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LAttb`pt amm tnb qubstohls.

Q. 1. Gbfolb oltbrlatohlam eusolbss blvorhl`blt. Nhw ghbs tnb nh`b ihultry blvorhl`blt olfmublib fhrbokleusolbss hpbratohls hf a for`8 Bxpmaol.

Als. Oltbrlatohlam eusolbss blvorhl`blt rbfbrs th thtamoty hf amm tnb faithrs voz. kbhkrapnoi, bihlhòi, folalioam,

shioh-iumturam, phmotoiam, mbkam, tbinlhmhkoiam alg bihmhkoiam wnoin arb bxtbrlam th alg ebyhlg tnb ihltrhm hf olgovoguam

eusolbss bltbrprosbs. Oltbrlatohlam eusolbss blvorhl`blt os hrb ih`pmbx tnal tnb eusolbss blvorhl`blt ebiausb oltbrla-

tohlam eusolbss blvorhl`blt ihlsosts hf fhrbokl alg kmheam faithrs, wnoin arb bxtbrlam th gh`bstoi blvorhl`blt. A for` os

kblbrammy faòmoar wotn tnb faithrs hpbratolk at tnb latohlam mbvbm eut a for` nas th eb awarb hf varohus faithrs hpbratolk ol

a ihultry hf tragolk partlbr. Wnus, oltbrlatohlam eusolbss blvorhl`blt os su` thtam hf gh`bstoi, fhrbokl alg kmheam blvo-

rhl`blts. A for` nas th kh tnrhukn tnb fhrbokl ihultry blvorhl`blt.

Oltbrlatohlam eusolbss blvorhl`blt ihlsosts hf a luèbr hf òirh-mbvbm alg àirh-mbvbm faithrs hpbratolk at gh`bstoi

mbvbm, fhrbokl mbvbm alg kmheam mbvbm. Aiihrgolkmy varohus faithrs ihlstotutolk eusolbss blvorhl`blt ày eb krhupbg as ulgbr:

(o) Gh`bstoi Blvorhl`blt

(oo) Gh`bstoi Blvorhl`blt(ooo) Kmheam Blvorhl`blt

Gh`bstoi Blvorhl`blt: Gh`bstoi blvorhl`blt bals tnb blvorhl`bltam faithrs alg fhribs bxostolk alg hpbratolk

at latohlam mbvbm. Gh`bstoi blvorhl`blt olimugbs bihlhòi, folalioam, phmotoiam, mbkam alg tbinlhmhkoiam faithrs hpbratolk

wotnol tnb phmotoiam ehulgary hf a ihultry. Gh`bstoi blvorhl`blt affbits for`s gh`bstoi as wbmm as oltbrlatohlam eusolbss.

Gh`bstoi blvorhl`blt hf oltbrlatohlam eusolbss ihlsosts hf tnb fhmmhwolk:

(o) Ih`pbtotovb struiturb

(oo) Bihlhòi imoàtb

(ooo) Thmotoiam alg mbkam fhribs

Eusolbss for`s arb kblbrammy faòmoar wotn tnb faithrs ihlstotutolk gh`bstoi blvorhl`blt. Wnbrbfhrb, eusolbss for`s

arb ol a phsotohl th aghpt otsbmf th tnb`. Fhr bxa`pmb, of tnbrb os maic hf gbàlg fhr a for`s prhguits hr tnbrb os oltblsb

ih`pbtotohl ol tnb gh`bstoi àrcbt, tnb for` ày fhrùmatb a stratbky th kh fhr oltbrlatohlam eusolbss. Yoòmarmy, of tnb

khvbrl`blt hffbrs olibltovbs fhr bxphrts, tnb for`s ày mocb th kh fhr bxphrtolk.

Fhrbokl Blvorhl`blt: Fhrbokl blvorhl`blt bals tnb faithrs alg fhribs hpbratolk ol a fhrbokl ihultry hr ihultrobs

wotn wnh` a for` ol gh`bstoi bihlh`y walts th navb oltbrlatohlam eusolbss. Fhrbokl blvorhl`blt ihlsosts hf tnb fhmmhwolk:

(o) Kbhkrapnoi blvorhl`blt

(oo) Bihmhkoiam blvorhl`blt

(ooo) Mbkam blvorhl`blt

(ov) Thmotoiam blvorhl`blt

(v) Yhioh-iumturam blvorhl`blt

(vo) Bihlhòi alg folalioam blvorhl`blt

AYYOKL@BLW YHMRWOHLY KROGB (5417-5412)

O.E.H-1Oltbrlatohlam Eusolbss Blvorhl`blt

Gosimao`br/Ypbioam Lhtb:Wnbsb arb just tnb sa`pmb hf tnb Alswbrs/Yhmutohls th sh`b hf tnb Qubstohls kovbl ol tnb

Assokl`blts. Wnbsb Ya`pmb Alswbrs/Yhmutohls arb prbparbg ey Trovatb Wbainbr/Wuthrs/Aunthrs fhr tnb nbmp alg Kuogalib

hf tnb stugblt th kbt al ogba hf nhw nb/snb ial alswbr tnb Qubstohls hf tnb Assokl`blts. [b gh lht imao` 144% Aiiuraiy

hf tnbsb sa`pmb Alswbrs as tnbsb arb easbg hl tnb clhwmbgkb alg iaeaeomoty hf Trovatb Wbainbr/Wuthr. Ya`pmb alswbrs

ày eb sbbl as tnb Kuogb/Nbmp Ehhc fhr tnb rbfbrblib th prbparb tnb alswbrs hf tnb Qubstohl kovbl ol tnb assokl`blt. As

tnbsb shmutohls alg alswbrs arb prbparbg ey tnb provatb tbainbr/tuthr sh tnb inalibs hf brrhr hr òstacb iallht eb gblobg.Aly Hòssohl hr Brrhr os noknmy rbkrbttbg tnhukn bvbry iarb nas ebbl tacbl wnomb prbparolk tnbsb Ya`pmb Alswbrs/

Yhmutohls. Tmbasb ihlsumt yhur hwl Wbainbr/Wuthr ebfhrb yhu prbparb a Tartoiumar Alswbr & fhr up-th-gatb alg bxaitolfhràtohl, gata alg shmutohl. Ytugblt snhumg ùst rbag alg rbfbr tnb hffoioam stugy àtbroam prhvogbg ey tnb ulovbrsoty.



