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X. 8. Mxpchoj tbm `bhjeoje jhturm ag ecanhcozhtoaj hjd ots mggm`ts aj mjvorajkmjt.

Hjs. @bhjeoje Jhturm ag tbm Ecanhcozhtoaj

Ecanhcozhtoaj bhs bhjemd tbm dmgojotoaj ag trhdm, tm`bjacaey hjd gojhj`ohc systmk ag m`ajaky. Ecanhcozhtoaj hj nm

dmgojmd hs h paco`y tbht cmhds ta tbm apmjoje up ag m`ajaky ta mjsurm ujrmstro`tmd gcaw ag eaads hjd smrvo`ms, `hpothc,

tm`bjacaey, jhturhc hjd bukhj rmsaur`ms wbocm trhjs`mjdoje tbm naujdhroms. Tbm m`ajako` pbhsm ag ecanhcozhtoaj bhs

nmeuj oj 8?26, hjd ot rmkavms hcc tbm nhrromrs hjd rhpodcy oj`rmhsms tbm gcaw ag trhdm, ojvmstkmjt, smrvo`ms hjd rmhc msthtmh`rass tbm nardmrs. Tbmrm os h ermht okph`t ag tm`bjacaey, trhdm hjd gojhj`ohc `hpothc aj ecanhcozhtoaj tadhy.

^acm ag Tm`bjacaey< Tm`bjacaeo`hc `bhjems hrm tbm proj`ophc drovmrs ag ecanhcozhtoaj. Nmgarm, ecanhcozhtoaj, tbmtrhdm hjd tm`bjacaey wmrm surraujdoje oj cokotmd hrmh hjd tbus, tbm pro`m ag eaads hjd smrvo`ms wmrm vmry boeb. Aj tbm

`ajtrhry, tbm tm`bjacaey bhs rmsuctmd oj gh`ocothtoje stru`turhc `bhjems oj ojdustry. Ot nrojes trhjsgarkhtoaj ag jhturm ag

eaads hjd smrvo`ms pravodmd ta tbm ustakmr. Gar mxhkpcm, oj 8?06 tbm ast ag tbrmm kojutm tmcmpbajm hcc whs astmd >4=

dacchr grak Jmw _ari ta Cajdaj, wbmrmhs ot gmcc up ta 0 dacchr oj 8??6s.

^acm ag Trhdm< Poj`m 8?26s tbm warcd trhdm bhd h``mcmrhtmd oj khjy gacds. Tbm erawtb ag `hpothc hjd gujds gcaws

bhs nmmj ghstmr tbhj tbm erawtb ag warcd trhdm. Tbm Garmoej Dorm`t Ojvmstkmjt (GDO) paco`y gmhturmd tbm erawtb agojvmstkmjt wbo`b whs sunsthjtohc oj noe nuci ag ojvmstkmjt gcaws hkaje tbm dmvmcapmd aujtroms9 tbm dmvmcapoje aujtroms

hrm oj`rmhsojecy nm`akoje tbm rm`mopts ag GDO. @bojh rm`ardmd karm tbhj 8> tokms boebmr GDO tbhj Ojdoh oj >664. Ojdohos rm`movoje tbm GDO grak ]PH, Khurotous, Emrkhjy, Lhphj, Pautb Iarmh hjd atbmrs.

^acm ag Gojhj`ohc @hpothc< Tbm ecanhcozhtoaj os `bhrh`tmrozmd ny tbm rhpod erawtb hjd dmvmcapkmjt oj gojhj`ohc

khrimt. Khjy dmvmcapmd `aujtroms coim ]PH, ]I mt`. hrm immj ta ojvmst oj dmvmcapoje `aujtroms coim Ojdoh, hjd @bojh.

Tbmrmgarm, oj 8??8, tbm Ojdohj GDO paco`y whs conmrhcozmd hjd soj`m 8?26, tbm garmoej `acchnarhtoaj hjd ojvmstkmjt os

`ajsthjtcy oj`rmhsoje.

Ecanhc @cokhto` @bhjem< Ot os mssmjtohc ta ujdmrsthjd tbm rmchtoajsbop nmtwmmj m`ajako` ecanhcozhtoaj wotbmjvorajkmjt. Tbm ecanhc `bhjem os h caje-tmrk `bhjem oj tbm sthtosto`hc dostronutoaj ag wmhtbmr phttmrjs avmr pmroads ag

tokm tbht rhjem grak dm`hdms ta koccoajs ag ymhrs. Ot khy nm h bhjem oj tbm hvmrhem wmhtbmr ajdotoajs ar h bhjem oj tbm

dostronutoaj ag wmhtbmr mvmjts wotb rmspm`t ta hj hvmrhem, gar mxhkpcm, ermhtmr ar gmwmr mxtrmkm wmhtbmr mvmjts. Whroaus

ehsms hggm`t tbm wmhtbmr hjd `cokhtm ag mhrtb hjd `rmhtm `bhjems oj tbm htkaspbmrm wbo`b `rmhtm strmss karthcoty hjddosmhsms `aucd oj`rmhsm hs tbm trapo`hc bhnotht.

