Introducción y Negocio Del Gas Natural

El Negocio del Gas Natural2 Capitulo

AgendaDefiniciones y TerminologiaDefiniciones importantesTerminologia y Unidades de ConversinProductos Comerciales

Matriz energticaMatiz energtica mundialMatriz Regional y NacionalConsumo de energia y desarrollo economico

Mercado de la EnergaEras EnergeticasRealidadesEl Per como pais energtico

Naturaleza del negocio del Gas NaturalPrecios libres en el UpstreamPrecios Regulados en el Downstream

Son los recursos o fuentes naturales susceptibles de aprovechamiento energtico.

Hay energas primarias no renovables, tipo fsiles como el carbn, petrleo, gas natural, y no fsiles como las nucleares.

Las energas renovables engloban la hidrulica, solar, elica (viento), biomasa (residuos), geotrmica (calor del subsuelo), etc. DefinicionesEnergas Primarias

Carbones: Uso directo: hulla trmica; hulla siderrgica; antracita; lignito negro; lignito pardo. Productos de transformacin: coque siderrgico; gas de coquera; gas de horno alto; alquitranes, breas, otros productos qumicos.

Petrleo: Uso directo: es poco comn, slo existe en crudos muy pesados que no se destilan y se emplean directamente como un fuel ol. En ocasiones, los yacimientos de gas natural contienen un pequeo porcentaje de condensados de Gas Natural (Gases Licuados de Petrleo (Butano y Propano) y naftas), que pueden aprovecharse directamente. Productos de transformacin: GLP; gasolinas; diesel y fuel oils; naftas para la industria petroqumica o de gas manufacturado; querosenos de aviacin, gasleos de automocin y navegacin y de calefaccin o trmico industrial; fuel ol de navegacin y trmico industrial; coque trmico industrial; lubricantes; asfaltos; parafinas; disolventes; combustibles empleados en el proceso de refino (gas de refinera y fuel de refinera) y otros productos qumicos.DefinicionesEnergas Primarias

Gas natural: Uso directo: Gas natural. Productos de transformacin: El gas natural slo se transforma como fuente para obtener hidrgeno, que es materia prima para el gas de sntesis de donde se pueden obtener fertilizantes, llegar al proceso Fisher Troops, producir metanol y finalmente llegar a la petroqumica.

Hidrulica y nuclear: Se emplean en la generacin de energa elctrica. La primera como aprovechamiento directo en los embalses hidroelctricos y la segunda mediante la transformacin en electricidad de la energa derivada de la fisin del uranio.DefinicionesEnergas Primarias

Gas Natural (Standard Energia - Volumen) BTU British Thermal UnitMMBTU 1,000,000 de BTU - Millon de BTUPC Pie CbicoMC M3 Metro cbicoLNG Liquified Natural Gas (GNL)GTL Gas a Lquidos (GAL)GLP Gas Licuado del Petrleo (LPG)

PCH Pie cbico horaMCH Metro cbico horaMPC 1,000 pies cbicos Mil pies cbicosMMPC 1,000,000 pies cbicos Millon pies cbicosMMPCD 1,000,000 de pies cbicos dia Millon de pies cbicos diaMMC 1,000 metros cbicos Mil metros cbicosMMMC 1,000,000 metros cbicos Millon de metros cbicosMMMCD 1,000,000 de metros cbicos dia Millon de metros cbicos diaBMC 1,000,000, 000 de metros cbicos Billon de metros cbicosBPC 1,000,000,000 pies cbicos Billon de pies cbicosBPCD 1,00,000,000 pies cbicos dia Billon de pies cbicos diaTerminologa y Unidades

Gas Natural (Standard Energia - Volumen) TMC 1,000,000,000,000 metros cbicos Trillon metros cbicos (TCM)TPC 1,000,000,000,000 de pies cbicos Trillon de pies cbicos (TCF)Tons LNG Toneladas de LNGTA LNG Toneladas ao de LNG1 MC = 1M3 = 35.314 PC 1 Tren LNG = 13 a 15 MMMCD = 450 a 500 MMPCD1 Tren LNG = 500 MMPCD = 10,337 Tons/Dia LNG945 y 1,045 PC = 1 MMBTU (Poder Calorfico)

Terminologa y Unidades

Precio del gas US$/MMBTU Dlares por milln de BTUUS$/MPC Dlares por mil pies cbicosUS$/MMC Dlares por mil metros cbicos

Precio del petrleoUS$/bbl - Dlares por barrilPrecios de los combustibles lquidos US$/ litro Precio del GLPUS$/Ton Dlares por toneladaUS$/Kg Dlares por kilogramoUS$/Baln Dlares por unidad de 10 kilos ( en mercado local peruano)Unidades - Precios

Poder Calorfico de Combustibles

COMBUSTIBLEBTU/LBBTU/LTBTU/KGKCAL/LTKCAL/KGKCAL/PCBTU/PCDIESEL1975036095-9096109721275FUEL OIL1989035693-8995110501260KEROSENE2003035238-8800111281103GASOLINA2100032408-8187116671144GLP2130025433469586409118332745GN-----263.51045LEA4320-6660-13867-2400-3700--

CONSUMO EQUIVAL. EN GN DE DIFERENTES COMBUSTIBLESS.G. 60/60 FDIESEL1 LT =34.54PIES CUBICOS DE G.N.0.829FUEL OIL1 LT =34.16PIES CUBICOS DE G.N.0.814KEROSENE1 LT =31.01PIES CUBICOS DE G.N.0.700GASOLINA1 LT =33.72PIES CUBICOS DE G.N.0.798GLP1KG =44.94PIES CUBICOS DE G.N.0.560 H2O = 11.907 (AIR 1)GN1KG =9.11- 14.05PIES CUBICOS DE G.N.LEA1KG =4320-6660PIES CUBICOS DE G.N.ENERGIA1 KW-H =3.27PIES CUBICOS DE G.N.

Relacin de barril de petrleo para unidad energtica1 barril de petrleo 5.800.000 Btu (British Thermal Unit) Barril de petrleo equivalente (Barrel oil equivalent - boe)1Billn de boe = 5.8 TPC (Trillones de BTUs o Pies Cbicos)Baln (Garrafa) de GLP de 10 kg. 1Baln GLP = 14 metros cbicos de de Gas Natural.

Otras Unidades de Conversin

Gas Natural1 billn de metros cbicos = 35.314 billones de pies cbicos 1 billn de metros cbicos = 0.73 millones de toneladas LNG1 billn de metros cbicos = 36 trillones de BTUs1 billn de metros cbicos = 6.29 millones de barriles petrolo eq.1 milln de toneladas LNG = 1.38 billones de metros cbicos1 milln de toneladas LNG = 48.7 billones de pies cbicos1 milln de toneladas LNG = 52 trillones de BTU

Lquidos1 barril = 0.1364 toneladas mtricas1 barril = 42 galones US1 barril = 0.159 kilolitrosUnidades de Conversin

Productos Comerciales de los Hidrocarburos y Gas NaturalFuente: Elaboracion propiaCH4 MetanoC2H6 Etano

C3H8 PropanoC4H10 Butano

C5H12 PentanoC6H14 HexanoC7H16 HeptanoC8H18 Octano

C9H20 NonanoC10H22 DecanoC11H24 y adelanteGas Natural GTL Fertilizantes 92% CH4+ 5%C2H6+ 3%otrosEtilenoGLPGasolinas y componentes livianosDiesel, Jet Fuel, Grasas, asfaltos y otros componentesIndustria Petroqumica

El Metano puede utilizarse como materia prima para producir:Gas de sntesis (GTL)Sulfuro de carbonoAcido cianhdricoCloro metanoMetanol (combustible) Amoniaco (fertilizantes)

El Etano (5%) es materia prima para la sntesis de etileno de donde se producen productos bsicos que derivan en la industria petroqumica.

La nafta y el GLP pueden tambin ser utilizados como materia prima para obtener productos bsicos que derivan en la industria petroqumica.Productos Comerciales de los Hidrocarburos y Gas Natural

De los campos al MercadoExploracinProduccinSeparacinRecursos y ReservasPetrleo yGas NaturalTratamientoGasoducto y Transporte GNGas NaturalPetrleoOleoductosCO2, H2O, H2S,N2, otrosFraccionamiento RefinacinCuencas SedimentariasLicuefaccinLNGDistribuidoraGLPPetroqumicaGasoductosTransporteyDistribucinMetanoCentrales ElctricasResidencialComercioIndustriaTransporteExportacinC1C2C3C4C5+

GAKEJETDOFOOtros

EstacionesdeServicioGNC y Lquidos

Fuente: BP Statistical Review, CEA, CEDIGAZ, OCDE

Grfico3

0.385

0.066

0.065

0.247

0.237

CONSUMO MUNDIAL DE ENERGA PRIMARIA AL 01.01.2002

23.7%

38.5%

6.6%

6.5%

24.7%

2001

REGIONRESERVASPRODUCCIONCONSUMO

CERCANO ORIENTE13.08.67.8

AMRICA LATINA5.05.35.2

AFRICA7.15.12.3

EXURSS Y EUROPA ORIENTAL34.430.026.5

EUROPA4.611.217.3

AMERICA NORTE4.129.129.2

ASIA OCEANA9.110.711.7

TOTAL77.3100.0100.0

2001

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

RESERVAS

GRAFICO DE RESERVAS DE GAS NATURALAL 01.01.2001 (%)

2002

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

PRODUCCION

GRAFICO DE PRODUCCION DE GAS NATURAL AL 01.01.2001 (%)

Hoja3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

CONSUMO

GRAFICO DE CONSUMO DE GAS NATURAL AL 01.01.2001 (%)

Hoja4




AFRICA7.410.43.3


EUROPA1.78.819.7



TOTAL100.0100.0100.0

Hoja4

13

5

7.1

34.4

4.6

4.1

9.1

RESERVAS

GRAFICO DE RESERVAS DE PETROLEO AL 01.01.2002 (%)

Hoja1

8.6

5.3

5.1

30

11.2

29.1

10.7

PRODUCCION

GRAFICO DE PRODUCCION DE PETROLEO AL 01.01.2002 (%)

7.8

5.2

2.3

26.5

17.3

29.2

11.7

CONSUMO

GRAFICO DE COSUMO DE PETROLEO AL 01.01.2002 (%)

AO1998200520102015

GAS NATURAL, DISTR. E INDUST.4165573947

SOLAR51637387

CARBN MINERAL Y COQUE357353425448

ENERGA ELCTRICA1368182922482712

LEA, BOSTA, YARETA, BAGAZO Y CARBON VEG.2116230724062541

DERIVADOS DEL PETROLEO6243751882299250

AO1998200520102015


SOLAR516888108





000000

000000

000000

000000

GAS NATURAL, DISTR. E INDUST.