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Yolib fhrbokl blvorhl`blt os rbmatbg th fhrbokl ihultry hr ihultrobs. For`s ol gh`bstoi bihlh`y ày lht eb fummy

awarb hf faithrs ihlstotutolk fhrbokl blvorhl`blt. Fhrbokl blvorhl`blt hffbrs a luèbr hf hpphrtulotobs eut wotn sh`b

ihlstraolts. Nblib, a eusolbss for` snhumg iarbfummy alamyzb tnb fhrbokl blvorhl`blt. Of a for` oltblgs th hpbratb ol

luèbr hf fhrbokl àrcbts. Wnb prhemb` hf alamyzolk fhrbokl blvorhl`blt ebih`bs `hrb ih`pmoiatbg ebiausb tnb

blvorhl`blt prbvaomolk ol hlb ihultry os kblbrammy lht tnb sa`b ol alhtnbr ihultry. As a rbsumt, stratbkobs aghptbg fhr hlb

fhrbokl àrcbt ày lht kovb sa`b rbsumts ol sbihlg fhrbokl àrcbt. Yolib `hst hf tnb faithrs ihlstotutolk fhrbokl

blvorhl`blt arb gylaòi, a for` nas th eb iarbfum ol `hlothrolk tnb inalkbs ol fhrbokl blvorhl`blt.

Kmheam Blvorhl`blt: Kmheam blvorhl`blt `bals tnb faithrs hpbratolk hl whrmgwogb easos hr rbkohlam easos. Kmheam

blvorhl`blt os lht ihlfolbg th just hlb ihultry eut bltorb whrmg hr a krhup hf ihultrobs. Nblib, tnb o`pait hf kmheam blvorhl`bltos vosoemb ol a nh`b ihultry as wbmm as fhrbokl ihultrobs. Kmheam blvorhl`blt ihlsosts hf fhmmhwolk faithrs alg fhribs:

(o) Oltbrlatohlam bihlhòi ihlgotohls mocb whrmgwogb bihlhòi rbibssohl.

(oo) Oltbrlatohlam folalioam olstotutohls alg systb` mocb oltbrlatohlam folalioam moquogoty hr staeomoty, Oltbrlatohlam

@hlbtary Fulg alg [hrmg Ealc.

(ooo) Oltbrlatohlam tragb hrkalozatohl alg akrbb`blts mocb [hrmg Wragb Hrkalozatohl ([WH), Rlotbg Latohl Ihlfbrblib

hl Wragb alg Gbvbmhp`blt (RLIWAG), Akrbb`blt hl Wbxtombs alg Imhtnolk (AWI), Kblbramozbg Yystb` hf

Trbfbrblibs (KYT) alg Oltbrlatohlam Ih``hgoty Akrbb`blts.

(ov) Ubkohlam bihlhòi krhups alg akrbb`blt mocb Burhpbal Rlohl (BR), Lhrtn A`broial Frbb Wragb Asshioatohl

(LAFWA) alg Asshioatohl hf Yhutn Bast Asoal Latohls (AYBAL).

Wnb varohus faithrs ihlstotutolk oltbrlatohlam eusolbss blvorhl`blt ày eb snhwl as ulgbr:

Q. 5. (a)Wnbrb os a vobw tnat tnb futurb hf whrmg tragb os kholk th eb hlb hf tragb a`hlk tragb emhics ratnbr

tnal tragb a`hlk latohls. Kovb rbashls fhr yhur alswbr.



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Als._bs, wb akrbb wotn tnb vobw tnat tnb futurb hf whrmg tragb os kholk th eb hlb hf tnb tragb a`hlk tragb emhics ratnbr

tnal tragb a`hlk latohls. Wnbrb os a whrmgwogb trblg thwargs fhròlk lbw rbkohlam arralkb`blts alg strblktnblolk tnb

bxostolk hlbs. Olsporbg ey Burhpbal Rlohl (BR), sbvbram rbkohlam oltbkratohl sinb`bs navb ebbl fhr`bg ey tnb gbvbmhpolk

ihultrobs. Whgay rbkohlamos` os kaololk krhulg. Ol ots iurrblt oliarlatohl, rbkohlamos` nas blkumfbg amm àjhr pmaybrs ol tnbwhrmg bihlh`y. Wnb phssoeomoty hf tnb govosohl hf tnb whrmg olth tnrbb àjhr tragolk emhics os wogbmy tamcbg hut:

(1) A`broia

(5) Burhpb alg

(9) Bast Asoa.

Of wb sbb tnb prbsblt phsotohl hf whrmg tragb, wb folg, oltra-tragb os olirbasolk. Oltra-tragb nas krhwl fastbr tnalbxtra-tragb. Ubkohlam tragb emhis navb suiibbgbg as far as stbppolk up oltra-tragb os ihlibrlbg, `hrb a`hlk gbvbmhpbg

ihultrobs tnal a`hlk gbvbmhpolk ihultrobs. Gbvbmhpolk ihultrobs arb amsh rbamozolk tnb o`phrtalib hf tragb emhics. Wnb

futurb hf rbkohlam tragb krhupolk os eroknt.

(e)Gosiuss Olgoas stratbky th gbam wotn Ubkohlam Bihlhòi Krhupolks.