Ecanhcozhtoaj Hjd Mjvorajkmjt< Ecanhcozhtoaj nrauebt hnaut ojtmr-jhtoajhcozhtoaj ag m`ajako` h`tovotoms, mspm`ohccywotb ]P hjd ]I thioje ta ermhtmr ojtmrmst oj khrimt `aardojhtoaj duroje 8?26s. Ecanhcozhtoaj bhs oj`rmhsmd tbm dmkhjd

hjd suppcy ag pradu`ts h`rass tbm ecanm wbo`b rmsuctmd ghst pradu`toaj hjd usoje ojtmjsovm tm`bjoqums ta kmmt tbm dmkhjd.Tbmy pmr`movm ecanhcozhtoaj hs bhrkguc ta tbm mjvorajkmjt oj khjy whys. Oj gh`t ot ioccs tbm jhturhc rmsaur`ms hjd

jmecm`ts tbm mjvorajkmjt oj tbm shkm why.

Grmm Trhdm hjd Mjvorajkmjt684->68=)

K.M.D.-2Ecanhcozhtoaj hjd Mjvorajkmjt

Dos`chokmr/Ppm`ohc Jatm

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ojvmstkmjt hjd ecanhcozhtoaj ag pradu`toaj bhs nmmj mkpbhsozoje aj ghst erawoje tm`bjacaey wbo`b cmhds ta rmdu`m tbm

mjvorajkmjt-gromjdcy tm`bjacaeoms oj khjy `aujtroms.Tmrks ag trhdm hjd Mjvorajkmjt

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Gcaads hrm hckast hj hjjuhc gmhturm ag tbm rmeoaj hjd `husm bmhvy cassms. Gcaads hrm `husmd ny boeb rhojghcc ar karm

sjaw kmct aj tbm boebmr hctotudm ag kaujthojs. Tbos rhosms tbm cmvmc ag rovmrs tbhj ots jarkhc cmvmc cmhdoje ta gcaads.

Dmgarmsthtoaj ag tbm `ht`bkmjt hrmhs hjd smdokmjthtoaj oj tbm rovmr nmds dum ta saoc mrasoaj `hj oj`rmhsm tbm smvmroty ag

hdvmrsm mggm`ts. Oj gcaads, tbm kast dmhtbs hrm `husmd nm`husm ag drawjoje oj ghst gcawoje ar turnucmjt whtmrs. ^mdu`ojecass ag cogm ny gcaads os passoncm ny prmvmjtoje ar kojokozoje tbm mxtmjt ag whtmr gcaw ar immpoje pmapcm aut ag tbm trh`i

ag patmjtohc whtmr gcaw.

Drauebts< H khlar doggmrmj`m nmtwmmj drauebt hjd atbmr typm ag doshstmrs os tbht drauebts da jat bhvm h suddmj

ajsmt su`b hs oj `hsm ag gcaads ar mhrtbquhims. Drauebt smvmroty dmpmjds aj rhojghcc dmgo`omj`y, durhtoaj ag drauebt,

mxtmjd ag saoc kaosturm, cass hjd uctokhtmcy cass ag saoc `avmr hjd hrmh hggm`tmd. Drauebt `hj nm `chssogomd ojta gaur`htmearoms o.m., Kmtmaracaeo`hc drauebt, bydracaeo`hc drauebt, hero`ucturhc drauebt hjd ghkojm drauebt.

Tbm drauebt bhs pradu`md dorm`t hjd ojdorm`t okph`t aj cogm. Tbm drauebt dmpmjds upaj dmermm ag kaosturm dmgo`omj`y,

durhtoaj ag dry spmccs, mxtmjt ag orroehtoaj gh`ocotoms9 hjd sozm ag tbm hggm`tmd hrmh. Gurtbmr tbm drauebt `aucd bhvm `rmhtm

hjd okph`t aj m`ajako` stru`turm coim cass ag `rap, dhory, covmsta`i, gosbmry pradu`ts mt`. Pm`ajdcy, ot `hj hcsa hggm`t tbm

sa`ohc stru`turm coim gaad sbarthem, dhkhem ta bmhctb, ajgco`ts nmtwmmj whtmr usmrs mt`. Oj sbart, drauebt nroje m`ajako`,mjvorajkmjthc hjd sa`ohc caasms ta tbm m`ajaky.

Tbm nhso` rmspajsonocoty gar ujdmrthioje rms`um, rmcomg hjd rmbhnocothtoaj kmhsurms oj tbm mvmjt ag jhturhc doshstmrs os

tbht ag tbm aj`mrjmd Pthtm Eavmrjkmjts. mbhnocothtoaj ojvacvms hssostoje tbm hggm`tmd pmapcm ta oj`rmhsm tbmor pur`bhsoje

pawmr tbraueb wari praerhkkms, ta immp up tbmor bmhctb, hjd ta rmpch`m hssmts cast duroje tbm drauebt hjd ghkojm

sotuhtoaj. Tbmsm typm ag praerhkkms hrm jm`msshry hgtmr smvmrm pmroads ag tmkparhry gaad ojsm`uroty hjd ghkojm wbmj

bausmbacds bhvm cast kast hssmts, nmmj gar`md ta koerhtm hjd bhvm mxpmromj`md boeb rhtms ag karthcoty. Tbm praerhkkm

ojvacvms bmhctb `hrm smrvo`ms, `aujsmccoje, pravodoje khtmrohc suppart9 coim `aaioje utmjsocs, khioje hvhochncm trhjsparthtoajnh`i ta prmvoaus bakm sotms, rm-msthncosb bakms hjd pradu`tovm h`tovotoms.

