Minhas lindas figuras em LaTeX

minhas lindas figuras

“Minha linda figura” era o título padrão que costumava usar para as figuras antes que esti-vessem terminadas. Na época meu principal problema era a construção de diagramas de

circuitos eletrônicos e, como solução, encontrei o conjunto de macros circuit_macros escritos em lingua-gem m4 por J. D. Aplevich (ece.uwaterloo.ca/~aplevich/Circuit_macros/). Reuni aqui a maiorparte das figuras que fiz nos últimos 10 anos. Uma parte delas foi feita com estas macros.

A maioria das figuras, no entanto, foi escrita em PStricks (http://www.tug.org/PSTricks/). Avisoaos navegantes que nenhum dos códigos foi revisado ou escrito para ser didático. Alguns códigos erammuito longos e resolvi colocar apenas a figura, caso se interessem por umas destas figuras cujo códigonão está disponível, enviarei por email ([email protected]).

A numeração de uma figura e de seu código é a mesma, embora o código as vezes apareça uma ouduas páginas depois. No total são 125 figuras, dais quais 79 foram escritas em PSTricks.

Recife, 02 de fevereiro de 2011

André Leite

1

ece.uwaterloo.ca/~aplevich/Circuit_macros/

http://www.tug.org/PSTricks/

[email protected]

2

1

2

5

15

1

2

3

4

n Σ

1

12

12223

3334

Figura 1: Tree structure.

Código da Figura .1 Código em PStricks.

\newrgbcolor{gray}{.8 .8 .8}

\newcommand{\estado}[3]{\rput(#1,#2){\pscircle[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=gray]

(0,0){.25cm}\rput[c](0,0){#3}}}

\begin{pspicture}(-8,0)(5,4.5)

5 \psline(0,3)(2,2)(3,1)\psline(0,3)(-2,2)(-4,1)(-6,0)\psline(2,2)(1,1)%

\psline(-2,2)(-1,1)\psline(-2,2)(-2,1)\psline(-4,1)(-3,0)\psline(-4,1)(-4,0)%

\psline(-4,1)(-5,0)\rput[c](5,3){1}\rput[c](5,2){2}%

\rput[c](5,1){5}\rput[c](5,0){15}\rput[c](-8,3){1}

\rput[c](-8,2){2}\rput[c](-8,1){3}\rput[c](-8,0){4}%

10 \rput[c](-8,4){$n$}\rput[c](5,4){$\Sigma$}%

\psline[linestyle=dotted,linecolor=black](-2,1)(-2,0.2)%

\psline[linestyle=dotted,linecolor=black](-1,1)(-1,0.2)%

\psline[linestyle=dotted,linecolor=black](1,1)(1,0.2)%

\psline[linestyle=dotted,linecolor=black](3,1)(3,0.2)%

15 \psline[linestyle=dotted,linecolor=gray](-7.5,3)(4.5,3)%

\psline[linestyle=dotted,linecolor=gray](-7.5,2)(4.5,2)%

\psline[linestyle=dotted,linecolor=gray](-7.5,1)(4.5,1)%

\psline[linestyle=dotted,linecolor=gray](-7.5,0)(4.5,0)

\estado{0}{3}{1}%

20 \estado{2}{2}{1}%

\estado{-2}{2}{2}%

\estado{3}{1}{1}%

\estado{1}{1}{2}%

\estado{-1}{1}{2}%

25 \estado{-2}{1}{2}%

\estado{-4}{1}{3}%

\estado{-3}{0}{3}%

\estado{-4}{0}{3}%

\estado{-5}{0}{3}%

30 \estado{-6}{0}{4}%

\end{pspicture}

3

n1

n

nnn + 1

Figura 2: A closer view.



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\pscircle[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=gray](0,0){.25cm}\rput[c](0,0){#3}}}%

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5 \pscircle[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=white,linestyle=dotted](0,0){.25cm}%

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10 \psbrace[ref=ct,rot=90,nodesepB=5pt](0,0)(3,0){$n$}

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15 \estadot{1.5}{.5}{}\estador{-1.5}{.5}{{\scriptsize $n+1$}}{.4cm}

\end{pspicture}

1

6

2 3

8 9

A ={

1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9}

x • y ⇔ x | y

Figura 3: Diagrama de Hasse.

1

3

6

12

24

A ={

1, 3, 6, 12, 24}

x • y ⇔ x | y


4


\def\raio{0.075}

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\pscircle[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=gray2](0,0){\raio}%

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10 \pscircle[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=gray2](.75,1){\raio}%

\pscircle[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=gray2](-1.5,2){\raio}%


\pscircle[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=gray2](1.5,2){\raio}%

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\rput[c](1.5,2.25){\scriptsize $9$}%

20 \rput[c](0,-.75){\scriptsize $\mathcal{A}=\big\{1,2,3,6,8,9\big\}$}%

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\end{pspicture}


\def\raio{0.075}

\psset{xunit=1cm,yunit=1cm}



5 \begin{pspicture}(-3,-1.5)(3,2.5)

\psline(0,0)(0,2)%


\pscircle[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=gray2](0,.5){\raio}%


10 \pscircle[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=gray2](0,1.5){\raio}%


\rput[l](0.2,0){\scriptsize $1$}%

\rput[l](0.2,.5){\scriptsize $3$}%


15 \rput[l](0.2,1.5){\scriptsize $12$}%


\rput[c](0,-.5){\scriptsize $\mathcal{A}=\big\{1,3,6,12,24\big\}$}%

\rput[c](0,-1.0){\scriptsize $x\bullet y \Leftrightarrow x\mathbin{|}y$}%

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5

∅

{a} {b}

{a, b}

A ={

a, b}

X,Y ⊂ P(A)

X ◦ Y ⇔ X ⊂ Y


∅

{a} {c}{b}

{a, b} {b, c}

{a, c}

{a, b, c}

A ={

a, b, c}

X,Y ⊂ P(A)

X ◦ Y ⇔ X ⊂ Y



\def\raio{0.075}




5 \begin{pspicture}(-3,-2)(3,2.5)

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\pscircle[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=gray2](1,.75){\raio}%

\pscircle[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=gray2](0,1.5){\raio}%

\rput[c](0,-.25){\scriptsize $\varnothing$}%

15 \rput[c](-1.4,.75){\scriptsize $\{a\}$}%

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\rput[c](0,-.75){\scriptsize $\mathcal{A}=\big\{a,b\big\}$}%