SOLAR

CARBN MINERAL Y COQUE

ENERGA ELCTRICA

LEA, BOSTA, YARETA, BAGAZO Y CARBON VEG.

DERIVADOS DEL PETROLEO

AOS

MILES DE TEP

PROYECCION DEL CONSUMO FINAL ENERGTICO POR FUENTES (2005 - 2015) ESCENARIO I

000000

000000

000000

000000


SOLAR


ENERGA ELCTRICA



AOS

MILES DE TEP

PROYECCION DEL CONSUMO FINAL ENERGTICO POR FUENTES (2005 - 2015) ESCENARIO II

RECURSO ENERGETICO1990199520002002

HIDROELECTRICIDAD2.42.52.66.6

NUCLEAR6.67.67.66.5

GAS NATURAL22.523.324.223.7

CARBON28.627.12524.7

PETROLEO39.939.540.638.5

PETROLEO10%

HIDRAULICA20%

NUCLEAR17%

CARBON37%

GAS16%

PETROLEO38.5%23.7

HIDRAULICA6.6%24.7

NUCLEAR6.5%6.5

CARBON24.7%6.6

GAS23.7%38.5

100.0%

Carbon mundial y derivados3.9%

Electricidad13.5%

Bagajo y carbon vegetal3.0%

Lea y bota yarta17.1%

Energia solar0.5%

Petroleo61.9%

Gas0.2%

HIDROENERGIA62.0%

PETROLEO (Derviados)24.5%

GAS8.1%

BAGAZO1.9%

CARBON35.0%

0

0

0

0

0

CONSUMO MUNDIAL DE ELECTRICIDAD POR FUENTES DE ENERGIA AL 01.01.2001

0

0

0

0

0

CONSUMO MUNDIAL DE ENERGIA PRIMARIA AL 01.01.2002

24.7%

6.5%

6.6%

38.5%

23.7%

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

ESTRUCTURA DEL CONSUMO NACIONAL DE ENERGIA POR FUENTES AL 01.01.2001

0

0

0

0

0

FLUJO DE ENERGIA ELECTRICA EN EL PERU (Total: 117,346 x 1012 JOULS)

00000

00000

00000

00000

HIDROELECTRICIDAD

NUCLEAR

GAS NATURAL

CARBON

PETROLEO

EVOLUCION DEL CONSUMO MUNDIAL DE ENERGIA (1990-2002)

Fuente: Energy Information AdministrationGRFICO DE CONSUMO DE GAS NATURAL EN EL MUNDO

Fuente: BP Statistical Review, CEA, CEDIGAZ, OCDEEvolucin Consumo mundial de energa (%) (1990-2002)

2001




AFRICA7.15.12.3


EUROPA4.611.217.3



TOTAL77.3100.0100.0

2001

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

RESERVAS


2002

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

PRODUCCION


Hoja3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

CONSUMO


Hoja4




AFRICA7.410.43.3


EUROPA1.78.819.7



TOTAL100.0100.0100.0

Hoja4

13

5

7.1

34.4

4.6

4.1

9.1

RESERVAS


Hoja1

8.6

5.3

5.1

30

11.2

29.1

10.7

PRODUCCION


7.8

5.2

2.3

26.5

17.3

29.2

11.7

CONSUMO


AO1998200520102015


SOLAR51637387





AO1998200520102015


SOLAR516888108





000000

000000

000000

000000


SOLAR


ENERGA ELCTRICA



AOS

MILES DE TEP


000000

000000

000000

000000


SOLAR


ENERGA ELCTRICA



AOS

MILES DE TEP




NUCLEAR6.67.67.66.5

GAS NATURAL22.523.324.223.7

CARBON28.627.12524.7

PETROLEO39.939.540.638.5

PETROLEO20%

HIDRAULICA17%

NUCLEAR37%

CARBON16%

GAS10%

PETROLEO38.5%

HIDRAULICA6.6%

NUCLEAR6.5%

CARBON24.7%

GAS23.7%

Carbon mundial y derivados3.9%

Electricidad13.5%

Bagajo y carbon vegetal3.0%

Lea y bota yarta17.1%

Energia solar0.5%

Petroleo61.9%

Gas0.2%

HIDROENERGIA62.0%


GAS8.1%

BAGAZO1.9%

CARBON35.0%

0.2

0.17

0.37

0.16

0.1


0.385

0.066

0.065

0.247

0.237


0.039

0.135

0.03

0.171

0.005

0.619

0.002


0.62

0.245

0.081

0.019

0.35


00000

00000

00000

00000

HIDROELECTRICIDAD

NUCLEAR

GAS NATURAL

CARBON

PETROLEO


FUENTE: Histricos: EIA/DOE/USA (2001)Proyecciones: EIA (2003)Consumo mundial de energa por fuentes (1970-2025)

Evolucin del Consumo de Energa Primaria en USA

Fuente: CEDIGAZProyeccin del consumo mundial de gas natural en GG.EE.

Generacin de Electricidad por Combustible en USA. Periodo 1970 2020. (Billones de Kw-h)

MAYORES DEMANDANTES DE GAS NATURAL EN EL MUNDOFuente: Energy Information Administration

Fuente: TECGAS. Ao 2002

Consumo Regional de Gas Natural. 01.01.2003 Fuente: Energy Information Administration

Fuente: Plan Referencial de Energa 2000 / MEM

Grfico4

0.039

0.135

0.03

0.171

0.005

0.619

0.002

ESTRUCTURA DEL CONSUMO NACIONAL DE ENERGA POR FUENTES AL 01.01.2001

61.9%

0.2%

3.9%

13.5%

17.1%

0.5%

2001




AFRICA7.15.12.3


EUROPA4.611.217.3



TOTAL77.3100.0100.0

2001

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

RESERVAS


2002

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

PRODUCCION


Hoja3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

CONSUMO


Hoja4




AFRICA7.410.43.3


EUROPA1.78.819.7



TOTAL100.0100.0100.0

Hoja4

13

5

7.1

34.4

4.6

4.1

9.1

RESERVAS


Hoja1

8.6

5.3

5.1

30

11.2

29.1

10.7

PRODUCCION


7.8

5.2

2.3

26.5

17.3

29.2

11.7

CONSUMO


AO1998200520102015


SOLAR51637387





AO1998200520102015


SOLAR516888108





000000

000000

000000

000000


SOLAR


ENERGA ELCTRICA



AOS

MILES DE TEP


000000

000000

000000

000000


SOLAR


ENERGA ELCTRICA



AOS

MILES DE TEP




NUCLEAR6.67.67.66.5

GAS NATURAL22.523.324.223.7

CARBON28.627.12524.7

PETROLEO39.939.540.638.5

PETROLEO10%

HIDRAULICA20%

NUCLEAR17%

CARBON37%

GAS16%

PETROLEO38.5%23.7

HIDRAULICA6.6%24.7

NUCLEAR6.5%6.5

CARBON24.7%6.6

GAS23.7%38.5

100.0%

Carbn mineral y derivados3.9%

Electricidad13.5%

Bagazo y carbn vegetal3.0%

Lea, bosta yareta17.1%

Energa solar0.5%

Petrleo61.9%

Gas0.2%

HIDROENERGIA62.0%


GAS8.1%

BAGAZO1.9%

CARBON35.0%

0

0

0

0

0


0

0

0

0

0


24.7%

6.5%

6.6%

38.5%

23.7%


0.5%

17.1%

13.5%

3.9%

0.2%

61.9%

0

0

0

0

0


00000

00000

00000

00000

HIDROELECTRICIDAD

NUCLEAR

GAS NATURAL

CARBON

PETROLEO


Fuente: PERUPETRO

Consumo de Energa y Desarrollo EconmicoEtiopaSudfricaTanzaniaTogoSenegalZambiaCosta de MarfilIndiaChinaEgiptoGuatemalaMarruecosEcuadorPerBrasilMxicoMalasiaVenezuelaZaireRusiaArabia SauditaHungraPortugalQatarEspaaKuwaitItaliaUKBlgicaUSACanadJapnFranciaAlemaniaSuecia

Grfico1

26.3076923077

37.3846153846

69.2307692308

60.3692307692

83.0769230769

451.5625

263.125

339.0625

718.75

789.0625

319.375

516.25

746.875

550

845.3125

1800

2857.1428571429

3857.1428571429

4085.7142857143

4371.4285714286

7142.8571428571

6285.7142857143

3428.5714285714

4657.1428571429

3914.2857142857

5142.8571428571

6142.8571428571

6428.5714285714

7000

6142.8571428571

6085.7142857143

7571.4285714286

8942.8571428571

9000

24579.4392523364

Energy consumption Koe/head

GNP $/head

Gr1

29.2

2.812

1139.7

12.840

13.937.9

3575.5

33.361.3

29.851

14.423.4

14.822.3

23.732.2

19.424.5

1619.2

20.823.6

13.114.3

24.525.3

Nominal

US$ 2001

Precio Brent en dlares por barril

Los precios mundiales del petrleo 1970-2000

Gr3b

255691.88.2648

259351.811.29311

2630121010412

2666721010513

2430401747

2226301241

1425351540

21.922.1301535

21.822.729.51029

0.53.22328.31025

21.723.328921

295953.616.4371830

299613.611.430924

303273.614.4201020

306933.611.421515

310593.69.413416

314253.611.413614

317913.66.4639

321573.56.58210

325233.55.5428

328893.53.5749

332552.81.27514

3362133629

3398737637

3435335335

3471938436

3508537536

3545139738

3581735615

3618332312

3654937846

Iran

Iraq

Kuwait

Qatar

Arabia Saudita

EUA

Miles de dlares

Valor de la produccin de petrleo per cpita de pases de Oriente Medio miembros de OPEP 1970-2000

