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7/28/2019 metrica paisagem

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estrutura, composio e configurao da paisagem

conceitos e princpios para a sua quantificao

no mbito da ecologia da paisagem

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1. estrutura da paisagem

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figura 1

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erssnca (MA, . (15, . 45)).


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figura 2

ras de anchas na asage, rdenadas r rge e fra. (a) Manchas nauras (curvlneares u e fra de aba). (b)

Manchas de rge huana (gercas). Alngaen e cnvlu s cnsderads s ds rers cnenes da fra.

xels ara cada ancha nuerada s: (1) nan, craera, lag e crc glacar, n elevad nua rea hda; (2) erene

e rn de u , rea de nunda e relev ars; (3) erurba n nerr de ua ancha; (4) ela, cne de dejecDOXYLDO'HVOL]DPHQWRDYDODQFKHPDQFKDRUHVWDODRORQJRGHXPDOLQKDGHiJXD/DJRGHRULJHPJODFLDUHPIRUPDGHIHUUDGXUD

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esendend-se elas cueadas adjacenes, erurba r se de afers e vla de u n de gua; (13) erurba

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(24) Mancha de rvres na rea de nersec de vras exlraes agrclas; (25) la u cdade c crescen a lng ds

rncas exs de ransre; (26) Albufera de ua barrage (ran, . (15, . 11)).


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figura 3

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figura 4

unes ds crredres. Crredr esre esquerda, larg drea; esces c u nch eclgc as larg usa u u ds

KDELWDWVLQWHULRURXGHPDUJHPPEDL[RDVIXQo}HVFRQGXWDOWURIRQWHHVXPLGRXURRUPDQSS


9/25

83


LQWHULRU VHQGR DV iUHDV ULStFRODV XP H[HPSOR GH

HVSHFLDOL]DomR GD FRPXQLGDGH YHJHWDO H DQLPDO

(VSpFLHV UDUDV RX DPHDoDGDV HVWmR JHUDOPHQWH

DXVHQWHVDQmRVHUTXHHVWHVFRUUHGRUHVUHSUHVHQWHP

D~QLFDYHJHWDomRQDWXUDOUHPDQHVFHQWH

Cndua 1R FDVR GDV OLQKDV GH iJXD RX HP

TXDOTXHU FDVR HP TXH R WUDQVSRUWH H PRYLPHQWR

SUHGRPLQDP HPERUD SRWHQFLDOPHQWH WRGRV RV

FRUUHGRUHV SRVVXDPSHORPHQRVSDUFLDOPHQWH HVWD

IXQomR1RVFRUUHGRUHVGHVORFDPVHSHVVRDVEHQV

YHtFXORV iJXD VHGLPHQWRV QXWULHQWHV DQLPDLV H

PDWpULD RUJkQLFD 4XDVH WRGDV DV OLQKDV GH iJXD

SULQFLSDLV GHVHPSHQKDP WDPEpP HVWD IXQomR HPWHUPRV GH PRYLPHQWRV GH DQLPDLV DOpP GH WRGD

D UHGH KLGURJUiFD IXQFLRQDU JUDoDV j IXQomR GH

FRQGXWDGDVOLQKDVGHiJXD

lr4XDQGRRX[RTXHDWUDYHVVDRFRUUHGRUp

OWUDGRHTXDQGRVRPHQWHDOJXQVDQLPDLVRSRGHP

DWUDYHVVDU5LRVULEHLUDVHVWUDGDVFDPLQKRVYDODV

SDUHGHVHRXWUDVEDUUHLUDVGLPLQXHPDSHUPHDELOLGDGH

GHSDVVDJHP GHSHQGHQGRGDHVFDODGHDQiOLVHHWLSRGHPRYLPHQWR

ne 6H R FRUUHGRU IRU D ~QLFD PDQFKD SRU

DVVLP GL]HU QD PDWUL] p GHOH TXH YmR GLVSHUVDU

VH H FRORQL]DU R HVSDoR HQYROYHQWH 2XWUR FDVR

pDGLVSHUVmR GHUXtGR SyHSROXHQWHV DSDUWLU GH

HVWUDGDVHFDPLQKRV

udur4XDQGRHOHPHQWRVTXHYrPGDPDWUL]

