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MP. 0. (`)Sj`t `rg ihffgrgmt ebmgy e`rngt hmstruegmts2 Gxpd`hm tjghr purpbsg `mi fg`turgs.

@ms.@s ebmgy ago`eg ` obeebihty, tjg ebmgy e`rngt ago`eg ` obepbmgmt bf tjg fhm`moh`d e`rngts fbr `ssgtshmvbdvgi hm sjbrt-tgre abrrbwhmc, dgmihmc, auyhmc `mi sgddhmc whtj brhchm`d e`turhthgs bf bmg yg`r br dgss. Yr`ihmc hm tjg

ebmgy e`rngts hs ibmg bvgr tjg obumtgr `mi hs wjbdgs`dg. V`rhbus hmstruegmts gxhst, suoj `s Yrg`sury ahdds, obeegroh`d

p`pgr, a`mngrs' `oogpt`mogs, igpbshts, ogrthfho`tgs bf igpbsht, ahdds bf gxoj`mcg, rgpuroj`sg `crggegmts, fgigr`d fumis, `mi

sjbrt-dhvgi ebrtc`cg-, `mi `ssgt-a`ongi sgourhthgs. Ht prbvhigs dhquhihty fumihmc fbr tjg cdba`d fhm`moh`d systge. Ebmgy

e`rngts `mi o`pht`d e`rngts`rg p`rts bf fhm`moh`d e`rngts. Yjg hmstruegmts ag`r ihffgrhmc e`turhthgs, ourrgmohgs, orgiht rhsns,

`mi struoturg. Yjgrgfbrg tjgy e`y ag usgi tb ihstrhautg tjg gxpbsurg. Yrg`sury ahdds, fgigr`d `cgmoy mbtgs, Ogrthfho`tgs bf

Igpbsht (OIs), gurbibdd`r igpbshts, obeegroh`d p`pgr, a`mngrs' `oogpt`mogs, `mi rgpuroj`sg `crggegmts `rg gx`epdgs bf

hmstruegmts. Yjg suppdhgrs bf fumis fbr ebmgy e`rngt hmstruegmts `rg hmsthtuthbms `mi hmihvhiu`ds whtj ` prgfgrgmog fbr tjg

jhcjgst dhquhihty `mi tjg dbwgst rhsn. Yjg ebmgy e`rngt hs hepbrt`mt fbr aushmgssgs ago`usg ht `ddbws obep`mhgs whtj `

tgepbr`ry o`sj surpdus tb hmvgst hm sjbrt-tgre sgourhthgs> obmvgrsgdy, obep`mhgs whtj ` tgepbr`ry o`sj sjbrtf`dd o`m sgdd

sgourhthgs br abrrbw fumis bm ` sjbrt-tgre a`shs. Hm gssgmog tjg e`rngt `ots `s ` rgpbshtbry fbr sjbrt-tgre fumis. D`rcg

obrpbr`thbms cgmgr`ddy j`midg tjghr bwm sjbrt-tgre fhm`moh`d tr`ms`othbms> tjgy p`rthohp`tg hm tjg e`rngt tjrbucj ig`dgrs._e`dd aushmgssgs, bm tjg btjgr j`mi, bftgm ojbbsg tb hmvgst hm ebmgy-e`rngt fumis, wjhoj `rg prbfgsshbm`ddy e`m`cgi

eutu`d fumis obmshsthmc bmdy bf sjbrt-tgre sgourhthgs. @dtjbucj sgourhthgs puroj`sgi bm tjg ebmgy e`rngt o`rry dgss rhsn

tj`m dbmc-tgre igat, tjgy `rg sthdd mbt gmthrgdy rhsn frgg. @ftgr `dd, a`mns ib sbegthegs f`hd, `mi tjg fbrtumgs bf obep`mhgs o`m

oj`mcg r`tjgr r`phidy. Yjg dbw rhsn hs `ssboh`tgi whtj dgmigr sgdgothvhty. Yjg dgmigr wjb bffgrs fumis whtj `debst hmst`mt

e`turhthgs (tbebrrbw) o`mmbt spgmi tbb euoj theg qu`dhfyhmc abrrbwgrs `mi tjus sgdgots bmdy adug-ojhp abrrbwgrs. Qg-

p`yegmt tjgrgfbrg hs `ssurgi (umdgss ybu o`ucjt Gmrbm lust agfbrg ht suiigmdy mbsg-ihvgi). Abrrbwgrs whtj fgwgr orgigm-

th`ds, bf obursg, j`vg ihffhoudt cgtthmc ebmgy frbe tjhs e`rngt umdgss ht hs tjrbucj wgdd-gst`adhsjgi fumis.

