho\·le, J ... cj. 1 l'))r). Foro:~t rnl'~i<>H> nf C~H1nr'u. Hul] t"~tin 1~)3, Fo­r~~:ila·y Dr·:!lH.:lJ, Dnp:tr'tl.t,:,,L ni' NoJ't.lJI!l'Il 1\ft'nir::; ~Hld J• J tl t .i 0 n : l 1 n 0 fl 0 U 1 ' (.; I ! D , U t t, : I \ .' ~ l • '/1. p \1 ! ·· (! ti i I J l cl l Ill,· l p •

r.• l1 ., I' f.'• t·• ,J I • ' E • L • , l•) t 'l • I> e v (-: l o p PH ·tr t. : • '' d u v: 1l u: 1 l. i o 11 n 1.' tIt~:~ t \1 J , .. -

<! <J n 1 1 t II! t : Ll1 ' H 1 1 • o r • 1·1 ' .·: : ~ ; 11 1 • i 11 1 .. l11 • \1 \ : : : , • P: ~t ' ' , r · ' 11 • , • : ~ c·1 1 t, , : d .· , t t '' o 1 ' d J 1 ,,, , 1 • t. 11 , · : , : : t~ ·. 1 i 1 r1 1 i , · , . ( : 1 , " 1 \ • , • , 'I' (· l , , 11 n 1 i r: :·: . .Ju1•n I'Jl,l., I~~ 11: ~ ··::, "'itH'Il~·r·: !11 1,.,,.

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. Co.ll CP c; Pre::.;;:' A!IC!.:' Iu,,·:u (> ~~31J pt1Ji:e!3.

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PaDcr nresontco ot the~ Hortheo~;t \'Jj ldl:lf8 Conforc!nce, J.~ont.i­coilo,·N.Y., Nay 1962.

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