Gr5

588588676324

647618735324

618588706382

588618618324

588706706324

647676706353

676735676382

647794647412

618706676382

559735588382

588676559324

603691471353

618824471382

632809441382

662824515382

676853412471

706882500441

706912471500

706941500500

735941529412

7651000588471

7941000559500

7941059559588

8181124559559

8291171588559

8821206588559

9121206529588

9411235559588

9621274529618

*Otros: gas de refienra, LPG, solventes, coque de petrleo, lubricantes, cera, combustible de refinera y prdida

Gasolinas

Destilados medios

Fuel oil

Otros*

Millones de toneladas

Consumo mundial por categoras de productos derivados del petrleo 1972-2000

Gr6

271410715929

264311436000

264311436000

278612866357

292912866571

300013576714

300014006829

292913576786

285713146714

271414296643

274313716714

278614297114

278615007257

288615437400

292916437643

297117437857

300018298000

302918577857

307119007886

302919717857

314318577929

314319298000

328618868171

328620008429

331420868514

331421148500

342921438543

357122148743

&A

Page &P

Petrleo

Gas natural

Energa primaria total


Consumo mundial de energa 1973-2000

Gr7

-1.270.72

-1.270.21

6.155.64

3.183.18

3.243.32

21.5

-3.79-1.19

-3.53-0.82

-3.38-0.51

-0.861.23

1.744.31

-0.452.46

2.972.56

1.63.08

2.973.28

1.482

1.13-2

-0.060.1

0.920.21

-0.980.41

1.851.13

1.232

2.423.32

2.150.51

0.14-0.06

2.150.62

1.192.56

&A

Page &P

Petrleo

Energa primaria total

%

Cambio anuales en la demanda de petrleo y en la demanda total de energa 1974-2000

Gr8a

304196159156

293207137141

296193133148

322204148148

326222163148

341233159156

315233156167

296215137148

296193122130

29618593137

29618581141

29620485144

29621574137

31520493137

33320485148

33322293152

33022270156

33322670148

32623063152

33322670156

33023763156

34125256167

35224156163

35225956178

35227044185

36326756185

37027848185

37828956174

*Otros: gas de refinera, LPG, solventes, coque de petrleo, lubricantes, cera, combustible de refinera y prdida.

Gasolinas

Destilados medios

Fuel oil

Otros*


Demanda de petrleo por producto 1973-2000: Estados Unidos

Gr8b

115263270100

11923324896

11922224481

13024125281

11925923393

14125922289

141263226104

14123021589

119233185100

130211170100

11522615985

130222130104

13022212281

14123011996

14823012293

15624411181

156244100100

178274141119

185278133115

185278133137

178285130130

178285130133

185296130130

181307133137

185315126133

193322119141

185330115144

178341141111

*Otros: gas de refinera, LPG, solventes, coque de petrleo, lubricantes, cera, combustible de refinera y prdida.**Desde 1980, incluyendo Europa del Este

Gasolinas

Destilados medios

Fuel oil

Otros*


Demanda de petrleo por producto 1973-2000: Europa Occidental**

Gr8c

456113332

405312548

405312521

435612835

485312540

485913129

485912832

40699635

40618540

37697235

40617235

40677537

45675343

48725313

48646137

48806435

53697543

53805340

59886740

53936743

53936153

591015961

67935951

671046927

591154548

67935143

591074840

72934848


Gasolinas

Destilados medios

Fuel Oil

Otros*


Demanda de petrleo por producto 1973-2000: Japn

Gr8d

9914917362

11216116162

11217314974

12417316137

11919118179

12419818674

13619820679

13621121874

13621121187

13621621887

144216198107

14924818692

15426317399

154268173104

161273181109

168278198124

173322193129

218339273149

223359273149

235379278161

248396285173

260414297193

273446317178

285471322198

297501337208

317496315223

322520322223

327553305228


Gasolinas

Destilados medios

Fuel Oil

Otros*


Demanda de petrleo por producto 1973-2000: Resto del mundo

Gr9a

0000

3.324.75.6

6.21.95.24.8

10.9-0.1-0.65.6

9.1-1.2-0.78.5

5.81.24.87.8

6.50.44.57.1

7.51.54.76.1

11.31.42.55.9

13.41.9-0.57.1

10.28.61.67.6

6.28.7-2.19.9

3.27.63.99.6

4.47.86.17.5

3.66.43.37.3

26.52.87.1

3.84.63.15.1

45.33.95.5

4.86.12.65.3

5.44.60.75.6

6.56.6-0.96.8

3.13.32.67.5

332.16.8

2.64.63.46.1

2.86.11.95.5

2.95.42.45.4

2.36.13.84.9

1.66.84.24.5

2.25.844.2

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Tasa Prime real

ndice de inflacin

Crecimiento del PBI (%)

ndice de desempleo

Repercusiones econmicas en los Estados Unidos 1972-2000

Gr9b

0

40

230

-5

15

0

-10

100

0

-10

-15

-10

-5

-5

-40

30

-20

20

25

-20

-5

-10

-5

10

20

-10

-30

40

35

%

%

Incremento (real) del precio del petrleo del Mar del Norte 1972-2000

Gr10

6.37.5

6.28.4

6.16.9

7.38.5

8.99.2

8.38.3

8.59.6

6.810

5.910

5.16.6

55.3

5.54.9

5.13.6

6.25.3

6.64.5

7.45.3

85.4

87

7.68.9

7.89.1

8.69

98.9

99

9.69.1

10.29.2

10.89.3

10.98.6

11.29.2

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Importacin de petrleo de Estados Unidos

Produccin de Arabia Saudita

Millones de barriles por da

Importaciones de petrleo de los Estados Unidos y produccin de Arabia Saudita 1973-2000

Gr12a

322418

228177148

655438

221813

121

532

1379672

0.10.10.1

221610

211

242015

2000

1990

1980

Millones

Poblacin de OPEP 1980-2000

Gr12b

185776

308583

167258261

3413

161721

242329

689794

1799112

569387

9105

799

1980

1990

2000

Miles de millones de barriles

Reserva de petrleo de la OPEP

Gr12c

234121663132

178521952341

977668788927

468439805

193217272049

175613171390

13179072049

248820492502

143431463585

146314631317

87811711463

1980

1990

2000

Miles de barriles diarios

Produccin de petrleo de la OPEP 1980-2000

Gr13a

22.225.625

34.718.919.4

202.858.361.1

9.72.85.6

48.618.119.4

48.613.912.5

34.79.716.7

59.718.120.8

38.927.822.2

33.312.55.6

26.412.510.6

1980

1990

2000

Miles de millones de dlares 2001

Ingresos por petrleo de la OPEP 1980-2000

Gr13b

1.61.21

33.710.48.2

21.93.72.7

42.77.89.2

0.80.30

163.32.5

24.85.18.6

4.71.21

1.20.60.5

0.300

1.60.80.4

1980

1990

2000

Miles de dolares 2001

Ingresos por exportaciones de ptroleo per cpita de la OPEP1980-2000

Gr14

4.98.620.3

5.59.222.4

5.910.723.9

6.112.325.8

7.113.828.2

814.730.1

8.61632.5

9.616.835

10.419.338.3

12.321.541.5

7.430.146.1

15.426.448.5

17.827.651

20.330.755.3

19.629.555.3

1928.952.2

20.930.957.1

20.930.759.9

20.330.160.2

19.628.262.6

16.625.260.2

14.120.955.9

10.12052.8

10.417.853.4

9.817.854

9.816.653.8

11.118.456.1

1219.356.5

13.520.358.3

1521.959.6

14.723.360.8

14.524.260.2

15.425.260.2

1626.460.2

16.225.860.8

16.626.462

17.22763.9

17.828.265.3

18.728.666.9

18.427.665.3

19.628.268.2

&A

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*Las naciones del Golfo Prsico son Bahrein, Irn, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos rabes Unidos

Golfo Prsico*

OPEP

Mundo


Oferta de petrleo del mundo, la OPEP y el Golfo 1960-2000

Gr15

8.980.78000.4900.491.46

9.560.98000.200.981.46

9.561.27000.3900.681.76

9.951.66000.200.881.95

9.951.95000.5901.071.56

10.242.34000.200.982.05

10.732.88000.101.412.24

11.612.93000.101.172.73

11.713.41000.290.21.462.63

12.23.41000.490.490.983.12

12.683.9000.780.21.173.71

12.494.29000.590.681.463.71

12.494.59000.680.781.763.9

12.25.27000.291.271.664.2

11.615.95000.491.461.464.39

10.936.830.0500.931.561.274.59

10.737.320.2901.171.761.174.39

10.737.80.9801.461.761.174.88

11.518.21.5601.171.951.464.88

11.228.491.760.11.851.951.764.88

11.229.071.460.681.951.951.465.17

11.229.071.950.292.631.951.175.37

11.418.882.150.782.631.951.275.56

11.419.072.240.682.732.151.465.85

11.519.172.540.682.932.151.376.73

11.718.592.630.982.632.541.377.12

11.518.982.440.982.442.441.467.61

11.228.782.730.982.632.731.377.61

10.549.462.441.172.342.831.468

9.959.071.951.462.732.631.468.29

9.768.291.951.662.542.931.668.49

9.767.611.951.662.932.631.768.78

9.275.461.851.952.932.931.4610.05

8.984.492.151.952.932.631.7610.05

8.783.92.442.442.732.831.7610.24

8.593.92.632.442.932.731.6611.22

8.294.22.342.932.932.931.9511.51

8.293.92.633.222.933.221.9511.71

8.293.92.443.122.933.511.9511.9

7.614.22.832.932.933.121.9512.68

7.84.392.632.933.223.411.9512.68

*Ecuador (retirado de la OPEP en 1992) y Canad (retirado en 1994) estn incluidos para todos los aos**1960-1991: Ex Unin Sovitica; 1992-2000: Rusia

