Limba eng EM IV

8/21/2019 Limba eng EM IV

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Maritime University of Constanta

Faculty Electromechanics

Specialisation Electromechanics

4-th year

1-st semester

Students Coursebook

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Contents Page

UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION TO JOB APPLICATION 4Objectives of Unit 1 51.1 Introdction 51.! Cover "etter t#$es %nd e&%'$"es (1.) *n+"is, Tenses - r%$,ic Co'$%rison /0e"f%ssess'ent test 12Pro+ress test 11Ans3ers to se"f%ssess'ent test 1!References 1!UNIT !. RITIN A C 1)Objectives of Unit ! 14!.1 ,%t is % C6 14!.! Infor'%tion % C s,o"d inc"de 14

!.) 7o3 to '%8e % 3innin+ C 1(0e"f%ssess'ent test 19Pro+ress test 19Ans3ers to se"f%ssess'ent test 1:References 1:UNIT ). PR*PARIN ;OR INT*RI*0 1/Objectives of Unit ) !2).1 Intervie3 ti$s !2).! Intervie3 e&%'$"es !!0e"f%ssess'ent test !)Pro+ress test !4

Ans3ers to se"f%ssess'ent test !4References !5UNIT 4.


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Objectives of Unit ( 45(.1 Introdction 45(.! T,e roc8er +e%r %nd v%"ves 4((.) Trboc,%r+in+ 49(.4 T,e c#"inder ,e%d 4/(.5 T,e fe" $'$ 4/(.( T,e $iston 51(.9 T,e c#"indre "iner 5!(.: T,e c%'s,%ft 5)(./ T,e connectin+ rod 540e"f%ssess'ent test 5(Pro+ress test 5(Ans3ers to se"f%ssess'ent test 5(References 59UNIT 9. T7* AIR 0TART 0>0T*< 5:Objectives of Unit 9 5/

9.1 7o3 %n en+ine st%rts on %ir 5/9.! Adverb c"%ses (10e"f%ssess'ent test (!Pro+ress test (!Ans3ers to se"f%ssess'ent test ()References ()UNIT :. T*0TIN AN *NIN* (4Objectives of Unit : (5:.1 Introdction (5:.! *n+ine $%r%'eters (50e"f%ssess'ent test (:

Pro+ress test (:Ans3ers to se"f%ssess'ent test (:References (/UNIT /. *NIN* ROO< ATC7=**PIN DUTI*0 92Objectives of Unit / 91/.1 %tc, %rr%n+e'ents 91/.! 7%ndin+?T%8in+ over t,e 3%tc, 91/.) ettin+ in @toc,@ 9!0e"f%ssess'ent test 9)Pro+ress test 94Ans3ers to se"f%ssess'ent test 94

References 94

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Unit 1

Introduction to o! "plication

Objectives of Unit 11.1 Introdction

1.! Cover "etters %nd e&%'$"es1.) *n+"is, Tenses - r%$,ic Co'$%rison0e"f%ssess'ent testPro+ress testAns3er to se"f%ssess'ent testReferences

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OBJECTIVES OF UNIT 1

#he main o!$ectives are%

de'onstr%te %n nderst%ndin+ of t,e ste$s t%8en for % job

%$$"ic%tion

nderst%nd t,e 8ind of infor'%tion to be inc"ded in t,e

cover "etters

se %$$ro$ri%te "etter "%#ots

se"ect %$$ro$ri%te voc%b"%r# %nd se it %$$ro$ri%te"#

1.1 Introduction

Before #o st%rt %$$"#in+ for jobs on"ine its i'$ort%nt to $re$%re to co'$"ete on"ine job%$$"ic%tions %nd to +%t,er %"" t,e infor'%tion #o"" need to %$$"#.In order to %$$"# for % job on"ine %nd to co'$"ete on"ine job %$$"ic%tions #o"" need %n e'%i"%ddress to se for job se%rc,in+ Internet %ccess %n $tod%te res'e % cover "etter for so'e jobs#or e'$"o#'ent ,istor# %nd #or %v%i"%bi"it# to 3or8 if #ore %$$"#in+ for % $%rtti'e job.In %ddition %s $%rt of t,e job %$$"ic%tion $rocess #o '%# need to t%8e %n on"ine e'$"o#'ent test%nd $rovide e'$"o#'ent references.

7eres %dvice %nd ti$s on ,o3 to %$$"# for % job on"ine.In %ddition to sin+ % job bo%rd sin+ %job se%rc, en+inec%n s%ve #o % "ot of on"ine job se%rc,ti'e. ,en #o se % job se%rc, en+ine #o c%n se%rc, for jobs %"" in one $"%ce r%t,er t,%n ,%vin+to visit %"" t,ese sites inde$endent"#.Co'$%n# 3eb sites %re % +ood sorce of job "istin+s es$eci%""# if #o 8no3 3,%t co'$%nies #o%re interested in 3or8in+ for. >o c%n +o direct"# to t,e site %nd se%rc, for %nd %$$"# for jobs on"inedirect"# on '%n# co'$%n# 3eb sites. At 'ost co'$%n# sites #o c%n %$$"# for %"" "eve" $ositionson"ine fro' $%rtti'e ,or"# jobs to to$ '%n%+e'ent $ositions.A$$"# direct %t t,e co'$%n# 3eb site 3,enever $ossib"e even if #o find t,e "istin+ e"se3,ere.>or %$$"ic%tion 3i"" +o direct"# into t,e co'$%n#s %$$"ic%nt tr%c8in+ s#ste' %nd #o"" be %b"e to'onitor its $ro+ress.

0e%rc, sin+ t,e job se%rc, 8e#3ords "ist #o cre%ted %nd #o"" +et % "ist of job o$enin+s t,%t'%tc, #or s$ecific%tions ver# ic8"#. ,en #o c"ic8 on % job o$enin+ #o"" +et instrctions on,o3 to %$$"# %nd?or be directed to % co'$%n# 3ebsite to %$$"#.Before #o st%rt "oo8in+ for jobs %nd co'$"etin+ on"ine job %$$"ic%tions #o"" need %n $d%tedversion of #or res'e re%d# to $"o%d. >o '%# %"so need % cover "etter to %$$"# for so'e jobs.


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Do3n"o%d % s%'$"e job %$$"ic%tionfor' %nd co'$"ete it before #o st%rt #or on"ine %$$"ic%tions.Print %nd fi"" it ot so #o 8no3 e&%ct"# 3,%t infor'%tion #o 3i"" need to enter 3,en #o %$$"# for

jobs on"ine.Use t,e co'$"eted s%'$"e job %$$"ic%tion %s % +ide 3,en #ore co'$"etin+ #or o3n job%$$"ic%tions.,en %$$"#in+ for % job %cover "etters,o"d be sent or $osted 3it, #or res'e. If #o %re not

sre 3,%t to 3rite revie3 t,ese cover "etter s%'$"es.

>or cover "etter s,o"d be s$ecific to t,e $osition #o %re %$$"#in+ for re"%tin+ #or s8i""s %nde&$erience to t,ose noted in t,e job $ostin+. >or cover "etter is #or first G%nd bestH c,%nce to'%8e % +ood i'$ression Revie3cover "etter ti$sto ,e"$ ensre #or cover "etter +ets noticed.

T%8e t,e ti'e to revie3 cover "etter e&%'$"es %nd t,en '%8e sre t,%t #or "etter e&$"%ins ,o3 #ors8i""s re"%te to t,e criteri% "isted in t,e job $ostin+.

1.! Cover Letter Types and Examples

T#$es of cover "etters inc"din+ %$$"ic%tion "etters inir# "etters referr%" cover "etters$ros$ectin+ "etters %nd ot,er t#$es of "etters sed to %$$"# for jobs or inire %bot jobs $"se&%'$"es of e%c, t#$e of cover "etter %nd 3,en to se t,e'.

Application Letters

An %$$"ic%tion "etter is sent or $"o%ded 3it, #or res'e 3,en %$$"#in+ for jobs. T,e job%$$"ic%tion "etters #o send e&$"%in to t,e e'$"o#er 3,# #o %re %"ified for t,e $osition %nd 3,##o s,o"d be se"ected for %n intervie3.

0%'$"es

1. T,is is %n %ct%" job %$$"ic%tion t,%t % 19 #e%r o"d bo# sb'itted to


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R*A0ON ;OR L*AIN It sc8ed.

7OUR0 AAILABL* TO OR= An#.

PR*;*RR*D 7OUR0 1)2))2 $.'. OU 7A* AN> 0P*CIAL 0=ILL06 >es bt t,e#@re better sited to % 'ore inti'%teenviron'ent.

* CONTACT >OUR CURR*NT **R6 If I ,%d one 3o"d I be ,ere6

DO >OU 7A* AN> P7>0ICAL CONDITION0 T7AT OULD PRO7IBIT >OU ;ROOU 7A* A CAR6 I t,in8 t,e 'ore %$$ro$ri%te estion ,ere 3o"d be Do #o ,%ve % c%rt,%t rns6

7A* >OU R*C*I*D AN> 0P*CIAL AARD0 OR R*CONITION6 I '%# %"re%d# be %3inner of t,e Pb"is,ers C"e%rin+ ,ose 03ee$st%8es.

DO >OU 0OU C*RTI;> T7AT T7* ABO* I0 TRU* AND COOUR

=NOL*D*6 >es. Abso"te"#.

0IN 7*R* Aries.

!.

D%te

De%r


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it, % B0 de+ree in Co'$ter Pro+r%''in+ I ,%ve % f"" nderst%ndin+ of t,e f"" "ife c#c"e of %soft3%re deve"o$'ent $roject. I %"so ,%ve e&$erience in "e%rnin+ %nd e&ce""in+ %t ne3 tec,no"o+ies%s needed.

P"e%se see '# res'e for %ddition%" infor'%tion on '# e&$erience.

I c%n be re%c,ed %n#ti'e vi% e'%i" %[email protected] '# ce"" $,one 2999225555.

T,%n8 #o for #or ti'e %nd consider%tion. I "oo8 for3%rd to s$e%8in+ 3it, #o %bot t,ise'$"o#'ent o$$ortnit#.

0incere"#

;irstN%'e L%stN%'e

Exercise. You have to send a cover letter to a crewing company. Make the necessary changes in thefollowing sample letter.

N%'eTit"eCo'$%n#AddressCit# i$ Code

D%te

De%r


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1.3 English Tenses raphic Comparison

Legend

moment in time

action that takes place once, never or several times

actions that happen one after another

actions that suddenly take place

period of time

action that started before a certain moment and lasts beyond that

moment

actions taking place at the same time

Result

action taking place before a certain moment in time

puts emphasis on the result

Course /

Duration

action taking place before a certain moment in time

puts emphasis on the course or duration of the action

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Se"#$%ssess&ent Test

Give the right order of the following paragraphs of cover letter:

Cont%ct N%'e

Tit"eCo'$%n# N%'eAddressCit# i$ Code

De%r Cont%ct Person

I' 3ritin+ to e&$ress '# interest in t,e eb Content 0$eci%"ist$osition "isted on or Cit# i$ Code>or P,one N'ber>or *'%i"

0i+n%tre

;irstN%'e L%stN%'e

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(ro)ress test

rite a cover letter and use the folowing layout:Cont%ct Infor'%tionT,e first section of #or cover "etter s,o"d inc"de infor'%tion on ,o3 t,e

e'$"o#er c%n cont%ct #o. If #o ,%ve cont%ct infor'%tion for t,e e'$"o#erinc"de t,%t. Ot,er3ise jst "ist #or infor'%tion.>or Cont%ct Infor'%tion>or N%'e>or Address>or Cit# 0t%te i$ Code>or P,one N'ber>or *'%i" Address!space"

D%te!space"

*'$"o#er Cont%ct Infor'%tionN%'eTit"eCo'$%n#AddressCit# i$ Code!space"

0%"t%tion!space"

De%r


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*ns+ers to Se"#$%ssess&ent Test

>or Cit# i$ Code>or P,one N'ber>or *'%i"

Cont%ct N%'eTit"eCo'$%n# N%'eAddressCit# i$ Code

De%r Cont%ct Person

I' 3ritin+ to e&$ress '# interest in t,e eb Content 0$eci%"ist $osition "isted on


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Unit '

!riting a C"

Objectives of Unit !!.1 ,%t is % C6

!.! Infor'%tion % C s,o"d inc"de!.) 7o3 to '%8e % 3innin+ C0e"f%ssess'ent testPro+ress testAns3er to se"f%ssess'ent testReferences

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de'onstr%te %n nderst%ndin+ of t,e re"ev%nce of % +ood C

nderst%nd t,e "%#ot of % C

se %$$ro$ri%te $,r%ses %ccr%te"# to describe one@s

e&$erience

se"ect %$$ro$ri%te infor'%tion %nd for' of $resent%tion

#.1 !hat is a C"$

Curriculum "itae%%n ot"ine of % $ersons edc%tion%" %nd $rofession%" ,istor# s%""# $re$%redfor job %$$"ic%tions !() lit.: the course of one*s life". Another name &or a C" is a rsum.A C" is the most &lexi'le and convenient (ay to ma)e applications.It conve#s #or $erson%"det%i"s in t,e 3%# t,%t $resents #o in t,e best $ossib"e "i+,t.A C" is a mar)eting documentin3,ic, #o %re '%r8etin+ so'et,in+ #orse"f >o need to Ese""E #or s8i""s %bi"ities%"ific%tions %nd e&$erience to e'$"o#ers. It c%n be sed to '%8e '"ti$"e %$$"ic%tions toe'$"o#ers in % s$ecific c%reer %re%. ;or t,is re%son many large graduate recruiters (ill notaccept C"s%nd inste%d se t,eir o3n %$$"ic%tion for'.

