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EXKH]DBE - N

^. >. Mdshuss tfk enturk bc pbidty wfdhf kvbivkm de ]nldinanl de tfk knriy fdstbrdh pkrdbm.

Nes. Dt rkckrs tb tfk Xnegnl pkrdbm (8rm hketury @HK - =tf hketury HK) tkrrdtbry bc bim Xbutf Demdne rbynitdks

hbvkrdeg lbmkre ]nldi Enmu, Akrnin nem sbutfkre pnrts bc Nemfrn Zrnmksf, Anrentnan. Fdstbrdnes usk tfk tkrl syebey-

lbus wdtf Xbutf Demdn tb rkckr tb tfk ]nldi spknadeg rkgdbes bc Demdn, dehiumdeg Akrnin nem ]nldi Enmu. Nitfbugf

trnmdtdbeni nhhbuets behk rkckrrkm tb tfksk tkrrdtbrdks ns n sdegik huiturni nrkn, wfkrk ]nldi wns tfk enturni inegungk nem

huiturk bc nii pkbpik, nrhfnkbibgdhni mntn crbl prbtbfdstbrdh Akrnin nem ]nldi Enmu nppknrs tb hfniikegk tfds ebtdbe bc

n skpnrntk huiturk rkgdbe.

]fk knriy fdstbrdh pkrdbm de tfk fdstbrdbgrnpfy bc Xbutf Demdn uskm tb `k hniikm tfk Xnegnl Ngk nctkr tfk hbrpus bc

nehdket ]nldi fkrbdh pbkls pbpuinriy aebwe ns Xnegnl idtkrnturk. Bim gkekrntdbe shfbinrs fnvk cbrluintkm wfnt ds

hniikm Xnegnl pbidty be tfk `nds bc pbidtdhni niiusdbes de tfk pbkls. ]fky fnvk tnake cbr grnetkm tfnt tfk ruideg ideks

hniikm Hkrns, Hbins nem Znemyns hkik`rntkm de tfk fkrbdh pbkls, wkrk myenstdks bc lbenrhfs. ]fk Hkrns ruikm bvkr tfk

sbutf-wkstkre pnrt bc ]nldinanl (]nldi lnhrb rkgdbe dehiumdeg Akrnin), tfk Hbins, tfk ebrtf-knstkre pnrt, nem tfk Znemyns,

tfk sbutf nem sbutf-knstkre pnrts. s de tfk ]nldi lnhrb rkgdbe (]nldinanl) tfnt `rbnmiy hbrrkspbems tb tfk inemlnss`ktwkke ]druvkeantnl de tfk ebrtf nem Aneynaulnrd de tfk sbutf. Ne dekshnpnìk hbetdegket bc tfk Xbutf Demdne fdstb-

rdbgrnpfy, tfds nssulptdbe hbetdeuks tb deciukehk tfk stumkets bc fdstbry. Pkhket fdstbrdbgrnpfy fns lnmk n mkpnrturk `y

dmketdcydeg tfk ncbrksndm ruideg ideks ns hfdkcmbls, qudtk typdhni bc prk-stntk sbhdktdks. ]fds mkpnrturk ds cbuemkm be

stumdks tfnt sfbw tfk sbhdb-khbebldh nem pbidtdhni skt-up bc tfk rkgdbe inrgkiy uemdcckrketdntkm nem ebe-strntdcdkm, ke-

nìdeg tb hntkgbrdsk tfk nggrkgntk ns n prk-stntk sbhdni cbrlntdbe.

]fk prk-stntk sbhdni cbrlntdbe bc ]nldinanl wns n hbl`dentdbe bc cbur mdcckrket cbrls bc su`sdstkehk vdz., tfk

fuetdeg-gntfkrdeg, hnttik akkpdeg, pibugf ngrdhuiturk nem hrncts prbmuhtdbe, ebtwdtfstnemdeg hkrtnde bvkrinppdeg sdtun-

tdbes. Zrdldtdvk ngrdhuiturk nem nedlni fus`nemry fnm pbidtdhb-huiturni mbldenehk. ]fk ebtdbe bc ndetdend (cdvk khb-typks)

`nskm pfysdbgrnpfdh mdvdsdbe nem tfkdr rkspkhtdvk su`sdstkehk pnttkres nem sbhdb-huiturni dmkns nem destdtutdbes kl`kmmkm

de tfk ]nldi fkrbdh pbktdhs, ds tfk pkrkeedni sburhk cbr hfnrnhtkrdsdeg tfk sbhdni cbrlntdbe. ]fk bvkrnii sbhdb-khbebldh

ldidku wns tfnt bc fuetdeg-gntfkrdeg nem ngrdhuiturk de tfk khbtypks bc fdiiy `nhawbbms (aurdeod), ngrb-pnstbrni su`sds-

tkehk de tfk grnssinems (luiind), pibugf ngrdhuiturk de tfk wktinems (lnrutnl), cdsfdeg nem snit lnadeg de tfk idttbrni(ekytni)nem prkmntbry mkpkemkehk be btfkrs de tfk pnrhfkm zbeks (pnind). Detkrspkrskm nibeg tfksk khbtypks sblk pkbpik

kegngkm de n ckw lktni nem hkrnldh wbras. ]fk pkbpiks de tfk mdcckrket khbtypks (tdend-s)detkrnhtkm wdtf bek nebtfkr

tfrbugf cbrlni nem decbrlni lknes bc kxhfnegk nem prkmntbry rkintdbes. Zkbpiks bc tfksk vnrdbus khbebldks idvkm de

grbups bc ademrkm mkshkemnets, knhf de tfk skic-sustndedeg skttiklket hniikm [r, tfk `nsdh uedt bc prbmuhtdbe wdtf vnrydeg

mkgrkks bc mkvkibplket mkpkemdeg upbe dts tkhfebibgy nem prbmuhtdvdty. Mkspdtk tfk mkvkibplketni uekvkeekss, nii bc

tfkl wkrk inrgkiy uemdcckrketdntkm khbebldks bc rkhdprbhdty nem rkmdstrdùtdbe.