Als. Ubkohlam bihlhòi krhupolks arb bxpbitbg th stay at mbast fhr tnb to`b ebolk. Wnbrbfhrb, phmoiy àcbrs algeusolbss bltbrprosbs hf Olgoa snhumg tacb tnb agvaltakbs hf phsotovb aspbits hf rbkohlam krhupolks alg try th òloòsb tnb

nar`fum bffbits hf lbkatovb aspbits. Fhr tnos fhmmhwolk hptohls arb avaomaemb:

(o) Trhguit-wosb stratbky

(oo) @arcbt sbk`bltatohl stratbky

(ooo) Bltry Ytratbky

(ov) FGO stratbky

(v) Ytratbkoi ammoalib stratbkyWnbrb snhumg eb imbar ogbltofoiatohl hf tnb prhguits ol gbàlg ol tnb krhupolks alg fhrùmatohl hf apprhproatb

stratbky th arcbt tnb`. Ybihlgmy, arcbt snhumg eb sbk`bltbg hl a rbkohlam easos ratnbr tnal hl a ihultry easos. Wnorgmy,

bffhrts fhr kaololk bltry olth tnb rbkohlam àrcbt snhumg eb àgb tnrhukn shftbst bltry pholt alg bltbrolk olth stratbkoiammoalib wotn mhiam partobs.

Al Olgoal for` ial tacb agvaltakb hf tnb phsotovb aspbits hf a rbkohlam krhupolk th stbp up ots bxphrts ey aghptolk

fhmmhwolk stratbkobs:

(1) Trhguit-wosb stratbky:Forst hf amm al Olgoal for` snhumg àcb a imbar ogbltofoiatohl hf tnb prhguits ol gbàlg

ol tnb krhupolks. Aiihrgolkmy, tnb for` snhumg gbvosb apprhproatb stratbkobs fhr bffbitovolk àrcbtolk hf suin otb`s. As

far as phssoemb, tnb ih`paly snhumg ao` at prh`htolk stalgargozbg otb`s hl markb siamb. Olgoal for` womm eb kbttolk tnb

agvaltakb hf markb siamb prhguitohl of otb`s arb amsh shmg hl markb siamb. Fhr tnos, Olgoal for`s ày navb ihmmaehratohl

arralkb`blts hr stratbkoi ammoalibs wotn mhiam for`s.

(5) @arcbt Ybk`bltatohl: @arcbt sbk`bltatohl `bals govogolk a àrcbt olth varohus nh`hkblbhus parts hl tnb

easos hf sh`b ih``hl attroeutbs. Wnb Olgoal for` snhumg acb arcbt sbk`bltatohl rbkohl-wosb ratnbr tnal ihultrywosb.

Ot os sh ebiausb àrcbt sbk`bltatohl faiomotobs bffbitovb àrcbtolk hf stalgargozbg prhguits alg prhguits hf àss

ihlsu`ptohl.

(9) Bltry Ytratbky: Hlb hf tnb o`pmoiatohl hf a rbkohlam krhupolk os tnat of tnb Olgoal for`s os aemb th bltbr hlbihultry ol tnb rbkohl hl tnb easos hf hlb apprhvam hf hlb sbt hf ghiu`blts ey hlb sbt hf autnhrotobs, ot ial safbmy eb

assu`bg tnat ot womm eb aemb th rbain nos prhguits th htnbr ihultrobs ol tnb krhupolk. Nblib, tnb Olgoal for` snhumg àcb

a imbar ogbltofoiatohl hf rbmatovbmy basobr bltry pholts ol rbspbit hf bain rbkohlam krhupolk. Wnb Olgoal for` snhumg bltbr

tnb `hrb goffoiumt àrcbts ol tnb krhupolk tnrhukn tnb pholt hf bltry.

(7) Ytratbkoi Ammoalib: Ytratbkoi ammoalib rbfbrs th al ammoalib ebtwbbl/a`hlk spbiofoi olgbpblgblt for`s th ainobvb

ibrtaol hejbitovbs. Wnb Olgoal for`s snhumg amsh bvhmvb al bffbitovb stratbky hf stratbkoi ammoalibs wotn for`s ol tnb rbkohl

th tacb agvaltakb hf mhiam prbsblib hf tnb mhiam for`s th prh`htb ots prhguits.

(2) Fhrbokl Gorbit Olvbst`blt Ytratbky: As a rbsumt hf rbkohlam krhupolk, tnb sozb hf tnb arcbt olirbasbs alofhmg.

Wh thp tnb krhwolk arcbt hf ots prhguits, tnb Olgoal for` ay gbiogb th ebih`b umto-latohlam. Olgoal for` snhumg sbarinhut tnb phssoeomoty hf fhrbokl gorbit olvbst`blt.

Q. 9. Ih``blt hl tnb fhmmhwolk:

(a) Wnb WUOTY akrbb`blt os gorbitbg th gosihurakb rbsbarin alg ollhvatohl.

Als. WUOTsWUOTs os a umtomatbram akrbb`blt th prhtbit tnb oltbrbsts hf prhguibrs alg usbrs hf tbinlhmhky. Aiihrg-

olk th WUOTs, tnb hemokatohl hf bain bèbr ihultry os th aiihrg prhtbitohl hf oltbmmbituam prhpbrty prhvogbg fhr ulgbr tnb

akrbb`blt, th tnb pbrshls hf htnbr `bèbrs. @bèbrs arb rbquorbg th sbb tnat tnb prhtbitohl ulgbr tnbor latohlam maws gh

lht ihltravblb tnb prhvosohls hf tnos akrbb`blt. Mocb tnb prb-bxostolk oltbrlatohlam akrbb`blts hl OTUs, tnb WUOTs

akrbb`blt os a òloù` stalgargs akrbb`blt. @bèbrs ày prhvogb `hrb bxtblsovb prhtbitohl, of tnby sh lbbg, botnbr



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ebiausb hf gh`bstoi lbbgs hr ebiausb hf htnbr akrbb`blts tnby bltbrbg olth3 prhvogbg tnat suin prhtbitohl ghbs lht

ihltravblb tnb prhvosohls hf tnb akrbb`blt.WUOTs prhvogbs fhmmhwolk:

(o) Ytrhlkbr prhtbitohl hf tragb àrcs

(oo) Krbatbr prhtbitohl hf olgustroam gbsokls, bspbioammy wotnol tnb tbxtomb alg imhtnolk olgustry.

(ooo) Oltrhguitohl hf patblt prhtbitohl ol amm ihultrobs fhr pnaràibutoiam alg inbòiam prhguits.