Estados Unidos

Rusia**

Reino Unido

Noruega

Mxico

China

Canad

El resto


Oferta de petrleo no-OPEP* 1960-2000

Hoja1

GRAFICO 11GRAFICO 12aGRAFICO 12bGRAFICO 13bGRAFICO 2GRAFICO 14

Extraccin de petrleo per cpita de pases de OPEP de Oriente Medio 1970-2000Valor de la produccin de petrleo per cpita de pases de OPEP de Oriente Medio 1970-2000Consumo mundial por categoras de productos derivados del petrleo 1972-2000Consumo mundial de energa 1973-2000Incremento (real) del precio del petrleo del Mar del Norte 1972-2000Gastos militares de los pases de Oriente Medio miembros de la OPEP 1970-1999Poblacin de OPEP 1980-2000Reserva de petrleo de la OPEPIngresos por exportaciones de ptroleo per cpita de la OPEP 1980-2000Demanda de petrleo por producto 1973-2000: JapnDemanda de petrleo por producto 1973-2000: Resto del mundoLos precios mundiales del petrleo 1970-2000Poblacin de pases de la OPEP de Oriente Medio 1970-2000Repercusiones econmicas en los Estados Unidos 1972-2000Oferta de petrleo del mundo, la OPEP y el Golfo 1960-2000Consumo mundial de energa 1973-2000

Barriles por diaMiles de dlaresMillones de toneladasMillones de toneladas

AoIranIraqKuwaitQatarArabia SauditaEUAAoIranIraqKuwaitQatarArabia SauditaEUAAoGasolinasDestilados mediosFuel oilOtros*AoPetrleoGas NaturalEnerga primaria totalAo%AoIranIraqKuwaitArabia SauditaEUAAo198019902000Ao200019901980Ao200019901980AoGasolinasDestilados mediosFuel OilOtros*AoGasolinasDestilados mediosFuel OilOtros*Precio Brent por barrilNominalUS$ 2001Millones1970197519801985199019952000AoTasa Prime realndice de inflacinCrecimiento del PBI (%)ndice de desempleoAoGolfo Prsico*OPEPMundoAoPetrleoGas naturalEnerga primaria total

19700.100.104.003.300.903.4019701.808.206.004.008.0019725885886763247358858867619720703,3331,66701,8330Argelia182432Venezuela765718Venezuela1.01.21.67345611333273991491736219702.09.2Iran28.4332.6039.1247.1054.4058.9565.60720.00.00.00.0604.98.620.3732,7141,0715,929

19710.150.154.003.600.904.1019711.8011.209.003.0011.001973647618735324746476187351973407531,3333,5001,00019,0000Indonesia148177228EUA838530EUA8.210.433.774405312548741121611616219722.812.0Iraq9.3611.0213.0115.3218.0820.7822.60733.32.04.75.6615.59.222.4742,6431,1436,000

19720.150.253.703.701.003.9019722.0010.0010.004.0012.001974618588706382756185887061974230808,6675,6672,33342,1672,667Iran385465Arabia Saudita261258167Arabia Saudita2.73.721.9754053125217511217314974197411.039.7Kuwait0.741.011.381.712.131.591.90746.21.95.24.8625.910.723.9752,6431,1436,000

19730.150.253.204.001.204.3019732.0010.0010.005.0013.001975588618618324765886186181975-58523,50020,0002,83327,6673,333Iraq131822Qatar1343Qatar9.27.842.7764356128357612417316137197612.840.0Qatar0.110.170.230.360.490.660.707510.9-0.1-0.65.6636.112.325.8762,7861,2866,357

19740.150.252.603.201.103.9019742.004.0030.0040.0017.0047.00197658870670632477588706706197615904,16711,33317,33341,6673,667Kuwait121Nigeria211716Nigeria0.00.30.8774853125407711919118179197813.937.9Arabia Saudita5.757.259.3712.3815.8018.9822.00769.1-1.2-0.78.5647.113.828.2772,9291,2866,571

19750.150.252.002.601.003.4019752.002.0026.0030.0012.0041.0019776476767063537864767670619770954,8331,6674,00019,5002,500Libia235Libia292324Libia2.53.316.0784859131297812419818674198035.075.5EUA0.220.511.041.381.842.342.30775.81.24.87.8658.014.730.1783,0001,3576,714

19760.150.202.052.801.103.2019761.004.0025.0035.0015.0040.001978676735676382796767356761978-10996,0002,0003,66723,6673,667Nigeria7296137Kuwait949768Kuwait8.65.124.8794859128327913619820679198233.361.3786.50.44.57.1668.616.032.5793,0001,4006,829

19770.150.151.802.301.102.9019772.001.9022.1030.0015.0035.001979647794647412806477946471979100Qatar000Iraq1129917Iraq1.01.24.780406996358013621121874198429.851.0797.51.54.76.1679.616.835.0802,9291,3576,786

19780.150.151.902.400.902.1019782.001.8022.7029.5010.0029.0019806187066763828161870667619800Arabia Saudita101622Iran879356Iran0.50.61.281406185408113621121187198614.423.48011.31.42.55.96810.419.338.3812,8571,3146,714

19790.100.301.902.401.002.0019790.503.2023.0028.3010.0025.001981559735588382825597355881981-10EUA112Indonesia5109Indonesia0.00.00.382376972358213621621887198814.822.38113.41.9-0.57.16912.321.541.5822,7141,4296,643

19800.250.952.201.101.5019802.001.7023.3028.009.0021.001982588676559324835886765591982-15Venezuela152024Argelia997Argelia0.40.81.6834061723583144216198107199023.732.28210.28.61.67.6707.430.146.1832,7431,3716,714

19810.200.601.601.001.3019813.6016.4037.0018.0030.001983603691471353846036914711983-1084406775378414924818692199219.424.5836.28.7-2.19.97115.426.448.5842,7861,4297,114

19820.200.401.200.601.0019823.6011.4030.009.0024.001984618824471382856188244711984-5GRAFICO 12cGRAFICO 13a85456753438515426317399199416.019.2843.27.63.99.67217.827.651.0852,7861,5007,257

19830.200.600.900.501.0019833.6014.4020.0010.0020.001985632809441382866328094411985-5Produccin de petrleo de la OPEP 1980-2000Ingresos por petrleo de la OPEP 1980-2000864872531386154268173104199620.823.6854.47.86.17.57320.330.755.3862,8861,5437,400

19840.200.601.200.400.9019843.6011.4021.005.0015.001986662824515382876628245151986-40874864613787161273181109199813.114.3863.66.43.37.37419.629.555.3872,9291,6437,643

19850.200.500.900.300.8019853.609.4013.004.0016.00198767685341247188676853412198730Miles de barriles diarios198019902000Miles de millones US$ 2001198019902000884880643588168278198124200024.525.3872.06.52.87.17519.028.952.2882,9711,7437,857

19860.200.800.800.500.8019863.6011.4013.006.0014.001988706882500441897068825001988-20Venezuela2,3412,1663,132Venezuela22.225.625.0895369754389173322193129883.84.63.15.17620.930.957.1893,0001,8298,000

19870.200.900.600.401.0019873.606.406.003.009.00198970691247150090706912471198920EUA1,7852,1952,341EUA34.718.919.4905380534090218339273149894.05.33.95.57720.930.759.9903,0291,8577,857

19880.220.780.800.400.9019883.506.508.002.0010.00199070694150050091706941500199025Arabia Saudita9,7766,8788,927Arabia Saudita202.858.361.1915988674091223359273149904.86.12.65.37820.330.160.2913,0711,9007,886

19890.250.850.900.401.0019893.505.504.002.008.001991735941529412927359415291991-20Qatar468439805Qatar9.72.85.6925393674392235379278161915.44.60.75.67919.628.262.6923,0291,9717,857

19900.220.480.700.501.2019903.503.507.004.009.00199276510005884719376510005881992-5Nigeria1,9321,7272,049Nigeria48.618.119.4935393615393248396285173926.56.6-0.96.88016.625.260.2933,1431,8577,929

19910.150.150.700.401.3019912.801.207.005.0014.00199379410005595009479410005591993-10Libia1,7561,3171,390Libia48.613.912.59459101596194260414297193933.13.32.67.58114.120.955.9943,1431,9298,000

19920.150.650.800.401.2019923.003.006.002.009.00199479410595595889579410595591994-5Kuwait1,3179072,049Kuwait34.79.716.7956793595195273446317178943.03.02.16.88210.120.052.8953,2861,8868,171

19930.151.050.900.400.9019933.007.006.003.007.0019958181124559559968181124559199510Iraq2,4882,0492,502Iraq59.718.120.89667104692796285471322198952.64.63.46.18310.417.853.4963,2862,0008,429

19940.151.051.000.301.0019943.005.003.003.005.0019968291171588559978291171588199620Iran1,4343,1463,585Iran38.927.822.29759115454897297501337208962.86.11.95.5849.817.854.0973,3142,0868,514

19950.151.150.800.400.9019953.008.004.003.006.00199788212065885599888212065881997-10Indonesia1,4631,4631,317Indonesia33.312.55.6986793514398317496315223972.95.42.45.4859.816.653.8983,3142,1148,500

19960.151.050.900.300.9019963.007.005.003.006.00199891212065295889991212065291998-30Argelia8781,1711,463Argelia26.412.510.69959107484099322520322223982.36.13.84.98611.118.456.1993,4292,1438,543

19970.150.950.900.400.8019973.009.007.003.008.0019999411235559588009411235559199940007293484800327553305228991.66.84.24.58712.019.356.5003,5712,2148,743

19980.201.001.000.400.9019983.005.006.001.005.0020009621274529618200035002.25.84.04.28813.520.358.3