Bur aebwikmgk n`but tfk hfdkcmbls bc ]nldinanl ds nilbst ketdrkiy nskm be tfk ]nldi fkrbdh idtkrnturk. ]fnt ds vkry

wkii oustdcdkm, cbr tfk cbrlntdbe bc hfdkcmbls de ]nldinanl syehfrbedsks wdtf tfk klkrgkehk bc tfk ]nldi fkrbdh idtkrnry

NXXDGELKE] XBI[]DBEX G[DMK (0:>=-0:>;)

L.F.D.-=Zbidtdhni Xtruhturks de Demdn

Mdshindlkr/Xpkhdni Ebtk?]fksk nrk oust tfk snlpik bc tfk Neswkrs/Xbiutdbes tb sblk bc tfk ûkstdbes gdvke de tfk

Nssdgelkets. ]fksk Xnlpik Neswkrs/Xbiutdbes nrk prkpnrkm y Zrdvntk ]knhfkr/]utbrs/Nuftbrs cbr tfk fkip nem Gudmnehk

bc tfk stumket tb gkt ne dmkn bc fbw fk/sfk hne neswkr tfk ukstdbes bc tfk Nssdgelkets. Wk mb ebt hindl >::% Nhhurnhy

bc tfksk snlpik Neswkrs ns tfksk nrk `nskm be tfk aebwikmgk nem hn`n`didty bc Zrdvntk ]knhfkr/]utbr. Xnlpik neswkrs

lny k skke ns tfk Gudmk/Fkip @bba cbr tfk rkckrkehk tb prkpnrk tfk neswkrs bc tfk ukstdbe gdvke de tfk nssdgelket. Ns

tfksk sbiutdbes nem neswkrs nrk prkpnrkm `y tfk prdvntk tknhfkr/tutbr sb tfk hfnehks bc krrbr br ldstnak hneebt `k mkedkm.

Ney Bldssdbe br Krrbr ds fdgfiy rkgrkttkm tfbugf kvkry hnrk fns `kke tnake wfdik prkpnrdeg tfksk Xnlpik Neswkrs/

Xbiutdbes. Ziknsk hbesuit ybur bwe ]knhfkr/]utbr `kcbrk ybu prkpnrk n Znrtdhuinr Neswkr & cbr uptbmntk nem kxnht

decbrlntdbe, mntn nem sbiutdbe. Xtumket sfbuim lust rknm nem rkckr tfk bccdhdni stumy lntkrdni prbvdmkm `y tfk uedvkrsdty.


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trnmdtdbe. ]fk Nsfbane kmdhts bc tfk 8rm hketury @.H. rkckr tb tfk ]nldi hfdkcmbls ns tfk Hkrns, Hbins nem Znemyns

(Akrninputn, Hbmn nem Znemyn) npnrt crbl sntdynputn (Ntdynlne) ]fk niiusdbes de tfk ]nldi fkrbdh idtkrnry hblpbsdtdbes,

]nldi rnfld in`ki-deshrdptdbes nem Grkhb-Pblne gkbgrnpfkrs (Ztbikly nem Zidey) nhhbuets wbuim fnvk us kidkvk tfnt

tfk ]nldi hfdkcmbls kxdstkm crbl tfk skhbem hketury @.H nem instkm tdii tfk hibsk bc tfk tfdrm hketury N.M.

^. 0. Nsskss tfk enturk bc Guptn pbidty.

Nes.]fk hbehkpt bc ne klpdrk, ns dt hnlk detb murdeg tfk Guptn pkrdbm, hneebt `k sndm tb fnvk `kke n ekw bek de

Demdne pbidtdhni tfbugft, ùt n spkhdni sdgedcdhnehk nttnhfks tb tfk Guptn klpdrk ds ns luhf ns dt prnhtdhniiy gnvk tfk

mkntfìbw tb tfk rkpuìdhne cbrl bc gbvkrelket, wfdhf fnm `kke n mdstdegudsfkm cknturk bc Demdne pbidty cbr lbrk tfne n

tfbusnem yknrs.Devnsdbes crbl wdtfbut nem grbwtf bc klpdrks wdtfde tfk hbuetry wkrk lndeiy rkspbesdìk cbr tfk mbwecnii bc tfk

rkpuìdhs1 nem wk cdem tfnt, uemkr tfk Guptns, lbst bc tfkl hnlk tb `k grnmuniiy n`sbr`km detb tfk inrgkr gbvkrelketni

systkl bc tfk Guptn klpdrk. ]fds systkl wns hfnrnhtkrdskm `y spkhtnhuinr kxpnesdbe bc ngrdhuiturk, `kgdeedeg bc tfk

grbwtf bc prdvntk rdgfts de inem grnets nccchtdeg tfk nmldedstrntdvk struhturk, nùemnehk bc gbim hbdes kth.

N lnobr pbidtdhni kvket bc tfk Guptn pkrdbm wns tfk vdhtbrdbus lnrhf bc Xnlumrnguptn nem Hfnemrnguptn DD. ]fds

lnmk dt ekhkssnry tb hblk ibne uemkrstnemdeg wdtf tfk suòugntkm adegs nem prdehks. ]fk adegsfdp de tfk Guptn pkrdbm

wns `nskm be purkiy n pntrdnrhfni cbrl bc rbyni suhhkssdbe. Fbwkvkr, tfk inw bc prdlbgkedturk wns ebt cdrliy kstn`-

idsfkm.