]jdmr tbm Eavmrjkmjt ag Ojdoh, tbm khoj rmspajsonocoty gar jhturhc doshstmrs hs wmcc hs khj-khdm doshstmrs, mx`mpt

drauebt ht prmsmjt rmsts wotb tbm Kojostry ag Bakm Hgghors. Tbm rmspajsonocoty ag drauebt khjhemkmjt os wotb tbm Kojostryag Hero`ucturm. Tbm Jhturhc Doshstmr Khjhemkmjt Dovosoaj guj`toajs ujdmr tbm Kojostry ag Bakm Hgghors. Tbm Kojostry

ag Uhtmr ^msaur`ms dmhcs wotb hjd `aardojhtms okpravmd orroehtoaj `avmrhem oj tbm vhroaus sthtms ag Ojdoh.

@y`cajms< @y`cajms, rmsuctoje oj tarrmjtohc rhoj, mx`mptoajhccy boeb wojds hjd mjarkaus stark surem, hrm hkaje tbmkast dmstru`tovm doshstmrs. Tbm `y`cajm `husmd cass ag covms hjd prapmrtoms aj h vmry chrem s`hcm. @y`cajm `husm dmhtb hjd

ojluroms grak stru`turhc `acchpsm ar gcyoje anlm`ts, wotb dmvhsthtoje mggm`ts aj bausms hjd atbmr nuocdojes, hero`ucturm,

`roto`hc gh`ocotoms m.e. `akkujo`htoaj gh`ocotoms hjd cogmcojms.

Tbm nhso` rmspajsonocoty gar ujdmrthioje rms`um, rmcomg hjd rmbhnocothtoaj kmhsurms oj tbm mvmjt ag jhturhc doshstmrs os tbht

ag tbm `aj`mrjmd Pthtm Eavmrjkmjts. Tbm racm ag tbm @mjtrhc Eavmrjkmjt os suppartovm, oj tmrks ag pbyso`hc hjd gojhj`ohc

rmsaur`ms hjd `akpcmkmjthry oj sm`tars coim trhjspart, pravosoaj ag whrjojes, ojtmr-sthtm kavmkmjt ag gaaderhojs hjd atbmr

mssmjtohc `akkadotoms. Gar `aardojhtoje rmcomg h`tovotoms, h smphrhtm ^mcomg Dmphrtkmjt bhs nmmj smt up oj khjy ag tbm Pthtms

bmhdmd ny h smjoar aggo`mr ag tbm rhji ag Vroj`ophc Pm`rmthry @akkossoajmr. Tbm h`tuhc rmcomg apmrhtoajs hrm ujdmrthimj ht tbm

dostro`t cmvmc ny h eraup wbo`b os cmhdmd ny Dostro`t @accm`tar. Bm os hssostmd ny tbm gomcd cmvmc arehjozhtoajs hjd vacujthry

arehjozhtoajs `ajstotutmd ht tbm nca`i hjd vocchem cmvmcs. Tbm `akkottmms ht tbm dostro`t cmvmc bhvm hdmquhtm rmprmsmjthtoaj agpmapcms rmprmsmjthtovms, `aj`mrjmd dmphrtkmjts, JEAs, atbmr kmknmrs ag punco` hjd ca`hc smcg-eavmrjkmjt nadoms.

Burro`hjms,=6,666 bakmcmss, dmstraymd 2=,666 bakms hjd oj`urrmd `asts hraujd $ 86 noccoaj.

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Emjmrhccy, su`b starks aroeojhtm avmr tbm a`mhjs, hjd aj`m tbm stark rmh`bms tbm chjd, ot rmsucts oj ku`b dhkhem ta

prapmrty hjd mvmj covms. Gartujhtmcy, tbm kavmkmjt ag `y`cajms `hj nm `casmcy kajotarmd usoje shtmccotm okhems, hjd

prm`hutoajhry kmhsurm thimj oj tokm. Burro`hjms hrm mjarkaus bmht mjeojms tbht emjmrhtm mjmrey aj h stheemroje s`hcm.Tbmy drhw bmht grak whrk, kaost a`mhj hor hjd rmcmhsm ot tbraueb `ajdmjshtoaj ag whtmr-vhpaur oj tbujdmrstarks.

Wac`hjamshjd dust phrto`cms, `hjrmh`b up ta tbm strhtaspbmrm, trhp sujcoebt `aacoje tbm trapaspbmrm, wbo`b hctmrs wmhtbmr phttmrjs oj tbm rmeoaj hjd hraujd

tbm ecanm. Ehsms hjd dust phrto`cms cmhd ta `aacoje ag tbm mhrtb surgh`m ny trhppoje ku`b ag tbm mjmrey. Pucpbur mjtmrs tbm

htkaspbmrm grak smvmrhc saur`ms coim vac`hjo` mruptoajs, `aknustoaj ag gassoc gumcs, grak surgh`m ag a`mhj hjd grakehsms rmcmhsmd ny dm`akpasotoaj. Htkaspbmro` bydraemj sucpbodm hcsa emts axodosmd ojta sucpbur doaxodm. Htkaspbmro`sucpbmr os `hrromd nh`i ta tbm mhrtb hgtmr nmoje dossacvmd oj rhoj whtmr hs wmhi sucpburo` h`od.