An application &ormis desi+ned to brin+ ot t,e essenti%" infor'%tion %nd $erson%" %"ities t,%tt,e e'$"o#er reires %nd does not %""o3 #o to +"oss over #or 3e%8er $oints %s % C does. In%ddition t,e ti'e needed to fi"" ot t,ese for's is seen %s % ref"ection of #or co''it'ent to t,ec%reer.There is no *one 'est (ay* to construct a C"+it is #or doc'ent %nd c%n be strctred %s #o3is, 3it,in t,e b%sic fr%'e3or8 be"o3. It c%n be on $%$er or on"ine or even on % Ts,irtG% +i''ic8# %$$ro%c, t,%t 'i+,t 3or8 for Ecre%tiveE jobs bt not +ener%""# %dvisedH.

When should a CV be used?

,en %n e'$"o#er %s8s for %$$"ic%tions to be received in t,is for'%t

,en %n e'$"o#er si'$"# st%tes E%$$"# to ...E 3it,ot s$ecif#in+ t,e for'%t

,en '%8in+ speculative applicationsG3,en 3ritin+ to %n e'$"o#er 3,o ,%s not %dvertised %

v%c%nc# bt 3,o #o ,o$e '# ,%ve oneH

#.# In&ormation a C" should include

Personal details

Nor'%""# t,ese 3o"d be #or name, address, date o& 'irthG%"t,o+, 3it, %+e discri'in%tion"%3s no3 in force t,is isnt essenti%"H telephone num'er and email.

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Education and -uali&ications

>or de+ree sbject %nd niversit# $"s A "eve"s %nd C0*s or eiv%"ents.


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If #o %re % maturec%ndid%te or ,%ve "ots of re"ev%nt s8i""s to offer % s)ills0'ased C"'%#

3or8 for #o

>o 3i"" %"so need %Covering Letterto %cco'$%n# #or C.

#.3 o( to ma)e a (inning C"

T,ere is no sin+"e EcorrectE 3%# to 3rite %nd $resent % C bt t,e fo""o3in+ +ener%" r"es %$$"# It is targeted on the speci&ic o'or c%reer %re% for 3,ic, #o %re %$$"#in+ %nd brin+s ot t,e re"ev%n

s8i""s #o ,%ve to offer

It is c%ref""# %nd clearly laid out "o+ic%""# ordered e%s# to re%d %nd not cr%'$ed

It is in&ormative 'ut concise

It is accurate in content, spelling and grammar. If #o 'ention %ttention to det%i" %s % s8i"" '%8e s

#or s$e""in+ %nd +r%''%r is $erfect

How long should a CV be?T,ere %re no %bso"te r"es bt in +ener%" % ne3+r%d%tes C s,o"d cover no more than t(osides o& A5 paper.If #o c%n s''%rise #or c%reer ,istor#co'fort%b"# on % single side t,is is fine %nd ,%s%dv%nt%+es 3,en #o %re '%8in+ s$ec"%tive %$$"ic%tions %nd need to $t #orse"f %crossconcise"#. 7o3ever #o s,o"d not "e%ve ot i'$ort%nt ite's or cro3d #or te&t too c"ose"#to+et,er in order to fit it onto t,%t sin+"e side. Academicand technicalC"s may 'e much longer%$ to 4 or 5 sides.

Tips on presentation

>or C s,o"d be care&ully and clearly laid out 0not too cr%'$ed bt not 3it, "%r+e

e'$t# s$%ceseit,er. Use bo"d %nd it%"ic t#$ef%ces for ,e%din+s %nd i'$ort%nt infor'%tion

Never b%c8 % C each page should 'e on a separate sheet o& paper . Its % +ood ide% to

$t #or n%'e in t,e footer %re% so t,%t it %$$e%rs on e%c, s,eet. 2e concise % C is %n %$$etiser %nd s,o"d not +ive t,e re%der indi+estion. Dont fee" t,%t

#o ,%veto "ist ever# e&%' #o ,%ve ever t%8en or ever# %ctivit# #o ,%ve ever been invo"ved in consider3,ic, %re t,e 'ost re"ev%nt %nd?or i'$ressive.

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http://www.kent.ac.uk/careers/mature.htmhttp://www.kent.ac.uk/careers/mature.htmhttp://www.kent.ac.uk/careers/cv/maturecv.htmhttp://www.kent.ac.uk/careers/cv/coveringletters.htmhttp://www.kent.ac.uk/careers/cv/coveringletters.htmhttp://www.kent.ac.uk/careers/cv/PostgradCV.htmhttp://www.kent.ac.uk/careers/cv/sciencecv.htmhttp://www.kent.ac.uk/careers/mature.htmhttp://www.kent.ac.uk/careers/cv/maturecv.htmhttp://www.kent.ac.uk/careers/cv/coveringletters.htmhttp://www.kent.ac.uk/careers/cv/PostgradCV.htmhttp://www.kent.ac.uk/careers/cv/sciencecv.htm


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2e positive $t #orse"f over confident"# %nd ,i+,"i+,t #or stron+ $oints. ;or e&%'$"e

3,en "istin+#or A"eve"s $t #or ,i+,est +r%de first.

2e honest%%"t,o+, % C does %""o3 #o to o'it det%i"s Gsc, %s e&%' resitsH 3,ic, #o

3o"d $refer t,e e'$"o#er not to 8no3 %bot #o s,o"d never +ive in%ccr%te or

'is"e%din+ infor'%tion.C"s are not legal documents %nd #o c%nt be ,e"d "i%b"e for %n#t,in+ 3it,in bt if % recriter$ic8s $ % s++estion of f%"se,oods #o 3i"" be r%$id"# rejected. An application &orm 3,ic, #o,%ve si+ned to confir' t,%t t,e contents %re tre is ,o3ever % "e+%" doc'ent %nd for's $%rt of#or contr%ct of e'$"o#'ent if #o %re recrited.T,e s(eet spotof % C is t,e %re% se"ectors tend to $%# 'ost %ttention to t,is is t#$ic%""# %rondt,e $$er 'idd"e of t,e first $%+e so '%8e sre t,%t t,is %re% cont%ins essenti%" infor'%tion.If #o %re $ostin+ #or C don/t &old it $t it in % f""siFe A4 enve"o$e so t,%t it doesnt %rrivecre%sed.


True or false2

1. A C s,o"d be 3ord$rocessed %nd never ,%nd3ritten.!. A C c%n be sed for %n# %$$"ic%tion.). >or C s,o"d be "%id ot in reverse c,rono"o+ic%" order G'ostrecent ite's firstH.4. A C s,o"d never be 'ore t,%n one side.5. A bri+,t or%n+e C 3i"" %ttr%ct %ttention %nd i'$rove #or c,%nces.(. Cs s,o"d %"3%#s be %cco'$%nied b# % coverin+ "etter.9. >o s,o"d on"# inc"de t,e 'ost i'$ort%nt %nd re"ev%nt infor'%tion

%bot #orse"f on #or C.:. >o s,o"d co'$ose % different C for e%c, e'$"o#er./. *dc%tion %nd %"ific%tions s,o"d be se$%r%te sections on % C.12. >o s,o"d on"# inc"de edc%tion %t second%r#sc,oo" "eve" or%bove in t,e *dc%tion section.

(ro)ress test

*&ercise ;ind t,e ri+,t $"%ce for t,e fo"o3in+ 3ords %nd $,r%ses

motivated 3position 3 university3 organisational 3 assets 3 friendly 3management 3 administrative 3 own 3prioritise

PRO;IL*I %' % ...G1H %d%$t%b"e %nd res$onsib"e +r%d%te see8in+ %n entr#"eve" ... G!H

$osition in$b"ic re"%tions3,ic, 3i"" ti"ise t,e ... G)H %nd co''nic%tions8i""s deve"o$ed drin+ ...G4H.


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*ns+ers to se"#$%ssess&ent test

1( #&UE'( F")SE( *o not use a C+ if the employer has specified that candidates should complete their o,napplication form( *o not even attach the C+ to the application form - nothing is more annoying toemployers than a form ,ith nothing ,ritten on it ecept .SEE C+.(/ut C+s can !e freely used ,hen an employer as0s for applications to !e received in this format ,hen

an employer simply states "22)3 # ((( ,ithout specifying the format or ,hen ma0ing speculativeapplications 5i(e( ,hen ,riting to an employer ,ho has not actually advertised a vacancy !ut ,ho youhope my have one(67( #&UE - IF you are going to use a chronological C+(4( F")SE( ne side is fine if you can manage it8 !ut it is !etter to have t,o sides of ,ell-laid-out8 easy-to-read information than one side of cramped and cro,ded print( /ut not more than t,o sides8 ecept invery eceptional circumstances9:( F")SE( 3es it may attract attention !ut it ,il l not necessarily help you to !e considered for intervie,9Even the ,ac0y employers prefer C+s that are plain8 factual and informative( 2aper should !e ,hite8cream or some other pale8 neutral and !usinessli0e colour(;( #&UE( #he covering letter ,ill flesh out the C+ and help you to relate it to the $o!(( F")SE( It is much easier for the reader if these are put together as follo,s rather than ma0ing themhop !ac0 and forth !et,een different sections to find out ,hat you studied ,here%

'??; - '??> University of @ent at Canter!ury/" 5Aons6 Economics8 Class '516

'??4 - '??; East 3or0shire College8 Aull"-levels% Aistory 5/6Economics 5/6French 5C6

'??1 - '??4; Spring /an0 School8 Aull= BCSEs including Maths and English )anguage at Brade "

1?( #&UE( Education up to age 11 is not normally epected on a C+(

&eferences

1.


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UI# 7

2reparing for an Intervie,

Objectives of Unit )).1 Intervie3 ti$s).! Intervie3 e&%'$"es0e"f%ssess'ent testPro+ress testAns3ers to se"f%ssess'ent testReferences

1!

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nderst%nd t,e i'$ort%nce of t,e intervie3 +ide "ines

n%'e ste$s of intervie3 $re$%r%tion

se t,e $ro$er voc%b"%r# f"ent"# %nd %ccr%te"#

%$$"# t,e %ttitde ti$s

3.1 Intervie( tips

Pre$%r%tion is essenti%" for t,e intervie3. =no3 #orse"f #or stren+t,s %nd 3e%8nesses

3,%t 'otiv%tes #o %nd %bove %"" de'onstr%te #or ent,si%s' for t,e $osition 0$end so'e ti'e "oo8in+ %t or 3ebsite %nd %n# ot,er sorces of infor'%tion so #o c%n

"e%rn %bot 3,o 3e %re %nd 3,%t 3e do

Be on ti'e if #o %re rnnin+ "%te $"e%se cont%ct t,e intervie3er %s soon %s $ossib"e

A$$e%r%nce - it is reco''ended to dress for'%""# %ccordin+ to t,e $osition #o ,%ve

%$$"ied for. 7o3 #o dress often indic%tes ,o3 serios #o %re %bot t,e job %nd #orse"f.

Bt 'ost i'$ort%nt"# be co'fort%b"e

Tr# to '%int%in +ood e#e cont%ct 3it, t,e intervie3ers

Be $re$%red to discss #or stren+t,s bt jst %s i'$ort%nt"# #or %re%s for deve"o$'ent.

e %"" ,%ve t,e' so don@t be %fr%id to discss t,e'.