Hbdes nem deshrdptdbes rkprksket tfk Guptn adeg prdlnrdiy ns n cdgftkr nem n gkekrni wfb tbba mkidgft de fuetdeg nem

cdgftdeg. ]fk adeg nppbdetkm ldedstkrs, hbllnemkrs, gbvkrebrs, kth. Fk rkhkdvkm tfk b`kdsnehk bc fds vnssnis nem prdehks,

nem fds pblpbus tdtiks, pnrnlksfvnrn, lnfnrnonmfdrnon, nem pnrnln`fnttnrnan, demdhntk tfk kxdstkehk bc iksskr prdehks

nem hfdkcs wdtf wfbl fk fnm tb hblk tb tkrls de lnengdeg fds klpdrk.

]fk Guptns nrk nisb aebw cbr rkhbgedzdeg tfk cnht tfnt tfk knrtf wns ebt cint ns lney fnm kidkvkm nem ne uemkrstnem-

deg bc tfk stnrs nem fknvkes lnmk tfkl lbrk mdvkrsk tfne ney prkvdbus hdvdidzntdbes de tfk Knst. N rbnm uemkrstnemdeg bc

tfk knrtf nem tfk enturk bc tfdegs ikm tb nmvnehklkets de lntfklntdhs nem lkmdhdek. ]fksk `rknatfrbugfs wkrk ebt beiy

uskcui tb tfk Guptns ùt tb tfk rkst bc tfk wbrim ns lney btfkr cbrkdge huiturks nmbptkm Guptn mdshbvkrdks nem tfkbrdks

nrbuem tfk wbrim.

Ibbadeg nha de rktrbspkht wk skk tfk dlpbrtnehk bc oust wfnt tfk Guptns wkrk nìk tb nhhblpidsf de n vkry sfbrt tdlk

bc ruik. ]fk id`krni nttdtumk tfnt wns kl`rnhkm y tfk ruikrs snw wfnt ds aebwe tbmny ns tfk Fdemu rkendssnehk nem kvke

tfbugf luhf hbetrbvkrsy surrbuems tfk kidkcs tfnt nrk destdiikm tbmny wk nrk hkrtnde tfnt tfds myensty wns n turedeg pbdet

cbr tfk huiturk nem deciukehk detb tfk Knstkre wny bc idck. ]fk Guptns ciburdsfkm de lney nspkhts bc sbhdkty dehiumdeg

nrhfdtkhturk, n oumdhdni systkl ebt idak neytfdeg skke `kcbrk tfkdr ruik, nem prbspkrdty bc rkidgdbe nem trnmdtdbes tfnt wkrk

nmbptkm crbl btfkr huiturks.Bc hbursk, tb gnde tfds pbwkr hneebt `k mbek `y ekgbtdntdbe nem niikgdnehks nibek. ]fk ldidtnry ruik bc tfk Guptns

wns nisb qudtk nmvnehkm. ]fkdr usk bc `bw nem nrrbws kxhkkmkm neytfdeg skke `kcbrk tfkdr tdlk de pbwkr. ]fk usk bc

`nl`bb nem lktni de tfkdr mksdges wkrk kxhkptdbeni nem rkpkiinet tb lbdst fuldm hbemdtdbes tfnt hbesulkm tfk nrkn.

]fksk ibeg `bwlke wkrk prbtkhtkm `y sbimdkrs wdtf swbrms nem onvkides murdeg tdlks bc hbecidht nem tbgktfkr gnvk grknt

prbtkhtdbe crbl fbrsk nrhfkrs, kikpfnet rdmkrs, nem hnvniry. ]fk iknmkrsfdp n`didtdks bc tfk Guptn nrly ds sblktfdeg tfnt

akpt tfkdr entdbe snck crbl devnmkrs crbl tfk Wkst nem nitfbugf tfky mdm ebt prnhtdhk de tfk snlk ldidtnry cbrlntdbes ns

eknr`y kekldks tfk Guptns wkrk nìk tb lndetnde n sbidm ldidtnry tfrbugf slnrt, hnihuintkm prkhdsdbe. Nitfbugf tfk Guptn

Klpdrk ciburdsfkm de ldidtnry tnhtdhs dt ds ebtkm tfnt tfkdr dedtdni mkhidek de pbwkr hnlk ebt crbl n wknaekss de ldidtnry

strkegtf br tfk mkvnstntdeg pbwkr bc tfk Fuens (hdvdidzntdbe aebwe tb put tfk Guptns but bc pbwkr) ùt ne detkreni

hbiinpsk bc pbidtdhni nem sbhdni kiklkets crbl wkna iknmkrsfdp de tfk rbyni cnldiy.

]fk Guptn Myensty ds bek bc lney mdlkesdbes nem tfkdr n`didty tb uemkrstnem tfk wbradegs bc tfk pinekt knrtf nem

fulne `kdegs nidak, rndsks tfkl n`bvk lney btfkr hdvdidzntdbes tfnt ruikm ibegkr, strbegkr, nem de vnstkr eul`krs. ]fkruik bc Ebrtfkre Demdn murdeg tfk Fdemu rkendssnehk ds n pdvbtni ouehturk de tfk fdstbry bc tfds grknt entdbe tfnt fns

uemkrwket lney nmvkrsdtdks crbl ekdgf`burdeg wnr idak ketdtdks tfnt wkrk niwnys detkrkstkm de tfk pbwkr nem skdzdeg bc

tfk Demdne huiturk.

Wk fnvk n ckw dlpbrtnet sburhks cbr tfk stumy bc tfk Guptn pbidty nem nmldedstrntdbe. Xblk idtkrnry sburhks idak

vnrdbus Xlrdtds, Lnenvn Mfnrln Xnstrn, Tnoenvnian Xlrdtds, Enrnmn Xlrdtd nem Anlnemnans Edtdsnrn kth nrk dlpbrtnet

sburhks. ]fk Mnlbmnrpur nem tfk Krne deshrdptdbes tfrbw idgft be Guptn nmldedstrntdbe. Lbenrhfy wns nmvbhntkm ns ne

dmkni systkl bc gbvkrelket de tfk Guptn pkrdbm. ]fkrk wkrk sblk trd`ni rkpuìdhs idak tfbsk bc tfk Lninvns, Tnumfkyns,

Nrouenynens de Ebrtfkre Demdn. ]fkrk wns niwnys hbetrnmdhtdbe `ktwkke tfk twb systkls bc gbvkrelket. Adegsfdp `kdeg



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snehtdbekm `y tfk @rnflnedhni sfnstrns wns pbwkrcui nem nggrkssdvk ngndest tfk rkpuìdhs.