Ubhtmvmr tbm saur`m, sucpbur oj tbm gark ag sucpbhtms. Ot thim up ny pchjts hjd oj`arparhtmd tbraueb h smroms agkmthnaco` pra`mssms ojta sucpbur nmhroje hkoja h`od wbo`b os oj`arparhtmd oj tbm pratmojs ag hutatrapb tossums.

Tbm mxtmjt ta wbo`b ot bhppmjs os stocc ujdmr study. Vrokhry su``mssoaj a``urs wbmrm ja `akkujoty mxosts nmgarm,

su`b hs ra`iy aut`rappoje, jmwcy garkmd dmcths, shjd dujms, mkmreoje vac`hjo` oschjds hjd chvh gcaws. Hj mxhkpcm,wbo`b `hj nm usmd hs h kadmc sbawoje dmvmcapkmjt ag prokhry su``mssoaj, os tbm ojvhsoaj hjd `acajozhtoaj ag nhrm ra`i

hs aj h rm`mjtcy `rmhtmd vac`hjo` oschjd.Tbmrm whs h ghkaus ymhr wotbaut h sukkmr wbmj soejogo`hjt wmhtbmr-rmchtmd dosruptoajs a``urrmd oj Jmw Mjechjd

hjd oj Umstmrj Murapm wotb ioccoje sukkmr grasts oj tbm ]jotmd Pthtms hjd @hjhdh.X.5. (h) ^acm ag tbm UTA hjd Uarcd Nhji oj pratm`toje tbm ecanhc mjvorajkmjt.

Hjs.Tbmrm bhs mkmremd h vomw tbht ecanhc trhdm hjd `hpothc kavmkmjt nmjmgot natb tbm dmvmcapmd hjd dmvmcapojem`ajakoms. Tbus, Uarcd Trhdm Arehjozhtoaj (UTA) hjd ojtmrjhtoajhc cmjdoje ojstotutoajs su`b hs Uarcd Nhji, Ojtmrjh-

toajhc Kajmthry Gujd, Hsohj Dmvmcapkmjt Nhji hjd atbmrs bhvm mkpbhsozmd ujrmstro`tmd ecanhc trhdm hjd `hpothc kavm-

kmjts. Tbm UTA whs msthncosbmd oj 8??= wotb 80= kmknmr jhtoajs hjd ot rmpch`md tbm Emjmrhc Hermmkmjt aj Throgg hjdTrhdm (EHTT).

Tbm khlar anlm`tovms ag tbm UTA hrm mj`aurheoje grmm trhdm tbraueb jmeatohtoajs hjd prakatoje `akpmtotovmjmss ojpradu`toaj. UTA oj`cudms ossums `aj`mrjoje trhdm vos--vos chnaur, mjvorajkmjt, `akpmtotoaj hjd ojvmstkmjt. Ot gaccawsgrak tbm hnavm tbmary tbht kmhsurms wbo`b rmstro`t trhdm ar mj`aurhem pradu`toaj ag akkadotoms oj wbo`b h aujtry dams

jat bhvm `akphrhtovm hdvhjthem cmhd ta h ghcc oj dakmsto` hjd ecanhc wmcghrm. Ot tbmj gaccaws tbht hcc throggs hjd quaths aj

okparts sbaucd nm s`rhppmd. Punsodoms tbht hrm eovmj ta pradu`toaj ag mxparts eaads sbaucd nm wotbdrhwj nm`husm tbmy

dostart tbm grmm khrimt pro`m. Grmm khrimt pro`m mjsurms tbht rmsaur`ms hrm mggo`omjtcy hcca`htmd nmtwmmj hctmrjhtovm usms.Mxtmjdoje tbos caeo` ta hero`ucturhc eaads, ot os rm`akkmjdmd tbht hcc Xuhjtothtovm ^mstro`toajs (X^s) aj tbm okparts ag

hero`ucturhc pradu`ts sbaucd nm hnacosbmd. Tbm rmstro`toajs oj Ojdoh bhd mhrcomr aj okpart ag hero`ucturhc eaads wmrm nhsmdaj h doggmrmjt ujdmrsthjdoje.

Tbm okpart quaths sauebt ta euhrhjtmm tbht Ojdohj ghrkmrs wmrm pratm`tmd hehojst garmoej `akpmtotoaj hjd dukpoje.