Yypgs bf ebmgy e`rngt hmstruegmts

Yrg`sury Ahdds

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hmtgrgst hs mbt sualgot tb fgigr`d hmobeg t`x. Fbr tjhs rg`sbm, obrpbr`thbms fhmi tj`t tjg dbwgr yhgdi hs wbrtjwjhdg bm tjhs

typg bf sjbrt-tgre hmvgstegmt.

Ogrthfho`tgs bf Igpbsht< Ogrthfho`tgs bf Igpbsht (OIs) `rg ogrthfho`tgs hssugi ay ` fgigr`ddy oj`rtgrgi a`mn `c`hmst

igpbshtgi fumis tj`t g`rm ` spgohfhgi rgturm fbr ` igfhmhtg pgrhbi bf theg. Yjgy `rg bmg bf sgvgr`d typgs bf hmtgrgst-ag`rhmc

theg igpbshts bffgrgi ay a`mns. @m hmihvhiu`d br obep`my dgmis tjg a`mn ` ogrt`hm `ebumt bf ebmgy fbr ` fhxgi pgrhbi

bf theg, `mi hm gxoj`mcg tjg a`mn `crggs tb rgp`y tjg ebmgy whtj spgohfhgi hmtgrgst `t tjg gmi bf tjg theg pgrhbi. Yjg

ogrthfho`tg obmsthtutgs tjg a`mns crggegmt tb rgp`y tjg db`m. Yjg e`turhty r`tgs bm OIs r`mcg frbe ?; i`ys tb shx ebmtjs

br dbmcgr, `mi tjg `ebumt bf tjg f`og v`dug o`m v`ry crg`tdy `s wgdd. Yjgrg hs usu`ddy ` pgm`dty fbr g`rdy whtjir`w`d bf

fumis, aut sbeg typgs bf OIs o`m ag sbdi tb `mbtjgr hmvgstbr hf tjg brhchm`d puroj`sgr mggis `oogss tb tjg ebmgy agfbrgtjg e`turhty i`tg.

D`rcg igmbehm`thbm (lueab) OIs bf $0;;,;;; br ebrg `rg cgmgr`ddy mgcbth`adg `mi p`y jhcjgr hmtgrgst r`tgs tj`m

se`ddgr igmbehm`thbms. Jbwgvgr, suoj ogrthfho`tgs `rg bmdy hmsurgi ay tjg FIHO up tb $0;;,;;;. Yjgrg rg dsb gurbibdd`r

OIs> tjgy `rg mgcbth`adg ogrthfho`tgs hssugi `c`hmst W._. ibdd`r badhc`thbms hm ` fbrghcm ar`moj bf ` ibegstho a`mn.

Arbngr`cg fhres j`vg m`thbmwhig pbbd bf a`mn OIs mi rgoghvg fgg fbr sgddhmc tjge. _hmog arbngrs ig`d hm d`rcg sues,

arbngrgi OIs cgmgr`ddy p`y jhcjgr hmtgrgst r`tgs `mi bffgr crg`tgr dhquhihty tj`m OIs puroj`sgi ihrgotdy frbe ` a`mn.

A`mngrs @oogpt`mogs

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Yjg cbdi st`mi`ri hs tjg obmtrbvgrsh`d pr`othog bf a`onhmc m`thbm`d ourrgmoy whtj tjg v`dug bf cbdi. Ourrgmoy bm tjg

cbdi st`mi`ri obudi ag rgiggegi fbr `m gqu`d `ebumt bf cbdi `t `my theg shmog tjg ourrgmoy hs gssgmth`ddy ` prbehssbry

mbtg fbr tjg prgohbus egt`d. @ivbo`tgs bf tjg cbdi st`mi`ri s`y ht chvgs rg`d v`dug tb ourrgmoy hmstg`i bf tjg he`chm`ry

v`dug bf ourrgmoy tbi`y. Igtr`otbrs s`y tjg cbdi st`mi`ri hs tbb rhchi `mi rgstrhots gobmbeho pbdhoy hm thegs bf fhm`moh`d

turebhd.