\rput[c](0,-1.25){\scriptsize %

20 $\mathcal{X},\mathcal{Y}\subset\mathscr{P}(\mathcal{A})$}%


$\mathcal{X}\circ\mathcal{Y}\Leftrightarrow\mathcal{X}\subset\mathcal{Y}$}%

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6


\def\raio{0.075}

\psset{xunit=1.1cm,yunit=1.1cm}



5 \begin{pspicture}(-3,-2)(3,4)

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10 \psline(-1.5,1)(-.75,2)%

\psline(-1.5,1)(0,2)%

\psline(0,1)(-.75,2)%

\psline(0,1)(.75,2)%

\psline(1.5,1)(0,2)%

15 \psline(1.5,1)(.75,2)%

\psline(-.75,2)(0,3)%

\psline(.75,2)(0,3)%

\psline(0,2)(0,3)%

20 \pscircle[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=gray2](0,0){\raio}%

\pscircle[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=gray2](-1.5,1){\raio}%


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\pscircle[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=gray2](-.75,2){\raio}%

25 \pscircle[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=gray2](0,2){\raio}%

\pscircle[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=gray2](.75,2){\raio}%


30 \rput[c](0,-.25){\scriptsize $\varnothing$}%

\rput[c](-1.9,1){\scriptsize $\{a\}$}%

\rput[c](1.9,1){\scriptsize $\{c\}$}%

\rput[c](-.3,.9){\scriptsize $\{b\}$}%

\rput[c](-1.25,2){\scriptsize $\{a,b\}$}%

35 \rput[c](1.25,2){\scriptsize $\{b,c\}$}%

\rput[c](0,1.65){\scriptsize $\{a,c\}$}%

\rput[c](0,3.25){\scriptsize $\{a,b,c\}$}%

\rput[c](0,-.75){\scriptsize $\mathcal{A}=\big\{a,b,c\big\}$}%


40 $\mathcal{X},\mathcal{Y}\subset\mathscr{P}(\mathcal{A})$}%


$\mathcal{X}\circ\mathcal{Y}\Leftrightarrow\mathcal{X}\subset\mathcal{Y}$}%

\end{pspicture}

7

θ IE(θ̂)

Distribuição para θ1

Distribuição para θ2

Figura 7: Um estimador viesado θ1 que possui umavariância menor que um estimador não viesado θ2.

max{x1, . . . , xn}θ

L(θ)

Figura 8: Função de verosimilhança.


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\begin{pspicture}(0,-0.25)(4,3)

\psline[linewidth=1pt]{->}(0,0)(4,0)

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15 (!2.5 2 PI .1 mul mul -0.5 exp 2.5 2.5 sub 2 div .1 1

exp div 2 exp neg EXP mul 1.5 mul)(!2.5 0)

\rput[l]{0}(2.7,1.6){\scriptsize\sffamily Distribuição para $\theta_1$}%

\rput[l]{0}(3,.55){\scriptsize\sffamily Distribuição para $\theta_2$}%

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\scriptsize%


\begin{pspicture}(0,-.25)(4,2.25)

\psaxes[ labels=none, ticks=none, linewidth=1pt, arrowscale=1.2]{->}(0,0)(4,2)%

5 \psline[linestyle=dashed,linecolor=gray](!.5 1 .5 .3 add 2 exp div)(.5,0)

\psplot[linecolor=orange,linewidth=1pt,plotpoints=150]{.5}{3.75}%

{1 x .3 add 2 exp div}%

\rput[l]{0}(.5,-.2){\scriptsize\sffamily $\max\{x_1,\dots,x_n\}$}%

\rput[l]{0}(4,-.1){\scriptsize\sffamily $\theta$}%

10 \rput[r]{0}(-.1,2){\scriptsize\sffamily $L(\theta)$}%

\end{pspicture}%

8

0

0,25

0,50

0,75

1,00

0 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00θ

L(θ)

b

b

b

b

Figura 9: Teste não aleatorizados e testes aleatori-zados.

R(d; θ1)

R(d; θ2)

t

Figura 10: Fronteira.


\scriptsize%

\psset{xunit=3cm,yunit=2.5cm,labelFontSize=\scriptsize}%

\begin{pspicture}(0,-.25)(1.25,1.5)

\psaxes[comma, ticksize=-4pt 0, Dx=.25,Dy=.25, ticks=all, tickstyle=bottom,

5 linewidth=1pt, arrowscale=1.2]{->}(0,0)(1.25,1.25)%

\rput[l]{0}(1.25,-.1){\scriptsize\sffamily $\theta$}%

\rput[r]{0}(-.1,1.25){\scriptsize\sffamily $L(\theta)$}%

\psdots[linecolor=orange,dotscale=1](0,1)(1,0)(.5,.3)(.5,.7)

\psline[fillstyle=hlines,hatchwidth=0.1pt,hatchsep=2pt,%

10 linecolor=orange!80,hatchcolor=orange!80](0,1)(.5,.7)(1,0)(.5,.3) (0,1)

\end{pspicture}%


\scriptsize%

\psset{xunit=3cm,yunit=3cm,labelFontSize=\scriptsize}%


\psaxes[comma, labels=none, linewidth=1pt, arrowscale=1.2]{->}(0,0)(1.25,1.25)%

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\rput[c]{0}(-.125,.8){\scriptsize\sffamily $t$}%

\psline[linecolor=orange!80!black,linewidth=1.2pt](!0 .2 sub 2 2

sqrt div neg 2 add .2 add)(!2 2 sqrt div neg 2 add .1 add 0 .1 sub)

10 \pscustom[fillstyle=hlines,hatchwidth=0.1pt,hatchsep=2pt,%

linecolor=orange!80,hatchcolor=orange!80]{%

\psplot{0}{1}{x 1 sub 2 exp neg 1 add sqrt 1 sub neg}%

\psplot{1}{0}{x 2 exp neg 1 add sqrt}}%

\end{pspicture}%

9

θ̂2 θ̂1

u2(θ)

u1(θ)

θ

θ̂

θ̂

Figura 11: Método para obter intervalos de confi-ança.