FRPRDiJXDVHGLPHQWRRXDQLPDLVGHVDSDUHFHP

QRFRUUHGRUeRFDVRGRVVHGLPHQWRVHiJXDVTXH

DWLQJHPRVULRVRXRXWUDTXDOTXHUOLQKDGHiJXDPDV

WDPEpPGRVDQLPDLVTXHPRUUHPDRDWUDYHVVDUYLDV

GHFRPXQLFDomRHVWUDGDVRXXPULREHPFRPRDV

VHPHQWHVTXHFDPUHWLGDVHPVHEHV

2VFRUUHGRUHVVmRFODVVLFiYHLVVHJXQGR0$56+

:0 S TXDQWR j VXD HVWUXWXUD

LQGHSHQGHQWHPHQWH GDVXD RULJHP XVR KXPDQR H

WLSRGH3DLVDJHPFRPR

ne crrdrs &RUUHGRUHV HP OLQKD

FDPLQKRV HVWUDGDV VHEHV OLPLWHV GH

SURSULHGDGHYDODVGHGUHQDJHPHFDQDLVGH

LUULJDomRGRPLQDGRVSRUHVSpFLHVHVSHFtFDV

3RGHP VHUPDLVDOWRVRXPDLVEDL[RV TXH D

HQYROYrQFLDPDLVDOWRVQRFDVRGHXPFRUUHGRU

YHUGHPDLVEDL[RVQRFDVRGHXPDFHLURQXP

SLQKDO

rea (raran) crrdrs &RUUHGRUHV

ULStFRODVPDUJHQVGHOLQKDVGHiJXDYDULDP

HP ODUJXUDFRQVRDQWH D LPSRUWkQFLDGD OLQKD

GHiJXDFRQWURODPRX[RGHiJXDQXWULHQWHV

PLQHUDLV UHGX]LQGR DVVLP D SUREDELOLGDGH

GH FKHLDV H DVVRUHDPHQWR 2UJDQL]DGRV

KLHUDUTXLFDPHQWH

QWHUXYH FRUULGRUV &RUUHGRUHVGH LQWHU~YLR RUJDQL]DGRV HP GHGRV H

LQGLYLGXDOL]DGRV SRU HQWUH RV FRUUHGRUHV GDV

OLQKDVGHiJXDDRORQJRGRVWRSRV7DPEpP

RUJDQL]DGRVKLHUDUTXLFDPHQWH

rd crrdrs &RUUHGRUHV GH JUHOKD

DVVRFLDGRV D VHEHV OLPLWHV GH HVWUDGDV

YDODV GH GUHQDJHP GHFDOFDP XPDHVWUXWXUD

UHFWLOtQHD H SRU YH]HV RUWRJRQDO HP iUHDV

RQGHH[LVWHPVHEHVYLYDVGHFDOFDPDHVWUXWXUD

FDGDVWUDO SRVVXHP FpOXODV GH GLYHUVDV

GLPHQV}HV

egened crrdrs &RUUHGRUHV

VHJPHQWDGRVTXDQGRXPGRVWLSRVDQWHULRUHV

p VHJPHQWDGR EDVLFDPHQWH SRU DFWLYLGDGHV

KXPDQDV FRPR XP ULR LQWHUURPSLGR SRU

EDUUDJHQVSRQWHVRXGLTXHV


10/25


84

5HVXPLQGR HP WHUPRV GH FRUUHGRUHV XPD

GDV SULQFLSDLV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GRV FRUUHGRUHV p