19990.220.881.000.300.8019993.002.003.001.002.008915.021.959.6

20000.250.951.100.301.1020003.007.008.004.006.009014.723.360.8

9114.524.260.2

9215.425.260.2

9316.026.460.2

9416.225.860.8

9516.626.462.0

9617.227.063.9

9717.828.265.3

9818.728.666.9

9918.427.665.3

0019.628.268.2

GRAFICO 7GRAFICO 8aGRAFICO 8bGRAFICO 10GRAFICO 15

Cambio anuales en la demanda de petrleo y en la demanda total de energa 1974-2000Demanda de petrleo por producto 1973-2000: Estados UnidosDemanda de petrleo por producto 1973-2000: Europa Occidental**Importaciones de petrleo de los Estados Unidos y produccin de Arabia Saudita 1973-2000Oferta de petrleo no-OPEP* 1960-2000

AoPetrleoEnerga primaria totalAoGasolinasDestilados mediosFuel oilOtros*AoGasolinasDestilados mediosFuel oilOtros*AoImportacin de petrleo de Estados UnidosProduccin de Arabia SauditaAoEstados UnidosRusia**Reino UnidoNoruegaMxicoChinaCanadEl resto

74-1.270.721973304196159156197311526327010019736.37.519608.980.780.000.000.490.000.491.46

75-1.270.21197429320713714119741192332489619746.28.419619.560.980.000.000.200.000.981.46

766.155.64197529619313314819751192222448119756.16.919629.561.270.000.000.390.000.681.76

773.183.18197632220414814819761302412528119767.38.519639.951.660.000.000.200.000.881.95

783.243.32197732622216314819771192592339319778.99.219649.951.950.000.000.590.001.071.56

7921.5197834123315915619781412592228919788.38.3196510.242.340.000.000.200.000.982.05

80-3.79-1.191979315233156167197914126322610419798.59.6196610.732.880.000.000.100.001.412.24

81-3.53-0.82198029621513714819801412302158919806.810196711.612.930.000.000.100.001.172.73

82-3.38-0.511981296193122130198111923318510019815.910196811.713.410.000.000.290.201.462.63

83-0.861.23198229618593137198213021117010019825.16.6196912.203.410.000.000.490.490.983.12

841.744.31198329618581141198311522615985198355.3197012.683.900.000.000.780.201.173.71

85-0.452.46198429620485144198413022213010419845.54.9197112.494.290.000.000.590.681.463.71

862.972.5619852962157413719851302221228119855.13.6197212.494.590.000.000.680.781.763.90

871.63.0819863152049313719861412301199619866.25.3197312.205.270.000.000.291.271.664.20

882.973.2819873332048514819871482301229319876.64.5197411.615.950.000.000.491.461.464.39

891.48219883332229315219881562441118119887.45.3197510.936.830.050.000.931.561.274.59

901.13-21989330222701561989156244100100198985.4197610.737.320.290.001.171.761.174.39

91-0.060.11990333226701481990178274141119199087197710.737.800.980.001.461.761.174.88

920.920.21199132623063152199118527813311519917.68.9197811.518.201.560.001.171.951.464.88

93-0.980.41199233322670156199218527813313719927.89.1197911.228.491.760.101.851.951.764.88

941.851.13199333023763156199317828513013019938.69198011.229.071.460.681.951.951.465.17

951.2321994341252561671994178285130133199498.9198111.229.071.950.292.631.951.175.37

962.423.321995352241561631995185296130130199599198211.418.882.150.782.631.951.275.56

972.150.51199635225956178199618130713313719969.69.1198311.419.072.240.682.732.151.465.85

980.14-0.061997352270441851997185315126133199710.29.2198411.519.172.540.682.932.151.376.73

992.150.621998363267561851998193322119141199810.89.3198511.718.592.630.982.632.541.377.12

001.192.561999370278481851999185330115144199910.98.6198611.518.982.440.982.442.441.467.61

2000378289561742000178341141111200011.29.2198711.228.782.730.982.632.731.377.61

198810.549.462.441.172.342.831.468.00

19899.959.071.951.462.732.631.468.29

19909.768.291.951.662.542.931.668.49

19919.767.611.951.662.932.631.768.78

19929.275.461.851.952.932.931.4610.05

19938.984.492.151.952.932.631.7610.05

19948.783.902.442.442.732.831.7610.24

19958.593.902.632.442.932.731.6611.22

19968.294.202.342.932.932.931.9511.51

19978.293.902.633.222.933.221.9511.71

19988.293.902.443.122.933.511.9511.90

19997.614.202.832.932.933.121.9512.68

20007.804.392.632.933.223.411.9512.68

Hoja1

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

Iran

Iraq

Kuwait

Arabia Saudita

EUA

Mollones de dlares constantes

Hoja2

0000000

0000000

0000000

0000000

0000000

70

75

80

85

90

95

99

Millones de dlares constantes

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

Iran

Iraq

Kuwait

Qatar

Arabia Saudita

EUA

Millones

Poblacin de pases de la OPEP de Oriente Medio 1970-2000

28.4332.639.1247.154.458.9565.6

9.3611.0213.0115.3218.0820.7822.6

0.741.011.381.712.131.591.9

0.110.170.230.360.490.660.7

5.757.259.3712.3815.818.9822

0.220.511.041.381.842.342.3

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

Millones

Poblacin de pases de la OPEP de Oriente Medio 1970-2000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

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000000

000000

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000000

000000

000000

000000

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000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

000000

Iran

Iraq

Kuwait

Qatar

Arabia Saudita

EUA

Barriles por da

Extraccin de petrleo per cpita de pases de OPEP de Oriente Medio 1970-2000

41regla71.532.532.171.8

40grafico900909000090000

0.9756097561factor12.58741258742.76923076922803.7383177571253.4818941504

Importacin de petrleo de Estados Unidos25.825.4253036.5343528.224.52120.822.52125.527.230.5333331.532.235.5373739.54244.544.846XYXY

Produccin de Arabia Saudita59.13.551.504.51316.76.31.2-2.5-6-3.8-8.7-8.5-10.9-45.35.31.5-0.20-2-4-6.2-9.3-8Etiopa56.64156.6426.314.59.5

Fuel oil-13.3-18.3-12.7-18.2-21.5-17.2-22.5-25.4-26.7-13.5-8.5-7-2.2-8.5-5-8.2-8.6-13-20.7-21.4-21-20.8-20.5-20.7-21.1-21.2-18.5-20.2Tanzania94.41194.4137.387.513.5

Otros2.72.62.22.22.52.42.82.42.72.72.32.82.22.62.52.22.73.23.13.73.53.63.53.73.63.83.93Zaire76.78176.7869.236.125

Importacin de petrleo de Estados Unidos25.825.4253036.5343528.224.52120.822.52125.527.230.5333331.532.235.5373739.54244.544.846Togo477.06577.0660.3737.921.8

Produccin de Arabia Saudita30.834.528.535383439.541.241.227.322201521.718.52222.12936.837.53736.83737.53838.335.538Senegal730.07830.0783.085830

Fuel oil17.516.215.816.816.516.81715.814.513.813.51312.813.213.513.813.51616.116.1161616.516.816.917.11717.8India503.50603.50451.564012.5

Otros20.218.818191919.219.818.217.216.515.815.81515.8161616.219.219.219.819.519.62020.520.520.920.920.8Zambia692.31792.31263.13555.8

Ivory Coast767.83867.83339.06618.5

Ao1973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000Egipto849.65949.65718.7567.522

Importacin de petrleo de Estados Unidos25.224.824.429.335.633.234.127.523.920.520.32220.524.926.529.832.232.230.731.434.636.136.138.54143.443.744.9China782.94882.94789.0662.224.5

Produccin de Arabia Saudita3033.727.834.137.133.238.540.240.226.621.519.514.621.21821.521.628.335.936.636.135.936.136.637.137.434.637.1Guatemala2372.88319.3810.87.8

Fuel oil17.115.815.416.416.116.416.615.414.113.513.212.712.512.913.213.513.215.615.715.715.615.616.116.416.516.716.617.4Morocco1788.14516.256.214.8

Otros19.718.317.618.518.518.719.317.816.816.115.415.414.615.415.615.615.818.718.719.31919.119.5202020.420.420.3Ecuador2334.75746.8810.523

Peru4686.44550.002916

AoEstados UnidosRusiaReino UnidoNoruegaMxicoChinaCanadEl restoAoEstados UnidosRusiaReino UnidoNoruegaMxicoChinaCanadEl restoEstados UnidosRusiaReino UnidoNoruegaMxicoChinaCanadEl restoBrazil6084.75845.314026.5

19608.980.780.000.000.490.000.491.46196090.8000.500.51.59.210101010.510.51112.5Mexico6148.311800.0040.52.8

19619.560.980.000.000.200.000.981.461961101000.2011.59.810.810.810.811111213.5Malaysia6720.342857.14456.5

19629.561.270.000.000.390.000.681.761962101.3000.400.71.89.811.111.111.111.511.512.214S. Africa5067.803857.143210

19639.951.660.000.000.200.000.881.951963101.7000.200.9210.211.911.911.912.112.11315Venezuela4584.754085.7128.210.8

19649.951.950.000.000.590.001.071.561964102000.601.11.610.212.212.212.212.812.813.915.5Hungary6618.644371.4344.211.8

196510.242.340.000.000.200.000.982.051965112.4000.2012.110.512.912.912.913.113.114.116.2Rusia5042.377142.8631.821.5

196610.732.880.000.000.100.001.412.241966112.95000.101.452.31113.9513.9513.9514.0514.0515.517.8S. Arabia8817.806285.7161.518.5

196711.612.930.000.000.100.001.172.73196711.93000.101.22.811.914.914.914.9151516.219Portugal10000.003428.5770.88.5

196811.713.410.000.000.290.201.462.631968123.5000.30.21.52.71215.515.515.515.81617.520.2Espaa23537.604657.1410.812.8

196912.203.410.000.000.490.490.983.12196912.53.5000.50.513.212.516161616.5171821.2Kuwait34066.853914.2919.210.2

197012.683.900.000.000.780.201.173.711970134000.80.21.23.81317171717.81819.223Italia38830.085142.862314.5

197112.494.290.000.000.590.681.463.71197112.84.4000.60.71.53.812.817.217.217.217.818.52023.8Francia45724.236142.8628.518

197212.494.590.000.000.680.781.763.90197212.84.7000.70.81.8412.817.517.517.518.21920.824.8Alemania48231.206428.5730.519