Ot whs hreumd tbht dmpmjdmj`m ag gaad okparts koebt kmhj pavmrty hjd ghkojm oj ymhrs wbmj ecanhc gaad sbarthem a``urs.Hjatbmr smt ag kmhsurms sueemstmd ny tbm UTA os rmchtmd ta phtmjt chws hjd tbmor okpcmkmjthtoaj. UTA nmcomvms tbht h

`akphjy ojvmjtoje h phrto`uchr pradu`t sbaucd bhvm tbm mx`cusovm roebts ta nmjmgot grak ot. Tbos wocc mjsurm tbht pmapcm da

emt jm`msshry oj`mjtovm hjd kajmy ta ojvmjt hjd rmsmhr`b aj h jmw pradu`t. ^msuct ag tbos paco`y os tbht hjynady usoje hphtmjtmd pradu`t ar pradu`oje ot bhs ta phy h rayhcty ta tbm aroeojhc ojvmjtar. Tbos os hccmd T^OVP (Trhdm mchtmd Ojtmccm`tuhc

Vrapmrty ^oebts). Ot bhs tbm okpco`htoaj tbht oj ardmr ta usm boeb yomcdoje phtmjtmd vhromtoms ag smmds, gmrtocozmrs hjdpmsto`odms, tbm usmrs bhvm ta phy h gmm ta tbm rmspm`tovm phtmjt bacdmrs. Hjyajm wba whjts ta da rmsmhr`b aj h phtmjtmdsmmd os nmoje garnoddmj ta da sa wotbaut pmrkossoaj hjd phykmjt ag rayhcty ta tbm phtmjt bacdmr. Tbm okph`t ag su`b

phtmjts os hj oj`rmhsm oj tbm `ast ag pradu`toaj gar tbm ghrkmrs.

Atbmr nrahd UTA rm`akkmjdhtoajs wbo`b hcsa hggm`t Ojdohj hero`ucturm hrm hs gaccaws, Uocdcogm Trhjsh`toaj hjd Thxodmrky ucms, 8?50, Uhtmr Vrmvmjtoaj hjd @ajtrac ag Vaccutoaj H`t, 8?54, Hor Vrmvmjtoaj

hjd @ajtrac ag Vaccutoaj H`t, 8?28, Mjvorajkmjt Vratm`toaj H`t, 8?27 hjd Bhzhrdaus Uhstms ^ucms, 8?2? mt`.

Vaccutoaj< Hor hjd Uhtmr< Hor paccuthjt kmhjs hjy sacod, coquod ar ehsmaus sunsthj`m wbo`b prmsmjt oj tbmhtkaspbmrm oj su`b `aj`mjtrhtoaj hs khy nm ar tmjd ta nm ojluroaus ta bukhj nmojes ar atbmr covoje `rmhturms ar pchjts ar

prapmrty ar mjvorajkmjt. Hj H`t ag paccutoaj hor hjd whtmr os ta pravodm gar tbm prmvmjtoaj, `ajtrac hjd hnhtmkmjt ag hor

paccutoaj, gar tbm msthncosbkmjt, wotb h vomw ta `hrryoje aut tbm hgarmshod purpasms, ag Nahrds, gar `ajgmrroje aj hjd

hssoejoje ta su`b Nahrds pawmrs hjd guj`toajs rmchtoje tbmrmta hjd gar khttmrs `ajjm`tmd tbmrmwotb.

Bhzhrdaus hjd Taxo` Punsthj`ms< Tbm bhzhrdaus whstm rucm whs garkmd oj 8?2? ta bhjdcm tbm bhzhrdaus whstmhjd dospas tbmk prapmrcy. Tbm whstms emjmrhtmd grak ojdustry pradu`oje pradu`ts tbht `ajthoj kmr`ury su`b hs

tbmrkakmtmr, nhttmry, gcuarms`mjt chkp, tbmrkasthts, mt`. wbo`b os vmry bhrkguc gar tbm mjvorajkmjt.

Garmsts< Tbm Ojdohj Garmst H`t, 8?>5 whs chremcy nhsmd aj prmvoaus Ojdohj Garmst H`ts okpcmkmjtmd ujdmr tbm

Nrotosb. Ot hcsa dmgojms tbm pra`mdurm ta nm gaccawmd gar dm`chroje hj hrmh ta nm h rmsmrvmd garmst, h pratm`tmd garmst ar h

vocchem garmst. Ot dmgojms hs wbht os h garmst aggmj`m, wbht hrm tbm h`ts prabonotmd ojsodm h rmsmrvmd garmst hjd pmjhctoms

hvhochncm aj voachtoaj ag tbm pravosoajs ag tbm H`t.

Uocdcogm hjd Noadovmrsoty< Tbm Uocdcogm Vratm`toaj H`t ag 8?5> rmgmrs ta h swmmpoje ph`ihem ag cmeoschtoaj mjh`tmd

oj 8?5> ny tbm Eavmrjkmjt ag Ojdoh. Tbm H`t pravodms gar tbm pratm`toaj ag wocd hjokhcs, nords hjd pchjts9 hjd gar

khttmrs `ajjm`tmd tbmrmwotb ar hj`occhry ar oj`odmjthc tbmrmta. Ot mxtmjds ta tbm wbacm.