D FRQHFWLYLGDGH RX SUHVHQoD GH TXHEUDV 1yV

FRQWHQGR HVSpFLHV LQWHULRUHV HVWmR JHUDOPHQWH

DJDUUDGRVD FRUUHGRUHV IRUPDQGR XPDHVWUXWXUD

WLSRFRODUGHFRQWDV2VFRUUHGRUHV WrPJUDGLHQWHV

IRUWHVHPWHUPRVPLFURFOLPiWLFRVHGHVRORHQWUH

XPODGRHRXWUR2FHQWURpWLSLFDPHQWHXPKDELWDW

~QLFRSDUFLDOPHQWHGHWHUPLQDGRSHOR WUDQVSRUWHRX

PRYLPHQWRTXHVHGHVHQURODDRORQJRGRFRUUHGRU

2V FRUUHGRUHV >OLQKD@ VmR HVWUHLWRV H FRPSRVWRV

EDVLFDPHQWHGHHVSpFLHVGHPDUJHPRXPDLVODUJRV

HFRQWHQGRXPDDEXQGkQFLDVLJQLFDWLYDGHHVSpFLHV

LQWHULRUHVDRORQJRGRVHXHL[R>@2HIHLWRGHODUJXUDGRFRUUHGRUH[HUFHXPFRQWURORFKDYHQDQDWXUH]D

GR PHVPR DSOLFDQGRVH HVWDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV

WDQWRTXDQGR pPDLVDOWR FRPRPDLVEDL[RTXH D

HQYROYrQFLD)250$15*2'5210SS

1.3 matriz

3RU~OWLPR HP WHUPRV GH HOHPHQWRV IXQGDPHQWDLV

GD 3DLVDJHP Ki D PDWUL] TXH FRQVWLWXL HPERUD

QmR GH XPD IRUPD DSDUHQWH R HOHPHQWR PDLV

LPSRUWDQWH SDUD D DQiOLVH H FRPSUHHQVmR HIHFWLYD

GDHVWUXWXUDGD3DLVDJHP3RUGHQLomRDPDWUL]p

RWLSRGH3DLVDJHPPDLVH[WHQVRHPDLVFRQHFWDGR

TXHSRUWDQWRGHVHPSHQKD XPSDSHO GRPLQDQWH QR

IXQFLRQDPHQWRGD3DLVDJHP$VXDGHQLomRQmRp

IiFLOSHORFRQWUiULRpIUDQFDPHQWHVXEMHFWLYDHGHYH

REHGHFHUDRVVHJXLQWHVFULWpULRV)LJXUD

rea relavaTXDQGRXPWLSRGHHOHPHQWRGD3DLVDJHPp FRQVLGHUDYHOPHQWHPDLV H[WHQVR

TXH RV RXWURV SDUHFH OyJLFR FRQVLGHUiOR D

PDWUL]

figura 5

Caracerscas deernanes da arz de ua asage. s d sl branc a arz e cbre 6 % (a), 45% (b) e 5% ns resanes.

$VVHWDVLQGLFDPDGLUHFomRGRVX[RVIDFWRUFKDYHSDUDGHWHUPLQDomRGDPDWUL]pLQGLFDGRSDUDFDGDJUHOKDiUHDFRQHFWLYLGDGH

cnrl sbre a dnca) (ran, . (15, . 2)).


11/25

85


Cnecvdade D PDWUL] p R HOHPHQWR

PDLV FRQHFWDGR FRP RV UHVWDQWHV WLSRV GH

PDQFKDV QXP FDVR GH ERFDJH HPERUD D

iUHDVHMDPHQRUHVWHWLSRDSUHVHQWDDPDLRU

FRQHFWLYLGDGH

Cnrl da dncaDPDWUL]H[HUFHXP

PDLRU FRQWUROR QD GLQkPLFD GD 3DLVDJHP

GDQGRRULJHPj3DLVDJHPIXWXUD

([LVWHP DLQGD GRLV FRQFHLWRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRP D

PDWUL]TXH LPSRUWDDERUGDUSHODVVXDV LPSOLFDo}HV

H SRVVLELOLGDGHV TXDQWLWDWLYDV GH DYDOLDomR GD

3DLVDJHPDSRURVLGDGHHDIRUPDGDVPDUJHQVGDVPDQFKDVVREUHDPDWUL]