@ ihs`iv`mt`cg bf tjg cbdi st`mi`ri hs tj`t tjgrg hs dhehtgi suppdy bf cbdi. Hf m`thbms o`m bmdy prhmt s euoj ourrgmoy

`s tjgy o`m a`on whtj cbdi, tjgrg obudi ag ` sjbrt`cg bf ebmgy.

P. 1. (`)Sjy ib Ogmtr`d A`mns hmtgrvgmg hm tjg fbrghcm gxoj`mcg e`rngt2 Sj`t `rg tjg obmsgqugmogs bf

hmtgrvgmthbm2@ms.Yjg e`rngt hm wjhoj p`rthohp`mts `rg `adg tb auy, sgdd, gxoj`mcg `mi spgoud`tg bm ourrgmohgs. Fbrghcm gxoj`mcg

e`rngts `rg e`ig up bf a`mns, obeegroh`d obep`mhgs, ogmtr`d a`mns, hmvgstegmt e`m`cgegmt fhres, jgicg fumis, `mi

rgt`hd fbrgx arbngrs `mi hmvgstbrs. Yjg fbrgx e`rngt hs obmshigrgi tb ag tjg d`rcgst fhm`moh`d e`rngt hm tjg wbrdi. Jgmog

ogmtr`d a`mns nggp bm oj`mchmc tjghr pbdhohgs `mi `othbms rgc`rihmc hmorg`shmc `mi igorg`shmc hts fbrghcm rgsgrvgs tb

strgmctjgm hts gobmbey. Hmtgrvgmthbm bf ogmtr`d a`mns hm fbrghcm gxoj`mcg e`rngts ddbw tjg gobmbey tb obmtrbd hmfd`thbm,

hmtgrgst r`tgs, v`du`thbm bf tjghr bwm ourrgmoy, e`m`cgegmt bf tjghr fbrghcm `ssgts, hmvgstegmt `mi jgmog ihrgotdy hep`ot

tjg ebmgt`ry pbdhoy bf ` obumtry.

Yjgrg rg v`rhbus ebthvgs bf ihffgrgmt ogmtr`d a`mns agjhmi hmtgrvgmhmc hm tjg ourrgmoy e`rngt. Fbr gx`epdg, QAH j`s

ay `mi d`rcg st`ygi `w`y frbe tjg ourrgmoy e`rngt hm tjg rgogmt yg`rs `mi j`s `ddbwgi tjg rupgg tb fhmi hts bwm v`dug hm

tjg e`rngtpd`og igpgmihmc bm tjg jbst bf e`rngt fbrogs. Jbwgvgr, ht ibgs hmtgrvgmg hm tjg e`rngt tb oura gxogss vbd`thdhty.

Yjgsg hmtgrvgmthbms dsb jgdp ojgon gxogsshvg spgoud`thbm bm tjg ghtjgr shig hm tjg ourrgmoy e`rngt. Yjbucj tjg pprb`oj

bf tjg Hmih`m ogmtr`d a`mn hs ` od`ssho tgxtabbn `pprb`oj, wjhoj `ddbws e`rngt fbrogs tb igtgrehmg prhog, aut o`m ag

obmtgstgi, s tjg obmihthbms hm tjg fhm`moh`d e`rngt rg gxtrgegdy vbd`thdg mi e`y w`rr`mt m othvg e`m`cgegmt hm brigr

tb rgiuog tjg vbd`thdhty `mi tjg gxtgrm`d sgotbr vudmgr`ahdhty. Jbwgvgr, ` dbt bf ogmtr`d a`mns hmtgrvgmg hm tjg e`rngt whtj

tjg hig` bf hmfdugmohmc tjg v`dug bf tjg ibegstho ourrgmoy. S`ys bf hmtgrvgmthbm Yjgrg obudi ag ihffgrgmt w`ys ay wjhoj

ogmtr`d a`mns e`y hmfdugmog tjg gxoj`mcg r`tg. Yjg ahccgst ogmtr`d a`mn tj`t e`ngs ihrgot hmtgrvgmthbms tb rhc tjg v`dug bf