5,26 13,48

h2(θ)

h1(θ)

θ

5,26

θ̂

Figura 12: Intervalo de confiança.

x y

z

Figura 13: Plot


\scriptsize


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\psaxes[ labels=none, ticks=none, linewidth=1pt, arrowscale=1.2]{->}(0,0)(4,2.5)%

5 \psline[linestyle=dashed,linecolor=gray](!1 2.25 .75 add log 1.5 mul .5 add)(!1 0)%

\psline[linestyle=dashed,linecolor=gray](!2.25 0)(!2.25 2.25 .75

add log 1.5 mul .5 add)(!0 2.25 .75 add log 1.5 mul .5 add)%

\psplot[linecolor=orange,linewidth=1pt,plotpoints=150]{-.5}{1.5}%

{ x 1.5 sub 1.5 mul EXP .75 add}%

10 \psplot[linecolor=orange,linewidth=1pt,plotpoints=150]{-.25}{2.5}%

{ x .75 add log 1.5 mul .5 add}%

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\rput[c]{0}(!-.2 2.25 .75 add log 1.5 mul .5 add){\scriptsize\sffamily $\hat\theta$}%

\rput[r]{0}(-.15,2.4){\scriptsize\sffamily $\hat\theta$}%

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10


\scriptsize\psset{xunit=1.25cm,yunit=1.25cm,labelFontSize=\scriptsize}%


\psaxes[labels=none, ticks=none, linewidth=1pt, arrowscale=1.2]{->}(0,0)(4,2.5)%

\psline[linestyle=dashed,linecolor=gray](!3 .39 mul 3 .39 mul)(!3 .39 mul 0)%

5 \psline[linestyle=dashed,linecolor=gray](!3 0)(!3 3 .39 mul)(!0 3 .39 mul)%

\psplot[linecolor=orange,linewidth=1pt,plotpoints=150]{0}{1.5}{ x }%

\psplot[linecolor=orange,linewidth=1pt,plotpoints=150]{0}{3.25}{ x .39 mul}%

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\rput[c]{0}(3,-.25){\scriptsize\sffamily $13,\! 48$}%

10 \rput[c]{0}(1.5,1.7){\scriptsize\sffamily $h_2(\theta)$}%

\rput[c]{0}(3.25,1.45){\scriptsize\sffamily $h_1(\theta)$}%


\rput[r]{0}(!-.1 3 .39 mul){\scriptsize\sffamily $5,\! 26$}%

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15 \pszigzag[linecolor=orange, coilwidth=1.75mm, coilarm=0]{|-|}(!3 .39 mul 0)(3,0)%

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\centering

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\psset{Alpha=45,Beta=25}

5 \pstThreeDCoor[xMin=0,xMax=5,yMin=0,yMax=5,zMin=0,zMax=4]

\psplotThreeD[plotstyle=line,linestyle=none,linecolor=blue,fillstyle=gradient,%

yPlotpoints=50,xPlotpoints=50,%

linewidth=0.25pt,hiddenLine=false](0,4.5)(0,4.5){%

x 2 sub 2 exp y 2 sub 2 exp add neg EXP 5 mul}

10 \parametricplotThreeD[plotstyle=line,linecolor=red!90,linestyle=dashed,%

linewidth=1pt,hiddenLine=false](0,360){%

t sin .6 mul 2 add t cos .6 mul 2 add 0}

\parametricplotThreeD[plotstyle=line,linecolor=red!90,linestyle=dashed,%


15 t sin 2 mul 2 add t cos 2 mul 2 add 0}

\parametricplotThreeD[plotstyle=line,linecolor=red!90,linestyle=dashed,%


t sin 1.25 mul 2 add t cos 1.25 mul 2 add 0}

\parametricplotThreeD[plotstyle=line,linecolor=orange,linestyle=dashed,%

20 linewidth=1pt,hiddenLine=false](-2.5,1.5){%

t 2.75 add t 2 exp .25 mul 2.5 add 0}

\parametricplotThreeD[plotstyle=line,linecolor=orange,linestyle=solid,

yPlotpoints=50,xPlotpoints=50,%

linewidth=1pt,hiddenLine=false](-2.5,1.5){%

25 t 2.75 add t 2 exp .25 mul 2.5 add t 2.75 add 2 sub 2

exp t 2 exp .25 mul 2.5 add 2 sub 2 exp add neg EXP 5 mul}

\end{pspicture}

11

O M1

M2

y

x

b

bM(x, y)

b

Figura 14:

O x1 x2

lB

y

x

Figura 15:

O

η

a bcα β

Figura 16:


\scriptsize%


\begin{pspicture}(0,0)(4,3.5)

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{x 3 sub x 3 sub mul 3 add .25 mul }%

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\rput[b]{0}(.3,3.1){\scriptsize\sffamily $M_1$}%

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12


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\psaxes[labels=none, ticks=none, linewidth=1pt,

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{x 2 sub x 2 sub mul neg 6 add .25 mul }%

\rput[b]{0}(-.2,-.3){\scriptsize\sffamily $O$}%

\psline[linestyle=dotted,linewidth=1pt](1,0)(1,2.5)

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\rput[c]{0}(4,0.25){\scriptsize\sffamily $x$}%

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{2 PI .075 mul mul -0.5 exp x 2 sub 2 div .075 1

exp div 2 exp neg EXP mul 1.25 mul}%

\rput[b]{0}(-.2,-.3){\scriptsize\sffamily $O$}%

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\psline[linewidth=.75pt]{-}(1.5,.05)(1.5,-.05)

\psline[linewidth=.75pt]{-}(2,.05)(2,-.05)

\psline[linewidth=.75pt]{-}(2.5,.05)(2.5,-.05)

20 \psline[linewidth=.75pt]{-}(3,.05)(3,-.05)

\end{pspicture}%

y

y = f(u)

uO

f(x)

a x

F (x)

Figura 17:

y

uO a x x1

F (x)

mM

Figura 18:

13


\scriptsize\psset{xunit=1cm,yunit=.75cm,labelFontSize=\scriptsize}%


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\psplot[linecolor=black,linewidth=1pt,plotpoints=50]{3.5}{.5}{0}}

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arrowscale=1.2]{->}(0,0)(4,3)%

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25 \psline(3.5,1.8)(3.5,0)%

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14

x1

x2

x3

007

100

0−20

b =

1−27

Figura 19: Um vetor em um espaço tridimensional.

x1

x2

x3

c =

041

b + c =

128

b =

1−27

−b

−2b

2b

Figura 20: Adição de vetores e multiplicação por um escalar.

15


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16


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10 (0,0,0)(2,-4,14)


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15 \pstThreeDLine[linewidth=1.5pt,linecolor=black,arrows=->,arrowscale=1.5]%

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20 (0,4,1)(1,2,8)(1,-2,7)

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17

a11 a12 a13 a14

a21 a22 a23 a24

a31 a32 a33 a34

b11 b12

b21 b22

b31 b32

b41 b42

=

⋆ ⋆

⋆ ⋆

⋆ (AB)32

matriz 3 por 4 matriz 4 por 2 matriz 3 por 2

Figura 21: Uma ilustração de multiplicação de matrizes.