1.3.1 porosidade

3RURVLGDGH pDPHGLGD GDGHQVLGDGH GHPDQFKDV

QD3DLVDJHPTXDQWRPDLRU RQ~PHURGHPDQFKDV

FRP IURQWHLUDV IHFKDGDV PDLRU D SRURVLGDGH

LQGHSHQGHQWHPHQWH GD GLPHQVmR GDV PDQFKDV

VHQGRTXHDSRURVLGDGHpWDPEpPLQGHSHQGHQWHGDFRQHFWLYLGDGHFRPRVHSRGHREVHUYDUQD)LJXUD

$SRURVLGDGHSRGHGDUXPDLQGLFDomRJOREDOGRJUDX

GHLVRODPHQWRGDVHVSpFLHVHSRGHVHUXPLQGLFDGRU

GRJUDXGHHIHLWRGHPDUJHP(PWHUPRVKXPDQRV

DSRURVLGDGHpXPIDFWRUQDHFRQRPLDGDVFROKHLWDV

YLVWR TXH D GLPHQVmR H SUR[LPLGDGH GDV SDUFHODV

FRQGLFLRQD D DFWLYLGDGH DJUtFROD 1R FRQWH[WR GD

*HRJUDD+XPDQDDSRURVLGDGHSHUPLWHHVWXGDURV

SDGU}HVGHGLVWULEXLomRGHFDVDVHDJORPHUDGRVQD

PDWUL]

1.3.2 forma da margem

1RV H[HPSORVDWp DTXL DSUHVHQWDGRV DVPDUJHQV

GDV PDQFKDV WrP VLGR UHSUHVHQWDGDV FRPR

OLQKDV VXDYHV HPERUD SRVVDP VHU H[WUHPDPHQWHLUUHJXODUHV H FRQYROXFLRQDGDV LQGHSHQGHQWHPHQWH

GDIRUPDGDPDQFKDHPVL1D)LJXUDSRGHYHU

VHXP FDVR VLPSOHV RQGH VH WHULD GLFXOGDGH HP

GHFLGLUTXDOGRVHOHPHQWRVHVTXHUGDRXGLUHLWDpD

PDWUL]6HRHOHPHQWRGDHVTXHUGDHVFXURHPD

VHH[SDQGHRVSRQWRV$%H&WRUQDPVHWHVWDV

GHSRQWHHFLHQWHVSDUDFRQTXLVWDU WHUUHQR$iUHD

FRQTXLVWDGD VHUi FODUDPHQWH PDLRU QR FDVR HP

TXH R HOHPHQWR GD HVTXHUGD VH H[SDQGH E SRURSRVLomRD FSRLVRVHVIRUoRV GHFRQTXLVWDVmR

GXSOLFDGRVSHUWRGRVSRQWRV$%H&1HVWHFDVR

figura 6

rsdade e cnecvdade na arz. M = arz, = ancha. (a) cas as sles, e que a rsdade (zer). (b) rsdade

=1 (u). (c) rsdade = 2. (d) rsdade = 3. (e) rsdade = 11. (f) rsdade = 2, a cnecvdade da arz clea, as n

clar se M u devera ser a arz. (g) rsdade = 2, as a cnecvdade n clea. (h) rsdade = 2 e a cnecvdade

clea (MA, .; , M. (186, . 16)).