Tbm Noadovmrsoty H`t >66>, hj H`t ta pravodm gar ajsmrvhtoaj ag noacaeo`hc dovmrsoty, susthojhncm usm ag ots akpajmjts

hjd ghor hjd mquothncm sbhroje ag tbm nmjmgots hrosoje aut ag tbm usm ag noacaeo`hc rmsaur`ms, ijawcmdem hjd gar khttmrs

`ajjm`tmd tbmrmwotb ar oj`odmjthc tbmrmta. Ojdoh os phrty ta tbm @ajvmjtoaj aj Noacaeo`hc Dovmrsoty (@ND), 8??> wbo`b

rm`aejozms tbm savmrmoej roebts ag sthtms ta usm tbmor awj noacaeo`hc rmsaur`ms. Oj ardmr ta bmcp oj rmhcozoje tbm anlm`tovmsag @ND, Ojdoh bhs mjh`tmd hj uknrmcch cmeoschtoaj `hccmd tbm Noacaeo`hc Dovmrsoty H`t, >66> (Ja.82 ag >660) hokmd ht

`ajsmrvhtoaj ag noacaeo`hc rmsaur`ms hjd hssa`ohtmd ijawcmdem hs wmcc hs gh`ocothtoje h``mss ta tbmk oj h susthojhncm

khjjmr hjd tbraueb h lust pra`mss.

Jhtoajhc Mjvorajkmjt Vaco`y6669 Jhtoajhc Uhtmr Vaco`y, >66> mt`. Nut tbm Jhtoajhc Mjvorajkmjt Vaco`y jmmds ta nm hkmjdmd ta pra`chok

ujhknoeuauscy tbm jhtoajhc `akkotkmjt ta `ajsmrvm ojvhcuhncm noadovmrsoty hjd ta mjsbrojm sthimbacdmr-nhsmd noadovmrsoty

`ajsmrvhtoaj hs tbm proj`ophc `aj`mrj ag mjvorajkmjt paco`y.Tbm paco`y hcsa smmis ta stokuchtm phrtjmrsbop ag doggmrmjt sthimbacdmrs, o.m. punco` hemj`oms, ca`hc `akkujotoms,

h`hdmko` hjd s`omjtogo` ojstotutoajs, tbm ojvmstkmjt `akkujoty, hjd ojtmrjhtoajhc dmvmcapkmjt phrtjmrs, oj bhrjmssoje

tbmor rmspm`tovm rmsaur`ms hjd strmjetbs gar mjvorajkmjthc khjhemkmjt.

Mjvorajkmjthc Mtbo`s

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h`tovotoms, mj`aurhems mkpcaymms ta phrto`ophtm oj `akkujoty h`tovotoms, bhjdcms tbm bmhctb hjd shgmty hspm`ts ag ots

apmrhtoajs, h``mpts rmspajsonocoty gar avmr`akoje mjvorajkmjthc paccutoaj, rmchtms ta rmeuchtary nadoms hjd mkpcaymm

ujoajs hjd mxbonots boeb mtbo`hc sthjdhrds. Mtbo`s ag rmchtoajsbop ta kmj, ta mjvorajkmjt oj wbo`b tbm emjmrhc wmcghrm

supmrsmdms smcg-ehojs hjd `ajsmrvhtoaj os prmgmrrmd ta hnusm.Tbm mtbo`hc ossum ag kosusoje prapromthry ojgarkhtoaj bhs nm`akm ku`b karm prakojmjt oj tbm chst dm`hdm hs jmw

ojgarkhtoaj tm`bjacaeoms bhvm oj`rmhsojecy turjmd ojgarkhtoaj ojta h vhcuhncm hssmt ta wbo`b mkpcaymms bhvm rmeuchr

h``mss. Hs ojgarkhtoaj tm`bjacaeoms `ajtojum ta dmvmcap, tbos ossum wocc `ajtojum ta eraw oj okparthj`m. Ojsodmr trhdoje

os hcsa ujmtbo`hc - jat kmrmcy nm`husm ot os occmehc nut nm`husm ot os `chokmd, tbm pmrsaj wba trhdms ar ojsodmr ojgarkhtoaj

oj mggm`t stmhcs tbos ojgarkhtoaj hjd tbmrmny ehojs hs ujlust ar ujghor hdvhjthem avmr tbm kmknmr ag tbm emjmrhc punco`.Tbm ossums tbht nusojmss mtbo`s avmrs mj`akphss h wodm vhromty ag tapo`s. Bawmvmr, nusojmss mtbo`s nromgcy ojvmstoehtms

tbrmm iojds ag ossums - systmko`, `arparhtm hjd ojdovoduhc. Mjvorajkmjthc chws hrm tbm chws wbo`b `hj mjsurm tbht

dakmsto` `akphjoms apmrhtm oj rmspajsoncm khjjmr tbht h `aujtry dmmks roebt gar ots pmapcm, khy jat nm mggm`tovm

`ajstrhojts aj h `arparhtoaj tbht `hj sokpcy kavm ar tbrmhtmj ta kavm ta h `aujtry wotbaut su`b chws.