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20 \rput[c](7,1.75){\scriptsize $\Ds

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a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} & a_{34}

25 \end{bmatrix}

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30 b_{41} & b_{42}

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35 \ \star &(AB)_{32}

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40 \end{pspicture}

18

evento prob. result.

A α cinão A 1− α cj

α 1− αganhaci

ganhacj

α

1− α

ci

cj

Figura 22: Maneiras de apresentar uma loteria [ci, α, cj ] para o decisor.


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19

cjk

c1j

c2k

C1

C2

Figura 23: Exemplo de partição do plano de dois atributos C1 e C2.




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hatchangle=-45](2,0)(3,4)

10 \rput[c](2.5,3.5){\psframebox*[linestyle=none,framearc=.5]{\small $\mbf{c}_{jk}$}}

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15 \psaxes[

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20

b b b

b b b

b b b

b b bb b b

b b bbb

b b b

b b b

b b b

b

c11 c12 c13 c14 c15 c16

c21

c22

c23

c24

c25

C1

C2

cijcrs

não relacionadocom c34

≡ cij 4 crs

Figura 24: Exemplo de partição do plano de dois atributos e relações entre c34 e demais consequências.

Código da Figura .24 Código em PStricks.Too big. Ask me.

c11

c21

c31

c41

c51

c61

c12

c22

c32

c42

c52

c62

c13

c23

c33

c43

c53

c63

c14

c24

c34

c44

c54

c64

c15

c25

c35

c45

c55

c65

Figura 25: Diagrama de Hasse de C = (C,4) quando n = 2, n1 = 6 e n2 = 5.


21

b b

b b

c11 c12

c21

c22

C1

C2

(a)

c11

c21c12

c22

(b) (c)

c11

c21

c12

c22

c11

c21

c12

c22

Figura 26: Exemplo de partição de um espaço de consequência com dois atributos. (a) Plano representandoas consequências. (b) Diagrama de Hasse da ordem parcial induzida. (c) Extensões lineares da ordem parcialinduzida.

b b

b b

b b

c11 c12

c21

c22

c23

C1

C2

(a)

c11

c21c12

c22c13

c23

(b)

Figura 27: Exemplo de partição de um espaço de consequências com dois atributos. (a) Plano representando asconsequências. (b) Diagrama de Hasse da ordem parcial induzida.

22



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23





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\rput[c](-.25,.5){\small $c^2_1$}

\rput[c](-.25,1.5){\small $c^2_2$}

\rput[c](-.25,2.5){\small $c^2_3$}

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24

∅

{c11}

{c11, c12} {c11, c21}

{c11, c12, c13} {c11, c12, c21}

{c11, c12, c21, c22}{c11, c12, c22, c13}

{c11, c12, c22, c13, c23}

C

Figura 28: Diagrama de Hasse do conjunto parcialmente ordenado J(C).


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25

∅

C

Figura 29: Cadeias maximais de J(C) ou extensões lineares de C .


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26

b b

b b

b b

b

b

b

c11 c12 c13

c21

c22

c23

C1

C2

(a)

c11

c21

c31

c12

c22

c32

c13

c23

c33

(b)

Figura 30: Exemplo de partição do plano de dois atributos mais simples possível. (a) Plano representando asconsequências. (b) Diagrama de Hasse da ordem parcial induzida.

∅

C

Figura 31: Exemplo de partição do plano de dois atributos mais simples possível.

27



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28



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5 \psline[linecolor=cor,linewidth=1pt](1,0)(0,1)(1,2)%

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\psline[linecolor=cor,linewidth=1pt](1,0)(1,-1)%

10 \psline[linecolor=cor,linewidth=1pt](2,1)(3,2)(2,3)%





15 \psline[linecolor=cor,linewidth=1pt](1,3)(-1,5)(1,7)%













\pscircle[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=white,linecolor=cor,linewidth=1pt](1,-1){\raio}%










\uput{5pt}[180](1,-1){\small $\varnothing$}

\uput{5pt}[180](1,8){\small $\mathcal{C}$}

40 \end{pspicture}

29

b b

b b

b b

b

b

b

c11 c12 c13

c21

c22

c23

C1

C2

c11

c21

c31

c12

c22

c32

c13

c23

c33

Figura 32: Ordem induzida para n = 2, n1 = 3 e n2 = 3.

c11

c21c12

c22c13

c23

Etapa 1

c21c12

c22c13

c23

Etapa 2

c21

c22c13

c23

Etapa 3

c21

c22

c23

Etapa 4

c22

c23

Etapa 5

c23

Etapa 6

Figura 33: Aplicação do algoritmo de ordenação topológica de C com n = 2, n1 = 2 e n2 = 3. Visualização apartir do diagrama de Hasse. Os vértices em destaque são elementos minimais.

30



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\def\raio{0.075}\psset{xunit=1cm,yunit=1cm}

\begin{pspicture}(-2,-.25)(4.5,4.5)

\psline[linecolor=cor,linewidth=1pt](1,0)(2,1)(1,2)(2,3)(3,2)(2,1)%


25 \psline[linecolor=cor,linewidth=1pt](0,1)(-1,2)(0,3)(1,4)(2,3)%



















\end{pspicture}

31


\def\raio{0.075}\psset{xunit=1cm,yunit=1cm}\begin{pspicture}(-2,-.2)(3,4)

\pscircle[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=red!40!white,linecolor=cor,linewidth=1pt](1,0){.2cm}%

\psline[linecolor=cor,linewidth=1pt](1,0)(2,1)(1,2)









\uput{7.5pt}[270](1,0){\small $\mbf{c}_{11}$} \uput{7.5pt}[270](2,1){\small $\mbf{c}_{21}$}

\uput{7.5pt}[270](0,1){\small $\mbf{c}_{12}$} \uput{7.5pt}[270](1,2){\small $\mbf{c}_{22}$}

\uput{7.5pt}[270](-1,2){\small $\mbf{c}_{13}$} \uput{7.5pt}[270](0,3){\small $\mbf{c}_{23}$}

15 \rput[c](0,3.5){\small\sffamily Etapa 1}\end{pspicture}\begin{pspicture}(-2,-.2)(3,4)



\psline[linecolor=cor,linewidth=1pt](2,1)(1,2)\psline[linecolor=cor,linewidth=1pt](0,1)(1,2)%