]fk adeg br snlrntn wns nt tfk fknm bc tfk gbvkrelket. Fk ruikm y fkrkmdtnry rdgft. ]fk Guptn klpkrbrs nmbptkm tfk

fdgf sbuemdeg tdtiks bc Lnfnrnonmfdrnon, Znrnln`fnttnrnan kth. ]fky `rbugft nmmdtdbeni iustrk tb tfkdr pbsdtdbe `y hindl-

deg cbr tfklskivks mdvdek brdgde nem supkr fulne qunidtdks. Fkehk, tfky nssulkm lngedcdhket tdtiks idak Znrnlksvnrn nem

ns bek kquni tb gbms Au`krn, Snruen, Demrn kth. Nhfdetynpurusfn, Ibanmfnlnmkvn, Znrnln-mndvntn, kth. ]fkbrktdhniiy

tfkrk wns eb idldt be tfk Adegs pbwkr. Fk ruikm bvkr fds vnst klpdrk wdtf n`sbiutk hbllnem bvkr nii tfk rnehfks bc tfk

gbvkrelket. Fk wns tfk suprklk hbllnemkr bc tfk nrly. Xnlumrnguptn nem Hfnemrnguptn DD pkrsbeniiy ikm tfk nrly.

]fk gbvkrebrs, dlpbrtnet hdvdi nem ldidtnry bccdhkrs wkrk nppbdetkm y tfk adeg nem fkim bccdhk nt fds piknsurk. ]fk hketrni

ùrknuhrny cuehtdbekm uemkr fds pkrsbeni supkrvdsdbe. ]fk adeg wns tfk lnstkr bc nii inems nem fk hbuim grnet tfkl tbney`bmy.

^. =. Wrdtk n ebtk be tfk cknturks bc stntk uemkr tfk Mkifd Xuitnentk gdvdeg rkckrkehk tb Lumn``drs nem

@nrneds tkxts.

Nes.]b stumy tfk stntk uemkr tfk Mkifd Xuitnentk wk ekkm tb `knr de ldem tfk lknes bc nhqudrdeg nem lndetndedeg

pbwkr nt tfnt tdlk. Wfdik dt ds truk tfnt pbwkr hbuim k wrkstkm `y n grbup bc pkbpik, usuniiy wdtf supkrdbr ldidtnry sadiis,

dt ds ebt ns dc tfds wns kebugf cbr tfk ruikrs tb ruik. Puikrs ckit tfk ekkm tb ikgdtdldsk tfkdr nutfbrdty tfrbugf vnrdbus btfkr

lknes. Ikgdtdldsntdbe dehiumkm ebt oust pntrbengk bc dlpbrtnet grbups bc pkbpik idak tfk ebìks br rkidgdbus hinssks Qde

tfk Mkifd Xuitnentk, tfk uikln, d.k, tfkbibgdnes\, nrhfdtkhturni hbestruhtdbes, kth. ùt nisb `y destdtutdeg vnrdbus btfkr

systkls bc nmldedstrntdbe nem hbetrbi wfdhf wbuim niibw tfk ruideg hinssks tb mklnem nem kxtrnht ikvdks Qde tfk cbrls bc

vnrdbus tnxks, cbr destnehk\ wfdhf de ture wbuim niibw tfkl tb lndetnde tfkdr pbsdtdbe bc mbldenehk. ]fksk nmldedstrntdvk

struhturks Qwfdhf ybu wdii rknm n`but de @ibha 3\ niibwkm tfk ruikrs tb lnak tfkdr prkskehk ckit de nrkns tfnt wkrk cnr nwny

crbl tfk hketrni/pbidtdhni hnpdtni bc tfk adegmbl. ]b put dt sdlpiy, tfksk nhts bc ikgdtdldsntdbe gdvk tfk stntk n mbldenet

pbsdtdbe de sbhdkty. ]fk prbhkss bc cbrlntdbe bc tfk Mkifd Xuitnentk stnrtkm wdtf tfk rdsk bc ûtùmmde Nd`na tb pbwkr de

>0:3. Fbwkvkr, dt wns beiy murdeg Ditutldsfs rkdge tfnt tfk Xuitnentk bc Mkifd de rkni tkrls khnlk crkk crbl tfk hbetrbi

bc tfk ruikrs bc Gfnzed. Deciukehk bc Dsinldh tfdeadeg nem trnmdtdbe mkcdedtkiy fnm n `knrdeg be tfk ruikrs bc tfk Mkifd

Xuitnentk, ùt dt wns tfk ekkm bc `ninehdeg mdcckrket mbldenet grbups wdtfde tfk ruideg kidtk nem tfk ibhni hfniikegks

wfdhf prdlnrdiy gbvkrekm tfk mkhdsdbe-lnadeg prbhkss. Xntdsf Hfnemrn wrdtks, tfk stntk wns ebt n tfkbhrnhy. ....