12/25


86

R WHUFHLUR FULWpULR GH GHQLomR GD PDWUL] FRQWUROR

GD GLQkPLFD ID] VHQWLGR H p R PDLV YiOLGR SRLV

R HOHPHQWR j HVTXHUGD FRP PDUJHQV F{QFDYDV

FRQTXLVWDWHUULWyULRPDLVHFLHQWHPHQWHHORJRpD

PDWUL]1RHQWDQWRFRPRWHPSRDPDUJHPF{QFDYD

YDLVHWUDQVIRUPDQGRQXPDPDUJHPFRQYH[D

(VWHWLSRGHUDFLRFtQLRSHUPLWHGLIHUHQFLDUHOHPHQWRV

HPH[SDQVmRQD3DLVDJHPRVTXHVHHVWmRDH[SDQGLU

QD SHULIHULD DSUHVHQWDQGR PDUJHQV FRQYH[DV H

HOHPHQWRV UHOtTXLD TXH HVWmR QXP SURFHVVR GH

UHWUDFomR H WrPPDUJHQVF{QFDYDV(VWHVSDGU}HV

VmRFODUDPHQWHYHULFiYHLVHPiUHDVDUGLGDVRQGH

VHGiXPDSDVVDJHPPXLWRUiSLGDGDIRUPDFRQYH[DSDUD XPD PDUJHP F{QFDYD GH H[SDQVmR +i QR

HQWDQWR H[FHSo}HV FRPR TXDQGR Ki UHJHQHUDomR

GDYHJHWDomR D SDUWLU GDV OLQKDV GHiJXDHPERUD

DVPDUJHQVGH H[SDQVmR VHMDP F{QFDYDV SRUTXH

GHFDOFDPDUHGHKLGURJUiFD

6HJXQGR XP SULQFtSLR GH IRUPD H IXQomR TXH

WDPEpPVHDSOLFDD3DLVDJHQV$LQWHUDFomRHQWUH

GRLVREMHFWRVpSURSRUFLRQDOjVXSHUItFLHGHPDUJHPFRPXP$ IRUPDDUUHGRQGDGDRXFLUFXODU FRP XP

PtQLPRGHDSrQGLFHVRXVHMDFRPXPUiFLRPtQLPR

HQWUHSHUtPHWURHiUHDpFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHVLVWHPDV

RQGHpLPSRUWDQWHFRQVHUYDUUHFXUVRVFRPRDHQHUJLD

PDWHULDLV RX RUJDQLVPRV (VWD IRUPD p LPSRUWDQWH

HP (FRORJLDDQLPDO RXSDUD XPD IRUoDPLOLWDU (P

FRQWUDVWH XPD PDUJHP FRQYROXFLRQDGD FRP XP

HOHYDGR UiFLR SHUtPHWUR iUHD p FDUDFWHUtVWLFDGH

VLVWHPDV FRP VLJQLFDWLYR LQWHUFkPELR GH HQHUJLD

PDWHULDLV RXRUJDQLVPRV FRP D HQYROYrQFLD HJ

SXOP}HVRXDIROKDJHPGHXPDiUYRUH8PDWHUFHLUD

IRUPD D GHQGUtWLFD HVWi VREUHWXGR DVVRFLDGD D

WUDQVSRUWH HJ QHUYRV UHGHV IHUURYLiULDV (VWH

SULQFtSLRV IXQGDPHQWDLV UHODFLRQDP DV IRUPDV GDV

PDUJHQVHHOHPHQWRVGD3DLVDJHPFRPDVXDIXQomRVREUHWXGRRVX[RVHQWUHHSDUDDPDWUL]FLUFXQGDQWH

)250$15*2'5210S

$FUHVFHDHVWDUHODomRIRUPDIXQomRTXHDVPDUJHQV

SRGHPWHUYiULRVSDGU}HVHPWHUPRVGHSURSRUo}HV

H IRUPD HQWUH RV HOHPHQWRV GH DPERV RV ODGRV

0XLWDVYH]HVDVPDUJHQVQmRVmRQtWLGDVPDUFDGDV

FRPR GLVFXWLGR DFHUFD GD FRQIXVmR H LQGHQLomR

GHOLPLWHVH[LVWHVLPXPJUDGLHQWHGHFRQFHQWUDomRHP FDGD PDQFKD ([LVWHP WUrV PHFDQLVPRV TXH

figura 7

Margens cncavas e cnvexas. (a) leen esquerda c arge cncava, drea c ancha cnvexa. (b) nha a racejad

ndca a nva frnera cnfre eleen da esquerda se exande. (c) nha a racejad ndca a nva frnera cnfre eleen

da drea se exande. (d) C e, a arge cncava d eleen e exans rna-se cnvexa (MA, .; , M.