Nerves 3e %re 3e"" %3%re t,%t c%ndid%tes c%n find intervie3s ite stressf" %nd 3e do

'%8e %""o3%nces for t,is. Bt t%8e t,e ti'e to re"%& before,%nd %rrive in $"ent# of ti'e %nd$re$%re %s 'c, %s $ossib"e

Re'e'ber t,%t t,e intervie3 is % t3o 3%# $rocess it@s jst %s i'$ort%nt for #o to fee"

co'fort%b"e %bot t,e ro"e %nd t,e co'$%n#. As8 s %n# estions so $"e%se consider t,esein %dv%nce. >o '%# 3is, to 3rite t,ese do3n %nd brin+ t,e' in 3it, #o.

>or C ,%s i'$ressed #or rese%rc, %nd net3or8in+ %ctivities ,%ve $%id off %nd #o ,%ve "%nded%n Intervie3 3it, #or co'$%n# of c,oice. No3 to '%8e sre #o trn t,is Intervie3 into % $ot of+o"d %nd secre t,e job of #or dre%'s. Be"o3 %re so'e +ener%" ti$s %nd +ide"ines t,%t s,o"d%ssist #o t,ro+, t,e Intervie3

1. 6esearch

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%s8 estions. ood "istenin+ s8i""s %nd % friend"# $"e%s%nt de'e%nor %re 8e# %ttribtes in%n# job.

Enthusiasm.In '%n# c%ses #o 3i"" not be ide%""# %"ified for t,e $osition or #o '%#

,%ve % stee$ "e%rnin+ crve %,e%d of #o. >o need to de'onstr%te to t,e *'$"o#er t,%t #o%re e&tre'e"# interested in t,e $osition %nd "ove 3,%t #o do *nt,si%s' is cont%+ios %nd

e'$"o#ers %re %"3%#s 8een to %dd ent,si%stic 'e'bers to t,eir te%'. >or $ositive %ttitde3i"" %"so rb off on t,e intervie3er %s "on+ %s it is +enine %nd not over$"%#ed %nd ,e 3i"""e%ve t,e Intervie3 3it, % f%vor%b"e fee" %bot #o.

Eye contact.


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reg%7e""o its ver# nice to 'eet #o.

Gre+ s,%8es ,is ,%nd fir'"# s'i"es %nd "oo8s ,i' in t,e e#e 3it, res$ect. As t,e# t%8e t,eir se%ts re+ sits str%i+,t%nd $%#s c"ose %ttention to ,is intervie3er %nd t,e# c,%t brief"# %bot t,e 3e%t,er.H

Intervie(er%0o 3,# dont #o te"" 'e %bot #orse"f6

reg%O8%#. I +re3 $ in O,io %nd stdied en+ineerin+ %t eor+i% Tec,. In '# first job %t Co'$%I "e%rned % +re%t de%" %bot '%n%+in+ t,e f"e&ib"e %sse'b"# of co'$ters. After t,%t I i'$"e'entedi'$rove'ents in t,e "o+istics de$%rt'ent %t De"" 3,ere I %"so $t % "ot of effort into i'$rovin+ '#3ritin+ s8i""s. es of corse. Ive enjo#ed e&$eriencin+ ne3 environ'ents in t,e $%st. I' sre it 3o"d befn to see ot,er $%rts of t,e contr# or t,e 3or"d for t,%t '%tter.Intervie(er%Do #o ,%ve %n# estions for 'e6reg%>es %ct%""#. I often +et % +ood fee" %bot % co'$%n# b# "e%rnin+ fro' t,e $eo$"e 3,o 3or8t,ere. Co"d #o te"" 'e 3,# it 3%s t,%t #o first %cce$ted % job %t %te3%#6 And ,o3 ,%s it beenfn %nd c,%""en+in+6

GT,e intervie3 contines ver# nice"#.H


Fre,uent"- *sked .uest/ons

1. 7o3 s,o"d I dress6!. ,%t s,o"d I brin+ 3it, 'e6). 7o3 'c, s,o"d I rese%rc, t,e co'$%n#64. ,ere c%n I find infor'%tion on co'$%nies65. ,%t is t,e best 3%# to res$ond to % re%""# diffic"t estion6(. ,%t is t,e best 3%# to t%"8 %bot '#se"f drin+ %n intervie369. ,%t is t,e best 3%# to i'$rove ,o3 I c%rr# '#se"f in %n intervie36 :. If drin+ %n intervie3 I +et % job offer I "i8e s,o"d I i''edi%te"# %cce$t

it6

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http://www.imahal.com/careers/management/interviews/interviews_faqs.htm#dresshttp://www.imahal.com/careers/management/interviews/interviews_faqs.htm#bringhttp://www.imahal.com/careers/management/interviews/interviews_faqs.htm#researchhttp://www.imahal.com/careers/management/interviews/interviews_faqs.htm#sourceshttp://www.imahal.com/careers/management/interviews/interviews_faqs.htm#difficulthttp://www.imahal.com/careers/management/interviews/interviews_faqs.htm#myselfhttp://www.imahal.com/careers/management/interviews/interviews_faqs.htm#carryhttp://www.imahal.com/careers/management/interviews/interviews_faqs.htm#accepthttp://www.imahal.com/careers/management/interviews/interviews_faqs.htm#accepthttp://www.imahal.com/careers/management/interviews/interviews_faqs.htm#dresshttp://www.imahal.com/careers/management/interviews/interviews_faqs.htm#bringhttp://www.imahal.com/careers/management/interviews/interviews_faqs.htm#researchhttp://www.imahal.com/careers/management/interviews/interviews_faqs.htm#sourceshttp://www.imahal.com/careers/management/interviews/interviews_faqs.htm#difficulthttp://www.imahal.com/careers/management/interviews/interviews_faqs.htm#myselfhttp://www.imahal.com/careers/management/interviews/interviews_faqs.htm#carryhttp://www.imahal.com/careers/management/interviews/interviews_faqs.htm#accepthttp://www.imahal.com/careers/management/interviews/interviews_faqs.htm#accept


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/. 7o3 c%n I redce '# %n&iet# %bot t,e intervie3612.,%t is % +ood 3%# to end %n intervie36

(ro)ress test

Match the columns

1(&e-read your resume "( to arrive early(

'(rganiDe any paper,or0 /( !ut also to the receptionist(

7("l,ays follo, up !y sending theintervie,er

C( you !ring along(

4(*o ,hatever it ta0es *( there is no one $ust li0e you(

:(Use a firm handsha0e E( it is li0ely to !e the !asis of manyuestions(

;(Maintain F( a than0-you letter(

(*ress for success I( a!out current or former employers(

1?("void saying anything negative ( prefera!ly a !it more conservatively(

1-E '- 7-


1(Dress to fee" confident %nd to s,o3 res$ect. e%r c"ot,es t,%t #o t,in8 #o 3o"d 3e%r to %n i'$ort%nt'eetin+ on t,e job %t t,%t co'$%n#.!. It is %"3%#s % +ood ide% to brin+ e&tr% co$ies of #or res'e. Brin+ t,e' in % nice fo"der. In t,is fo"der brin+ %t%b"et of $%$er %nd % nice $en. T,e $%$er 'i+,t be ,%nd# for t%8in+ notes. T,e $en s,o3s t,%t #o c%re eno+, tobe $re$%red.). >o s,o"d rese%rc, it eno+, to describe t,e fo""o3in+ t,eir '%in $rodcts t,eir $erfor'%nce in t,e $%st fe3#e%rs t,eir to$ co'$etitor trends in t,eir indstr#. >o s,o"d %"so ,%ve %n ide% %bot ,o3 #o c%n ,e"$ t,eco'$%n#.4. If #o %re % co""e+e stdent t,ere is often % +ood de%" of recriter infor'%tion %t #or $"%ce'ent office.Ot,er3ise t,e best $"%ce to +o is on"ine. T,e or+%niF%tions 3ebsite is t,e best $"%ce to st%rt. ood s''%ries %reoften fond in t,e EAbotE sections of t,e 3ebsite. 0ections for investors often inc"de %nn%" re$orts.5. As8 t,e intervie3er to %"if# t,e estion to e&$"%in it in 'ore det%i". T,is +ives #o % better c,%nce ofco'in+ $ 3it, % focsed %ns3er. It %"so +ives #o % "itt"e 'ore ti'e.(. A"3%#s 8ee$ in 'inde t3o ide%s G1H T%"8 %bot #or %cco'$"is,'ents not %bot #or dties. G!H Trn e%c,st%te'ent %bot #or $%st into % st%te'ent %bot ,o3 it 3i"" ,e"$ #o to do % +ood job 3or8in+ for t,%t co'$%n#.9. Ro"e $"%#.


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$%c8%+e s%"%r# eit# bons benefits re"oc%tion. It s,o3s '%trit# %nd interest. It %"so $re$%res #o forne+oti%tions t,%t 'i+,t be needed in t,e ne%r ftre./. 7ere %re t,e t3o best 3%#s G1H =no3 'ore %bot t,e co'$%n# t,%n t,e intervie3er 8no3s %bot #o. G!H Ro"e$"%# sin+ diffic"t estions. If #o do t,ese t3o t,in+s #o c%n be confident t,%t #o 3i"" be better $re$%red t,%n%"'ost %"" ot,er c%ndid%tes.12. As8 t3o estions E,%t %re t,e ne&t ste$s in t,e $rocess6E %nd t,en EIs t,ere %n#t,in+ I c%n do to f%ci"it%tet,e $rocess6E

&eferences

1.


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Unit 4

:ain Engines

Objectives of Unit 4

4.1 Different t#$es of '%rine en+ines4.! C%s%" verbs4.) C%se %nd effect4.4 Ter's re"%tin+ to '%in en+ines4.5


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identifies different t#$es of en+ine

n%'es t,e c,%r%cteristics of e%c, t#$e

nderst%nds t,e c%se? effect re"%tions,i$

8no3s %nd ses different 'e%sre'ent nits

ses ter's re"%ted to '%in en+ines

5.1 i&&erent types o& marine engines

T,ere %re for '%in t#$es of '%rine en+ine t,e diese" en+ine t,e ste%' trbine t,e +%strbine %nd t,e '%rine nc"e%r $"%nt. *%c, t#$e of en+ine ,%s its o3n $%rtic"%r %$$"ic%tion.T,e diese" en+ine is % for' of intern%" co'bstion en+ine si'i"%r to t,%t sed in % bs. It s $o3er ise&$ressed %s br%8e ,orse$o3er Gb,$H. T,is is t,e $o3er $t ot b# t,e en+ine. *ffective ,orse$o3er ist,e $o3er deve"o$ed b# t,e $iston in t,e c#"inder bt so'e of t ,is is "ost b# friction 3it,in t,een+ine. T,e $o3er ot$t of % 'odern '%rine diese" en+ine is %bot 42222 br%8e ,orse$o3er.T,is is no3 e&$ressed in 8i"o3%tts. B# co'$%rison t,e en+ine of % s'%"" f%'i"# c%r ,%s %n ot$t of%bot :2 b,$. L%r+e diese" en+ines 3,ic, ,%ve c#"inders ne%r"# ) ft in di%'eter trn %t t,ere"%tive"# s"o3 s$eed of %bot 12: r$'. T,ese %re 8no3n %s s"o3s$eed diese" en+ines. T,e# c%n beconnected direct"# to t,e $ro$e""er 3it,ot +e%rin+. A"t,o+, ,i+,er $o3er co"d be $rodced b#,i+,er revo"tions t,is 3o"d redce t,e efficienc# of t,e $ro$e""er bec%se % $ro$e""er is 'ore

efficient t,e "%r+er it is %nd t,e s"o3er it trns. T,ese "%r+e s"o3 rnnin+ en+ines %re sed in t,e"%r+er 'erc,%nt s,i$s $%rtic"%r"# in t%n8ers %nd b"8 c%rriers. T,e '%in re%son is t,eir "o3 fe"cons'$tion.


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re"e%sed b# t,e dec%# of r%dio%ctive fe" to +ener%te ste%'. T,e ste%' is sed to trn % s,%ft vi%% trbine in t,e convention%" 3%#.

Complete this diagram to form a summary of the basic types of marine engine.

5.# Causal ver's

T,ere %re sever%" verbs 3,ic, c%n be sed to e&$ress c%se.

1. To have %nd to get

Study these e,amples:

7e ,%d t,e en+ines over,%"ed. 7e +ot t,e

en+ines over,%"ed.

In t,ese sentences t,e sbject ,e c%sed t,e %ction bt did not $erfor' it ,i'se"f. In t,efo""o3in+ sentences t,e $erson $erfor'in+ t,e %ctions is introdced. Note ,o3 t,e infinitive issed.