\psline[linecolor=cor,linewidth=1pt](0,1)(-1,2)(0,3)(1,2)%






25 \uput{7.5pt}[270](2,1){\small $\mbf{c}_{21}$}\uput{7.5pt}[270](0,1){\small $\mbf{c}_{12}$}

\uput{7.5pt}[270](1,2){\small $\mbf{c}_{22}$}\uput{7.5pt}[270](-1,2){\small $\mbf{c}_{13}$}

\uput{7.5pt}[270](0,3){\small $\mbf{c}_{23}$}\rput[c](0,3.5){\small\sffamily Etapa 2}

\end{pspicture}\begin{pspicture}(-2,-.2)(3,4)

\pscircle[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=red!40!white,linecolor=cor,linewidth=1pt](-1,2){.2cm}%

30 \pscircle[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=red!40!white,linecolor=cor,linewidth=1pt](2,1){.2cm}%

\psline[linecolor=cor,linewidth=1pt](2,1)(1,2)\psline[linecolor=cor,linewidth=1pt](-1,2)(0,3)(1,2)%





\uput{7.5pt}[270](2,1){\small $\mbf{c}_{21}$}\uput{7.5pt}[270](1,2){\small $\mbf{c}_{22}$}

\uput{7.5pt}[270](-1,2){\small $\mbf{c}_{13}$} \uput{7.5pt}[270](0,3){\small $\mbf{c}_{23}$}

\rput[c](0,3.5){\small\sffamily Etapa 3}\end{pspicture}\begin{pspicture}(-2,-.2)(3,4.5)


40 \psline[linecolor=cor,linewidth=1pt](2,1)(1,2)\psline[linecolor=cor,linewidth=1pt](0,3)(1,2)%





45 \uput{7.5pt}[270](0,3){\small $\mbf{c}_{23}$}\rput[c](0,3.5){\small\sffamily Etapa 4}

\end{pspicture}\begin{pspicture}(-2,-.2)(3,4.5)






\rput[c](0,3.5){\small\sffamily Etapa 5}\end{pspicture}\begin{pspicture}(-2,-.2)(3,4.5)



55 \uput{7.5pt}[270](0,3){\small $\mbf{c}_{23}$}\rput[c](0,3.5){\small\sffamily Etapa 6}

\end{pspicture}

32

α

1ℓ

0 0 1 0 2 2 1 2 2

c11 c12 c13 c21 c22 c23 c31 c32 c33

c11

c12

c13

c21

c22

c23

c31

c32

c33

c21

c31

c12

c22

c32

c13

c23

c33

Figura 34: Matriz de incidência e diagrama de Hasse para etapa 2 do processo de edução da ordem. Note-se que odecisor precisa escolher entre dois elementos minimais.


1h 24h

1h

24h

x2

x1

Figura 35: Lista de Micro I.

16h

24h

8h

x2

x1


(x, y) % a

1 2 4

2

4

b

y

x


33


\scriptsize%

\psset{xunit=1cm,yunit=1cm}%



5 \begin{pspicture}(0,0)(3.5,3.75)

\pscustom[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=gray2,linestyle=none]{%

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10 {1 x sub }}


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\psplot[linecolor=black,linewidth=1pt,plotpoints=50]{0}{1}{1 x sub }%

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15 \rput[c]{0}(3,-.2){\scriptsize 24h}%

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10 {1.6 }}

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\rput[r]{0}(-.1,1.6){\scriptsize 16h}%

15 \rput[r]{0}(-.1,2.4){\scriptsize 24h}%

\rput[r]{0}(-.1,.8){\scriptsize 8h}%


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34


\scriptsize%




5 \begin{pspicture}(0,-.1)(3.5,4)



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20 {4 x 2 mul sub}%

\psplot[linecolor=black,linestyle=solid,linewidth=1pt,plotpoints=50]{1.333}{4}%

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25 \rput[c]{0}(2.5,3){\scriptsize $(x,y)\piq \mbf{a}$}%

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30 \rput[r]{0}(-.1,4){\scriptsize 4}%

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a ≻ (x, y)

1 2 4

2

4

b

y

x


35


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5 \begin{pspicture}(0,0)(3.5,4)



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300 340

R$ 20,00

Plano 1

y

x


160 260

R$ 60,00

Plano 2

y

x


36


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10 \psline[linecolor=black,linestyle=solid,linewidth=1pt](0,1)(3.5,1)(4.5,0)

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80 186,25

R$ 85,00 Plano 3

y

x


15 60

30

x2

x1


37


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38

15 30

30

x2

x1



\scriptsize%







{1.5 1 x mul sub }%

\psplot[linecolor=black,linewidth=1pt,plotpoints=50]{.75}{0}%

10 {0}%

}%pscustom

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15 arrowscale=1.2]{->}(2.5,2.5)%


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20 \rput[c]{0}(.75,-.2){\scriptsize 15}%


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25 \rput[t]{0}(2.6,-.1){\small\sffamily $x_1$}%

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39

v. cava superior

átrio direito

átrio esquerdo

a. pulmonar

vv. pulmonares

ventrículo esquerdo

v. cava inferior

ventrículo direito

aorta

Figura 44: Esquema anatômico do coração.


átrio direito

nódulo sinusal

nódulo AV

fibras de Purkinje

feixe de His

Figura 45: Sistema de condução de estímulos do coração.

Código da Figura .45 Código em PStricks.Too big.

40

0

40

80

120

160

200

0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00

pres

são

[mm

Hg]

Aorta

VE

t [s]bt0

0

100

200

300

400

−100

0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00

t [s]

Flu

xo[m

l/s]

fluxo direto

(sístole)

regurgitação

(diástole)

Figura 46: Os eventos do ciclo cardíaco. Baseada em uma figura que não me lembro mais a fonte, acredito queseja de Herbet Voß.

40

60

80

100

120

0 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00 1,25 1,50 1,75 2,00 2,25

Pre

ssão

Art

eria

l(m

mH

g)

t (seg.)

b

b

Ps

Pd

Pp

Figura 47: Contorno da curva de pressão arterial.

41


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\begin{pspicture}(-0.15,-40)(1.15,240.0)

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\psset{xunit=8cm,yunit=0.008cm}

15 \begin{pspicture}(-0.15,-100)(1.15,550.0)

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42

0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

0 50 100 150 200 250

Pressão Arterial (mm Hg)

Flu

xoSan

guín

eo(×

norm

al)

Figura 48: Fluxo sanguíneo como uma função da pressão arterial.