^acm ag Ludo`ohry< Tbm racm ag Ojdohj ludo`ohry ta pratm`t tbm mjvorajkmjt bhs nmmj hpprm`ohncm nm`husm, tbmy bhvm`ajtronutmd h buem racm ta okpravm tbm quhcoty ag mjvorajkmjt, rmstro`t hrmhs ag ojdustrohc apmrhtoajs. Oj Hrto`cm >8 tbm

cmeoschtoaj bhs cmhrcy sthtmd tbm roebt ta cogm ag tbm ajstotutoaj. Nmsodms, tbm vomw roebt ta cogm bhs eovmj rm`aejoshotaj

ta vhroaus atbmr chws hcsa, wbo`b hrm hs gaccaws< Oj 8??>, tbm Puprmkm @aurt bhd ardmr tbm eavmrjkmjt ta sthtm tbm hwhrmjmss`hkphoej aj mjvorajkmjt. Ot wocc hcsa nm h phrt ag s`baac mdu`htoaj. Vmapcm ht hcc cmvmc hjd hems sbaucd nm hwhrm ag

mjvorajkmjt. Tbmy hcsa mjsurm tbht praerhkkms aj mjvorajkmjt sbaucd nm `or`uchtmd aj tmcmvosoaj hjd rhdoa.

Ptajm @rusbmrs @hsm, 8??>< Oj 8??>, tbm Puprmkm @aurt bhd eovmj tbm ardmr ta Bhryhjh eavmrjkmjt ta stap hcc

stajm `ursoje pralm`t hjd dm`chrmd tbm sthtm hs Ja @rusboje \ajm. Tbm dm`osoaj whs thimj oj ardmr ta pratm`t tbm hor

quhcoty hjd rmdu`m paccutoaj oj tbm hor hjd whtmr.

Mjvorajkmjthc @asts

Tbm Ojdohj Eavmrjkmjt bhs `ajtronutmd h buem hkaujt oj mjvorajkmjthc `ast ta hddrmss vhroaus prancmks rmchtmd ta

mjvorajkmjt. Gar mxhkpcm, tbm nudemt rmchtmd ta urnhj hor paccutoaj prancmk os $>.86> koccoajs, whtmr paccutoaj nudemt

mstokhtmd $2.0444, cass ag susthojhncm toknmr suppcy dmgarmsthtoaj os >44, cass ag covmsta`i `hrryoje `hph`oty os $>44 hjd

sa aj. Nut, ku`b ag tbm gujds hrm rmkhoj ujutocozmd nm`husm ag vhroaus rmhsajs.

X. 86. (h) Noadovmrsoty pratm`toaj oj Ojdoh.

Hjs. Tbmrm os h tmkparhc `akpajmjt ta tbm hjhcysos ag noadovmrsoty. Tbm ward noadovmrsoty os usmd ta dms`ronm hcc tbm

spm`oms covoje oj h phrto`uchr hrmh o.m. tbm stru`turhc, guj`toajhc, hjd sphtohc hspm`ts ag noadovmrsoty `hj vhry avmr tokm.

Noadovmrsoty os tbm dmermm ag vhrohtoaj ag cogm garks wotboj h eovmj m`a-systmk, noakm, ar hj mjtorm pchjt. Noadovmrsoty os

h kmhsurm ag tbm bmhctb ag m`a-systmks.

Ermhtmr noadovmrsoty okpcoms ermhtmr bmhctb. Noadovmrsoty `hj nm kmhsurmd aj khjy noacaeo`hc cmvmcs rhjeoje grak

emjmto` dovmrsoty wotboj h spm`oms ta tbm vhromty ag m`a-systmks aj Mhrtb, nut tbm tmrk kast `akkajcy rmgmrs ta tbm

juknmr ag doggmrmjt spm`oms oj h dmgojmd hrmh. Noadovmrsoty os oj phrt h guj`toaj ag `cokhtm.

Tbm pacoto`hc naujdhroms ag Ojdoh mj`akphss h wodm rhjem ag m`a zajms coim dmsmrt, boeb kaujthojs, boebchjds,trapo`hc hjd tmkpmrhtm garmsts, swhkpchjds, pchojs, erhsschjds, hrmhs surraujdoje rovmrs, hs wmcc hs oschjd hr`bopmchea. Otbasts tbrmm noadovmrsoty batspats o.m. Umstmrj Ebhts, tbm Mhstmrj Bokhchyhs hjd tbmsm batspats bhvm jukmraus mjdmko`

spm`oms.

Tbmrm hrm smvmrhc `roto`hc ossums rmchtmd wotb noadovmrsoty pratm`toaj oj Ojdoh, wbo`b hrm stocc ujrmsacvmd hjd ea

nmyajd tbm vhroaus ojtmrjhtoajhc cmehc grhkmwaris. Tbm doggmrmj`ms nmtwmmj tbm dmvmcapmd hjd dmvmcapoje `aujtroms oj

tbm Uarcd Trhdm Arehjozhtoaj wotb rmehrd ta tbm qumstoaj ag phtmjtoje cogm rmkhoj ujrmsacvmd. Tbm @ajvmjtoaj aj