ibegstho ourrgmoy bm rgcud`r a`shs hs tjg Ojhmgsg ogmtr`d a`mn, [gbpdgs A`mn bf Ojhm`. Bvgr tjg yg`rs ht j`s mbt ddbwgi

hts ourrgmoy tb pprgoh`tg mi fhmi hts e`rngt v`dug mi j`s pgccgi ht tb tjg W_ ibdd`r tb rge`hm obepgththvg hm tjg gxpbrts

e`rngt. @s ` obmsgqugmog, ht j`s `ooueud`tgi fbrghcm gxoj`mcg rgsgrvgs hm gxogss bf $?.7 trhddhbm. Yjg btjgr w`y bf

hmihrgotdy hmtgrvgmhmc hm tjg ourrgmoy e`rngt hs ay hmorg`shmc tjg suppdy bf tjg ibegstho ourrgmoy.

(a)Gxpd`hm tjg tgres whtj gx`epdgs< Ahi r`tg `mi Bffgr r`tg

@ms.Yjg tgre ahi rgfgrs tb tjg jhcjgst prhog ` auygr whdd p`y tb auy ` spgohfhgi mueagr bf sj`rgs bf ` stbon `t `my

chvgm theg. Yjg tgre `sn rgfgrs tb tjg dbwgst prhog `t wjhoj ` sgddgr whdd sgdd tjg stbon. Yjg ahi prhog whdd `debst `dw`ysag dbwgr tj`m tjg `sn br bffgr, prhog. Yjg ihffgrgmog agtwggm tjg ahi prhog `mi tjg `sn prhog hs o`ddgi tjg sprg`i. Yjg

ahi hs tjg prhog `t wjhoj tjg e`rngt wbudi auy tjg ourrgmoy p`hr (agfbrg `my obeehsshbms br fggs), tjgbffgr (br `sn) hs tjg

prhog `t wjhoj tjg e`rngt wbudi sgdd tjg ourrgmoy p`hr (agfbrg `my obeehsshbms br fggs).

Ebst e`rngt p`rthohp`mts j`vg mb ihffhoudty hm igtgrehmhmc tjg ahi frbe tjg `sn wjgm tjgy `rg ig`dhmc hm tjghr

ibegstho br jbeg ourrgmoy. Jbwgvgr, obmfushbm usu`ddy prgv`hds wjgm ibhmc ` tr`ig hm ` ourrgmoy p`hr tj`t ihffgrs frbe

ybur st`mi`ri fbrghcm gxoj`mcg rgquhrgegmts br hf ybu j`ppgm tb gxgoutg ` tr`ig hm ` ourrgmoy tj`t hs mbt ybur jbeg umht.

Fbr gx`epdg, whtj @WIW_I, bmg wbudi auy @WI frbe tjg oustbegr bm tjg ahi, tjgrgay sgddhmc tjge W_I. @dtgrm`-

thvgdy, bmg wbudi sgdd (br bffgr) tjg umht ourrgmoy, @WI, bm tjg bffgr `mi auy tjg sgobmi ourrgmoy> W_I.

P. ?. Sj`t hs obst bf gquhty o`pht`d2 Sjy hs ht o`doud`tgi2 Gxpd`hm tjg twb ebigds bf o`doud`thmc obst bf gquhty

o`pht`d2

@ms.Obst bf gquhty rgfgrs tb sj`rgjbdigrs rgquhrgi r`tg bf rgturm bm m gquhty hmvgstegmt. Ht hs tjg r`tg bf rgturm tj`t

obudi j`vg aggm g`rmgi ay putthmc tjg s`eg ebmgy hmtb ` ihffgrgmt hmvgstegmt whtj gqu`d rhsn. Obst bf gquhty hs ` ngyobepbmgmt bf stbon v`du`thbm. Ago`usg `m hmvgstbr gxpgots jhs br jgr gquhty hmvgstegmt tb crbw ay `t dg`st tjg obst bf

gquhty, obst bf gquhty o`m ag usgi `s tjg ihsobumt r`tg usgi tb o`doud`tg `m gquhty hmvgstegmt's f`hr v`dug.