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43

0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

0 20 40 60

% • deficiente

Flu

xoSan

guín

eo(×

norm

al)

(a)

0

1

2

3

4

0 2 4 6 8

Metabolismo (× normal)

Flu

xoSan

guín

eo(×

norm

al)

(b)

Figura 49: (a) Fluxo sanguíneo em função da deficiência de • no sangue, mantendo pressão arterial e metabolismoconstante. (b) Fluxo sanguíneo em função do metabolismo, mantendo pressão arterial e • fixos e com valoresnormais.


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\hspace{2cm} %

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\begin{pspicture}(-.5,-.9)(9.2,3.7)

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44

SNA

regulação da freqüência cardíaca

regulação da contratilidade do miocárdio

regulação do atraso de condução

regulação da resistência periférica

vias eferentes

Efeito CronotrópicoSimpático

Efeito CronotrópicoParasimpático

Efeito InotrópicoSimpático

Efeito DromotrópicoSimpático

Efeito DromotrópicoParasimpático

Efeito PeriféricoSimpático

SCV

Baroreceptores pressãoarterial

vias aferentes

Figura 50: Arco barorreflexo, esquema da regulação da pressão arterial (cf. seção ??).

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

0 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00 1,25 1,50 1,75 2,00 2,25

Pre

ssão

Art

eria

l(m

mH

g)

t (seg.)


45


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\psline[linewidth=.75pt]{->}(2,2)(2.5,2)(2.5,2.7)(8,2.7)

20 \psline[linewidth=.75pt]{->}(2,.5)(8,.5)%

\rput[b]{0}(5.25,7.4){\sffamily\scriptsize regulação da freqüência cardíaca}%

\rput[b]{0}(5.25,5.1){\sffamily\scriptsize regulação da contratilidade do miocárdio}%

\rput[b]{0}(5.25,2.9){\sffamily\scriptsize regulação do atraso de condução}%

\rput[b]{0}(5.25,.6){\sffamily\scriptsize regulação da resistência periférica}%

25 \rput[b]{0}(5.25,8.5){\sffamily\scriptsize\bfseries vias eferentes}%

\rput[r]{0}(2,8){\psframebox[linewidth=1pt]{\parbox[c]{3cm}%

{\centering\sffamily\scriptsize Efeito Cronotrópico\\ Simpático}}}%

\rput[r]{0}(2,6.5){\psframebox[linewidth=1pt,]{\parbox[c]{3cm}%

{\centering\sffamily\scriptsize Efeito Cronotrópico\\ Parasimpático}}}%

30 \rput[r]{0}(2,5){\psframebox[linewidth=1pt]{\parbox[c]{3cm}%

{\centering\sffamily\scriptsize Efeito Inotrópico\\ Simpático}}}%

\rput[r]{0}(2,3.5){\psframebox[linewidth=1pt]{\parbox[c]{3cm}%

{\centering\sffamily\scriptsize Efeito Dromotrópico\\ Simpático}}}%

\rput[r]{0}(2,2){\psframebox[linewidth=1pt]{\parbox[c]{3cm}%

35 {\centering\sffamily\scriptsize Efeito Dromotrópico\\ Parasimpático}}}%

\rput[r]{0}(2,.5){\psframebox[linewidth=1pt]{\parbox[c]{3cm}%

{\centering\sffamily\scriptsize Efeito Periférico\\ Simpático}}}%

\psframe[fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=white](8,0)(10,7.75)

\rput[c]{90}(!9 0 7.5 add 2 div){\large\bfseries\sffamily SCV}%

40 \rput[r]{0}(6.5,-1){\psframebox[linewidth=1pt,fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=white%

]{\parbox[c]{3cm}%

{\centering\sffamily\scriptsize Baroreceptores}}}%

\rput[c]{0}(7.75,-1){{\parbox[c]{3cm}%

{\centering\sffamily\scriptsize pressão\\ arterial}}}%

45 \rput[b]{0}(0.5,-.9){\bfseries\sffamily\scriptsize vias aferentes}%

\end{pspicture}%

46


\scriptsize



\psset{xunit=3.5cm,yunit=.06cm}%

5 \begin{pspicture}(-.5,40)(3,140)

\psaxes[Oy=50,Dx=.25,Dy=10,comma,ticks=all,%

tickstyle=bottom,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(0,50)(2.52,130)%

\rput[b]{90}(-.3,80){\small\sffamily Pressão Arterial (mm Hg)}%


10 \listplot[linewidth=.5pt,linecolor=gray1]{\DataABP}

\psplot[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=blue,linestyle=solid]{0}{.75}%

{ 105 .70 x mul neg EXP mul}%

\psplot[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=blue,linestyle=solid]{.75}{1.48}%

{ 104 .69 x .75 sub mul neg EXP mul}%

15 \psplot[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=blue,linestyle=solid]{1.48}{2.25}%

{ 107 .70 x 1.48 sub mul neg EXP mul}%

\end{pspicture}%

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P̄τ = 4,16 + 1,01 · P̄

Figura 52: Relação entre a média calculada e a média estimada no modelo de Windkessel.

47


\scriptsize

\readdata[nStep=5]{\DataABP}{Dados/pampamrcADE.txt}%


\psset{xunit=.12cm,yunit=.12cm}%


\psaxes[Ox=75, Oy=75,Dx=5,Dy=5,comma,ticks=all,%

tickstyle=bottom,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(75,75)(125,125)%

\rput[b]{90}(67,97.5){\small\sffamily $\bar{P}_\tau$ (mm Hg)}%

\rput[t]{0}(97.5,67){\small\sffamily $\bar{P}$ (mm Hg)}%

10 \listplot[showpoints=true,linestyle=none,dotstyle=*,linecolor=blue,dotsize=2pt]{\DataABP}

\psplot[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=red]{75}{112}%

{4.1621 1.015 x mul add}

\rput[l]{0}(113,118){\small $\bar{P}_\tau=4,\! 16 + 1,\! 01 \cdot \bar{P}$}%

\end{pspicture}%

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\scriptsize




5 \begin{pspicture}(-.5,40)(3,140)

\psaxes[Oy=50,Dx=.25,Dy=10,comma,ticks=all,%

tickstyle=bottom,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(0,50)(2.52,130)%



10 \listplot[linewidth=.5pt,linecolor=gray1]{\DataABP}

\psline[linestyle=solid,linewidth=.5pt]{|<->|}(.75,62)(.86,62)%

\psline[linestyle=solid,linewidth=.5pt]{|<->|}(.86,62)(1.48,62)%

\psline[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=blue,linestyle=solid](0,60)%

(.13,104)(.75,62)(.86,103)(1.48,63)(1.59,106)(2.25,62)

15 \end{pspicture}%

48

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P̄△ = 1,87 + 1,08 · P̄

Figura 54: Relação entre a média calculada e a média estimada no ajuste triangular.