7e ,%d t,e *n+ine De$%rt'ent over,%" t,e en+ines.

7e ,%d t,e en+ines over,%"ed b# t,e *n+ine De$%rt'ent.

7e +ot t,e *n+ine De$%rt'ent to over,%" t,e en+ines.

7e +ot t,e en+ines over,%"ed b# t,e *n+ine De$%rt'ent.

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*&ercise 1. rite ot t,ese notes sin+ t,e verbs in br%c8ets %nd t,e %$$ro$ri%tepattern a#ove.

e.+. !had) to e,amine" T,e o need to '%8e #or $enci" s,%r$ before doin+ c,%rt3or8.GdH Const%nt $ressre '%8es % s$rin+ 3e%8.GeH 0$eed 3%s redced to '%8e t,e "o%d "i+,ter on t,e en+ine.GeH T,e ro$es ,%d to be '%de "on+er bec%se t,e# 3o"d not re%c,.GfH 7e ,%d +re%t diffic"t# in '%8in+ t,e nt "ooseG,H Addin+ c%rbon to stee" '%8es it ,%rder.GiH Redcin+ t,e c%rbon content '%8es it softer.GjH T,e ,o"e ,%d to be '%de "%r+er before t,e bo"t 3o"d fit.G8H ;riction is incre%sed b# '%8in+ % srf%ce ro+,er.

). C%s%" verbs

G%H ener%" c%s%" verbs to ma)e, to cause

G,o3 t,e# %re sed is s,o3n in P%rt GBH fo""o3in+H

GbH 0$ecific c%s%" verbs to increase, to raise, to reduce, to lo(er, etc.GcH erbs en%b"in+ so'et,in+ to ,%$$en to permit, to allo(, to let

e.+. T,e $iston 3ent do3n $er'ittin+?%""o3in+ %ir to enter the c#"inder. T,e $iston3ent do3n "ettin+ %ir enter t,e c#"inder.

5.3 Cause and e&&ect

1. ,en bot, %re nons t,e# %re "in8ed %s fo""o3scause e&&ect

se% 3%ter c%ses corrosion

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Ot,er "in8s %re res"ts in "e%ds to +ives rise to $rodces is t,e c%se of is one of t,e c%ses of.

T,e effect '%# be $t firste&&ect ; cause

Corrosion is c%sed b# se% 3%ter

Ot,er "in8s %re res"ts fro' is de to %rises fro' is t,e res"t of!6ote: If t,is is not t,e on"# c%se t,e "in8in+ $,r%se 'st be 'odified b# %'od%" e.+. may


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Drum

it, t,e t%$ c"osed

G%HT,e $iston is driven do3n3%rds... t,e f"#3,ee" to

rot%te.GbHT,e f"#3,ee" rot%tes t,e $in tr%ve" do3n3%rds.GcHT,e $in tr%ve"s do3n3%rdst,e strin+.GdHT,e strin+ is %tt%c,ed to t,e dr' in sc, % 3%#t,%t it ... t,e dr' to rot%te.GeH,en t,e $iston tr%ve"s $3%rds t,e tension on t,e strin+ is t,e dr' to retrn to its ori+in%"

$osition b# 'e%ns of % s$rin+.GfHT,erefore e%c, ti'e t,e f"#3,ee" rot%tes it t,e dr' to rot%te b%c83%rds %nd for3%rds.G+HT,e $oint of % $enci" is ,e"d %+%inst t,e $%$er on t,e dr' t,e $enci" '%r8s t,e "en+t, of t,estro8e on t,e $%$er e%c, ti'e t,e dr' rot%tes.

it, t,e t%$ o$en

G,H T,e $3%rd 'ove'ent of t,e $iston co'$ression of t,e +%s in t,e c#"inder.GiH T,e $ressre of t,e +%s t,e indic%tor $iston.GjH T,e indic%tor $iston rises t,e s$rin+.G8H T,e $iston is %tt%c,ed to t,e %r' ,o"din+ t,e $enci" t,e $enci" 'oves $3%rds ... t,e riseon t,e $%$er.

5.5 Terms relating to main engines

Study this diagram of a two-stroke slow-speed diesel engine and learn the names of the

principal parts.

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Maritime English

Paper

clip

PencilSpring

Indicator cylinder

and piston

Flywheel


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5.7 :easurement

Basic units

Study the table below showing the six basic units of the SI system and their symbols, and the

two supplementary symbols. Some hae already been used in preious units.

uantity !nit Symbol

length metre m

mass kilogramme kg

luminous intensity candela cd

temperature kelvin "plane angle radian r

solid angle steradian sr

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#$ Derived units I

%hese are units e&pressed in terms of base and supplementary units only, e$g$ unit of area ' s(uaremetre ' m#

Exercise 1$ Complete the following table!

)"ote! Per is e&pressed by a stroke *+ and indicates that the unit in front of the stroke is

divided by the unit after the stroke$-

uantity !nit Symbol

area s(uare metre

volume cubic metre

velocity metre per second

angular velocity radian per second

acceleration metre per second second

density. kilogramme per cubic metre

momentum kilogramme metre per

second

/$ Derived units II

Some units have special names$ %hese are shown in the table below$

fre(uency

force

work, energy, heat

hert0

newton

oule

watt

20

3

4

5$ Derived units III

Some units are e&pressed in terms of other derived units only or other derived units and base.

units$

e$g$ unit of stress ' newton per s(uare metre ' 3+m#

Exercise 2. Complete the table below.

uantity !nit Symbol

tor(ue

stress

newton metre

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pressure

intensity of heat flow rate

thermal conductivity

coefficient of heat transfer

heat capacity

newton per s(uare metre 6+m#

6+m#78

4+kg 78

watt per metre degree 8elsius

oule per degree celsius


T1. 'omplete the sentences #elow using the correct form of the ver#s let)make) have) and get.

1.Professor ... e%c, of ,er stdents 3rite %n ess%# describin+ t,eir ftre+o%"s in "ife.!.0,e ... ,er stdents se % diction%r# 3,i"e t,e# 3ere t%8in+ t,e test.).


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1 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 9 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

: $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ; $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

1< $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

/ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ = $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

11$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

5 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ > $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

1# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$


T1. Co'$"ete t,e sentences be"o3 sin+ t,e correct for' of t,e verbs E"etE E'%8eE E,%veE %nd E+etE

1.Professor 0'it, ,%d e%c, of ,er stdents 3rite %n ess%# describin+ t,eir ftre +o%"s in "ife.!.0,e "et ,er stdents se % diction%r# 3,i"e t,e# 3ere t%8in+ t,e test.).T,e c%$t%in reested % co$# of t,%t e&$ense re$ort so I ,%d t,e bosn t%8e one over to ,i' "%st 3ee8.

4.7o3 did #o +et t,e doctor to '%8e % ,ose c%""65.Di%ne t,in8s te"evision is % 3%ste of ti'e so s,e 3ont "et ,er c,i"dren 3%tc, T.(.


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&eferences

1. B"%8e# T.N.$nglish 7or Maritime Studies. !nd ed. 7e'e"7e'$ste%d Prentice 7%"" Intern%tion%" GU=H Ltd 1/:9 GI0BN 2 1)!:1)9/ )H

!. Lo+ie C. ivers *. Nisbet A.Marlins Study ack 4Gboo8 %ndt3o %dio c%ssettesH. *dinbr+,


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Unit :

The T(o04tro)e Crosshead iesel Engine

Objectives of Unit 55.1 ,%t is % cross,e%d5.! C,%r%cteristics5.) Re$orted s$eec,0e"f%ssess'ent testPro+ress testAns3ers to se"f%ssess'ent testReferences

3

Maritime English


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en'er%te t,e %dv%nt%+es of !stro8e en+ines

identif# t,e $%rts of %n en+ine

describe t,e 3or8 of ! stro8e diese" en+ines

se re$orted s$eec,

7.1 !hat is a crosshead

A crossheadis % 'ec,%nis' sed in "%r+ereci$roc%tin+ en+inesto e"i'in%te side3%#s $ressre ont,e $iston.

On s'%""er en+ines t,e connectin+ rod"in8s t,e$iston %nd t,e cr%n8s,%ft direct"# bt t,is tr%ns'itstr%nsverse forces to t,e $iston since t,ecr%n8$inG%nd t,s t,e direction t,e force is %$$"iedH 'ovesfro' side to side 3it, t,e rot%r# 'otion of t,e cr%n8. T,ese tr%nsverse forces %re to"er%b"e in %s'%""er en+ine % "%r+er en+ines 'c, +re%ter forces 3o"d c%se %n into"er%b"e de+ree of 3e%r ont,e $iston %nd c#"inder %s 3e"" %s incre%sin+ over%"" friction in t,e en+ine.

A$iston rodis %tt%c,ed to t,e $iston %nd "in8s it to t,e cross,e%d 3,ic, is % "%r+e c%stin+ s"idin+ incross,e%d +idesGU=slide#arH %""o3in+ it on"# to 'ove in t,e s%'e direction %s t,e $iston tr%ve".T,e cross,e%d %"so ,oses t,e+d+eon $inon 3,ic, t,e s'%"" end of t,e connectin+ rod $ivots. Int,is 3%# t,e tr%nsverse forces %re %$$"ied on"# to t,e cross,e%d %nd its be%rin+s not to t,e $istonitse"f.

Intern%" co'bstion en+ines sin+ cross,e%ds '%8e for e%sier '%inten%nce of t,e to$ end of t,een+ine since t,e $istons c%n be e%si"# re'oved. T,e $iston rod is 'onted on t,e nderside of t,e

$iston %nd connected to t,e cross,e%d b# % sin+"e nt in dob"e %ctin+ en+ines.

L%r+e diese" en+inesGsc, %s t,ose fitted to s,i$sH %re of t,is $%ttern t,e v%st '%jorit# of ste%'

en+ines %re %"so bi"t t,is 3%#.

In t,e c%se of t,e ste%' en+ine % cross,e%d is essenti%" if t,e en+ine is to be dou#le acting ste%'is %$$"ied to bot, sides of t,e $iston 3,ic, reires % se%" %rond t,e $iston rod.

L%r+e diese"s often ,%ve % $"n+er oi" $'$ direct"# %tt%c,ed to t,e cross,e%d to s$$"# oi" nder,i+, $ressre to t,e cross,e%d be%rin+.

In '%n# 1/t, centr# '%rine ste%' en+ines t,e cross,e%d 3%s % stron+ 'et%" b%r %tt%c,ed to t,e$iston rod %nd $er$endic"%r to it 3,ic, 3%s so'eti'es sed to e"i'in%te tr%nsverse forces %s in %stee$"e en+ine%nd %t ot,er ti'es sed %s % "in8%+eVto siderods in %side"everen+ine or to

connectin+ rods in % s%re en+ine.

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Maritime English
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecting_rodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crankshafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crankpinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_rodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crosshead_guide&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudgeon_pinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_steam_engine#Steeple_or_crossheadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_steam_engine#Side-leverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_steam_engine#Squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecting_rodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crankshafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crankpinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_rodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crosshead_guide&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudgeon_pinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_steam_engine#Steeple_or_crossheadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_steam_engine#Side-leverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_steam_engine#Square


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7.# Characteristics

T,e ! stro8e diese" cross,e%d en+ine 3or8s on e&%ct"# t,es%'e $rinci$"e %nd c#c"e %s t,e ! stro8e diese" trn8 $iston en+ine.

T,e dis%dv%nt%+es of t,e t3o stro8e diese" trn8 $iston en+ine %re t,%t %"t,o+, it ,%s % "o3over%"" ,ei+,t "bric%tin+ oi" s$"%s,ed $ fro' t,e cr%n8c%se to "bric%te t,e "iner c%n find its3%# into t,e sc%ven+e s$%ce c%sin+ fo"in+ %nd % ris8 of % sc%ven+e fire. T,ere is %"so t,e"i8e"i,ood of "iner %nd $iston s8irt 3e%r %""o3in+ %ir into t,e cr%n8c%se. T,is c%n s$$"# t,ereired o+en for % cr%n8c%se e&$"osion s,o"d % ,ot s$ot deve"o$. T,e cr%n8c%se oi" 'st,%ve %dditives 3,ic, c%n co$e 3it, cont%'in%tion fro' $rodcts of co'bstion %nd t,e %cidsfor'ed drin+ co'bstion de to t,e s"$,r in t,e fe".