(186, . 15)).


13/25

87


GHVHQYROYHPPDUJHQVGHYHJHWDomRQD3DLVDJHP

VHJXQGR)250$15SXPDPELHQWH

ItVLFRPDQFKDGRWDOFRPRXPPRVDLFRGHVRORVRX

IRUPDVGHUHOHYRSHUWXUEDo}HVQDWXUDLVLQFOXLQGR

IRJRV WRUQDGRV H DFWLYLGDGHV KXPDQDV WDLV

FRPRDUURWHLDV>SDUDHIHLWRVDJUtFRODVRUHVWDLVRX

XUEDQRV@(PPXLWRVFDVRVDVSHUWXUEDo}HVQDWXUDLV

H D DFWLYLGDGH KXPDQD WRUQDP DV PDUJHQV PDLV

DDGDVDXPHQWDQGRRFRQWUDVWHQD3DLVDJHP

1DViUHDVQDWXUDLVSUHGRPLQDPPDUJHQVFXUYLOtQHDV

FRQWHQGRVXSHUItFLHVF{QFDYDVHFRQYH[DVDHE

QD )LJXUD 2V VLVWHPDV DGMDFHQWHV HVWmR LQWHUGLJLWDGRVVXJHULQGRXPDFRQVLGHUiYHOLQWHUDFomRGH

PRYLPHQWRVHQWUHHOHVpRFDVRGRVH[HPSORVD

FHGVHQGRDDIRUPDPDLVFRPXPUHVXOWDQWH

GHSURFHVVRVQDWXUDLVDRLQYpVGHHTXHpWtSLFDGH

iUHDVFRPIRUWHLQWHUYHQomRKXPDQD&ODURHVWiTXH

DVPDUJHQVWDOFRPRRVFRUUHGRUHVGHVHPSHQKDP

WDPEpP H SRU VL YiULDV IXQo}HV KDELWDW FRQGXWD

OWURIRQWHHVXPLGRXUR

1.4 estrutura global

6HD3DLVDJHPWHPXPDFRPSRVLomRTXHGL]UHVSHLWR

jSUHVHQoDHTXDQWLGDGHGHPDQFKDVWHPWDPEpP

XPSDGUmRTXHGL]UHVSHLWRjGLVWULEXLomRHVSDFLDO

H FRQJXUDomR GHVVDV PHVPDV PDQFKDV 'HVWH

FRQMXQWRUHVXOWDDHVWUXWXUDJOREDOGD3DLVDJHP3DUD

DDQDOLVDUpQHFHVViULRWHUSUHVHQWHXPFRQMXQWRGH

DVSHFWRVFRPRDHVFDODGHDQiOLVHHDUHVROXomR

TXH QR FDVR GH XPD DQiOLVH D SDUWLU GH LPDJHQV

GD 7HOHGHWHFomR p LQWULQVHFDPHQWH D UHVROXomR

HVSDFLDOGRVHQVRU([LVWHPWDPEpPGRLVH[WUHPRV

GH KHWHURJHQHLGDGH PLFUR KHWHURJHQHLGDGH

TXDQGR R DUUDQMR GRV WLSRV GH HOHPHQWRV GD3DLVDJHPHPWRUQRGHXPSRQWRpVHPHOKDQWHHP

TXDOTXHU SRQWR GD 3DLVDJHP HJ D PDQFKD GH

PHQRUFREHUWXUDKHUEiFHDQDSUR[LPLGDGHLPHGLDWD

GHXPDD]LQKHLUDPDFURKHWHURJHQHLGDGHTXDQGR

R DUUDQMR GRV HOHPHQWRV GD 3DLVDJHP YDULD HQWUH

SRUo}HV GD iUHD REVHUYDGD HJ YDULDo}HV HP

DOWLWXGH GRV SRYRDPHQWRV RUHVWDLV &ODUR HVWi

TXHQHQKXPD3DLVDJHPpFRPSOHWDPHQWHPLFURRX

PDFURKHWHURJpQHDKiVLPPLVWXUDVHFDPELDQWHV,QGHSHQGHQWHPHQWHGDDQiOLVHGHKHWHURJHQHLGDGH

figura 8

adres de argens enre ds ecssseas. Marge de ser curvlnea u reca, c equenas anchas rxas, de u u de