Abtj obst bf gquhty o`doud`thbm egtjbis j`vg `iv`mt`cgs `mi ihs`iv`mt`cgs.

Yjg ihvhigmi crbwtj ebigd hs shepdg `mi str`hcjtfbrw`ri, aut ht ibgs mbt `ppdy tb obep`mhgs tj`t ibm't p`y ihvh-

igmis, `mi ht `ssuegs tj`t ihvhigmis crbw `t ` obmst`mt r`tg bvgr theg. Yjg ihvhigmi crbwtj ebigd `dsb quhtg sgmshthvg tb

oj`mcgs hm tjg ihvhigmi crbwtj r`tg, `mi ht ibgs mbt gxpdhohtdy obmshigr tjg rhsn bf tjg hmvgstegmt.

O@[E hs usgfud ago`usg ht gxpdhohtdy `oobumts fbr `m hmvgstegmts rhsnhmgss `mi o`m ag `ppdhgi ay `my obep`my,

rgc`ridgss bf hts ihvhigmi shzg br ihvhigmi crbwtj r`tg. Jbwgvgr, tjg obepbmgmts bf O@[E `rg gsthe`tgs, `mi tjgy

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cgmgr`ddy dg`i tb dgss obmorgtg mswgr tj`m tjg ihvhigmi crbwtj ebigd ibgs. Yjg O@[E egtjbi dsb hepdhohtdy rgdhgs bm

p`st pgrfbre`mog tb prgihot tjg futurg.

Yjg a`sho fbreud` fbr o`doud`thmc tjg obst bf gquhty o`pht`d hmvbdvgs ` fgw shepdg fhcurgs tj`t `rg g`shdy gxtr`otgi

frbe tjg fhm`moh`d i`t` rgdgv`mt tb tjg pgrhbi ohtgi. Hm brigr tb igtgrehmg tjg obst bf gquhty o`pht`d, ht hs mgogss`ry tb nmbw

tjrgg spgohfho fhcurgs. Fhrst, tjg ourrgmt e`rngt v`dug ssboh`tgi whtj tjg sj`rgs eust ag igtgrehmgi. _gobmi, tjg ihvhigmi

crbwtj r`tg `s ht rgd`tgs tb tjg pgrhbi umigr obmshigr`thbm eust ag o`doud`tgi. D`st, tjg mueagr bf ihvhigmis pgr sj`rg

sjbudi ag higmthfhgi. Bmog tjgsg tjrgg phgogs bf hmfbre`thbm `rg hm j`mi, ht hs pbsshadg quhondy o`doud`tg tjg ourrgmt

fhcurg.Yjg a`sho fbreud` agchms whtj ihvhihmc tjg ihvhigmis pgr sj`rg ay tjg ourrgmt e`rngt v`dug. Yjg rgsudthmc mueagr

hs `iigi tb tjg ihvhigmi crbwtj r`tg. @ftgr `iihmc tjg twb fhcurgs, tjg obst bf gquhty o`pht`d `s ht rgd`tgs tb tjg sj`rgs hsrgvg`dgi, `mi o`m ag rgpbrtgi tb tjg sj`rgjbdigrs.

Obep`mhgs tgmi tb usg tjhs a`sho fbreud` bm `m bmcbhmc a`shs, t`nhmc hmtb `oobumt `my mgw i`t` tj`t e`y j`vg obeg

tb dhcjt shmog tjg prgvhbus fhm`moh`d pgrhbi. Ebmhtbrhmc tjg obst bf gquhty o`pht`d hs bmg bf tjg tbbds tj`t hs usgi tb e`ng

surg tj`t tjg sj`rgjbdigrs `rg prbtgotgi, `mi `dsb tj`t tjg agst hmtgrgsts bf tjg obep`my `rg sgrvgi. Ago`usg tjg fbreud` hs

sb shepdg, tjg j`rigr p`rt bf tjg prbogss hs tb c`tjgr tjg mggigi i`t`. Jbwgvgr, bmog tjg fhcurgs `rg hm j`mi, ht t`ngs mb

theg tb igtgrehmg tjg ourrgmt obst bf gquhty o`pht`d.