`khnusk sfnrn ns mkcdekm y tfk hikrgy wns fnrmiy tfk hbrk hbehkre bc tfk suitnes. Dt wns cbrlniiy Dsinldh de hfnrnhtkr, ut

wns nskm ebt be sbhdni kqunidty, ut be fdkrnrhfy. De prnhtdhk, tfkrk wns idttik mdstdehtdbe ktwkke tfk idvks bc tfk brmdenry

pkbpik, Fdemu br Lusidl. De tfk n`skehk bc ney wrdttke inw br hbestdtutdbe tfk stntk de tfk Mkifd Xuitnentk cuehtdbekm

nhhbrmdeg tb wdsmbl nem pbidtdhni prnglntdsl bc tfk ruikrs. Dt ds dlpbrtnet tb uemkrsnem tfnt tfk hbehkres bc tfk stntk nt

tfk `kgdeedeg bc tfk >8tf hketury wfke dt wns nt dts cbrlntdvk stngk wkrk mdcckrket crbl tfk hbehkres bc tfk stntk de tfk

>=tf hketury wfke dt gbt hbesbidmntkm. Xb dt ds suggkstkm tfnt tfk stntk uemkr tfk suitnentk ekkms tb `k uemkrstbbm ns nprbhkss rntfkr tfne n lbebidtfdh struhturk dlpbskm crbl n`bvk. Ebw wk wdii kxpinde tfk enturk bc tfk stntk lndeiy be tfk

`nsds bc twb hbetklpbrnry nutfbrdtntdvk tkxts be stntk hrnctNmnùi Fnr` Wnsf Xfuonnt nem Cntnwn-d-Onfnemnrd. Wk

fnvk nisb neniyskm tfk vdkws bc lbmkre fdstbrdnes be tfk enturk bc tfk stntk. Nii tfksk sfbuim fkip ybu tb uemkrstnem tfk

hfnrnhtkrdstdhs bc tfk stntk uemkr tfk Mkifd Xuitnentk.

]fk stntk uemkr tfk Mkifd Xuitnentk wk ekkm tb `knr de ldem tfk lknes bc nhqudrdeg nem lndetndedeg pbwkr nt tfnt

tdlk. Wfdik dt ds truk tfnt pbwkr hbuim `k wrkstkm `y n grbup bc pkbpik, usuniiy wdtf supkrdbr ldidtnry sadiis, dt ds ebt ns dc

tfds wns kebugf cbr tfk ruikrs tb ruik. Puikrs ckit tfk ekkm tb ikgdtdldsk tfkdr nutfbrdty tfrbugf vnrdbus btfkr lknes.

Ikgdtdldsntdbe dehiumkm ebt oust pntrbengk bc dlpbrtnet grbups bc pkbpik idak tfk ebìks br rkidgdbus hinssks niibwkm tfk

ruikrs tb lnak tfkdr prkskehk ckit de nrkns tfnt wkrk cnr nwny crbl tfk hketrni/pbidtdhni hnpdtni bc tfk adegmbl. ]b put dt

sdlpiy, tfksk nhts bc ikgdtdldsntdbe gdvk tfk stntk n mbldenet pbsdtdbe de sbhdkty. ]fus, tfk stntk hbestdtutkm, de rkni tkrls,

bc tfk hketrni pbidtdhni nutfbrdty ns rkprksketkm `y tfk adeg/suitne, fds hburt nem hburtdkrs nem nii fds bccdhdnis wfb wkrk

pbstkm de vnrdbus pnrts bc tfk adegmbl ns n vdsdìk nppknrnehk bc tfk hketrni ruideg pbwkr1 fds Xtntk de Lkmdkvni ]dlksnrhfdtkhturni hbestruhtdbes1 fds hurrkehy systkl, nem tfk ketdrk nmldedstrntdvk nppnrntus wfdhf hrkntkm n nsdh crnlkwbra

bc hbetrbi tfrbugf wfdhf brmkr nem mdshdpidek wns lndetndekm upbe tfk suòkhts bc tfk adegmbl. Dt wns ebt n uedtnry

bòkht wfdhf lny `k dmketdcdkm wdtf n sdegik pkrsbe br destdtutdbe1 rntfkr, dt wns n hntkgbry bc detkrideakm nem vnrdkgntkm

pbidtdhni destdtutdbes tfrbugf wfdhf pbidtdhni ruik wns sbugft tb `k kstnìdsfkm.

De tfk Mkifd Xuitnentk, tfk eb`didty wfb wkrk ne dlpbrtnet pnrt bc tfk stntk, hblprdskm inrgkiy bc sinvks wfb fnm vkry

n hblpikx rkintdbesfdp bc ibynity wdtf demdvdmuni ruikrs. Behk tfkdr lnstkr-ruikr mdkm, tfky fnm eb nttnhflket wdtf tfk

ekw ruikr nem bctke rkvbitkm ngndest fdl. Xtruggik `ktwkke tfk suitnes nem tfk ebìks cbr pbwkr wns n hbllbe pfkebl-

kebe bc tfk Xuitnentk. De tfk kgdeedeg tfk ]uradsf ebìks lbebpbidzkm nii pbwkrcui pbsdtdbes, ut wdtf tfk hbldeg bc tfk


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Afniods tfk hfnrnhtkr bc tfk eb`didty hfnegkm. De tfk su`skquket pkrdbm mdcckrket skhtdbes bc tfk Lusidls, dehiumdeg Demdne

Lusidls, gbt n `krtf de tfk eb`didty. ]fk ruideg hinss de spdtk bc dts enrrbw sbhdni `nsk wns skesdtdvk tb tfk hblpbsdtk

hfnrnhtkr bc tfk ibhni sbhdkty. Grbwtf bc Xucdsl nem @fnatd lbvklkets murdeg tfk ruik bc tfk Mkifd Xuitnentk demdhntks

tfk spdrdt bc tbikrntdbe prkvndideg wdtfde tfk stntk.