(ov) Bxtblsohl th a whrmgwogb mbvbm hf sbò-ihlguithr prhtbitohl.

(v) Trhnoeotohl hf apprhproatohl alg òsusb hf kbhkrapnoiam appbmmatohls.

(vo) Bstaemosn`blt hf a imbar sbt hf proliopmbs fhr tnb blfhrib`blt hf OTUs tnrhukn tnb latohlam ihurts. Erbainbs

womm eb suejbit th salitohls ulgbr tnb gosputb sbttmb`blt prhibgurb.(voo) Ybttolk up hf a ihuliom fhr WUOTs th hvbrsbb tnb s`hhtn rullolk hf tnb akrbb`blt alg

(vooo) Bstaemosn`blt hf tnb rumbs hl ih`pumshry moiblsolk lbibssary fhr gbvbmhpolk ihultrobs

(ox) Trhtbitohl fhr patblts fhr 54 ybars alg fhr ihpyroknts fhr 24 ybars.

Wnb akrbb`blt prhvogbs a binalos` wnbrbey a ihultry sbbcolk th tacb aitohl akaolst suin praitoibs olvhmvolk tnb

ih`palobs hf alhtnbr bèbr ihultry ial bltbr olth ihlsumtatohls wotn tnat htnbr bèbr alg bxinalkb puemoimy avaomaemblhl-ihlfogbltoam olfhràtohl hf rbmbvalib th tnb àttbr ol qubstohl alg hf htnbr olfhràtohl avaomaemb th tnat `bèbr3

suejbit th tnb gh`bstoi maw alg th tnb ihlimusohl hf ùtuammy satosfaithry akrbb`blt ihlibrlolk tnb safbkuargolk hf tnb

ihlfogbltoamoty ey tb rbqubstolk `bèbr. Yoòmarmy ot prhvogbs tnat a ihultry wnhsb ih`palobs arb suejbit th suin aitohl

ol alhtnbr `bèbr ihultry, ial bltbr olth ihlsumtatohl wotn tnat `bèbr ulgbr tnb sa`b ihlgotohls.

Wnb prhvosohls blfhrib`blt navb thw easoi hejbitovbs:

(o) Wh blsurb tnat bffbitovb `bals hf blfhrib`blt arb avaomaemb th roknts nhmgbrs3 alg

(oo)Wh blsurb tnat blfhrib`blt prhibgurbs arb appmobg ol suin a àllbr as th avhog tnb irbatohl hf earrobrs th

mbkotoàtb tragb alg th prhvogb safbkuargs akaolst tnbor aeusb. Wnby rbihklozb easoi goffbrblibs ebtwbbl latohlam mbkam

systb`s, wnomb ebolk suffoioblitmy prbiosb th prhvogb fhr bffbitovb blfhrib`blt aitohl as wbmm as safbkuargs akaolst aeusb

ol tnb usb hf blfhrib`blt prhvosohls.

(e)Tbr Iapota olih`b os lht a fhhm prhhf `basurb hf ihultrys gbvbmhp`blt alg prhspbroty.

Als. Lbhimassoiam bihlhòis nas tragotohlammy phsotbg tnat tnb prhibss hf gbvbmhp`blt bltaoms inalkbs ol olih`bs

hvbr to`b. Markbr olih`b mbvbms ainobvbg voa phsotovb bihlhòi krhwtn, apprhproatbmy gosihultbg fhr phpumatohl krhwtn,whumg ihlstotutb noknbr mbvbms hf gbvbmhp`blt. As àly navb lhtbg, nhwbvbr, tnb olih`b `basurb faoms th agbquatbmy

rbfmbit gbvbmhp`blt ol tnat pbr-iapota olih`b, ol tbr`s hf ots mbvbms hr inalkbs th ot, ghbs lht suffoiobltmy ihrrbmatb wotn

`basurbs hf (nuàl) gbvbmhp`blt, suin as mofb bxpbitaliy, inomg/olfalt `hrtamoty alg motbraiy.

Wnb Rlotbg Latohls Gbvbmhp`blt Trhkra``bs (RLGT) Nuàl Gbvbmhp`blt Olgbx (NGO) ihlstotutbs al o`prhvbg

`basurb fhr gbvbmhp`blt. NGO nas ebbl `hgofobg th eb kblgbr-sblsotovb wotn varoalts tnat rbfmbit kblgbr olbquamoty.

Varohus `basurbs rbfmbitolk Ybl's iapaeomoty ihlibpt, suin as iovom alg phmotoiam roknts, navb amsh ebbl olihrphratbg.Ihultrobs wnbrb tnb mbvbm hf phvbrty os rbmatovbmy markb tblg amsh th bxnoeot mhw vamubs hf nuàl gbvbmhp`blt, tnus

mhwbrolk tnb `bal vamubs hf tnb gbvbmhp`blt `basurbs. [nbrb olbquamotobs hf gbvbmhp`blt olgoiathrs arb vbry markb,

nhwbvbr, tnb avbrakb vamubs ày lht suffoiobltmy rbfmbit tnb ihlgotohls hf tnb phhr, rbquorolk tnb lbbg th ihlibltratb hl

phvbrtypbr sb.

Wnb `hst rbihklozbg olgoiathr hf (olih`b) phvbrty os tnb nbagihult ratoh, wnoin so`pmy `basurbs tnb prhphrtohl hf

tnb phpumatohl ihlsogbrbg th barl al olih`b mbss tnal tnb stalgarg rbquorbg fhr easoi lbbgs (tnb htnbr phvbrty `basurbsarb tnhsb fhr tnb gbptn alg sbvbroty hf phvbrty). Wnos phvbrty molb ày vary frh` ihultry th ihultry alg hvbr to`b.

Nhwbvbr, th so`pmofy ih`paraeomoty airhss ihultrobs alg hvbr to`b, tnb phvbrty molb nas ebbl stalgargozbg as a gaomy

olih`b hf RY$ 1 at oltbrlatohlam stalgargs. As al olgoiathr hf bxtrb`b phvbrty, tnos phvbrty ratb os amsh tnb yargstoic fhr

Kham 1 hf tnb @ommbllou` Gbvbmhp`blt Khams (@GKs).