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0 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00 1,25 1,50 1,75 2,00 2,25

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Figura 55: Contorno da curva de pressão arterial e ajuste polinomial.


\scriptsize\readdata[nStep=5]{\DataABP}{Dados/pampamtriangloADE.txt}%



\psaxes[Ox=75,Oy=75,Dx=5,Dy=5,comma,ticks=all,%

5 tickstyle=bottom, arrowscale=1.2]{->}(75,75)(125,125)%

\rput[b]{90}(67,97.5){\small\sffamily $\bar{P}_\triangle$ (mm Hg)}%


\listplot[showpoints=true,linestyle=none,dotstyle=*,linecolor=blue,dotsize=2pt]{\DataABP}

\psplot[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=red]{75}{112}{1.8733 1.0869 x mul add}

10 \rput[l]{0}(113,118){\small $\bar{P}_\triangle=1,\! 87 + 1,\! 08 \cdot \bar{P}$}%

\end{pspicture}%

49


\scriptsize



\begin{pspicture}(-.5,40)(3,140)

5 \psaxes[Oy=50,Dx=.25,Dy=10,comma,ticks=all,%

tickstyle=bottom, arrowscale=1.2]{->}(0,50)(2.52,130)%



\listplot[linewidth=.5pt,linecolor=gray1]{\DataABP}

10 \psplot[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=blue,linestyle=solid]{0}{.75}%

{x .75 x sub 4 exp mul 5 .75 div 5 exp 4 -4 exp mul 43 mul mul 62 add}%

\psplot[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=blue,linestyle=solid]{.75}{1.48}%

{x .75 sub 1.48 x sub 4 exp mul 5 .73 div 5 exp 4 -4 exp mul 41 mul mul 63 add}%

\psplot[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=blue,linestyle=solid]{1.48}{2.25}%

15 {x 1.48 sub 2.25 x sub 4 exp mul 5 .78 div 5 exp 4 -4 exp mul 46 mul mul 63 add}%

\end{pspicture}%

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P̄n = 4,29 + 0,95 · P̄

Figura 56: Relação entre a média calculada e a média estimada no ajuste polinomial.


\readdata[nStep=5]{\DataABP}{Dados/pampampolinomioADE.txt}%



\psaxes[Ox=75,Oy=75,Dx=5,Dy=5,comma,ticks=all,%

5 tickstyle=bottom,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(75,75)(125,125)%

\rput[b]{90}(67,97.5){\small\sffamily $\bar{P}_\triangle$ (mm Hg)}%


\listplot[showpoints=true,linestyle=none,dotstyle=*,linecolor=blue,dotsize=2pt]{\DataABP}

\psplot[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=red]{75}{112}{4.2945 0.9511 x mul add}

10 \rput[l]{0}(113,118){\small $\bar{P}_n=4,\! 29 + 0,\! 95 \cdot \bar{P}$}%

\end{pspicture}%

50

M

sístole

diástole

bb

C

bsbdb

a

b xa

Figura 57: Esboço da variedadeM .

51



\begin{pspicture}(0,-3)(12,11)

\rput{90}(3.5,5){\psplot[linewidth=1pt]{-1.9}{1.81}{x 3 exp -2 x mul add 1.5 mul}}%

\rput{90}(6,10){\psplot[linewidth=1pt]{-1.17}{.8}{x 3 exp 2 x mul add 1.5 mul}}%

5 \psbezier[linewidth=1pt,showpoints=false]{-}(0,6.8)(1.5,8)(2.5,9)(2.8,10.81)%

\psbezier[linewidth=1pt,showpoints=false]{-}(8.1,3.1)(9,5)(10,7)(11.9,8.8)%

\psbezier[linewidth=1pt,showpoints=false]{-}(2.5,4.65)(3.54,5.15)(3.9,5.2)(4.5,6.2)%

\psbezier[linewidth=1pt,showpoints=false]{-}(5.13,5.8)(4.9,7)(5.2,8.7)(5.4,8.5)%

\psbezier[linewidth=1pt,showpoints=false]{-}(5.4,8.5)(5.45,8.45)(5.4,8.4)(5.2,8.1)

10 \rput[c]{0}(3.1,10.4){\small\sffamily $M$}%

\rput[c]{0}(7,3.8){\small\sffamily sístole}%

\rput[c]{0}(2,7.2){\small\sffamily diástole}%

\psline[linewidth=.8pt,arrowscale=1.4]{->}(1.85,4.5)(1.85,6.3)

\psline[linewidth=.8pt,arrowscale=1.4]{->}(5.15,5.5)(5.15,3.6)

15 \psline[linewidth=1pt,linestyle=dotted](2.8,2)(12,2)(9.2,-2)(0,-2)(2.8,2)%

\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(1,0)(11.5,0)

\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(4.6,-2.5)(7.4,2)(7.68,2.45)

\psbezier[linewidth=1pt,showpoints=false]{-}(6.15,0)(5.4,-1.2)(6,-1.5)(6.5,-2)%

\psbezier[linewidth=1pt,showpoints=false]{-}(6.15,0)(5.4,-1.2)(4,-1.75)(2.5,-2)%

20 \psdots(8.5,0)(4,0)

\rput[c]{0}(3.1,1.6){\small\sffamily $\mathscr{C}$}%

\rput[b]{0}(8.5,0.2){\small\sffamily $b_s$}%

\rput[b]{0}(4,0.2){\small\sffamily $b_d$}%

\rput[b]{0}(11.7,-.2){\small\sffamily $b$}%

25 \rput[b]{0}(7.8,2.5){\small\sffamily $a$}%

\psline[linewidth=.8pt,linestyle=dashed](4,.8)(4,3.5)%

\psline[linewidth=.8pt,linestyle=dashed](4,4.5)(4,5.2)%

\psline[linewidth=.8pt,linestyle=dashed](4,5.4)(4,6.3)%

\psline[linewidth=.8pt,linestyle=dashed](4,7.2)(4,8)%

30 \psdots(4,7.2)\rput[b]{0}(4.45,7.3){\small\sffamily $x_a$}%

\end{pspicture}

52

b

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a1:

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a2:

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a3:

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a4:

bd bs

Figura 58: Ilustração da dinâmica para valores diferentes de a.

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5,90

1 2 3

Peso categorizado

−logα△

rs

rs

rs rs Média

Média ± E.P.