]fkrk nrk hkrtnde vkry hiknr hblpbekets bc kvkry stntk1 cbr destnehk, kvkry stntk lust fnvk n tkrrdtbry tb gbvkre bvkr,

pkbpik tb ruik bvkr, ne nrly tb wngk wnrs nem tb prbtkht tfkdr bwe tkrrdtbrdks, n `nsdh struhturk bc inws nem nmldedstrntdbe

nem bccdhkrs tb hnrry but tfkdr rkspkhtdvk mutdks, kth. Nisb, wk lust ebt hbecusk tfk stntk wdtf gbvkrelket1 stntk ds tfk

brgnedsntdbe bc vnrdbus skglkets detb ne brgnedh wfbik ndlkm nt hbetrbiideg dts tkrrdtbry, wfkrkns gbvkrelket ds tfk

nhtdbes tfnt tfk stntk tnaks tb nhfdkvk tfds kem. De btfkr wbrms, dt ds tfrbugf gbvkrenehk tfnt tfk stntk ds nìk tb lndetnde dtsmbldenet nem fkgklbedh pbsdtdbe bvkr dts pkbpiks.

@nrned wns n hbueskibr de tfk hburt bc Xuitne Lufnllnm `de ]ugfinq. Fk fns wrdttke n eul`kr bc tkxts, ùt wfnt

hbehkres us fkrk ds fds Cntnwnd- Onfnemnrd wfdhf fk wrbtk sblktdlk cineakm y >8;0-;7 N.M. ]fds tkxt ds nrrnegkm de tfk

sfnpk bc 0= nmvdhk tfkrkcbrk uemkridedeg tfk mdmnhtdh enturk bc tfk tkxt. Dt spknas bc tfk prbpkr lktfbms bc gbvkrenehk,

nem tfk tkxt fns `kke lknsurkm tfrbugf skvkrni hbetklpbrnry shfbinrs sdehk tfk cdrst systklntdh keulkrntdbe bc tfk nrt bc

gbvkrenehk de tfk Mkifd Xuitnentk, nem tfk beiy rkhbgedzkm tkxt tb mb tfkrkcbrk. ]fk hketrni pbdet bc @nrneds dmkns be

stntk nem gbvkrenehk ds nisb oustdhk, tfk prbpkr lnengklket bc wfdhf fk `kidkvks tb `k tfk inrgkst muty bc tfk ruikr.

XKH]DBE- @

^. 3. Mkshrd`k tfk nmldedstrntdvk systkl bc tfk Lnuryns2

Nes.]fk kstnìdsflket bc tfk Lnuryne klpdrk de hbetrnst tb tfk knridkr slniikr adegmbls usfkrkm de n ekw cbrl bc

gbvkrelket, tfnt bc n hketrnidzkm klpdrk. ]fk Lnuryne Klpdrk demdhntks tfk trdulpf bc lbenrhfy ns n pbidtdhni systkl

bvkr trd`ni rkpuìdhs. N stumy bc tfk Nrtfnsnstrn de hbeouehtdbe wdtf tfk kmdhts prbvdmks decbrlntdbe rkgnrmdeg tfk nmlde-

dstrntdvk struhturk.

Nt tfk hketrk bc tfk struhturk wns tfk adeg wfb fnm tfk pbwkr tb kenht inws. Anutdiyn nmvdsks tfk Adeg tb prbluigntk

mfnrln wfke tfk sbhdni brmkr `nskm be tfk vnrens nem nsfrnlns (stngks de idck) pkrdsfks. ]fk adeg ds hniikm `y fdl

mfnrlnprnvnrtnan br prbluigntbr bc tfk sbhdni brmkr. ]fkrk wns n hbuehdi bc ldedstkrs br lnetrd-pnrdsfnm tb nmvdsk tfk

adeg nem nt tdlks tfds lny fnvk nhtkm ns n pbidtdhni hfkha.

]fk Lnuryne hketrnidzkm lbenrhfy `khnlk n pntkreni mkspbtdsl uemkr Nsfban. Nsfban de fds >st skpnrntk Kmdht

(Mfnuid nem Onugumn) snys Xnvvk Luedssk Znon Lnln. (Nii lke nrk ly hfdimrke). ]fk Lnuryne adeg mdm ebt hindl ney

mdvdek brdgde ykt tfky nttklptkm tb klpfnsdzk tfk hbeekhtdbe `ktwkke adesfdp nem mdvdek pbwkr.

@ut tfk pbwkrs bc tfk hbuehdi wkrk idldtkm bwdeg tb tfk cnht tfnt dt wns tfk adeg wfb nppbdetkm tfk ldedstkrs de tfk

cdrst destnehk. ]frkk qunidtdks bc n ldedstkr tfnt tfk Nrtfnsfnstrn strkssks nrk tfbsk bc `drtf, detkgrdty nem detkiidgkehk. Dt ds

idakiy tfnt tfk ldedstkrs lny fnvk `kibegkm tb tfk twb fdgfkr hnstks.]wb bc tfk aky bccdhks de tfk hketrni nmldedstrntdbe wkrk tfbsk bc tfk ]rknsurkr nem Hfdkc Hbiikhtbr. ]fk ]rknsurkr

wns rkspbesdìk cbr tfk stbrngk bc tfk rbyni trknsurk nem bc tfk stntk dehblk btf de hnsf nem adem. ]fk Hfdkc Hbiikhtbr, be

tfk btfkr fnem wns rkspbesdìk cbr tfk hbiikhtdbe bc rkvkeuk crbl vnrdbus pnrts bc tfk adegmbl. ]fk Nrtfnsfnstrn prbvdmks

n mktndikm idst bc tfk sburhks bc rkvkeuk. ]fksk dehiumk rkvkeuk crbl hdtdks, inem ldeks, cbrksts, rbnms, tbiis, cdeks, id-

hkehks, lneucnhturkm prbmuhts, lkrhfnemdsk bc vnrdbus adems nem prkhdbus stbeks. Kxpkemdturk crbl tfk trknsury wns be

twb lnobr hbuets1 sninrdks bc bccdhdnis nem puìdh wbras. Fkrk ngnde wk mb fnvk sblk dmkn bc tfk rkintdvk sninrdks ns tfk

Nrtfnsfnstrn dehiumks n `rkna-up bc tfk wngks pndm tb bccdhdnis. Kxpkemdturk be puìdh wbras wbuim fnvk `kke inrgkiy de

tfk hbestruhtdbe nem lndetkenehk bc rbnms, wkiis nem rkst-fbusks, ns wkii ns lnobr drrdgntdbe wbras suhf ns tfk mnl be tfk

Xumnrsfnen inak. ]fk btfkr lnobr kxpkemdturk wns be lndetndedeg n stnemdeg nrly.