Hmvgstbrs wjb `rg `adg tb `oogss tjg tjrgg a`shs fhcurgs mggigi tb o`doud`tg tjhs mueagr o`m `dsb e`ng usg bf tjhs

shepdg fbreud` s wgdd. Yjg i`t` mggigi hs bftgm hmoduigi hm fhm`moh`d rgpbrts tb hmvgstbrs, br o`m ag bat`hmgi ay spg`nhmc

whtj fhm`moh`d `m`dysts. @s ` quhon `mi g`sy w`y tb ojgon bm tjg st`tus bf tjg sj`rgs, tjg obst bf gquhty o`pht`d ibgs hm `m

hmihrgot w`y jgdp tb gmsurg tjg hmvgstbr tj`t tjg sj`rgs `rg aghmc e`m`cgi prbpgrdy `mi tjg hmvgstegmt rge`hms sbumi.

Yjg obst bf gquhty hs ` rgturm pgrogmt`cg ` obep`my eust bffgr hmvgstbrs tb sp`rn hmvgstegmt hm tjg obep`my. Yjhs hs

`m hepbrt`mt eg`surg, ago`usg `m hmvgstbr whdd bmdy hmvgst hf jg agdhgvgs jg whdd rgoghvg jhs igshrgi r`tg bf rgturm.

E`m`cgrs `dsb usg tjhs eg`surg tb o`doud`tg wghcjtgi-`vgr`cg obst bf o`pth`d (S@OO). S@OO o`doud`tgs tjg `vgr`cg

obst tjg obep`my mggis tb p`y tb r`hsg o`pht`d tjrbucj gquhty `mi igat.

P. 9. Gxpd`hm tjg ebst obeebmdy usgi sjhpphmc ibouegmts hm hmtgrm`thbm`d tr`ig2

@ms._jhpphmc ibouegmts `rg tjg ngy tb hmtgrm`thbm`d tr`ig, `mi j`vg aggm usgi fbr tjbus`mis bf yg`rs. Ibouegmts

butdhmg tjg s`dg, sjhpegmt, `mi rgspbmshahdhthgs bf g`oj p`rty sb tj`t tjg fudd tr`ms`othbm hs umigrstbbi `mi obepdgtg

whtjbut igd`y br `iihthbm`d obsts. Ibouegmts `dsb gmsurg obepdh`mog whtj `ppdho`adg rgcud`thbms.

Yjg hmvbhog mi ahdd bf d`ihmc rg tjg twb ibouegmts rgquhrgi fbr gvgry gxpbrt sjhpegmt. @s suoj, ybu sjbudi gmsurg

tj`t `dd btjgr ibouegmts `ssboh`tgi whtj tjg sjhpegmt e`toj tjg hmfbre`thbm bm tjgsg ibouegmts.

[rb-fbre` Hmvbhog

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agybmi tjg pgrhbi st`tutbrhdy prgsorhagi fbr rg`dhz`thbm bf gxpbrt prboggis `rg trg`tgi `s igfgrrgi p`yegmt gxpbrts. Brih-

m`rhdy, obmtr`ots prbvhihmc fbr igfgrrgi p`yegmt tgres whdd ag `ddbwgi bmdy fbr gxpbrt bf gmchmggrhmc cbbis (o`pht`d

cbbis `mi obmsuegr iur`adgs). Yurmngy prblgots hmvbdvg rgmigrhmc bf sgrvhogs dhng igshcmhmc, ohvhd obmstruothbm `mi

grgothbm `mi obeehsshbmhmc bf pd`mt/f`otbry `dbmc whtj suppdy bf e`ojhmgry, gquhpegmt `mi e`tgrh`ds. Hf `m gxpbrts

tjrbucj ` egroj`mt gxpbrtgr br e`muf`oturgr gxpbrt, wg o`m sgg tjg Ihffgrgmog agtwggm Iggegi gxpbrtgrs gxpbrt

prbiuot t`mchady. Aut tjgrg `rg e`my sgrvhohmc hmiustry wjgrg wg o`mmbt sgg tjg prbiuot pjysho`ddy, aut jgdps tb g`rm

fbrghcm gxoj`mcg. @ agst gx`epdg bf sgrvhog gxpbrtgr hs tjbsg wjb gxpbrt sbftw`rg. Jgrg wjhdg sgddhmc sbftw`rg tb btjgr

obumtrhgs, bur obumtry g`rm fbrghcm gxoj`mcg. Yburhse, _bftw`rg, Jg`dtj O`rg, Obmsudt`moy, Jbtgds, gto. `rg btjgr gx-