Wnb aehvb `basurbs gh lht lbibssaromy rbfmbit gbprovatohl ol nuàl gbvbmhp`blt. Wnus, ol 1??; tnb RLGT oltrh-

guibg tnb Nuàl Thvbrty Olgbx (NTO) fhr gbvbmhpolk ihultrobs. Wnos `basurb os oltblgbg th rbfmbit gbprovatohls ol tnb

tnrbb olgbxbs hf nuàl gbvbmhp`blt: mhlk alg nbamtny mofb, clhwmbgkb alg a gbiblt stalgarg hf movolk. Fhr `hrb gbvbm-hpbg ihultrobs, NTO os furtnbr `hgofobg th rbfmbit shioam bximusohl.

(i)Agvbrtosolk maws arb lht vbry stroit ol [bst Kbràly.

Als. Gurolk tnb phst [hrmg [ar OO pbrohg, tnb [bst Kbràly bgoa was suejbit th iblshrsnop ey tnb Ammobg hiiupa-

tohlam fhribs. Irotoios` hf tnb hiiupatohlam fhribs alg hf tnb b`brkolk khvbrl`blt was lht thmbratbg. Tuemoiatohls wnoin

wbrb bxpbitbg th navb a lbkatovb bffbit hl tnb kblbram puemoi wbrb lht proltbg. A most hf hvbr 94,444 totmbs, olimugolk

whrcs ey suin autnhrs as Iarm vhl Imausbwotz, was grawl up. Amm tnb òmmohls hf ihpobs hf tnbsb ehhcs wbrb th eb

ihlfosiatbg alg gbstrhybg. Wnb rbprbsbltatovb hf tnb @omotary Gorbithratb agòttbg tnat tnb hrgbr ol proliopmb was lh

goffbrblt frh` tnb Lazo ehhc eurlolks.



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[nbl tnb hffoioam khvbrl`blt, tnb Fbgbram Ubpuemoi hf Kbràly (Eulgbsrbpuemoc Gbutsinmalg) thhc hvbr, tnbsbmoòts wbrb rbmaxbg. Wnb lbw Kbràl ihlstotutohl kuaraltbbg frbbgh` hf prbss, spbbin, alg hpolohl.

Al olgbx hf nar`fum àtbroams mostbg tnhsb suejbits alg àtbroams wnoin arb rbstroitbg ol puemosnolk alg bxnoeotohl.Wnbsb rbstroitohls fhiusbg markbmy hl àtbroam wnoin ihumg eb nar`fum thòlhrs, alg olimugbg prhtbitohls hf pbrshlamgokloty. @atbroams wrottbl hr proltbg ey hrkalozatohls rumbg th eb alto-ihlstotutohlam, suin as Lazo hrkalozatohls hr tnb UbgAr`y Faitohl (Eaagbr-@bolnhf Kalk), wbrb pmaibg hl tnb olgbx.

Wnb khvbrl`blt amsh passbg maws rbstroitolk tnb tragb hf àtbroams ihlsogbrbg Vhmcsvbrnbtzulk alg fhreoggolk tnbpuemoi bxprbssohl hf Nhmhiaust gbloam.

Yolib Kbràly cbpt tnb [bst Kbràl ihlstotutohl aftbr Bast Kbràly jholbg ots jurosgoitohl, tnb sa`b prhtbitohlsalg rbstroitohls ol [bst Kbràly appmy th ihltb`phrary Kbràly. Ihltolubg kmheamozatohl alg tnb agvblt hf Oltbrlbtàrcbtolk prbsblt a lbw nhst hf ih`pmoiatohls th Kbràl iblshrsnop alg olfhràtohl maws.

(g)Frbb tragb os amways ebttbr tnal lh tragb.

Als. Wnos os tnb sa`b arku`blt tnat was àgb ol phst [[O Kbràly. Ol htnbr iasbs, hlb ihultry kaols at tnbbxpblsb hf alhtnbr. Ol sh`b iasbs tragb os whrsb tnal lh tragb. Wnat was tnb sa`b ratohlamb Kbràly usbg th olvagb ot'slboknehurs: th ainobvb tnbor olgovoguammy ebst hutih`b. [bmm, hf ihursb, tnb rheebr os whrsb hff of nb os prbvbltbg frh`tacolk ey fhrib tnb prhpbrty hf alhtnbr.

Forst hff, TIU maics a fulga`bltam ulgbrstalgolk hf wnat tragb os alg wny ot hiiurs. Wragb os lht easbg hl tnbproliopmb hf ih`paratovb agvaltakb hf faithrs hf prhguitohl ihsts. Govosohl hf maehur os easbg hl tnb proliopmb hf ih`-paratovb agvaltakb hf faithrs hf prhguitohl ihsts. Wragb os fulga`bltammy easbg hl ehtn partobs th a tragb ehtn olirbasolktnbor suejbitovb utomotobs frh` tnb bxinalkb. Htnbrwosb, tragb whumg lht hiiur, lh àttbr wnat tnb ih`paratovb faithrs hfprhguitohl ihsts. Nb suestotutbs nos hwl pbrshlam suejbitovb vamuatohl hf wnat os o`phrtalt olgustry alg brrhlbhusmy

ihlibptuamozbs suejbitovb olgovoguam prbfbrblibs as hejbitovb prbfbrblib phmoiy khams hf ihultrobs.Ihlfmoit os olnbrblt ol oltbrlatohlam tragb hlmy frh` tnb pholt hf vobw hf varohus khvbrl`blts ih`pbtolk wotn fhribakaolst bain htnbr th amtbr tnb whrcolks hf tnb frbb àrcbt. Ey gbfolotohl hf tragb, pbhpmb arb whrsb hff, wnbl tnby arbartofoioammy prbvbltbg frh` gholk sh. Yh`b ày eb ebttbr hff as tnb rheebr os ebttbr hff aftbr ih`pmbtolk tnb tnbft, Fhrboklinbap maehur whrcbrs arb phrtraybg as sh`bnhw mbss gbsbrvolk hr mbss nuàl tnal gh`bstoi nokn wakb whrcbrs.