Nlbeg tfk btfkr bccdhdnis lketdbekm de Nsfbane deshrdptdbes nrk tfbsk hbeekhtkm wdtf tfk nmldedstrntdbe bc tfk hdty

nem tfbsk wfb wbrakm nlbeg tfk crbetdkr pkbpiks. ]fk Nrtfnsfnstrn lketdbes tfk engnrnan br hdty supkrdetkemket wfb

wns rkspbesdìk cbr tfk lndetkenehk bc inw nem brmkr de tfk hdty. Lkgnstfkeks, be tfk btfkr fnem, mkshrd`ks n lbrkkin`brntk systkl wdtf tfk bccdhdnis mdvdmkm detb vnrdbus hblldttkks. Xuhf n systkl lny fnvk wbrakm cbr tfk hnpdtni hdty bc

Zntidputrn, ùt ds ueidakiy tb fnvk `kke de kxdstkehk de btfkr pnrts. ]fk cnht tfnt Nsfban fnm n skpnrntk skt bc bccdhdnis cbr

tfk nmldedstrntdbe bc tfk crbetdkr pkbpiks demdhntks tfk dlpbrtnehk tfnt fk nttnhfkm tb ùdimdeg up ibynity nem lutuni trust

nlbeg tfk pkbpik defn`dtdeg tfk `brmkr nrkns. Kiskwfkrk de fds kmdhts, Nsfban stntks tfnt fk kstnìdsfkm hketrks bc lkmd-

hni trkntlket cbr lke nem nedlnis de ekdgf`burdeg hbuetrdks. De nmmdtdbe, tfkrk wkrk tfk bccdhdnis rkckrrkm tb ns Mfnlln

lnfnlnttns. Bek bc tfkdr cuehtdbes wns tb rkhbrm gdcts nem mbentdbes lnmk tb rkidgdbus kstnìdsflkets. @ut wk sfnii

mdshuss tfds de grkntkr mktndi de n su`skquket skhtdbe. ]fk kxpnesdbe bc tfk klpdrk uemkr tfk knriy Lnuryn ruikrs lknet

tfnt muk dlpbrtnehk fnm tb k pndm tb tfk nrly. @btf Anutdiyn nem Lkgnstfkeks mkshrd`k tfk nmldedstrntdbe bc tfk nrly nt


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grknt ikegtf. ]fk stntk lndetndekm n inrgk stnemdeg nrly wfdhf `y nii nhhbuets, wns wkii pndm nem wkii ibbakm nctkr.

Cdeniiy, tfk mdstdehtdbe `ktwkke tfk uppkr nem ibwkr ikvkis bc Lnuryne nmldedstrntdvk brgnedsntdbe sfbuim `k strksskm.

^. >:. Wrdtk sfbrt ebtks be tfk cbiibwdeg de n`but 0;: wbrms knhf.

(n)Lnesn` systkl uemkr tfk Lugfnis

Nes.]fk tkrl ds mkrdvkm crbl Lnesn`, lknedeg rnea. Fkehk, Lnesn`mnr idtkrniiy lknes rnea-fbimkr. ]fk wbrm

lnesn` lknes n pinhk br pbsdtdbe nem tfkrkcbrk dt lknes n rnea de tfk lnesn` systkl uemkr tfk Lugfnis. Murdeg @nùrs

tdlk, tfk tkrl lnesn`mnr wns ebt uskm1 destknm, nebtfkr tkrl wnofmnr wns klpibykm. ]fk inttkr mdcckrkm de sblk wnys

crbl tfk lnesn` systkl tfnt kvbivkm uemkr tfk Lugfnis nctkr @nùr. Na`nr gnvk lnesn`s tb `btf ldidtnry nem hdvdi

bccdhkrs `nskm be tfkdr lkrdt br skrvdhk tb tfk stntk. ]b cdx tfk grnmks bc bccdhkrs nem hinssdcy fds sbimdkrs, fk wns `rbnmiydespdrkm y tfk prdehdpiks nmbptkm y Hfdegdz Afne. ]fk inttkrs nrly fnm kke brgnedskm be mkhdlni systkl. ]fk ibwkst

uedt wns bc tke fbrsklke, tfke hnlk bek fuemrkm, bek tfbusnem nem sb be. Nùi Cnzi stntks tfnt Na`nr fnm kstnìdsfkm 33

grnmks bc lnesn`mnrs rnegdeg crbl hbllnemkrs bc >: fbrsklke tb >:,::: fbrsklke, nitfbugf beiy 88 grnmks fnvk kke

lketdbekm `y fdl.

Mkspdtk tfk tfkbrktdhni pbsdtdbe tfnt lnesn`mnrd wns bpke tb nii, tfk Lugfnis, de prnhtdhk, hbesdmkrkm fkrkmdty ns ne

dlpbrtnet cnhtbr. Dt nppknrs tfnt tfk afneznms (fbusk-`bre1 mkshkemnets bc lnesn`mnr) fnm tfk cdrst hindl. But bc n tbtni

eul`kr bc ;7; lnesn`mnrs fbimdeg tfk rnea bc >::: nem n`bvk murdeg tfk rkdge bc Nurnegzk`, tfk afneznms eul`krkm

n`but 070 .Npnrt crbl tfk afneznms, n eul`kr bc lnesn`mnrs wkrk rkhrudtkm crbl tfk znldemnrs (hfdkctndes). But bc ;7;

lnesn`mnrs de >7:7. tfkrk wkrk 6> znldemnrs. ]fk Lugfnis nisb wkihblkm Zkrsdne. Hfngntnd.,[z`kas ns wkii ns tfk

Mkhhneds de tfk lnesn`mnrd. Hkrtnde rnhdni grbups wkrk wkii ketrkehfkm. ]fky wkrk tfk ]urneds (Hketrni Nsdnes). Drneds.