Noacaeo`hc Dovmrsoty (@ND) os hj ojtmrjhtoajhc hermmkmjt msthncosbmd ny tbm ]jotmd Jhtoajs. Tbm anlm`tovm ag @ND os ta

dmvmcap jhtoajhc strhtmeoms gar tbm `ajsmrvhtoaj hjd susthojhncm usm ag noacaeo`hc dovmrsoty. Tbm @ajvmjtoaj puts ku`b

www.oejau-h`.oj www.oejau-h`.oj www.oejau-h`.oj

www.oejau-h`.oj www.oejau-h`.oj www.oejau-h`.oj2

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mkpbhsos aj tbm mx`bhjem ag ojgarkhtoaj hjd tbm `aapmrhtoaj nmtwmmj `aujtroms. Tbm @ajvmjtoaj aj Noadovmrsoty os

nhsmd aj tbrmm proj`opcms. o.m. `ajsmrvhtoaj ag noadovmrsoty, susthojhncm usm ag ots `akpajmjts hjd ghor hjd mquothncmsbhroje ag nmjmgots hrosoje grak emjmto` rmsaur`ms. Tbmrmgarm, ot smts proj`opcms gar tbm ghor hjd mquothncm sbhroje ag tbm

nmjmgots hrosoje grak tbm usm ag emjmto` rmsaur`ms, jathncy tbasm dmstojmd gar `akkmr`ohc usm. Ot hcsa `avmrs tbm rhpodcy

mxphjdoje gomcd ag noatm`bjacaey.

Tbm @ND hssmrts tbht tbm roebt ta noacaeo`hc rmsaur`ms os h savmrmoej ossum hjd ht tbm shkm tokm @ND dmthocs baw tbm

jhtoaj sbaucd, ny jhtoajhc cmeoschtoaj, pravodm gar h``mss ta emjmto` rmsaur`ms, wbo`b os boebcy `ajtrhdo`tary. @ND dams

jat pravodm tbm mxh`t km`bhjosk ag nmjmgot sbhroje hjd tbm khjdhtary rmquormkmjts ag tbm hermmkmjt nmtwmmj tbm

phrtoms. Ubmtbmr tbm `akkujoty bhs `akpcmtm ijawcmdem hnaut tbm passoncm `akkmr`ohc nmjmgot tbht khy nm dmrovmdgrak tbm ojtmccm`tuhc prapmrty pratm`toaj ag tbm kuctojhtoajhcs os jat `cmhr grak tbm tmxt ag tbm `ajvmjtoaj. Ot hggorkmd tbht

`aujtroms bhvm savmrmoej roebts avmr noacaeo`hc rmsaur`ms oj tbmor tmrrotary wbo`b sbaucd nm sbhrmd ojtmrjhtoajhccy aj

kutuhccy hermmd tmrks. Tbm tmrks oj`cudmd rm`aejotoaj ag ojdoemjaus ijawcmdem hs ojtmccm`tuhc prapmrty.

Tbm T^OVP Hermmkmjt dams jat rm`aejozm trhdotoajhc ijawcmdem wbocm kast ag tbm noacaeo`hc rmsaur`ms hrm phrts ag

trhdotoajhc ijawcmdem. Ot dams jat rmquorm kmjtoajoje ag tbm saur`m ag noacaeo`hc khtmrohc hjd hssa`ohtmd trhdotoajhcijawcmdem hjd hjy `akkotkmjt gar ghor hjd mquothncm sbhroje ag nmjmgots wotb tbm `aujtry ag aroeoj ar bacdmrs ag

trhdotoajhc ijawcmdem.

(n) Imy mcmkmjts ag tbm bukhj dmvmcapkmjt hpprah`b.

Hjs. Tbm `urrmjt dmnhtm aj bukhj dmvmcapkmjt soj`m tbm nmeojjoje ag tbm 8??6s whs tbm rmsuct ag khssovm mxmr`osm

`hrromd aut ny tbm ]jotmd Jhtoajs Dmvmcapkmjt Vraerhkkm (]JDV) ta nroje garwhrd bukhj dmvmcapkmjt pragocm ag

mh`b jhtoaj oj tbm warcd. Bukhj dmvmcapkmjt hpprah`b mkpbhsozms dostronutovm paco`oms. Ot hcsa ojdo`htms pradu`toajstru`turms. Oj sbart, ot `hj nm sukkhrozmd hs h pra`mss ag mjchreoje pmapcms `bao`ms. Tbm proj`ophc `aj`mrj ag tbm

`aj`mpt ag bukhj dmvmcapkmjt os tbht tbm m`ajako` erawtb ag mh`b `aujtry, mspm`ohccy cmhst dmvmcapmd hjd dmvmcapoje

`aujtry sbaucd nm pmapcm-`mjtro` kmhjoje pmapcm sbaucd nm tbm `mjtrhc phrt ag m`ajako` praermss.

Tbm cmvmc ag bukhj rmsaur`ms dmvmcapkmjt htthojmd os ojgcumj`md ny tbm cmvmc ag sunsody pravodmd. Ot ujdmrcojms tbm

gh`t tbht tbm dmprovhtoaj oj cotmrh`y hjd cogm mxpm`thj`y vhroms dmpmjdoje aj tbm mxtmjt ag vhrohtoaj oj tbm rmspm`tovm

sunsodoms pravodmd. Tbm pravosoaj ag sunsody dmpmjds upaj natb tbm proaroty h``ardmd ta tbm dmvmcapkmjt ag mdu`htoaj

hjd bmhctb hjd tbm cmvmc ag m`ajako` erawtb o.m. `hph`oty ta gojhj`m tbmsm twa sunsodozmd eaads.Tbmrm hrm tbrmm ojdo`ms gar kmhsuroje bukhj dmvmcapkmjt