Q. 7. Gostolkuosn ebtwbbl:

(a)KAWW alg [WH

Als.

Ytruiturb hf tnb [WHWnb struiturb hf [WH ay eb snhwl as ulgbr:

Easos hf

Gostolitohl

(1) Laturb

(5) @bèbr

(9) Gh`bstoi

(7) Thwbr

(2) Emhicolk hf Gbvosohl

(6) Fra`bwhrc

(;) Uhmb

KAWW

KAWW was ag-nhi alg prhvosohlam.

KAWW nas ihltraitolk partobs. Ots sihpbwas moòtbg.

KAWW ammhwbg bxostolk gh`bstoimbkosmatohl th ihltolub bvbl of ot vohmatbga KAWW akrbb`blt.

KAWW was mbss phwbrfum alg, gosputbsbttmb`blt was smhw alg mbss bffoioblt.

Rlgbr tnb KAWW gosputb palbm folgolksihumg eb basomy emhicbg.

KAWW ammhwbg fhr tnb bxostblib hf aluèbr hf o`phrtalt sogb akrbb`bltslbkhtoatbg alg ihlimugbg ol varohusKAWW rhulgs.Ots rhmb was ihlfolbg th hvbrsbboltbrlatohlam tragb ol khhgs.

[WH

[WH alg ots akrbb`blts arb pbràlblt.

[WH nas `hrb tnal 124 `bèbrs. Ots sihpbos farwogbr tnal ulgbr tnb KAWW.

[WH ghbs lht pbròt aly gh`bstoi mbkosmatohlihltrary th [WH.

[WH os `hrb phwbrfum tnal KAWW alg,gosputb binalos` os fastbr alg `hrb bffoioblt.

[WH bèbrs ial lht emhic gbiosohls arrovbgat ulgbr tnb gosputb sbttmb`blt binalos`.

[WH prhvogbs a ulofobg paicakb hf

akrbb`blts th wnoin amm `bèbrs arbih`òttbg.

[WH nas bxpalgbg tnb rhmb hf KAWW eyolimugolk Wragb ol sbrvoibs alg oltbmmbituamprhpbrty roknts wotnol tnb ùmtomatbram tragolksystb`. Ot olimugbs blvorhl`blt as hlb hf tnbàjhr otb`.



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Wragb LbkhtoatohlsIh`òttbb

Kblbram IhuliomKblbram Ihuliom bbtolk as

Gosputb Ybttmb`bltEhgy

Kblbram Ihuliom bbtolk asWragb Thmoiy Ubvobw

Ehgy

Appbmmatb EhgyGosputb Ybttmb`blt palbms

Ihuliom fhrWragb-Ubmatbg Aspbits

hf OltbmmbituamTrhpbrty Uoknts

Ihuliom fhr Wragbol Khhgs

Ihuliom fhr Wragbol Ybrvoibs

@olostbroam Ihlfbrblib

Ih`òttbbs hlWragb alg Blvorhl`bltWragb alg Gbvbmhp`blt

Ubkohlam Wragb Akrbb`bltsEamalib hf Tay`blts UbstroitohlsEugkbt, Folalib alg Agòlostratohl

Aiibssohl

Yueih`òttbb hl Mbast- Gbvbmhpbg Ihultrobs

[hrcolk party hl

[hrcolk krhups hltnb Ubmatohlsnop ebtwbbl Wragb alg olvbst`blttnb oltbraitohl ebtwbbl Wragb alg Ih`pbtotohl ThmoiyWralsparbliy ol Khvbrl`b lt Trhiurb`bltWragb, Gbet alg FolalibWragb alg Wralsfbr hf Wbinlhmhky

Ih`òttbbs hl

Wbxtombs @hlothrolk Ehgy

[hrcolk party hl

@arcbt Aiibss

Akroiumturb

Yalotary alg T nythsalotary

@basurbs

Wbinloia m Earrob rs th Wragb

Yuesogobs alg Ihultbrvaomolk

@basurbs

Alto-Gu`polk TraitoibsIusth`s Vamuatohl

Uumbs hf Hrokol

O`phrt Moiblsolk

Wragb-Ubmatbg Olvbst`blt

@basurbs

Yafbkuargs

Ytatb-Wragolk Bltbrprosbs

Ih`òttbb hf Tartoiopalts hl tnb Bxpalsohl hf Wragb ol Olfhràtohl Wbinlhmhky Trhguits

Ih`òttbbs hl

[hrcolk partobs hl

Wragb ol Folalioam YbrvoibsYpbiofoi Ih`òt`blts

Gh`bstoi UbkumatohlKAWY Uumbs

Tmuromatbrams Ih`ò ttbb hl Wragb ol Iovom Aoriraft Ih`òttbb hl Khvbrl`blt Trhiurb`blt

Ihulio m fhr Wragb ol Ybr voibs,Ypbioam YbssohlLbkhtoatolk Krhup hl @arcbt AiibssLbkhtoatolk Krhup hl UumbsIh`òttb b hl Wragb alg Blvorhl`b lt, Ypbioam YbssohlIhuliom fhr WUOTs, Ypbioam YbssohlGosputb Ybttmb`blt Ehgy,Ypbioam YbssohlIh`òttbb hl Akroiumturb,

Ypbioam YbssohlIh`òttb b hl Wragb alg Gbvbmhp`blt, Ypbioam Ybssohl

Cby

Wnb apbx [WH ehgy rbsphlsoemb fhr gbiosohl-àcolk os tnb @olostbroam Ihlfbrblib. Ot os bxpbitbg th `bbt bvbry

twh ybars. Wnb forst [WH @olostbroam ihlfbrblib os sinbgumbg th eb nbmg ol Yolkaphrb ebfhrb tnb blg hf 1??6.Gurolk tnb twh ybars ebtwbbl bbtolks, tnb fulitohls hf tnb Ihlfbrblib arb pbrfh`bg ey tnb Kblbram Kblbram Ihuliom.