T,e '%jorit# of ! stro8e en+ines encontered %t se% %re of t,e Ecross,e%dE t#$e. In t,is t#$e ofen+ine t,e co'bstion s$%ce Gfor'ed b# t,e c#"inder "iner $iston %nd c#"inder ,e%dH %nd t,esc%ven+e s$%ce %re se$%r%ted fro' t,e cr%n8c%se b# t,e di%$,r%+' $"%te.

T,e $iston rod is bo"ted to t,e $iston %nd $%sses t,ro+, % stffin+ bo& 'onted in t,e di%$,r%+'$"%te. T,e stffin+ bo& $rovides % se%" bet3een t,e t3o s$%ces sto$$in+ oi" fro' bein+ c%rried $to t,e sc%ven+e s$%ce %nd sc%ven+e %ir "e%8in+ into t,e cr%n8c%se.

T,e foot of t,e $iston rod is bo"ted to t,e cross,e%d $in. T,e to$ end of t,e connectin+ rod s3in+s%bot t,e cross,e%d $in %s t,e do3n3%rd "o%d fro' t,e e&$%ndin+ +%s %$$"ies % trnin+ force tot,e cr%n8s,%ft.

To ensre t,%t t,e cross,e%d reci$roc%tes in %"i+n'ent 3it, t,e $iston in t,e c#"inder +ide s,oes

%re %tt%c,ed eit,er side of t,e cross,e%d $in. T,ese s,oes %re "ined 3it, 3,ite 'et%" % be%rin+'%teri%" %nd t,e# reci$roc%te %+%inst t,e cross,e%d +ides 3,ic, %re bo"ted to t,e fr%'e of t,een+ine. T,e cross,e%d +ides %re "oc%ted in bet3een e%c, c#"inder.

Usin+ t,e cross,e%d desi+n of en+ine %""o3s en+ines to be bi"t 3it, ver# "on+ stro8es 3,ic,

'e%ns t,e en+ine c%n brn % +re%ter %ntit# of fe"?stro8e %nd deve"o$ 'ore $o3er. T,e fe" sed

c%n be of % "o3er +r%de t,%n t,%t sed in % trn8 $iston en+ine 3it, % ,i+,er s"$,r content 3,i"st

,i+, %"8%"init# c#"inder oi"s 3it, % different s$ecific%tion to t,%t of t,e cr%n8c%se oi" %re sed to

"bric%te t,e c#"inder "iner %nd $iston rin+s %nd co'b%t t,e effects of %cid %tt%c8.

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T,e 'ost $o3erf" diese" en+ines in t,e 3or"d %re t3o stro8e cross,e%d en+ines. 0o'e of t,eseen+ines ,%ve c#"inder bores %$$ro%c,in+ 1'etre 3it, % stro8e of over !.5 'etres. T,e cr%n8s,%ftc%n 3ei+, over )22 tons 3it, t,e en+ine 3ei+,in+ in e&cess of !222 tons.

7.3 6eported speech

0t%te'entsIf 3e 3%nt to re$ort 3,%t ot,er $eo$"e s%id t,o+,t or fe"t 3e c%n se t,e direct %ndindirect s$eec, Gre$orted s$eec,H.T,e direct speech % like it) he said. %rene is late) he thought. % will pass the e,am) she hoped.T,e reported speech;e said he liked it. ;e thought that %rene was late. She hoped she would passthe e,am.

AH erb tenses

e c,%n+e t,e tenses in t,e fo""o3in+ 3%#1. Present $%st% never understand you) she told me. - She told me she never understood me.

e are e,ercising) he e,plained. - ;e e,plained that they were e,ercising.

!. Present $erfect $%st $erfect% have #roken the window) he admitted. - ;e admitted that he had #roken the window.

). P%st $%st $erfectShe went to 5ome) % thought. - % thought that she had gone to 5ome.

4. i"" condition%"illc,%n+es into t,e condition%".% will come on Sunday) he reminded me. - ;e reminded me that he would come on Sunday.

Notes% shall) we shalls%""# beco'e would.% shall appreciate it) he said. - ;e said he would appreciate it.

% should) we shoulds%""# c,%n+es into would.e should #e really glad) she told us. - She told us they would #e really glad.

Maybeco'es might.% may write to him) she promised. - She promised that she might write to him.

T,e verb for's re'%in t,e s%'e t,e fo""o3in+ c%ses.1. If t,e re$ortin+ verb is in t,e $resent tense.

&ill: % am en/oying my holiday. - &ill says he is en/oying his holiday.

Sandy: % will never go to work. - Sandy says she will never go to work.

!. ,en 3e re$ort so'et,in+ t,%t is sti"" tre.

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0an: +sia is the largest continent. - 0an said +sia is the largest continent.

$mma: eople in +frica are starving. - $mma said people in +frica are starving.

). ,en t,e s$eec, is '%de %nd re$orted %t t,e s%'e ti'e %nd t,e f%ct is sti"" tre.

Michael: % am thirsty. - Michael said he is thirsty.

4. it, 'od%" verbs would) might) could) should) ought to) used to.George: % would try it. - George said he would try it.

Mimi: % might come. - Mimi said she might come.

Steve: % could fail. - Steve said he could fail.

(inda: ;e should3ought to stay in #ed. - (inda said he should3ought to stay in #ed.

Mel: % used to have a car. - Mel said he used to have a car.

5. After wish) would rather) had #etter) it is time.

Margo: % wish they were in Greece. - Margo said she wished they were in Greece.

Matt: % would rather fly. - Matt said he would rather fly.

&etty: They had #etter go. - &etty said they had #etter go.aul: %t is time % got up. - aul said it was time he got up.

(. In ifc"%ses.

Martha: %f % tidied my room) my dad would #e happy. - Martha said that if she tidied her room)

her dad would #e happy.

9. In ti'ec"%ses.


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sc%ven+e s$%cestffin+ bo&cross,e%d +idescross,e%ddi%$,r%+'

$iston rod

(ro)ress test

7ill in the #lanks with the following words:

fe"s stro8e o$er%ted ot$t ,e%tnit ste%' $ro$"sive brn rose

T,e T3o ... Cross,e%d *n+ine ,%s "on+ been t,e f%vored '%in ... $o3er ...for 'ost t#$es of 'erc,%nt vesse"s. As t,e $rice of oi" ... deve"o$'ents int,e desi+n of t,ese en+ines %""o3ed t,e' to ... t,e $oorer resid%" .... T,isco'bined 3it, '%jor i'$rove'ents in trboc,%r+er desi+n %nd 3%ste ...recover# r%ised t,eir efficienc# %nd $o3er ... so t,e# 3ere %b"e to s$ersedet,e ... trbine $"%nts 3,ic, ... %t 'c, "o3er efficiencies.


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&eferences

1. B"%8e# T.N.$nglish 7or Maritime Studies. !nd ed. 7e'e"7e'$ste%d Prentice 7%"" Intern%tion%" GU=H Ltd 1/:9 GI0BN 2 1)!:1)9/ )H

!. Lo+ie C. ivers *. Nisbet A.Marlins Study ack 4Gboo8 %ndt3o %dio c%ssettesH. *dinbr+,


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Unit ;

T0e ed/u& Seed 4$Strokes Trunk (/ston En)/nes

Objectives of Unit ((.1 Introdction

(.! T,e roc8er +e%r %nd v%"ves(.) Trboc,%r+in+(.4 T,e c#"inder ,e%d(.5 T,e fe" $'$(.( T,e $iston(.9 T,e c#"inder "iner (.: T,e c%'s,%ft(./ T,e connectin+ rod0e"f%ssess'ent testPro+ress testAns3ers to se"f%ssess'ent test

References

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en'er%te t,e %dv%nt%+es of 4stro8e en+ines

identif# t,e $%rts of %n en+ine

describe t,e 3or8 of 4 stro8e diese" en+ines

se %dverb c"%ses 3it, e&$ressions of c%se %nd effect

9.1 Introduction

T,e 'edi' s$eed 4 stro8e trn8 $iston en+ine c%n be fond on 'ost 'edi' to "%r+e 'erc,%nt

vesse"s even if t,e '%in en+ine is eit,er % ste%' trbine or % ! stro8e cross,e%d en+ine. In t,esec%ses it 3i"" often be fond t,%t t,e e"ectric%" $o3er is s$$"ied b# %"tern%tors driven b# 'edi's$eed 4 stro8e en+ines.

T,e# %re t,e f%vored 'et,od of $ro$"sion on s,i$s 3,ere ,e%d roo' is % 'ini'' forinst%nce on ferries %nd $%ssen+er vesse"s %nd 3,ere %s is t,e crrent trend for t,ese s,i$s diese"e"ectric $ro$"sion is ti"ised. Diese" e"ectric $ro$"sion %""o3s t,e en+ines to be $"%ced 3,ereveris 'ost sit%b"e %s t,e# no "on+er ,%ve to be %"i+ned 3it, redction +e%rin+ %nd s,%ftin+ %s is t,ec%se 3it, convention%" inst%""%tions.

ener%""# 'edi' s$eed en+ines rn %t bet3een !52 :52 RP


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T,e n%'e ETrn8 PistonE refers to t,e $iston s8irt or trn8. T,e $r$ose of t,e s8irt or trn8 inforstro8e c#c"e en+ines is to %ct in % si'i"%r '%nner to % cross,e%d. It t%8es t,e t,rst c%sed b#connectin+rod %n+"%rit# %nd tr%ns'its it to t,e side of t,e c#"inder "iner in t,e s%'e 3%# %s t,ecross,e%d s"i$$er tr%ns'its t,e t,rst to t,e cross,e%d +ide. it, sc, en+ines 3,ic, %reter'ed trn8$iston en+ines t,e en+ine ,ei+,t is consider%b"# redced co'$%red 3it, t,%t of %cross,e%d en+ine of si'i"%r $o3er %nd s$eed. T,e en+ine'%nf%ctrin+ costs %re %"so redced. It'e%ns of corse t,%t t,ere is no se$%r%tion bet3een t,e cr%n8c%se %nd t,e "iner %nd $iston. T,is,%s its dis%dv%nt%+es es$eci%""# 3,en considerin+ t,e c,oice of "bric%tin+ oi"s 3,en brnin+,i+, s"$,r resid%" fe"s.

9.# 6oc)er ear and "alves

T,e 4 stro8e '%rine diese"s sed for '%in or %&i"i%r# $o3er on bo%rd s,i$ 3i"" ,%ve '"ti$"ein"et %nd e&,%st v%"ves fitted to t,e c#"inder ,e%ds. On t,e 'edi' s$eed en+ines t,is nor'%""#t%8es t,e for' of t3o in"et %nd t3o e&,%st v%"ves $er nit. T,e re%sons for t,is %re %s fo""o3s

T,e %re% of t,e v%"ve o$enin+s 'st be "%r+e eno+, to $rovide for %n efficient +%se&c,%n+e $rocess. If t,e %re% is too s'%"" t,en not eno+, %ir 3i"" be $s,ed?dr%3n intot,e c#"inder drin+ t,e indction stro8e %nd on t,e e&,%st stro8e t,e en+ine 3i"" bedoin+ 3or8 $s,in+ t,e e&,%st +%s ot of t,e c#"inder.

T,e c#"inder ,e%d 'st %cco''od%te in"et %nd e&,%st v%"ves so n"i8e % t3o stro8e

en+ine one "%r+e centr%" e&,%st v%"ve is not $ossib"e.

If t,e v%"ves %re too "%r+e t,en t,e stren+t, of t,e c#"inder ,e%d 3i"" be co'$ro'ised.

=ee$in+ t,e e&,%st v%"ve te'$er%tre 3it,in %cce$t%b"e "i'its is of $%r%'ont

i'$ort%nce. It is e%sier to coo" % s'%""er v%"ve.

T,e 'ovin+ $%rts %nd s$rin+s %re of s'%""er $ro$ortions redcin+ t,e inerti% of t,e $%rts%nd t,e $o3er de'%nd on t,e en+ine.

A s#''etric%""# desi+ned stron+ c#"inder ,e%d is %c,ieved.

*&,%st v%"ves %re sbject to %rdos conditions %nd reire re+"%r over,%". To %id t,is e&,%stv%"ves %re often fitted in se$%r%te c%+es. T,is %""o3s t,e e&,%st v%"ve to be c,%n+ed %ndover,%"ed 3it,ot re'ovin+ t,e c#"inder ,e%d. T,e c%+es ,%ve 3%ter coo"in+ $%ss%+es connectedto t,e c#"inder ,e%d coo"in+ 3%ter.

T,e c%+e is of c%st stee". T,e coo"ed se%ts %re '%de fro' % ,e%t resist%nt 'o"#bden' stee" 3,ic,'%# be ste""ite f%ced. T,e e&,%st v%"ve '%# be of % si'i"%r '%teri%" or of % ni'onic %""o#.