197312.205.270.000.000.291.271.664.20197312.55.4000.31.31.74.312.517.917.917.918.219.521.225.5Suecia46977.727000.0029.521

197411.615.950.000.000.491.461.464.39197411.96.1000.51.51.54.511.918181818.52021.526UK35320.336142.8620.218

197510.936.830.050.000.931.561.274.59197511.270.0500.951.61.34.711.218.218.2518.2519.220.822.126.8Japan59512.536085.7139.517.8

197610.737.320.290.001.171.761.174.391976117.50.301.21.81.24.51118.518.818.82021.82327.5Blgica34442.907571.4319.523

197710.737.800.980.001.461.761.174.881977118101.51.81.251119202021.523.324.529.5USA36573.828942.8621.227.8

197811.518.201.560.001.171.951.464.88197811.88.41.601.221.5511.820.221.821.8232526.531.5Canada50111.429000.003228

197911.228.491.760.101.851.951.764.88197911.58.71.80.11.921.8511.520.22222.1242627.832.8Qatar16518.1124579.445.25.2

198011.229.071.460.681.951.951.465.17198011.59.31.50.7221.55.311.520.822.323252728.533.8

198111.229.071.950.292.631.951.175.37198111.59.320.32.721.25.511.520.822.823.125.827.82934.5

198211.418.882.150.782.631.951.275.56198211.79.12.20.82.721.35.711.720.82323.826.528.529.835.5

198311.419.072.240.682.732.151.465.85198311.79.32.30.72.82.21.5611.72123.32426.82930.536.5

198411.519.172.540.682.932.151.376.73198411.89.42.60.732.21.46.911.821.223.824.527.529.731.138

198511.718.592.630.982.632.541.377.121985128.82.712.72.61.47.31220.823.524.527.229.831.238.5

198611.518.982.440.982.442.441.467.61198611.89.22.512.52.51.57.811.82123.524.52729.53138.8

198711.228.782.730.982.632.731.377.61198711.592.812.72.81.47.811.520.523.324.32729.831.239

198810.549.462.441.172.342.831.468.00198810.89.72.51.22.42.91.58.210.820.52324.226.629.53139.2

19899.959.071.951.462.732.631.468.29198910.29.321.52.82.71.58.510.219.521.52325.828.53038.5

19909.768.291.951.662.542.931.668.491990108.521.72.631.78.71018.520.522.224.827.829.538.2

19919.767.611.951.662.932.631.768.781991107.821.732.71.891017.819.821.524.527.22938

19929.275.461.851.952.932.931.4610.0519929.55.61.92331.510.39.515.11719222526.536.8

19938.984.492.151.952.932.631.7610.0519939.24.62.2232.71.810.39.213.816182123.725.535.8

19948.783.902.442.442.732.831.7610.241994942.52.52.82.91.810.591315.51820.823.725.536

19958.593.902.632.442.932.731.6611.2219958.842.72.532.81.711.58.812.815.5182123.825.537

19968.294.202.342.932.932.931.9511.5119968.54.32.4333211.88.512.815.218.221.224.226.238

19978.293.902.633.222.933.221.9511.7119978.542.73.333.32128.512.515.218.521.524.826.838.8

19988.293.902.443.122.933.511.9511.9019988.542.53.233.6212.28.512.51518.221.224.826.839

19997.614.202.832.932.933.121.9512.6819997.84.32.9333.22137.812.115182124.226.239.2

20007.804.392.632.933.223.411.9512.68200084.52.733.33.5213812.515.218.221.5252740

8.980.78000.4900.491.46

9.560.98000.200.981.46

9.561.27000.3900.681.76

9.951.66000.200.881.95

9.951.95000.5901.071.56

10.242.34000.200.982.05

10.732.88000.101.412.24

11.612.93000.101.172.73

11.713.41000.290.21.462.63

12.23.41000.490.490.983.12

12.683.9000.780.21.173.71

12.494.29000.590.681.463.71

12.494.59000.680.781.763.9

12.25.27000.291.271.664.2

11.615.95000.491.461.464.39

10.936.830.0500.931.561.274.59

10.737.320.2901.171.761.174.39

10.737.80.9801.461.761.174.88

11.518.21.5601.171.951.464.88

11.228.491.760.11.851.951.764.88

11.229.071.460.681.951.951.465.17

11.229.071.950.292.631.951.175.37

11.418.882.150.782.631.951.275.56

11.419.072.240.682.732.151.465.85

11.519.172.540.682.932.151.376.73

11.718.592.630.982.632.541.377.12

11.518.982.440.982.442.441.467.61

11.228.782.730.982.632.731.377.61

10.549.462.441.172.342.831.468

9.959.071.951.462.732.631.468.29

9.768.291.951.662.542.931.668.49

9.767.611.951.662.932.631.768.78

9.275.461.851.952.932.931.4610.05

8.984.492.151.952.932.631.7610.05

8.783.92.442.442.732.831.7610.24

8.593.92.632.442.932.731.6611.22

8.294.22.342.932.932.931.9511.51

8.293.92.633.222.933.221.9511.71

8.293.92.443.122.933.511.9511.9

7.614.22.832.932.933.121.9512.68

7.84.392.632.933.223.411.9512.68

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

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0

GNP $/head

Energy consumption Koe/head

Consumo Per Capita de Gas NaturalFuente: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2004Toneladas de petrleo equivalente

Consumo Per Capita de Hidrocarburos Lquidos 2003Fuente: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2004

El Mercado de la EnergaSiglo XIX Oferta de Carbon Revolucin Industrial Siglo XX Oferta de Electricidad y Petrleo Revolucin Industrial ( siguientes estadios)

Siglo XXI Oferta de Electricidad y Gas Natural

El Mercado de la EnergaLa Revolucin industrial fue esencialmente el reemplazo del poder muscular de los hombres y los animales por el poder de los fsiles.

El crecimiento econmico es en gran medida sinnimo de una mayor utilizacin de energa, por lo general a precios reales decrecientes.

Siglo XIX Carbn

Siglo XX Petrleo

Siglo XXI Gas Natural

Siglo XXII Hidrogeno?Eras Energticas

Del carbn al hidrgeno...Eras Energticas

La Lea C/H =10 El CarbnC/H=1Petrleo C/H=0.5Del Pasado al FuturoGas Natural C/H=0.25HidrogenoC/H = 0

100

80

60

40

20

0

Porcentaje (%) 1850 1900 1950 2000Eras Energticas

Costos de Produccin de Energia

El gas natural es la fuente de energa de mas xito en la actualidad.

De todos los combustibles fsiles el metano (CH4 90%) tiene la relacion mas alta entre hidrogeno y carbono y en teoria resulta el combustible ideal sobre el cual se puede desarrollar una limpia y eficiente economia energetica

Los grandes descubrimientos de gas se han dado mayormente en lugares alejados (Rusia, Australia, frica, Medio Oriente, Bolivia) de los centros de consumo (Japn, Europa, USA)

Gas natural tiene una baja relacin energa densidad (Tranportar 1 bep en gas natural de S. Cruz a San Pablo, consume la misma cantidad de energia que trasladar 1 bep de petroleo convencional, por oceano dos veces alrededor de la tierra)

Reducir el costo de transportar el gas natural es por tanto el objetivo del siglo XXI mediante innovaciones tecnolgicas.Realidades

Convertir el gas natural en un commodity (azcar o petrleo)

LNG (Gas Natural Licuado)GTL (Gas a Lquidos para produccin de nafta, diesel, etc.)OLNG (Plataformas de perforacin, planta de separacin y LNG)

Materia prima inicial para generar hidrogeno que posiblemente ser el combustible del prximo siglo.

Gas natural combustible preferido en la combustin principalmente para generacin termoelctrica

80% del gas natural (metano) es utilizado para quemar en plantas termoelctricas, hornos, calderos y otros

Realidades

GRFICO DE RESERVAS DE GAS NATURAL EN EL MUNDO Fuente: Oil & Gas Journal 01.01.2005

Rusia : 1680 TCF

North Field Qatar : 450 TCF

Venezuela : 151 TCF

Trinidad & Tobago : 26 TCFReservas Probadas de Gas Natural. 01.01.2005 Per : 8.7 TCFFuente : Oil & Gas Journal, Vol. 102, No. 47 (December 20, 2004)

8.0 TCF Mes 95.5 TCF Ao 1.885 TCF Mes 22.63 TCF Ao 0.15 TCF Mes 1.82 TCF Ao

CONSUMODE GAS NATURAL al 01.01.2003MEXICOUSAMUNDO

Movimientos de Hidrocarburos Lquidos 2003Millones de ToneladasFuente: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2004

Comercio Internacional de Gas Natural 2003Billones de Metros CbicosFuente: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2004

Cadena de valor

Industria del gas natural.

Su naturaleza gaseosa, influencia en el transporte.Es un negocio rgido. No tiene la liquidez del petrleo El transporte a travs de ductos es la opcin mas econmica.El Comercio del gas natural tiene barreras limitadas a una distancia econmica.Tiene una estructura rgida, limitada a la capacidad de transporte Su diferencia con el negocio del petrleo. Precios.El Gas Natural. Un negocio regulado

Elasticidad de la Demanda del Gas Natural

Existe una elasticidad de la demanda del gas natural, cuyo grado depender de la categora del consumidor.

En el sector residencial los consumos de gas natural dependen del clima. Tambin de los precios de los substitutos como el GLP.

En el sector de los clientes industriales la elasticidad de la demanda al precio, depender de los precios del substitutos.

El Mercado del Gas NaturalEl Gas Natural No es un commodity.

El Gas No tiene un precio internacional. Depende del MERCADO y su uso final.

Es considerado un negocio de distancias cortas.

Es considerado un commodity local o un commodity regional.