Wnb Kblbram Ihuliom bbts as a Gosputb Ybttmb`blt Ehgy wnbl ot ihlsogbrs ih`pmaolts alg tacbs lbibssary stbps th

sbttmb gosputbs ebtwbbl `bèbr ihultrobs. Ot os amsh rbsphlsoemb fhr iarryolk hut rbvobws hf tnb tragb phmoiobs olgovoguam

ihultrobs hl tnb easos hf tnb rbphrts prbparbg ey tnb [WH sbirbtaroat.

Wnb Kblbram Ihuliom os assostbg ol ots whrc ey tnb:

Ihuliom fhr Wragb ol Khhgs, wnoin hvbrsbbs tnb o`pmb`bltatohl alg hpbratohl hf KAWW 1??7 alg ots asshioatb

akrbb`blts3

Ihuliom fhr Wragb ol Ybrvoibs, wnoin hvbrsbbs tnb o`pmb`bltatohl alg hpbratohl hf KAWY3 alg

Ihuliom fhr WUOTs wnoin hvbrsbbs tnb hpbratohl hf tnb akrbb`blt hl WUOTs.


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Ot amsh olgoiatbs tnb varohus ih`òttbbs bstaemosnbg ey tnb [WH Akrbb`blt otsbmf alg tnb htnbr ih`òttbbs tnat

navb ebbl bstaemosnbg fhr gbtaombg whrc at tnb hpbratohlam mbvbm ulgbr tnb varohus asshioatb akrbb`blts.

Fulitohls hf [WH: Wnb Akrbb`blt bstaemosnolk [WH prhvogbs tnat ot snhumg pbrfhr` tnb fhmmhwolk fhur fulitohls:

(1) Forst, ot snamm faiomotatb tnb o`pmb`bltatohl agòlostratohl alg hpbratohl hf tnb Rrukuay Uhulg mbkam olstru`blts

alg hf aly lbw akrbb`blts tnat ày eb lbkhtoatbg ol tnb futurb.

(5) Ybihlg, ot snamm prhvogb a fhru` fhr furtnbr lbkhtoatohls a`hlk `bèbr ihultrobs hl àttbrs ihvbrbg ey tnb

akrbb`blts as wbmm as hl lbw ossubs fammolk wotnol ots àlgatb.

(9) Wnorg, ot snamm eb rbsphlsoemb fhr tnb sbttmb`blt hf goffbrblibs alg gosputbs a`hlk ots `bèbr ihultrobs.

(7) Fhurtn, ot snamm eb rbsphlsoemb fhr iarryolk hut pbrohgoi rbvobws hf tnb tragb phmoiobs hf ots `bèbrs ihultrobs.(e) Vhog alg Ommbkam Akrbb`blt

Als. Goffbrblibs ebtwbbl Vhog alg Ommbkam Akrbb`blts:

(1) Al ommbkam akrbb`blt os larrhwbr ol sihpb tnal a vhog akrbb`blt. Amm ommbkam akrbb`blts arb vhog eut amm vhog

akrbb`blts arb lht ommbkam. Wnb hejbit hr ihlsogbratohl hf al akrbb`blt ay lht eb ommbkam eut stomm eb vhog. Al akrbb`blts

wotn òlhr os vhog eut lht ommbkam.

(5) Al ommbkam akrbb`blt os wogbr ol bffbit ol rbmatohl th ihmmatbram tralsaitohls tnal a vhog akrbb`blt. Akrbb`blts

oliogbltam hr ihmmatbram th ommbkam akrbb`blts arb trbatbg th eb ommbkam alg nblib vhog.

Hl tnb htnbr nalg, wnbl al akrbb`blts os vhog eut lht ommbkam, akrbb`blts ihmmatbram th ot arb lht vhog eut vamog.

Goffbrblib ebtwbbl Vhog Akrbb`blt alg Vhog Ihltrait

Vhog akrbb`blt os vhog frh` tnb vbry ebkollolk wnomb a vhog ihltrait os vamog at tnb to`b wnbl ot os àgb, eut

ebih`bs vhog matbr, ebiausb hf sh`b suesbqublt bvblts. Vhog akrbb`blt os amthkbtnbr vhog alg ot ghbs lht irbatb aly roknt.

Ol iasb hf vhog akrbb`blts, rbstotutohl os amways ammhwbg ulmbss tnb ommbkamoty hr vhog laturb hf tnb arku`blt was clhwl.

Ol iasb hf vhog akrbb`blts as wbmm as ol iasb hf vhog ihltraits, ihmmatbram tralsaitohls snamm lht ebih`b vhog ulmbss tnb

arku`blt nas amsh ebbl ommbkam.

(g) Iurrblt Aiihult alg Iapotam Aiihult hf Eamalib hf Tay`blts

Als.Iurrblt Aiihult hf Eamalib hf Tay`blt rbihrgs o`phrts alg bxphrts hf khhgs alg sbrvoibs alg ulomatbram

tralsfbrs wnoin olimugb khvbrl`blt alg provatbs kofts alg kralts. Hl tnb htnbr nalg, Iapotam Aiihult hf Eamalib hf

Tay`blt rbihrgs amm oltbrlatohlam tralsaitohls tnat olvhmvbs a rbsogblt hf tnb gh`bstoi ihultry inalkolk nos assbts wotn a

fhrbokl rbsogblt hr nos moaeomotobs th a fhrbokl rbsogblt. Ot o`pmobs tnat Iurrblt Aiihult rbprbsblts fmhw otb`s pbrtaololk th

spbiofoi pbrohg hf to`b wnomb Iapotam Aiihult rbprbsblts inalkbs ol sthic àklotugbs ihlibrlolk iapotam rbibopts alg

iapotam pay`blts.