In"et v%"ves %re sbject to 'c, "ess %rdos conditions %nd %re not s%""# fitted in se$%r%tec%+es.

T3o different siFed s$rin+s %re fitted to %id $ositive c"osin+ of t,e v%"ves. T,e re%son for fittin+t3o s$rin+s %re t,%t if one f%i"s t,e ot,er 3i"" $revent t,e v%"ve dro$$in+ do3n into t,e c#"inder.T,e t3o s$rin+s ,%ve different vibr%tion c,%r%cteristics so t,e incidence of reson%nce is redced.Greson%nce is 3,ere t3o ite's vibr%te %t t,e s%'e freenc# t,s t,e %'$"itde of t,e vibr%tion is%'$"ified.H

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T,e trbine is driven b# t,e en+ine e&,%st +%s 3,ic, enters vi% t,e +%s in"et c%sin+. T,e +%se&$%nds t,ro+, % noFF"e rin+ 3,ere t,e $ressre ener+# of t,e +%s is converted to 8inetic ener+#.T,is ,i+, ve"ocit# +%s is directed onto t,e trbine b"%des 3,ere it drives t,e trbine 3,ee" %nd t,st,e co'$ressor %t ,i+, s$eeds G12 15222 r$'H. T,e e&,%st +%s t,en $%sses t,ro+, t,e ot"etc%sin+ to t,e e&,%st $t%8es.

On t,e %ir side %ir is dr%3n in t,ro+, fi"ters %nd enters t,e co'$ressor 3,ee" %&i%""# 3,ere it is%cce"er%ted to ,i+, ve"ocit#. T,e %ir e&its t,e i'$e""er r%di%""# %nd $%sses t,ro+, % diffser3,ere so'e of t,e 8inetic ener+# +ets converted to $ressre ener+#. T,e %ir $%sses to t,e vo"tec%sin+ 3,ere % frt,er ener+# conversion t%8es $"%ce. T,e %ir is coo"ed before $%ssin+ to t,een+ine in"et '%nifo"d or sc%ven+e %ir receiver.

T,e noFF"e rin+ is 3,ere t,e ener+# in t,e e&,%st +%s is converted into 8inetic ener+#. It isf%bric%ted fro' % cree$ resist%nt c,ro'i' nic8e" %""o# ,e%t resistin+ 'o"#c,ro'e nic8e" stee" or% ni'onic %""o# 3,ic, 3i"" 3it,st%nd t,e ,i+, te'$er%tres %nd be resist%nt to corrosion(

Trbine b"%des %re s%""# % nic8e" c,ro'e %""o# or % ni'onic '%teri%" G% nic8e" %""o# cont%inin+c,ro'e tit%ni' %"'ini' 'o"#bden' %nd tn+stenH 3,ic, ,%s +ood resist%nce to cree$f%ti+e %nd corrosion.


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T,e %ir c%sin+ is %"so of %"'ini' %""o# %nd is in t3o $%rts.

Be%rin+s %re eit,er of t,e b%"" or ro""er t#$e or $"%in 3,ite 'et%" jorn%"s. T,e b%"" %nd ro""erbe%rin+s %re 'onted in resi"ient 'ontin+s incor$or%tin+ s$rin+ d%'$in+ to $revent d%'%+e deto vibr%tion. T,ese be%rin+s ,%ve t,eir o3n inte+r%" oi" $'$s %nd oi" s$$"# %nd ,%ve % "i'ited"ife G:222 ,rsH. P"%in jorn%" be%rin+s %re "bric%ted fro' t,e '%in en+ine oi" s$$"# or fro' %se$%r%te s#ste' incor$or%tin+ dr%in t%n8 coo"er %nd $'$s. Oi" is s$$"ied in sfficient %ntit#to coo" %s 3e"" %s "bric%te. T,e s#ste' '%# incor$or%te % ,e%der t%n8 %rr%n+e'ent to s$$"# oi"to t,e be%rin+s 3,i"st t,e trboc,%r+er co'es to rest s,o"d t,e oi" s$$"# f%i". A t,rst%rr%n+e'ent is reired to "oc%te %nd ,o"d t,e rotor %&i%""# in t,e c%sin+. In nor'%" o$er%tion t,et,rst is to3%rds t,e co'$ressor end.

L%b#rint, se%"s or +"%nds %re fitted to t,e s,%ft %nd c%sin+ to $revent t,e "e%8%+e of e&,%st +%sinto t,e trbine end be%rin+ or to $revent oi" bein+ dr%3n into t,e co'$ressor. To %ssist in t,ese%"in+ effect %ir fro' t,e co'$ressor vo"te c%sin+ is "ed into % s$%ce 3it,in t,e +"%nd. A ventto %t'os$,ere %t t,e end of t,e "%b#rint, +ives % +ide to t,e efficienc# of t,e trbine end +"%nd.

Disco"orin+ of t,e oi" on % rotor fitted 3it, % ro""er be%rin+ 3i"" %"so indic%te % f%i"re in t,etrbine end +"%nd.

A "%b#rint, %rr%n+e'ent is %"so fitted to t,e b%c8 of t,e co'$ressor i'$e""er to restrict t,e"e%8%+e of %ir to t,e +%s side

9.5 Cylinder head

8ylinder heads for 5 stroke engines are of a comple& design$ %hey have to house the inlet ande&haust valves, the fuel inector, the air start valve, relief valve and indicator cock$ %he passagesfor the inlet air and e&haust gas are incorporated, as are the cooling water passages and spaces$

Nor'%""# '%nf%ctred fro' s$,eroid%" +r%$,ite or nod"%r c%st iron 3,ic, is e%s# to c%st.A"t,o+, not %s stron+ %s c%st stee" 3,ic, is diffic"t to c%st into co'$"e& s,%$es de to its $oorf"idit# it '%int%ins % re%son%b"e stren+t, nder "o%d. Ade%te coo"in+ is essenti%" to $reventt,er'%" f%ti+e de to neven e&$%nsion t,ro+,ot t,e c%stin+ %nd bore coo"in+ ,%s beenintrodced %"on+ 3it, coo"in+ s$%ces to ensre effective coo"in+ of t,e Ef"%'e $"%teE Gt,e ndersideof t,e c#"inder ,e%d 3,ic, for's t,e to$ of t,e co'bstion c,%'berH.Cr%c8in+ of c#"inder ,e%ds c%n occr de to $oor coo"in+ c%sin+ t,er'%" f%ti+e. Poor coo"in+ c%n

be t,e res"t of sc%"e bi"d $ 3it,in t,e coo"in+ s$%ces de to in%de%te 3%ter tre%t'ent.

Over"o%din+ of t,e nit c%sin+ ,i+, $e%8 $ressres is %"so % c%se %s is incorrect ti+,tenin+ do3n

of t,e c#"inder ,e%d. Cr%c8in+ nor'%""# occrs bet3een t,e v%"ve $oc8ets %nd?or coo"in+ 3%ter

s$%ces. Cr%c8ed c#"inder ,e%ds c%n be re$%ired b# s$eci%"ised 3e"din+ bt t,is 'st be done nder

t,e +id%nce %nd 3it, %t,oris%tion fro' t,e c"%ssific%tion societies.

9.7 8uel pumps


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on t,e b%se circ"e. T,e $"n+er is 8e#ed to % s"eeve 3,ic, ,%s % +e%r3,ee" G$inionH '%c,ined into it.

T,e $inion 'es,es 3it, % r%c8 3,ic, c%n rot%te t,e $"n+er re"%tive to t,e b%rre". T,e r%c8 is

connected to t,e en+ine +overnor.

As t,e $"n+er 'oves $3%rds in t,e b%rre" injection 3i"" co''ence once t,e $"n+er ,%s c"osed

off t,e s$i"" $orts %nd t,e $ressre bi"ds $. As soon %s t,e ,e"i& or scro"" $%sses t,e s$i"" $orts t,e$ressre %bove t,e $"n+er 3i"" i''edi%te"# dro$ even t,o+, t,e $"n+er is sti"" 'ovin+$3%rds. It s,o"d t,erefore be evident t,%t t,e %'ont of fe" injected into t,e c#"inder isde$endent on t,e $osition of t,e ,e"i& re"%tive to t,e s$i"" $ort. ,en t,e vertic%" +roove is "ined$ 3it, t,e s$i"" $ort t,en no injection 3i"" t%8e $"%ce %nd t,e en+ine 3i"" sto$.

T,e $"n+er is '%c,ined to ver# fine to"er%nces %s is t,e '%tc,ed b%rre" in 3,ic, it reci$roc%tes.

e%r de to %br%sive $%rtic"es in t,e fe" 3i"" 'e%n t,%t t,e $'$ 3i"" t%8e "on+er to bi"d $ t,e

injection $ressre reired. e%r de to erosion %"so t%8es $"%ce on t,e to$ ed+e of t,e $"n+er %nd

t,e ed+e of t,e ,e"ices %nd s$i"" $orts. T,is to+et,er 3it, t,e 3e%r in t,e $"n+er %nd b%rre" 3i""

"e%d to t,e injection ti'in+ beco'in+ ret%rded for 3,ic, %djst'ent '%# ,%ve to be '%de.

On t,e scro"" or ,e"ic%" fe" $'$ %"t,o+, t,e end of injection c%n be v%ried t,e st%rt of injectionGi.e. 3,en t,e to$ of t,e $"n+er covers t,e s$i"" $ortsH is fi&ed. ;e"s of different %"ities '%#reire %dv%ncin+ or ret%rdin+ t,e st%rt of injection in %ddition to 3,ic, if t,e injection ti'in+ is%dv%nced 3,en t,e en+ine is rnnin+ %t "o%ds be"o3 t,e '%&i'' continos r%tin+ t,en %s%vin+ in fe" c%n be %c,ieved.

Different en+ine '%nf%ctrers %c,ieve t,is %ri%b"e Injection Ti'in+ GITH sin+ different'et,ods.

T,e %rtsi"% (4 en+ine ses % fe" $'$ 3it, t3o $"n+ers %nd t3o b%rre"s 3it, co''on sction%nd disc,%r+e. T,e $"n+er for contro""in+ t,e st%rt of injection Gti'in+H ,%s % ,e"i& in t,e to$ oft,e $"n+er 3,i"e t,e $"n+er for contro""in+ t,e end of injection G'eterin+H is % convention%"scro"" t#$e fe" $'$ $"n+er.

Bot, $"n+ers %re o$er%ted b# t,e s%'e c%'. As t,e# 'ove $3%rds in t,eir res$ective b%rre"sinjection 3i"" not st%rt nti" t,e ,e"i& on t,e ti'in+ $"n+er ,%s covered t,e s$i"" $ort. T,is $oint iscontro""ed b# rot%tin+ t,e $"n+er in t,e b%rre" b# 'e%ns of % r%c8 %nd $inion.

*nd of injection is contro""ed in t,e nor'%" 3%# 3,en t,e ,e"i& on t,e 'eterin+ $"n+er ncoverst,e s$i"" $orts. T,e


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T,e c%'s,%ft for t,e in"et %nd e&,%st v%"ves ti"ises t3o different $rofi"es for econo'# %nd f""

$o3er o$er%tion. T,e c%'s,%ft c%n 'ove %&i%""# fro' one set of c%'s to t,e ot,er 3,i"st t,e en+ine

is rnnin+ si'i"%r to t,e 'et,od sed for reversin+ t,e en+ine direction %s s,o3n on t,e c%'s,%ft

$%+e.

9.9 The piston

Pistons for 'edi' s$eed trn8 $iston en+ines 3,ic, brn resid%" fe" %re co'$osite $istons i.et,e cro3n %nd t,e s8irt %re '%de of different '%teri%"s.

T,e cro3n is % ,e%t resistin+ stee" for+in+ 3,ic, '%# be %""o#ed 3it, c,ro'i' 'o"#bden'%nd nic8e" to '%int%in stren+t, %t ,i+, te'$er%tres %nd resist corrosion. It is dis,ed to for' %co'bstion c,%'ber 3it, ctots to %""o3 for t,e v%"ves o$enin+. T,e to$"%nd Gt,e s$%ce bet3eent,e to$ rin+ %nd t,e to$ of t,e $istonH '%# be t%$ered to %""o3 for e&$%nsion bein+ +re%ter 3,eret,e $iston is ,ottest.