abs s ecssseas. (a) as cu e reas nauras, (e) redna e reas c fre nerven huana (ran, .

(15, . 83)).


14/25


88

pLPSRUWDQWHFDUDFWHUL]DURVSDGU}HVGHGLVWULEXLomR

GRV HOHPHQWRV GD3DLVDJHP D FRQJXUDomR EHP

FRPRRJUDXGHFRQWUDVWHHJUmRGD3DLVDJHP

1.4.1 configurao

$ FRQJXUDomR GD 3DLVDJHP p EDVLFDPHQWH D

IRUPD FRPR DV PDQFKDV FRUUHGRUHV H PDWUL]

HVWmR GLVWULEXtGRV HVSDFLDOPHQWH QD 3DLVDJHP

8PD OHL EiVLFD GD *HRJUDD GHFODUD TXH WXGR

HVWi LQWHUUHODFLRQDGR PDV TXH RV REMHFWRV PDLV

SUy[LPRVHVWmRPDLV UHODFLRQDGRVTXHRV REMHFWRV

PDLV GLVWDQWHV >@ 2V DQLPDLV VHPHQWHV FDORU

QXWULHQWHV JHQHV LQIRUPDomR H PXLWR PDLVPRYHPVH HQWUH HFRVVLVWHPDV >@ 'D FLrQFLDGRV

HFRVVLVWHPDVVDEHPRVTXHDHQHUJLDHRVQXWULHQWHV

PLQHUDLVXHPGHXPREMHFWRSDUDRXWURGHQWURGRV

HFRVVLVWHPDV RX HQWUH HFRVVLVWHPDV 'D FLrQFLD

FRPSRUWDPHQWDO VDEHPRVTXHDVHVSpFLHV SRUTXH

HQFRQWUDP KDELWDWV PDLV DGHTXDGRV DSUHVHQWDP

PRYLPHQWRV GLUHFFLRQDLV SDUDPDQFKDVGRPHVPR

WLSR &RPELQDQGR HVWHV SULQFtSLRV FRP D OHL

JHRJUiFDREWpPVHXPSULQFtSLRGHX[RHVSDFLDO~WLOSDUDHVWLPDUTXDLVRVHFRVVLVWHPDVDFRQVLGHUDU

HP WHUPRV GH JHVWmR RX SODQHDPHQWR 7RGRV RV

HFRVVLVWHPDV HVWmR LQWHUUHODFLRQDGRV FRPR JUDX

GHPRYLPHQWR RX X[RV D GLPLQXLU PDUFDGDPHQWH

FRP D GLVWkQFLD PDV PDLV JUDGXDOPHQWH HQWUH

HFRVVLVWHPDVGRPHVPRWLSR)250$15

SS

2V DJUXSDPHQWRV GH PDQFKDV QtYHO KLHUiUTXLFR

GD RUJDQL]DomR HVSDFLDO VLWXDPVH HQWUH RV

HFRVVLVWHPDV ORFDLV H D 3DLVDJHP VmRHOHPHQWRV

HVSDFLDLVOLJDGRVSRUXPLQWHUFkPELRVLJQLFDWLYRGH

HQHUJLDRXPDWpULD6HH[LVWHGHIDFWRXPSULQFtSLR

GHDXWR RUJDQL]DomRSRGHVH HVSHUDU TXH GDGR

XP FRQMXQWR GH FREHUWRV YHJHWDLV XVRV GR VROR

H SDVVDGR XP WHPSR GHWHUPLQDGR HVWH FRQMXQWR

DSUHVHQWDVVHXPDUUDQMROLPLWDGRDXPFHUWRQ~PHUR

GH KLSyWHVHV $OJXQV SDGU}HV HVSDFLDLV SRUWDQWR

DX[LOLDP D SHUFHSomR GD FRQJXUDomR HVSDFLDO

GRV HOHPHQWRV RV PDLVHOHPHQWDUHV VmR VHJXQGR

)250$15SS

egular 3DGU}HV UHJXODUHV WrP HFRVVLVWHPDV