Esta limitado a una Distancia econmica

Mercado SPOT del Gas NaturalEs el Mercado del gas natural regido por la Oferta y Demanda, cuyos precios varan da a da, momento a momento. Mercado de US (Henry Hub);Mercado Americano

Similar tendencia de volatilidad pero debajo del Precio SPOT del WTISources: Natural Gas Intelligence, EIAPRECIOS SPOT DEL GAS NATURAL EN USA

Chart1

3.64310344832.57

3.56034482762.5

3.70172413792.36

3.69310344832.31

3.58965517242.38

3.50344827592.321

3.53103448282.32

3.39137931032.31

3.25517241382.32

3.2741379312.37

3.26896551722.39

3.13793103452.4

3.10741379312.29

372772.29

3.16551724142.19

3.29310344832.11

3.3741379312.13

3.41379310342.04

3.45689655172.02

3.32758620691.98

3.29482758622.08

3.39827586212.14

3.51724137932.2

3.45172413792.18

3.45862068972.2

3.40862068972.14

3.40517241382.16

3.49137931032.2

3.67068965522.21

3.57931034482.39

3.65344827592.37

3.65344827592.27

3.70172413792.18

373052.18

3.58103448282.31

3.50172413792.43

3.58793103452.39

3.60689655172.4

3.48965517242.4

3.68448275862.45

3.68965517242.48

3.75517241382.48

3.85689655172.49

3.88793103452.68

3.99655172412.63

4.02068965522.52

4.07241379312.72

4.11551724142.81

4.22.9

4.23275862072.93

4.16206896552.96

4.22068965522.79

4.21896551722.99

4.31551724143.16

4.31379310343.33

4.29655172413.3

4.43793103453.19

4.40689655173.54

4.42931034483.45

4.43965517243.59

4.44655172413.38

4.51896551723.19

4.6241379313.42

4.78448275863.72

4.753.68

4.59310344833.56

4.51896551723.31

4.51034482763.36

4.38793103453.25

4.50862068973.25

4.29827586213.14

4.05344827593.08

4.22931034483.27

4.29655172413.43

4.47241379313.4

4.46206896553.51

4.55689655173.4

4.53103448283.58

4.53103448283.63

4.53103448283.53

4.54482758623.47

4.6758620693.32

4.73275862073.44

4.71034482763.65

4.58275862073.79

4.53620689663.65

4.61206896553.71

4.50172413793.61

4.61896551723.49

4.78620689663.74

4.78965517243.72

4.81379310343.71

4.93448275863.61

5.02931034483.75

4.85689655173.62

4.82758620693.44

4.86034482763.42

4.86896551723.44

4.71551724143.33

4.65689655173.38

4.58620689663.38

4.60172413793.22

374033.22

4.3241379313.21

4.42068965523.29

4.27241379313.34

4.3741379313.15

4.32758620693.18

4.36551724143.3

4.31379310343.28

4.29137931033.2

4.26206896553.11

4.17931034483.14

4.1741379313.1

4.2741379313.14

4.40344827593.03

4.46551724143.12

4.47931034483.34

4.37241379313.23

4.40862068973.23

4.41724137933.29

4.39827586213.17

4.53620689663.33

4.49310344833.49

4.59827586213.42

4.61551724143.23

4.61896551723.2

4.61896551723.27

4.6258620693.17

4.6241379313.1

374413.1

4.6241379313.1

4.50689655173.06

4.51034482762.98

4.60862068973.04

4.65689655172.85

4.73793103452.86

4.69482758622.82

4.77241379312.89

4.80689655172.98

4.74137931032.86

4.79827586212.95

4.58793103453.01

4.58793103452.96

4.61724137932.91

4.59827586213.03

4.57758620692.94

4.5758620693.06

4.72931034482.98

4.65862068973.04

4.57068965523.07

4.63275862072.91

4.57758620692.81

4.68620689662.79

4.58275862072.73

4.59827586212.75

4.63275862072.83

4.82.91

4.88793103453.03

4.86034482763.03

4.99827586212.92

5.04137931033.1

5.14827586213.1

5.19310344833.26

5.23620689663.22

5.19137931033.38

5.17068965523.49

5.03965517243.51

4.97241379313.48

4.88103448283.33

4.97068965523.26

4.99482758623.12

375013.12

4.78620689663.1

4.8758620693.12

5.01034482763.19

5.08793103453.38

5.13793103453.24

5.10689655173.35

5.13275862073.32

4.99137931033.22

5.14310344833.36

5.0241379313.44

5.01379310343.46

5.09827586213.79

5.08448275863.89

5.11206896553.94

5.31896551723.87

5.30862068973.98

5.29137931033.75

5.2258620693.59

5.26379310343.76

5.2741379314.09

5.29482758624.38

5.2741379314.24

5.1258620694.26

5.11206896553.85

5.11206896553.77

5.09655172413.86

5.05344827593.91

4.99310344833.94

5.06206896553.79

5.18275862074.19

5.1258620694.2

5.04827586214.1

5.10517241384.09

5.09655172414.11

4.88103448284.23

4.81551724144.2

4.86034482764.24

4.80517241384.31

4.67068965524.11

4.69827586214.17

4.62241379314.19

4.62931034484.33

4.68620689664.38

4.66206896554.06

4.63620689663.94

4.49310344833.9

4.43448275863.93

4.37241379313.91

4.45344827593.77

4.48620689663.83

4.51551724143.83

4.35862068973.83

4.37931034483.9

4.39655172413.91

4.60517241384.18

4.55344827594.25

4.65517241384.27

4.66724137934.24

4.78103448284.32

4.65689655174.33

4.58620689664.21

4.63275862074.19

375884.19

375894.19

4.70172413794.23

4.71379310344.35

4.62068965524.23

4.70172413794.35

4.66034482764.39

4.70517241384.32

4.78103448284.39

4.73965517244.64

4.86206896554.82

4.89482758625.04

5.19827586215.31

5.17931034485.14

5.24310344834.98

5.27068965525.14

5.27068965525.05

5.53275862075.03

5.53965517245.03

376155.03

5.62241379315

5.63448275864.78

5.41551724144.75

5.38103448284.6

376224.6

5.51206896554.94

5.73448275865.13

5.56724137934.95

5.37931034484.89

5.28620689665.07

5.50862068975.05

5.44655172415.21

5.53103448285.22

5.58965517245.25

5.72931034485.22

5.78965517245.51

5.84137931035.68

376415.68

5.96896551725.47

5.91724137935.68

5.84482758626.56

6.03103448285.92

5.59137931035.92

5.63793103455.5

5.78275862075.62

5.8241379315.76

5.77758620695.58

5.66206896555.72

5.79482758626.26

5.84655172416.24

5.9241379316.08

6.04310344836.29

5.94137931036.34

6.10862068976.19

6.17758620696.2

6.31551724145.84

6.31206896555.87

376695.87

6.35862068976.1

6.38275862076.1

6.28448275866.39

6.33793103456.74

6.429310344812.26

6.217241379318.85

6.544827586210.36

6.358.45

6.337931034510.65

6.2241379318.56

6.37068965527.76

6.35517241387.81

6.41551724147.59

6.51034482767.42

6.41034482766.79

6.34655172416.25

6.52931034485.78

6.21551724145.75

6.10517241385.17

6.02068965525.33

5.43965517245.13

5.1741379315.2

4.93448275865.2

4.68620689665.06

5.08793103455.07

5.76206896555.06

4.954.91

5.2258620694.86

5.20862068975.07

5.36896551724.98

5.08275862074.9

4.92241379314.89

5.00862068974.92

4.89827586214.86

4.78620689665

4.82241379315.21

4.98793103455.11

4.68965517245.18

4.8758620695.28

4.89827586215.28

5.07931034485.53

5.02758620695.62

5.18965517245.53

377295.53

5.30344827595.55

5.15862068975.57

4.83448275865.58

4.74482758625.47

4.46896551725.38

4.35344827595.28

4.36551724145.11

4.49827586215.25

4.49137931035.32

4.43793103455.24

4.55689655175.37

4.42241379315.64

4.5241379315.48

4.64482758625.66

4.76724137935.74

4.71379310345.9

4.91551724145.98

5.03620689666.17

4.9258620696.24

5.01206896555.95

4.97241379316.08

5.055.93

5.08793103456.07

5.01551724146.09

5.12758620695.91

377675.84

5.04137931035.84

4.90689655175.71

5.0258620695.76

5.09655172415.98

5.29655172416.21

5.30689655176.25

5.13965517246.41

5.31724137936.17

5.38965517246.26

5.40689655176.25

5.46896551726.08

5.54655172416.06

5.41551724145.86

5.28103448285.44

5.36896551725.44

5.35862068975.66

5.22068965525.54

5.14827586215.53

5.28103448285.67

5.21034482765.87

5.18103448285.85

5.45689655175.64

4.99482758625.51

5.03103448285.19

5.19827586215.35

5.24310344835.22

5.22241379315.05

5.23965517244.97

378064.97

5.18620689665.2

5.22758620695.41

5.32241379315.56

5.35172413795.4

5.40172413795.29

5.37931034485.15

5.44827586215.18

5.37931034485

5.42068965524.97

5.51034482765.01

5.46034482765.11

5.20689655175.04

5.19482758624.88

5.29655172414.88

5.2258620694.68

5.16896551724.67

5.20862068974.72

5.29137931034.69

5.26896551724.63

5.55689655174.7

5.48275862074.82

5.5758620694.71

5.47758620694.74

5.58793103454.85

5.55689655175.02

5.50172413795.07

5.50172413795.06

5.31896551725.17

5.31896551725.13

5.34655172414.84

5.31206896554.94

5.30344827594.99

5.33793103455.03

5.47931034485.14

5.45517241385.24

5.41896551725.28

5.51896551725.09

5.3758620695.12

5.41551724144.93

5.4758620694.88

378654.88

5.09827586214.62

5.0741379314.68

4.97758620694.68

4.98793103454.77