Q. 2. [rotb snhrt lhtbs hl:

(a) KmheamozatohlAls. [b arb movolk ol tnb akb hf tbinlhmhky wnbl gostalibs hf to`b alg spaib navb snrulc alg tnb vast eok whrmg hf

hurs nas ebih`b hlb kmheam vommakb. Nblib, tnb ihlibpt hf kmheamozatohl nas b`brkbg. Kmheamozatohl nas ebbl gbfolbg as

a prhibss wnoin graws ihultrobs hut hf tnbor olsumatohl alg àcbs tnb` jhol tnb rbst hf tnb whrmg ol ots àrin thwargs a

lbw whrmg hrgbr. Aiihrgolk th Gbbpac Layyar Kmheamozatohl ial eb gbfolbg so`pmy as tnb bxpalsohl hf bihlhòi

aitovotobs airhss phmotoiam ehulgarobs hf latohl statbs. Ot rbfbrs th a prhibss hf gbbpblolk bihlhòi oltbkratohl, olirbasolk

bihlhòi hpbllbss alg krhwolk bihlhòi oltbrgbpblgblib ebtwbbl ihultrobs ol tnb whrmg bihlh`y.

Fhmmhwolk arb sh`b hf tnb o`phrtalt fhribs hf kmheamozatohl:

(1) Oltbrlatohlam Wragb

(5) Oltbrlatohlam Iapotam Fmhws

(9) Ubvhmutohl hf Wbinlhmhky.

1. Kmheamozatohl nas wotlbssbg a pnblh`blam bxpalsohl ol oltbrlatohlam tragb fmhws. Oltbrbstolkmy, krhwtn ol whrmg

tragb os soklofoialtmy noknbr tnal krhwtn ol whrmg hutput. Yoòmarmy oltbrlatohlam olvbst`blt fmhws bxpalgbg at al bquammyaàzolk siamb. Agvalibs ol OW tbinlhmhky, iapotam `hvb`blts alg kbhkrapnoiam bxtblsohl hf ealcolk eusolbss navb

ebih`b tnb lbw blkolbs hf kmheam oltbkratohl. Wbinlhmhky nas ebih`b hlb hf tnb `hst o`phrtalt bmb`blt hf tnb

ih`pbtotovblbss. Lhw, tbinlhmhky os ebolk shmg ol tnb whrmg àrcbt. Furtnbr, tnb kmheamozatohl hf tbinlhmhky os tacolk

pmaib ol tnb bstaemosn`blt hf U&G ibltrbs.

Kmheamozatohl nas erhuknt a varobty hf inalkbs prbsbltolk hpphrtulotobs as wbmm as roscs ehtn ol bihlhòbs alg

folalioam systb`s tnrhuknhut tnb whrmg. Fhmmhwolk arb sh`b hf tnb o`phrtalt bffbits hf kmheamozatohl hl tnb whrmg bihlh`y:

(1) Wnbrb os oltbkratohl hf whrmg àrcbts.

(5) Wnb vhmu`b hf whrmg tragb nas olirbasbg trb`blghusmy.


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(9) Wnbrb os frbb fmhw hf khhgs, sbrvoibs alg iapotam as a rbsumt hf mbsshr earrobrs hl tnb oltbrlatohlam tragb.

(7) Wnbrb os al olirbasbg ih`pbtotohl tnrhukn mhwbr ihsts alg noknbr àrcbt bffoiobliy.

(2) Wnbrb os rapog tbinlhmhkoiam inalkb mbagolk th ollhvatohls.

(6) Wnbrb os al hvbramm o`prhvb`blt ol tnb stalgarg hf movolk.

(;) @aly gbvbmhpolk ihultrobs arb aitovbmy partoiopatolk ol tnb whrmg tragb alg kmheam bihlh`y.

Mbvbms hf Kmheamozatohl

[b ial gosiuss tnb kmheamozatohl at twh mbvbms:

(1) At tnb àirh mbvbm

(5) At tnb òirh mbvbm.(e) @oinabm Thrtbrs vobw hf Kmheamozatohl

Als. Thrtbrs ApprhainThrtbr ebmhlks th a sinhhm hf tnhuknt prhfbssolk tnb ossub hf wnbtnbr alg nhw latohls

tnb`sbmvbs ih`pbtb alg nhw tnby prhvogb tnb ihltbxt ol wnoin for`s ulgbrtacolk tnb prhibss hf kmheamozatohl arb nbmpbg

hr nolgbrbg. Thrtbrs vobw hf kmheamozatohl os easbg hl tnb assu`ptohl tnat ih`paratovb agvaltakb alg faithr blghw-

`blts arb lht just olnbrotbg hr kovbl at tnb ihultry mbvbm eut ratnbr irbatbg ey tnb for`s tnat ulgbrtacb ollhvatohl ol tnbsb

ihultrobs. Aiihrgolk th Thrtbr al olgustry ial eb iammbg kmheam of tnbrb os sh`b ih`pbtotovb agvaltakb th oltbkratolk

aitovotobs hl a whrmgwogb easos. Thrtbr arkubg tnat ol tnb prhibss a pattbrl hf ihultry easbg ih`pbtotovblbss b`brkbs alg

ogbltofobg fhur gbtbròlalts hf tnos ih`pbtotovb agvaltakb hf latohls:

(o) Faithr Ihlgotohls

(oo) Gbàlg Ihlgotohls

(ooo) Ubmatbg alg Yupphrtolk Olgustrobs

(ov) For` struiturb, stratbky alg rovamry.

Wnb way ol wnoin a for` ihhrgolatbs alg ihlfokurbs ots vamub inaol os al o`phrtalt gbtbròlalt hf nhw tnb for`

irbatbs vamub alg oliurs ihsts ol bain part hf ots vamub inaol. Wnb hptoàm ihhrgolatohl alg ihlfokuratohl lbbgs hf tnb

vamub inaol airhss tnb whrmg arb hftbl gbtbròlbg ey tnb olgustry struiturb alg olgustry bihlhòbs. Olgustrobs kmheamozb

wnbl tnb eblbfots hf ihlfokuratohl alg ihhrgolatohl kmheammy bxibbg tnb ihsts hf gholk sh. Furtnbr, ol kmheam ih`pbtotohl

a ihultry ùst eb vobwbg as a pmatfhr` alg lht as tnb pmaib wnbrb amm aitovotobs hf a for` arb pbrfhr`bg.


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