T,e s8irt c%n eit,er be % nod"%r c%st iron or for+ed or c%st si"icon %"'ini' %""o#. A"'ini',%s t,e %dv%nt%+e of bein+ "i+,t 3it, "o3 inerti% redcin+ be%rin+ "o%din+. 7o3ever bec%se%"'ini' ,%s % ,i+,er coefficient of e&$%nsion t,%n stee" incre%sed c"e%r%nces 'st be %""o3edfor drin+ '%nf%ctre. T,is 'e%ns t,%t t,e $iston s8irt c"e%r%nce in t,e "iner is +re%ter t,%n t,%tfor c%st iron 3,en rnnin+ %t "o3 "o%ds. T,e s8irt tr%ns'its t,e side t,rst c%sed b# t,e v%r#in+%n+"%rit# of t,e con rod to t,e "iner. Too bi+ % c"e%r%nce 3i"" c%se t,e $iston to ti"t.

T,e $iston $in for t,e con rod s'%"" end be%rin+ is "oc%ted in t,e $iston s8irt. T,e $iston $in f"o%ts

in t,e $iston s8irt %nd is "oc%ted in $"%ce b# circ"i$s. De$endin+ on t,e '%teri%" sed for t,e s8irtGes$. c%st %"'ini'H % bs,in+ '%# be sed for t,e $in.

T,e $iston rin+s '%# be "oc%ted in t,e cro3n or in bot, cro3n %nd s8irt. Nor'%""# t,e rin+s %rec,ro'e $"%ted or $"%s'% co%ted to resist 3e%r. Bec%se t,e "iner is s$"%s, "bric%ted %n oi" scr%$erGoi" contro"H rin+ is fitted to t,e $iston s8irt.

T,e $iston is oi" coo"ed. T,is is %c,ieved b# v%rios 'e%ns T,e si'$"est is for % jet of oi" to bedirected $3%rds fro' % ,o"e in t,e to$ of t,e con rod onto t,e nderside of t,e cro3n. A 'oreefficient 'et,od is to se %n oi" c%tc,er %s s,o3n in t,e $ictre %bove. T,is directs oi" into t,ecoo"in+ s$%ces on t,e nderside of t,e cro3n 3,ere t,e coc8t%i" s,%8er effect of t,e reci$roc%tin+

$iston ensres % $ositive coo"in+ effect. It is ns%" for t,e oi" retrn te'$er%tre to be 'onitored

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Gn"i8e t,e ! stro8e s"o3 s$eed cross,e%d en+ine 3,ere bot, te'$er%tre %nd %ntit# %re'onitoredH.

0o'e en+ines %re fitted 3it, one $iece $istons '%nf%ctred fro' eit,er c%st iron or si"icon %""o#%"'ini' . T,ese c%nnot be sed 3it, resid%" fe" bec%se t,e ,i+,er te'$er%tres c%ses

brnin+ of t,e $iston cro3n. A"'ini' %"so sffers fro' c%rbon bi"d $ %bove )22Y C. Rin++rooves in %"'ini' $istons s%""# t%8e t,e for' of % c,ro'e $"%ted c%st iron insert.

The 6otating Piston

T,e Rot%tin+ $iston. Inste%d of % convention%"$iston $in %nd be%rin+ t,e to$ end consists of %t3o $%rt s$,eric%" be%rin+. Inside t,e s$,eric%"to$ end of t,e con rod %re t3o s$rin+ "o%ded

$%3"s. T,ese $%3"s en+%+e 3it, % r%tc,et rin+3,ic, is connected to t,e $iston. T,e r%tc,etrin+ ,%s %n neven n'ber of teet,.

As t,e con rod s3in+s t,e $%3"s en+%+e%"tern%te"# 3it, t,e r%tc,et rin+ rot%tin+ t,e

$iston.

T,e %dv%nt%+es of t,is s#ste' %re

At e%c, stro8e % different $%rt of t,e fres,"# oi"ed s8irt is in cont%ct 3it, t,e $%rt of t,e "iner

3%"" %bsorbin+ t,e side t,rst. T,is redces 3e%r %nd t,e ris8 of seiFre.

T,e rin+s rot%te so t,e rin+ +%$ is not %"3%#s in t,e s%'e $osition t,is redces "oc%"

over,e%tin+ de to b"o3b#.

Bec%se t,e "o%din+ on t,e s$,eric%" be%rin+ is s#''etric%" %nd bec%se t,e $iston is s#''etric%"Gno ,o"e for $iston $inH t,e $iston c%n be '%de 3it, s'%""er c"e%r%nces 3,ic, redces $istonroc8in+.

9. Cylinder liner

T,e c#"inder "iner is c%st se$%r%te"# fro' t,e '%in c#"inder fr%'e for t,e s%'e re%sons %s +iven fort,e ! stro8e en+ine 3,ic, %re

T,e "iner c%n be '%nf%ctred sin+ % s$erior '%teri%" to t,e c#"inder b"oc8. ,i"e t,e

c#"inder b"oc8 is '%de fro' % +re# c%st iron t,e "iner is '%nf%ctred fro' % nod"%r c%stiron %""o#ed 3it, c,ro'i' v%n%di' %nd 'o"#bden'. GC%st iron cont%ins +r%$,ite %"bric%nt. T,e %""o#in+ e"e'ents ,e"$ resist corrosion %nd i'$rove t,e 3e%r resist%nce %t,i+, te'$er%tres.H

T,e c#"inder "iner 3i"" 3e%r 3it, se %nd t,erefore '%# ,%ve to be re$"%ced. T,e c#"inder

j%c8et "%sts t,e "ife of t,e en+ine.

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At 3or8in+ te'$er%tre t,e "iner is % "ot ,otter t,%n t,e j%c8et. T,e "iner 3i"" e&$%nd 'ore

%nd is free to e&$%nd di%'etric%""# %nd "en+t,3ise. If t,e# 3ere c%st %s one $iece t,enn%cce$t%b"e t,er'%" stresses 3o"d be set $ c%sin+ fr%ctre of t,e '%teri%".

Less ris8 of defects. T,e 'ore co'$"e& t,e c%stin+ t,e 'ore diffic"t to $rodce %

,o'o+enos c%stin+ 3it, "o3 resid%" stresses.

er ?A5@ Liner Bvee engine+ The straight engine is

similar=

,ere t,e coo"in+ 3%ter s$%ce is for'ed bet3een t,e en+ine fr%'e %nd t,e j%c8et t,ere is %d%n+er t,%t 3%ter co"d "e%8 do3n %nd cont%'in%te t,e cr%n8c%se if t,e se%"in+ O rin+s 3ere tof%i". As % 3%rnin+ Ete"" t%"eE ,o"es %re "ed fro' bet3een t,e O rin+s to t,e otside of t,e en+ine.'odern en+ines tend not to se t,is s$%ce for coo"in+ 3%ter. Inste%d % se$%r%te 3%ter j%c8et is'onted %bove t,e c#"inder fr%'e. T,is sto$s %n# ris8 of "e%8%+e of 3%ter fro' t,e coo"in+ s$%ceinto t,e cr%n8c%se Gor oi" into t,e coo"in+ 3%ter s$%ceH %nd $rovides t,e coo"in+ %t t,e ,ottest $%rtof t,e c#"inder "iner.

Note t,%t t,e "iner o$$osite is fitted 3it, % fireb%nd. T,is is so'eti'es 8no3n %s %n %nti$o"is,in+rin+. It is s"i+,t"# s'%""er in di%'eter t,%n t,e "iner %nd its $r$ose is to re'ove t,e c%rbon 3,ic,

bi"ds $ on t,e $iston %bove t,e to$ rin+. If t,is c%rbon is %""o3ed to bi"d $ it 3i"" event%""# rb%+%inst t,e "iner 3%"" $o"is,in+ it %nd destro#in+ its oi" retention $ro$erties.

T,e "iner 'st be +%+ed re+"%r"# to est%b"is, t,e 3e%r r%te %nd c,ec8 t,%t it is 3it,in'%nf%ctrers to"er%nces. T,e 3e%r r%te for % 'edi' s$eed "iner s,o"d be be"o3

2.215''?1222,rs. *&cessive 3e%r is c%sed b# "%c8 of "bric%tion i'$rities in fe" %ir or

Lbric%tin+ oi" b%d co'bstion %nd %cid %tt%c8.

9. Camsha&t

T,ere %re sever%" different 'et,ods of '%nf%ctrin+ c%'s,%fts for 'edi' s$eed 4 stro8e '%rinediese" en+ines. On t,e s'%""er en+ines t,e c%'s,%ft '%# be % sin+"e for+in+ co'$"ete 3it, c%'s.

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A"tern%tive"# t,e c%'s,%ft c%n be bi"t $ in sin+"e c#"inder e"e'ents e%c, e"e'ent '%de $ oft,e fe" in"et %nd e&,%st c%' on % section of t,e c%'s,%ft 3it, % f"%n+e on e%c, end. 0o t,%tt,e e"e'ent c%n be sed on %n# nit in t,e en+ine t,e n'ber of ,o"es for fitted bo"ts in t,ef"%n+es 'st be sfficient to %""o3 t,e c%' to be ti'ed for %n# nit on t,e en+ine. ;or e&%'$"eon % si& c#"inder en+ine t,e f"%n+es 'st ,%ve ( ei s$%ced ,o"es or % '"ti$"e t,ereof. T,ec%'s 'st be ,%rd eno+, to resist t,e 3e%r %nd %br%sion de to i'$rities in t,e "b. oi" #ett,e# 'st be to+, eno+, to resist s,%tterin+ de to s,oc8 "o%din+. T,e c%'s %re t,ereforesrf%ce ,%rdened sin+ t,e nitridin+ $rocess.

On t,e "%r+er en+ines it is s%" to '%nf%ctre t,e c%'s,%ft %nd c%'s se$%r%te"#. T,e nitrided%""o# stee" c%'s %re t,en s,rn8 on to t,e stee" s,%ft sin+ ,e%t or ,#dr%"ic 'e%ns. Bec%se t,ec%'s %re fitted $ro+ressive"# onto t,e s,%ft if t,e bores in t,e c%'s 3ere %"" t,e s%'e di%'eter it3o"d be ver# diffic"t if not i'$ossib"e to fit t,e first c%'s %"" t,e 3%# %"on+ t,e "en+t, of t,es,%ft to t,e correct $osition. To overco'e t,is $rob"e' t,e c%'s,%ft is ste$$ed 3it, t,e "%r+est

di%'eters %t t,e end 3,ic, ,%s t,e c%'s fitted first. T,e "%r+er bored c%'s fit e%si"# over t,es'%"" di%'eter ste$s ti"" t,e# re%c, t,e correct $osition on t,e c%'s,%ft.

=e#s %re not +ener%""# sed to "oc%te t,e c%'s %s t,e# 3o"d %ct %s stress r%isers.


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stro8e en+ine t,e 3,i$ "o%din+ is not "%r+e eno+, to inf"ence t,e desi+n of t,e con rodH. Addedto t,is t,e inerti% "o%ds de to t,e '%ss of t,e reci$roc%tin+ $%rts c%se % stress revers%" fro',i+, co'$ressive stress Gdrin+ $o3er %nd co'$ression stro8eH to % "o3 tensi"e stress bet3eent,e e&,%st %nd in"et stro8es.

T,is "o%din+ of t,e rod inf"ences its desi+n %nd to 3it,st%nd t,e "o%din+ described %boveconnectin+ rods %re often for+ed fro' % '%n+%nese 'o"#bden' stee" in %n I or 7 section 3,ic,redces its '%ss fro' one '%de of rond section stee" G%nd t,s redces t,e 3,i$ "o%din+H 3,i"e'%int%inin+ stren+t,. T,is is not %"3%#s t,e c%se %s c%n be seen fro' t,e $ictres s,o3n %ndoften % rond section rod is of sfficient stren+t,.

Bec%se of t,e "%r+e di%'eter of t,e cr%n8$in to incre%sebe%rin+ %re% %nd decre%se be%rin+ "o%d t,e 3idt, of t,ebotto' end of t,e con rod is +re%ter t,%n t,e di%'eter oft,e c#"inder "iner.

0o t,%t t,e $iston c%n be 3it,dr%3n fro' t,e "iner )different desi+ns %re sed

T,e con rod c%n be fitted 3it, % '%rine $%"' %s in

t,e $,oto %bove. T,e con rod c%n be s$"it in t3o $%rts %s s,o3n

o$$osite.

T,e botto' end c%n be s$"it ob"ie"#. 0err%tions

%re sed to "oc%te t,e t3o ,%"ves re"%tive to one%not,er.

T,e %dv%nt%+e of sin+ % vee en+ine is t,%t t,e over%"" "en+t, of t,e en+ine is redced for % +iven$o3er ot$t.