RX XVRV GR VROR VHPHOKDQWHV VHQVLYHOPHQWH

HTXLGLVWDQWHVHVWDQGRURGHDGRVSRUXPDPDWUL]RX

UHGH([HPSORV SRGHPVHU DV HVFRODV QXPD iUHD

PHWURSROLWDQD FRUWHV GH iUYRUHV HP SRYRDPHQWRV

RUHVWDLVH[WHQVRVFDPSRVQXPDHVWUXWXUDFDGDVWUDO

RUWRJRQDOSROtJRQRVGHVRORQDWXQGUDRXPDQFKDV

GHYHJHWDomRQRGHVHUWR

Agregad 3DGU}HV DJUHJDGRV FRPR JUDQGHVVXSHUItFLHVHPHL[RVGHVDtGDGHXPDJUDQGHFLGDGH

SDUTXHV LQGXVWULDLV FDPSRV DJUtFRODV QR IXQGR GH

YDOHV

near'LVWULEXLo}HVOLQHDUHVGHPDQFKDVEDVWDQWH

FRPXQV FRPR RV RiVLV DR ORQJR GH XP YDOH QR

GHVHUWRPDQFKDV GH iUYRUHV DR ORQJR GH XP ULR

SRYRDo}HVDRORQJRGDFRVWD

aralel &RUUHGRUHV SDUDOHORV VmR WDPEpP

FRPXQV HVWUDGDV DOLQKDPHQWRV GH WRSRV OLQKDV

GHiJXDJXLDGDVSHODWHFWyQLFDRXVHEHVHPiUHDV

YHQWRVDV

,QYDULDYHOPHQWHXPD3DLVDJHPYDLWHUFRPRSDGUmR

XPD FRPELQDomR GH YiULRV SDGU}HV GRV VHXV

HOHPHQWRVEDVHIRUPDQGRXPSDGUmRJOREDOTXHDWp

FHUWRSRQWRUHYHODXPWLSRGHRUJDQL]DomRQRHVSDoR

UHVXOWDQWHGDHVWUXWXUDHIXQomRGRVLVWHPD

1.4.2 Cnrase

*UDQGH SDUWH GDV FRPELQDo}HV GH SDGU}HV

HVWi UHODFLRQDGD FRP DFWLYLGDGHV KXPDQDV 8P

GRV SULPHLURV UHVXOWDGRV GH DFWLYLGDGHV FRPR D

DJULFXOWXUD UHRUHVWDomR RX FRQVWUXomR XUEDQD p

R DXPHQWRGRFRQWUDVWH QD3DLVDJHP2FRQWUDVWH


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figura 10

&RUUHGRUHVHRXWURVHOHPHQWRVGDDLVDJHPHPPXGDQoDDRORQJRGRJUDGLHQWHGHPRGLFDomRGDDLVDJHPVJUDXVGHPRGLFDomR

s (1) naural, (2) gerd, (3) culvad, (4) suburban e (5) urban. A arz de ua rea culvada exensa quand redna ua s

culura, as baxa quand exse vras culuras rednanes c rres seelhanes (MA, .; , M. (186, . 28)).


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figura 11

rncas rcesss esacas de ransfra d errr e s seus efes e arbus esacas; + reresena u auen, - u

decrsc e nenhua udana. s efes s edds ara re de haba cber (ran, . (15, . 4)).


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