4.9741379314.82

5.03793103454.7

5.07068965524.78

4.9758620694.85

4.87241379314.65

4.85344827594.65

4.75862068974.67

4.65517241384.61

4.74.51

4.64310344834.33

4.654.37

4.65517241384.51

4.86034482764.59

4.87758620694.55

4.86379310344.41

4.88793103454.57

5.03275862074.67

5.0741379314.47

5.14310344834.42

5.23620689664.33

5.24137931034.4

5.25517241384.65

5.10344827594.84

5.33965517244.77

5.51896551724.92

5.50172413794.97

5.46206896554.82

5.47241379314.93

5.43275862074.93

5.27758620694.57

5.23620689664.29

5.20517241384.64

5.17241379314.88

5.2258620694.91

5.17068965524.78

5.16379310344.56

5.09827586214.44

4.99137931034.5

4.94310344834.4

5.04137931033.99

4.96724137934.12

4.9758620694.01

5.22241379314.45

5.21551724144.75

5.29827586214.48

5.34655172414.42

5.38103448284.53

5.40862068974.77

5.49827586214.6

5.57068965524.63

5.47448275864.48

5.71724137934.34

5.66206896554.46

5.66724137934.36

5.56206896554.14

5.17068965524.57

5.1758620694.48

5.22931034484.86

379524.86

379534.86

5.15344827595.02

5.35.45

5.27758620695.45

5.38620689665.71

5.28965517246.29

5.53103448286.06

5.46896551726.52

5.50344827596.65

5.51896551726.57

5.76.73

5.71896551726.64

5.67931034486.58

5.75172413796.56

5.81379310346.98

5.65689655176.93

5.46724137936.3

5.52241379315.57

5.68793103455.5

379805.5

379815.5

5.60517241385.46

5.69137931035.96

5.60517241385.77

379875.77

379885.77

5.81206896556.26

5.78275862077.04

5.78793103456.63

5.90862068976.4

5.92758620696.89

6.02068965526.25

5.90689655176.25

5.96896551725.74

5.79482758626.02

6.06206896555.41

380055.41

6.24310344836.15

6.1258620696.27

6.05517241386.02

6.0241379315.82

5.93275862075.7

5.86034482765.86

5.79827586216.04

5.66551724146

5.71724137935.81

5.86551724145.52

5.89655172415.7

5.75.74

5.73448275865.54

5.60172413795.38

5.6741379315.44

5.86724137935.5

5.855.35

5.86724137935.35

5.955.62

380335.62

6.05689655175.43

6.10689655175.33

6.1741379315.28

6.17241379315.2

6.16379310345.11

6.18103448285.08

6.42758620695.1

6.11206896555.13

6.22068965525.27

6.35344827595.17

6.31034482765.37

6.17241379315.34

6.34655172415.17

6.43275862075.32

6.29827586215.42

6.25689655175.34

6.24310344835.33

6.37068965525.33

6.24310344835.53

6.45517241385.59

6.44137931035.6

6.58793103455.61

6.51896551725.63

6.56724137935.48

6.45.46

6.51896551725.36

6.38965517245.35

6.09655172415.22

6.13965517245.15

6.10517241385.25

6.23275862075.4

6.16379310345.63

5.94310344835.81

5.92931034485.69

5.91206896555.8

6.055.7

6.25517241385.76

6.40344827595.85

380865.85

6.51551724145.85

6.39482758625.92

6.31379310345.73

6.50689655175.68

6.55.62

6.45862068975.57

6.48448275865.45

6.31206896555.52

6.55.59

6.41724137935.53

6.38275862075.59

6.46379310345.81

6.41896551725.79

6.46551724145.78

6.43275862075.8

6.59655172415.79

6.76.21

6.84310344836.09

6.79482758626.23

6.89310344836.18

6.70689655176.12

6.94827586216.24

6.94827586216.39

7.05862068976.41

7.14137931036.44

7.16034482766.41

6.95172413796.28

7.1741379316.18

7.05517241386.45

6.86724137936.35

7.24655172416.47

7.14655172416.72

76.7

6.76724137936.51

6.87931034486.43

381386.43

7.29827586216.45

6.88965517246.51

6.7741379316.43

6.62758620696.15

6.6758620696.08

6.41034482766.19

6.48275862076.05

6.62931034486.01

381496.01

6.47931034486.15

6.41034482766.35

6.43620689666.39

6.63965517246.58

6.66896551726.48

6.49827586216.42

6.57068965526.29

6.4758620696.29

6.51896551726.41

6.43793103456.27

6.256.13

6.13793103456.02

6.13793103456.02

6.36551724146.05

6.64827586215.96

6.61551724145.88

6.82068965526.16

6.75517241386.28

6.86.2

6.87931034485.89

6.7758620695.94

6.81896551725.84

7.06551724145.91

7.01724137935.93

7.08620689665.77

7.16379310345.75

7.04482758625.79

7.00517241385.91

7.15689655175.83

7.21034482765.98

7.14655172415.95

7.21206896555.89

7.38103448285.77

7.36034482765.93

7.53793103456.02

7.55689655175.86

7.60862068975.76

7.36724137935.7

7.65344827595.55

7.57758620695.43

7.73448275865.58

7.6741379315.77

7.71034482765.64

7.84827586215.48

8.03620689665.27

7.93448275865.35

8.06034482765.26

8.54482758625.35

8.38965517245.35

8.20689655175.4

7.93103448285.34

7.8758620695.22

7.55689655175.32

7.4241379315.2

7.43275862075.04

7.29655172415.04

7.28103448285.04

7.56724137935.03

7.59310344834.74

7.5758620694.33

7.44482758624.42

7.3741379314.69

7.67758620694.57

7.38620689664.58

7.56206896555.14

7.69310344835.15

7.55689655175.16

7.59137931034.82

7.86724137934.96

7.98793103455.22

8.12241379315.43

8.34655172415.59

8.33965517245.57

8.4241379315.41

8.54482758625.23

8.57931034485.45

8.53965517246.23

8.54482758626.43

8.64827586215.42

8.59482758625.72

8.80689655176.07

8.96206896556

9.06206896556.21

9.20689655175.64

9.255.69

9.22241379315.37

9.28620689665.39

9.42931034485.76

9.46379310345.65

9.23965517245.65

9.18620689666.12

9.47068965527.25

9.39827586217.38

9.6258620697.12

9.57241379317.76

9.71896551727.78

9.05517241388.12

8.78448275866.83

8.92758620696.44

8.63793103456.98

8.55172413796.88

8.7758620697.26

8.41379310347.41

8.56034482766.07

8.46551724146.64

8.17241379315.85

8.39655172416.12

8.18965517246.18

8.15517241385.89

8.09482758626.01

7.94827586216.57

8.07758620696.05

7.98275862075.58

8.43103448284.79

8.35862068975.25

8.40344827595.23

8.47241379314.95

8.57068965526.81

8.4758620696.79

7.85517241386.77

12/25/03$18.85

WTI Spot Price

Henry Hub Spot Price

Dollars per Million Btu

Sheet1

WTI Spot PriceNYMEX Natural Gas Settlement PriceHenry Hub Spot Price

1/2/023.6432.4652.57

1/3/023.5602.2682.5

1/4/023.7022.2752.36

1/7/023.6932.2722.31

1/8/023.5902.2812.38

1/9/023.5032.2282.321

1/10/023.5312.1852.32

1/11/023.3912.2042.31

1/14/023.2552.2502.32

1/15/023.2742.2912.37

1/16/023.2692.3942.39

1/17/023.1382.2542.4

1/18/023.1072.2362.29

1/21/022.29

1/22/023.1662.1062.19

1/23/023.2932.0762.11

1/24/023.3742.0482.13

1/25/023.4142.0372.04

1/28/023.4571.9082.02

1/29/023.3282.0061.98

1/30/023.2952.0802.08

1/31/023.3982.1382.14

2/1/023.5172.1382.2

2/4/023.4522.1172.18

2/5/023.4592.0742.2

2/6/023.4092.1012.14

2/7/023.4052.1502.16

2/8/023.4912.1912.2

2/11/023.6712.2862.21

2/12/023.5792.3052.39

2/13/023.6532.2452.37

2/14/023.6532.1862.27

2/15/023.7022.2062.18

2/18/022.18

2/19/023.5812.3972.31

2/20/023.5022.3852.43

2/21/023.5882.4252.39

2/22/023.6072.4492.4

2/25/023.4902.3072.4

2/26/023.6842.3882.45

2/27/023.6902.4272.48

2/28/023.7552.3572.48

3/1/023.8572.3592.49

3/4/023.8882.4882.68

3/5/023.9972.4672.63

3/6/024.0212.5662.52

3/7/024.0722.7562.72

3/8/024.1162.8002.81

3/11/024.2003.0212.9

3/12/024.2333.0182.93

3/13/024.1622.8702.96

3/14/024.2212.9242.79

3/15/024.2193.0762.99

3/18/024.3163.3053.16

3/19/024.3143.2563.33

3/20/024.2973.4313.3

3/21/024.4383.1113.19

3/22/024.4073.3263.54

3/25/024.4293.4573.45

3/26/024.4403.4723.59

3/27/024.4473.2903.38

3/28/024.5193.2833.19

4/1/024.6243.5313.42

4/2/024.7843.6543.72

4/3/024.7503.5063.68

4/4/024.5933.3333.56

4/5/024.5193.2753.31

4/8/024.5103.3273.36

4/9/024.3883.2013.25

4/10/024.5093.1843.25

4/11/024.2983.1033.14

4/12/024.0533.1253.08

4/15/024.2293.4303.27

4/16/024.2973.2943.43

4/17/024.4723.4773.4

4/18/024.4623.4853.51

4/19/024.5573.5273.4

4/22/024.5313.5963.58

4/23/024.5313.5913.63

4/24/024.5313.4193.53

4/25/024.5453.2953.47

4/26/024.6763.3193.32

4/29/024.7333.5613.44

4/30/024.7103.7953.65

5/1/024.5833.7353.79

5/2/024.5363.6843.65

5/3/024.6123.7453.71

5/6/024.5023.5953.61

5/7/024.6193.6733.49

5/8/024.7863.7463.74

5/9/024.7903.7193.72

5/10/024.8143.7493.71

5/13/024.9343.7833.61

5/14/025.0293.8553.75

5/15/024.8573.6403.62

5/16/024.8283.6093.44

5/17/024.8603.5983.42

5/20/024.8693.4903.44

5/21/024.7163.3953.33

5/22/024.6573.4593.38

5/23/024.5863.4383.38

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Introducción y Negocio Del Gas Natural