`epdgs fbr sgrvhog gxpbrts. Gxpbrt bf sgrvhogs e`y `dsb hmvbdvg suppdy bf sbeg `ssboh`tgi egoj`mho`d wjgrgwhtj`ds,obmsue`adgs `mi sp`rgs g.c. obmtr`otbrs e`y cgmgr`ddy j`vg tb prbourg tbbds `mi hmstruegmts fbr tjghr bwm pgrsbmmgd fbr

pgrfbrehmc tjghr lbas. Yjgy e`y sbegthegs ag o`ddgi upbm tb chvg pgrfbre`mog cu`r`mtggs aut tjg sobpg bf suoj cu`r`m-

tggs wbudi ag dhehtgi tb tjghr bwm wbrn.

(a)Sj`t `rg tjg f`otbrs tj`t hmfdugmog tjg wbrdiwhig o`pht`d struoturg bf EMOs2

@ms.Yjg iym`ehos bf tjg hmtgrm`thbm`d aushmgss gmvhrbmegmt `rg irhvgm ay obepdgx obeahm`thbms bf tjgsg f`otbrs.

@s suoj, ht hs `dw`ys hepbrt`mt tb obmshigr tjg hepdho`thbms bf obumtry-spgohfho hmvgstegmt odhe`tg wjgm e`nhmc bpgr`-

thbm`d `mi str`tgcho igohshbms fbr ` eudthm`thbm`d obrpbr`thbm.

[bdhtho`d f`otbrs obmogrm cbvgrmegmt pbdhohgs, d`ws `mi `iehmhstr`thvg brhgmt`thbms bf ihffgrgmt obumtrhgs `mi rg-

chbm`d gobmbeho adbons. Yjg pbdhtho`d f`otbrs fbre tjg a`shs fbr rgcud`thmc hmtgrm`thbm`d tr`ig whtj rgspgot tb t`rhffs,

qubt`s `mi tgojmho`d st`mi`ris. Fbr gx`epdg, tjg Gurbpg`m Wmhbm j`s rgcud`thbms tj`t cu`r`mtgg prgfgrgmth`d tr`ig trg`t-

egmt fbr egeagr obumtrhgs. [bdhtho`d st`ahdhty hs `dsb `m hepbrt`mt `spgot bf tjg hmtgrm`thbm`d aushmgss gmvhrbmegmt.

Frgqugmt pbdhtho`d umrgst mi ehdht`ry obups obudi fbrog eudthm`thbm`d obbpgr`thbm tb suspgmi br odbsg bpgr`thbms. Q`tgs

bf gobmbeho crbwtj hmfdugmog tjg dgvgds bf ige`mi fbr ybur cbbis br sgrvhogs hm hmtgrm`thbm`d e`rngts. Jbwgvgr, gob-

mbeho crbwtj r`tgs e`y ag jhcj hm sbeg obumtrhgs `mi dbw hm btjgrs.

Yjg `v`hd`ahdhty bf tgojmbdbcho`d hmfr`struoturg `mi tgojmho`d o`p`ohthgs igtgrehmg tjg prbspgrhty bf ` eudthm`thbm`d

obrpbr`thbm hm jbst obumtrhgs. F`otbrs suoj s arb`ia`mi obmmgothvhty mi tgojmho`d tr`hmhmc j`vg agobeg gssgmth`d hmcrg-

ihgmts bf suoogssfud bpgr`thbms hm tjg ebigrm aushmgss wbrdi. Ebrgbvgr, tjg dgvgds bf tgojmbdbcho`d igvgdbpegmts hm `

chvgm obumtry igtgrehmg tjg sobpg bf tgojmho`d umigrst`mihmc `ebmc hts pbpud`thbm. Sjhdg ht e`y ag g`shgr tb gst`adhsj

`mi e`hmt`hm tgojmho`d bpgr`thbms hm jhcj-tgojmbdbcy obumtrhgs, tjg s`eg o`mmbt ag s`hi bf dbw-tgojmbdbcy obumtrhgs.

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