If % nor'%" botto' end %rr%n+e'ent is sed t,en t,e con rods 'st be $"%ced side b# side 3,ic,'e%ns t,e o$$osite c#"inders %re offset. T,e cr%n8$ins 'st be "on+ eno+, to %cco''od%te t3o

botto' ends side b# side %nd of "%r+e eno+, di%'eter to resist bendin+. T,e incre%sed "en+t, of

t,e cr%n8s,%ft 'e%ns % "on+er en+ine.

T3o %"tern%tive %rr%n+e'ents %re $ictred Gri+,tH. Bot, %""o3 t,e c#"inders to be o$$osite one%not,er. 7o3ever bot, %rr%n+e'ents restrict %ccess to t,e cr%n8c%se %nd bec%se t,e desi+n oft,e botto' ends %re different 'ore s$%res ,%ve to be c%rried.

Bec%se of t,e stress revers%" 'entioned %bove botto' end bo"ts ,%ve % "i'ited "ife. T,is v%riesfro' en+ine to en+ine bt is +ener%""# %rond 1!15222 ,ors. If % botto' end bo"t 3%s to f%i" ino$er%tion t,en t,e res"ts 3o"d be dis%stros.

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Botto' end bo"ts s,o"d be tre%ted 3it, c%re 3,en re'oved fro' t,e en+ine drin+ over,%"s.T,e# s,o"d be ins$ected for %n# d%'%+e to t,e srf%ce fro' 3,ic, % cr%c8 co"d st%rt. T,isd%'%+e co"d be de to corrosion G3%ter in LOH or bec%se of incorrect ,%nd"in+.


? ringstudthrust pieceoil catchercirclippiston pin

(ro)ress test

Use %"" of t,e fo""o3in+ e&$ressions of c%se %nd effect 'ecausesince, as long as, due to the &act that, as.

Note t,%t %"" of t,ese e&$ressions %re s#non#'s of bec%se.


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Maritime English

&eferences

1. B"%8e# T.N.$nglish 7or Maritime Studies. !nd ed. 7e'e" 7e'$ste%dPrentice 7%"" Intern%tion%" GU=H Ltd 1/:9 GI0BN 2 1) !:1)9/ )H!. Lo+ie C. ivers *. Nisbet A.Marlins Study ack 4Gboo8 %nd t3o%dio c%ssettesH. *dinbr+,


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Maritime English

Unit (' anding


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Maritime English

Prior to t%8in+ over t,e en+ineerin+ 3%tc, re"ievin+ officers s,%"" s%tisf# t,e'se"ves re+%rdin+ %t"e%st t,e fo""o3in+

G%H t,e st%ndin+ orders %nd s$eci%" instrctions of t,e c,ief en+ineer officer re"%tin+ to t,eo$er%tion of t,e s,i$s s#ste's %nd '%c,iner#GbH t,e n%tre of %"" 3or8 bein+ $erfor'ed on '%c,iner# %nd s#ste's t,e $ersonne"invo"ved %nd $otenti%" ,%F%rdsGcH t,e "eve" %nd 3,ere %$$"ic%b"e t,e condition of 3%ter or resides in bi"+es b%""%stt%n8s s"o$ t%n8s reserve t%n8s fres, 3%ter t%n8s se3%+e t%n8s %nd %n# s$eci%"reire'ents for se or dis$os%" of t,e contents t,ereofGdH t,e condition %nd "eve" of fe" in t,e reserve t%n8s sett"in+ t%n8 d%# t%n8 %nd ot,er fe"stor%+e f%ci"itiesGeH %n# s$eci%" reire'ents re"%tin+ to s%nit%r# s#ste' dis$os%"sGfH t,e condition %nd 'ode of o$er%tion of t,e v%rios '%in %nd %&i"i%r# s#ste'sinc"din+ t,e e"ectric%" $o3er distribtion s#ste'G+H 3,ere %$$"ic%b"e t,e condition of 'onitorin+ %nd contro" conso"e ei$'ent %nd3,ic, ei$'ent is bein+ o$er%ted '%n%""#

G,H 3,ere %$$"ic%b"e t,e condition %nd 'ode of o$er%tion of %to'%tic boi"er contro"ssc, %s f"%'e s%fe+%rd contro" s#ste's "i'it contro" s#ste's co'bstion contro"s#ste's fe"s$$"# contro" s#ste's %nd ot,er ei$'ent re"%ted to t,e o$er%tion of ste%'

boi"ersGiH %n# $otenti%""# %dverse conditions res"tin+ fro' b%d 3e%t,er ice or cont%'in%ted ors,%""o3 3%terGjH %n# s$eci%" 'odes of o$er%tion dict%ted b# ei$'ent f%i"re or %dverse s,i$conditionsG8H t,e re$orts of en+ine roo' r%tin+s re"%tin+ to t,eir %ssi+ned dtiesG"H t,e %v%i"%bi"it# of firefi+,tin+ %$$"i%nces %ndG'H t,e st%te of co'$"etion of en+ine roo' "o+.

H.3 etting in touch

*n+ineers s,o"d not on"# de$end on instr'ents to te"" t,e' t,e en+ines condition bt %"so re"# ont,e ,'%n sense of toc,.

As t,e# 3%"8 %"on+ t,e to$ $"%tes t,e# c,ec8 for t,e re"ief v%"ves%nd %ir st%rt v%"vest,%t t,e# %renot "e%8in+ b%c8 b# restin+ % ,%nd on t,e connectin+ $i$e3or8. T,e re%son for t,is %ction is t,%t if %re"ief v%"ve is "e%8in+ b%c8 t,e $i$e3or8 3i"" be ,ot de to ,ot co'bstion +%ses so'eti'es t,is isc%sed b# t,e re"ief v%"ve ,%vin+ "ifted %nd not rese%tin+ $ro$er"#. A s,%r$ t%$ on t,e to$ of t,e

v%"ve 3it, % ,%''er c%n rese%t it. 7o3ever if "e%8in+ for so'e ot,er re%son t,is 3i"" %ffect t,eefficienc# of t,e co'bstion $rocess %nd t,e v%"ve s,o"d be re$"%ced.

0i'i"%r"# if %n %irst%rt v%"ve is "e%8in+ b%c8 t,e $i$e3or8 3i"" be ,ot de to t,e co'bstion +%ses.7ere ,o3ever t,e si'i"%rit# ends A "e%8in+ %irst%rt v%"ve c%n %""o3 t,e +%ses to f"o3 b%c8 do3nt,e %ir s$$"# $i$e3or8 %nd into t,e %irst%rt vesse" 3,ere it c%n co'bine 3it, t,e co'$ressed%ir?oi" v%$or %nd c%se t,e vesse" to e&$"ode.

To %void t,e $ossibi"it# of sc, %n e&$"osion invo"vin+ co'$ressed %ir t,e individ%" air-startisolating valves and compressed air vessel outlet valves s,o"d beshut %t %"" ti'es e&ce$t 3,en'%noevrin+. An# ss$ect %irst%rt v%"ves s,o"d be re$"%ced %nd co'$ressed %ir vesse"s dr%ined

73

Maritime English
http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/marine/articles/52292.aspxhttp://www.brighthub.com/engineering/marine/articles/52292.aspxhttp://www.brighthub.com/engineering/marine/articles/52171.aspxhttp://www.brighthub.com/engineering/marine/articles/52292.aspxhttp://www.brighthub.com/engineering/marine/articles/52292.aspxhttp://www.brighthub.com/engineering/marine/articles/52171.aspx


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Maritime English

of t,e 'i&tre of %ir 3%ter %nd oi" t,e oi" ,%vin+ been c%rried for3%rd b# t,e %ir co'$ressor"bric%tion.

A ,ot cr%n8c%se door c%n be indic%tive of % be%rin+ or ot,er en+ine co'$onent rnnin+ ,ot. An oi"'istfor's on t,e inside of t,e cr%n8c%se %nd t,e cr%n8c%se +ets $ro+ressive"# ,otter de to "beoi"over,e%tin+ in %n %tte'$t to coo" t,e be%rin+?s.

One srefire 3%# of confir'in+ t,is is b# 3%"8in+ %"on+ t,e botto' $"%tes of t,e en+ine roo' %ndrnnin+ % ,%nd %"on+ t,e cr%n8c%se doors %n# over,e%tin+ $rob"e's 3i"" soon '%nifest t,e'se"vest,ro+, t,e s8in on t,e b%c8 of % ,%nd 'c, f%ster t,%n re"#in+ on t,e oi"#'ist detector or in t,ee&tre'e sit%tion of t,e cr%n8c%se e&$"osion doors "iftin+.

L%st"# "et@s "oo8 %t t,e $ro$e""er drive s,%ft be%rin+s %nd stern +"%nd. T,e $ro$e""er s,%ft 3i"" ,%vebeen %"i+ned to t,e '%in en+ine %t t,e s,i$#%rd 3,ere t,e s,i$ 3%s bi"t %nd %"i+n'entsbseent"# c,ec8ed in dr# doc8 drin+ #e%r"# srve#. 7o3ever t,e "%r+er s,i$s of tod%# sc, %sLCC LN orCont%iner s,i$s,%ve % "ot of fore %nd %ft 'ove'ent es$eci%""# if s%i"in+ "i+,ts,i$

or in b%""%st so t,ere is % "ot of stress on t,e $ro$ s,%ft 3,ic, is tr%ns'itted %s tore to t,e s,%ftbe%rin+s.


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Maritime English

(ro)ress test

T>. Give the right phrasal ver#s with *up*

J%ne %nd I 3%nt to ... $ s'o8in+.Co"d #o ... 'e $ %t ( oc"oc86

e 'st ... $ or 3e 3i"" 'iss t,e bs.C%n #o ... 'e $ %t t,e st%tion6I s%""# ,%ve to ... $ %t ,%"f $%st si&.I 'st ... $ '# c%bin tod%#.

J%ne %nd I 3%nt to +ive $ s'o8in+.Co"d #o 3%8e 'e $ %t ( oc"oc86

e 'st ,rr# $ or 3e 3i"" 'iss t,e bs.C%n #o $ic8 'e $ %t t,e st%tion6

I s%""# ,%ve to +et $ % t ,%"f $%st si&.I 'st tid# $ '# c%bin tod%#.

T4. Give the right phrasal ver#s with *on*

P"e%se ... on #or co%t its co"d otside.Do #o 'ind if I ... on t,e te""#6 I 3%nt to 3%tc, t,e ne3s.*&cse 'e. ,ere c%n I ... on t,e s,irt6C%n I ... on re%din+ no36If #o dont ... on t,e tr%in no3 it 3i"" "e%ve 3it,ot #o.

P"e%se $t on #or co%t its co"d otside.Do #o 'ind if I trn on t,e te""#6 I 3%nt to 3%tc, t,e ne3s.

*&cse 'e. ,ere c%n I tr# on t,e s,irt6C%n I c%rr# on re%din+ no36

If #o dont +et on t,e tr%in no3 it 3i"" "e%ve 3it,ot #o.


Bive the right ans,er%It is t,e res$onsibi"it# of t,e G%. '%ster b. c,ief '%te c. C,ief *n+ineerH to %ssi+n t,e en+ine roo' 3%tc, 8ee$in+%ssi+n'ents %nd est%b"is, t,e 3%tc, 8ee$in+ G%. st%nd%rds b. d%t% c. r"esHT,e 3%tc, st%nder@s $ri'%r# res$onsibi"it# is to G%. 3%tc, b. 'onitor c. c,ec8H t,e en+ine roo' fro' t,e *CR.T,e t,rster roo's 'otor roo' %nd f%n roo's s,o"d be c,ec8ed %t "e%st once e%c, G%. 3ee8 b. #e%r c. 3%tc,H.G%. re"#in+ b. de$endin+ c. b%sedH on o$er%tions dec8 '%c,iner# s,o"d %"so be c,ec8ed.%tc, st%ndin+ is % science G%. %"so b. 3e"" %nd +ood c. %s 3e"" %sH %n %rt. %tc, st%nders 'st 8ee$ %3%re ofnor'%" '%c,iner# sond te'$er%tres %nd vibr%tions so t,e# G%. c%n b. '%# c. 'stH be %"ert to s'%"" c,%n+esfor' t,e nor'%" rnnin+ of t,e '%c,iner# %nd so G%. ,e%d for b. ,e%d off c. ,e%d $H "%r+er $rob"e's.

References1. Lo+ie ivers NisbetMarlins Study ack 4Gboo8 %nd t3o %dioc%ssettesH *dinbr+,

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