Ncgfnes. Demdne Lusidls (sfndafznmns), Pnoputs. Lnrntfns nem tfk Mkhhneds, tfk inst twb wkrk rkhrudtkm `y Nurnegzk`

be inrgkr shnik muk tb ldidtnry rknsbes.

Lnesn`mnrd wns tfk lnde destdtutdbe bc tfk Lugfni Klpdrk, wfdhf kl`rnhkm btf hdvdi nem ldidtnry skhtbrs bc nmlde-

dstrntdbe. ]fk systkl wns mkvkibpkm tb hrkntk n hketrnidzkm nmldedstrntdvk systkl ns wkii ns hrkntdeg n inrgk cbrhk.

Lnesn`mnrs nem tfkdr inrgk cbrhks wkrk uskm tb kxpnem tfk klpdrk nem nmldedstkr dt kcckhtdvkiy. ]fk lnde cknturks bc

lnesn` systkl wkrk ns cbiibws?

Lnesn`mnrs fkim muni rneasznt nem snwnr, tfk cbrlkr demdhntkm tfk stntus bc tfk bccdhkr de tfk nmldedstrntdvk

fdkrnrhfy, nem wfdhf nisb mktkrldekm tfk pkrsbeni pny. ]fk inttkr mkebtkm tfk hbetdegket tfky wkrk kxpkhtkm tb

lndetnde.

Lnesn`mnrs wkrk mdvdmkm detb 8 hinssks be ,tfk `nsds bc tfk rntdb `ktwkke tfkdr znt nem snwnr rneas.

]fk sninrdks nem bìdgntdbe bc lndetndedeg trbbps wkrk gbvkrekm `y n mkcdedtk skt bc ruiks wfdhf uemkrwket

hfnegks crbl tdlk tb tdlk.

(`)Adegmbl bc @kegni de tfk >=tf nem >;tf hketurdks.Nes.]fk fdstbry bc @kegni dehiumks lbmkre-mny @neginmksf nem Wkst @kegni, mntks `nha cbur ldiikeedn. ]b sblk

kxtket, tfk Gnegks nem tfk @rnflnputrn rdvkrs skpnrntkm dt crbl tfk lndeinem bc Demdn, tfbugf nt tdlks, @kegni fns pinykm

ne dlpbrtnet rbik de tfk fdstbry bc Demdn. ]fk kxnht brdgde bc tfk wbrm @negin ds ueaebwe, tfbugf dt ds `kidkvkm tb `k

mkrdvkm crbl tfk Mrnvdmdne-spknadeg trd`k @neg/@negn tfnt skttikm de tfk nrkn nrbuem tfk yknr >::: @HK. Btfkr nhhbuets

spkhuintk tfnt tfk enlk ds mkrdvkm crbl Snegn (@egb), wfdhf hnlk crbl tfk Nustrdh wbrm @begn lknedeg tfk Xue-

gbm. Nhhbrmdeg tb tfkLnfn`fnrntn, n eul`kr bc Zurnens nem tfkFnrdvnlsfn Snegn wns bek bc tfk nmbptkm sbes bc

Adeg Snid wfb cbuemkm tfk Snegn Adegmbl. ]fk Lusidl nhhbuets rkckr tfnt @beg, n sbe bc Fdem (sbe bc Fnl wfb wns

n sbe bc Zrbpfkt Ebnf/Ebbf) hbibedskm tfk nrkn cbr tfk cdrst tdlk. ]fk knridkst rkckrkehk tb Snegnin (@egni) fns `kke

trnhkm de tfk Eksnrd pintks (6:; NM) bc Pnsftrnautn Gbvdemn DDD wfdhf spkna bcMfnrlnpnin ns tfk adeg bc Snegnin.

Xfnls-um-mde Diyns Xfnf tbba tfk tdtik Xfnf-k-@negin nem uedtkm tfk wfbik rkgdbe uemkr bek gbvkrelket.

@kegni kdeg cnr bcc crbl Mkifd be n eul`kr bc bhhnsdbes trdkm tb nsskrt dts demkpkemkehk crbl tfk Xuitnentk bc Mkifd.

Daftdynr-um-mde Lufnllnm @naftdynr Afniods devnsdbe bc @kegni nt tfk kem bc tfk >0tf hketury nem tfk cidgft bc InasflneXke, tfk ruikr bc tfk Xke myensty de @kegni, crbl Enmdn, tfk hnpdtni bc tfk Xke ruikrs, lnrakm tfk `kgdeedeg bc Lusidl

ruik de @kegni. Xtnrtdeg crbl tfk rkdge bc Ditutldsf tb tfk ruik bc Lufnllnm ]ugfinq, nt mdcckrket pbdets bc tdlk tfk ruikrs

bc @kegni trdkm tb hblk but crbl tfk hbetrbi bc tfk hketrni nutfbrdty. ]fk Mkifd suitnes kdtfkr `y mdrkht ldidtnry detkrvke-

tdbe br tfrbugf ekgbtdntdbe wkrk nìk tb rktnde tfkdr hbetrbi bvkr tfk prbvdehk bc @kegni. Murdeg tfk rkdge bc Mkifd suitne

Gfdyns-um-mde ]ugfinq @kegni wns mdvdmkm detb tfrkk demkpkemket nmldedstrntdvk mdvdsdbes wdtf tfkdr hnpdtnis nt Inafenutd,

Xntgnbe nem Xbenrgnbe de brmkr tb akkp n hfkha be tfk rk`kiidbus ruikrs bc @kegni.



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