Média ± 1,96×E.P.

rs

Figura 59: Influência do peso no − logα△.

53





\rput{90}(0,0){\psplot[linewidth=1pt]{-1.6}{1.6}%

5 {x 3 exp 2 x mul add .4 mul}}%

\psline[linewidth=.75pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(-3,0)(3,0)%

\psline[linewidth=.75pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(0,-3)(0,3)%

\psdots(-1,.875)%

\psdots[dotscale=.8](-1,0)(2,0)%

10 \rput[b]{0}(-1,0.2){\small\sffamily $b_d$}%

\rput[b]{0}(2,0.2){\small\sffamily $b_s$}%

\rput[c]{0}(-3,3){\small\sffamily $a_1$:}%

\end{pspicture}\hspace{1.5cm}




{x 3 exp -1.5 x mul add 1 mul}}%



20 \psdots[dotscale=.8](-1,0)(2,0)%

\psdots(-1,1.475)%


\rput[b]{0}(-1,0.2){\small\sffamily $b_d$}%


25 \end{pspicture}

\vspace{1cm}




30 {x 3 exp -2 x mul add 1 mul}}%



\psdots[dotscale=.8](-1,0)(2,0)%

\psdots(-1,1.6)%

35 \rput[c]{0}(-3,3){\small\sffamily $a_3$:}%



\end{pspicture}\hspace{1.5cm}


40 \rput{90}(0,0){\psplot[linewidth=1pt]{-2.25}{2.25}%

{x 3 exp -3.5 x mul add 1 mul}}%



\psdots(-1,2)

45 \psdots[dotscale=.8](-1,0)(2,0)%




\end{pspicture}

54


\scriptsize

\newrgbcolor{gray1}{.8 .8 .8}\psset{xunit=1cm,yunit=14cm}%

\begin{pspicture}(0,-.08)(8,.46)

\psaxes[Ox=0,Oy=5.50,Dx=2,Dy=.05,comma,axesstyle=frame,yticksize=8 .5,ticklinestyle=dotted,%

5 labels=y,ticks=all,tickstyle=bottom,linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2,ylabelPos=left,%

labelsep=20pt,]{-}(0,0)(8,.45)%

\rput[t]{0}(2,-.02){\small\sffamily $1$}\psline[linewidth=.5pt](2,0)(2,-.01)%



10 \rput[t]{0}(4,-.07){\small\sffamily Peso categorizado}%

\rput[b]{90}(-1,.225){\small\sffamily $-\log\alpha_\triangle$}%

\def\ycatA{5.82935973876614\space}

\def\ycatEPA{0.032319\space}

\def\ycatB{5.711550\space}

15 \def\ycatEPB{0.026445\space}

\def\ycatC{5.598516\space}

\def\ycatEPC{0.027083\space}

\psline[linewidth=.75pt,tbarsize=.75]{-|}(!2 \ycatA \ycatEPA sub 5.5 sub)%

(!2 \ycatA \ycatEPA 1.96 mul sub 5.5 sub)%

20 \psline[linewidth=.75pt,tbarsize=.75]{-|}(!2 \ycatA \ycatEPA sub 5.5 sub)%

(!2 \ycatA \ycatEPA 1.96 mul add 5.5 sub)%

\psframe[linewidth=.75pt,fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=gray1](!1.5 \ycatA \ycatEPA sub 5.5 sub)%

(!2.5 \ycatA \ycatEPA add 5.5 sub)%

\psline[linewidth=.75pt,tbarsize=.75]{-|}(!4 \ycatB \ycatEPB sub 5.5 sub)%

25 (!4 \ycatB \ycatEPB 1.96 mul sub 5.5 sub)%

\psline[linewidth=.75pt,tbarsize=.75]{-|}(!4 \ycatB \ycatEPB sub 5.5 sub)%

(!4 \ycatB \ycatEPB 1.96 mul add 5.5 sub)%

\psframe[linewidth=.75pt,fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=gray1](!3.5 \ycatB \ycatEPB sub 5.5 sub)%

(!4.5 \ycatB \ycatEPB add 5.5 sub)%

30 \psline[linewidth=.75pt,tbarsize=.75]{-|}(!6 \ycatC \ycatEPC sub 5.5 sub)%

(!6 \ycatC \ycatEPC 1.96 mul sub 5.5 sub)%

\psline[linewidth=.75pt,tbarsize=.75]{-|}(!6 \ycatC \ycatEPC sub 5.5 sub)%

(!6 \ycatC \ycatEPC 1.96 mul add 5.5 sub)%

\psframe[linewidth=.75pt,fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=gray1](!5.5 \ycatC \ycatEPC sub 5.5 sub)%

35 (!6.5 \ycatC \ycatEPC add 5.5 sub)%

\psdots[dotscale=1.2,dotstyle=square](!2 \ycatA 5.5 sub)

(!4 \ycatB 5.5 sub)(!6 \ycatC 5.5 sub)(8.4,.1)%

\rput[l]{0}(8.75,.1){\small\sffamily Média}%

\rput[l]{0}(8.75,.06){\small\sffamily Média $\pm$ E.P.}%

40 \rput[l]{0}(8.75,.02){\small\sffamily Média $\pm$ $1,\! 96\times$E.P.}%

\psdots[dotscale=3.5,dotstyle=square](8.4,.06)%

\psline[linewidth=.5pt,tbarsize=.4]{|-|}(!8.4 .02 .012 add)(!8.4 .02 .012 sub)%

\end{pspicture}%

55

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−logα△

rs

rs

rs

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rs Média

Média ± E.P.

Média ± 1,96×E.P.

rs

Figura 60: Influência do IMC no − logα△.

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Especialista 1:

Especialista 2:

Figura 61: Dois Especialistas.

56


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58

1 2 3 4 5

Governo ofereceum contrato{bt, at}

Indivíduo aceitaou recusa ocontrato

Governo paga umaparcela do seguro

desemprego

Indivíduo decidese realiza esforço

ou não

O indivíduopermanece ou não

desempregado

t = 0 t = 1 t = 2 t = 3 t = 4

Figura 62: minha linda figura.


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59

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Coluna A – IA

Coluna B – IB

Figura 63: Visualização gráfica da questão mais difícil.

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1,0

0 20 40 60 80 100

ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut utut

ut

ut

ut

ut

ut

utut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut

u u u u u u u uu

u

u

u

u

u

uu u u u u u u u u u

bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bcbc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bc

bcbc

bcbc bc bc bc bc

b b b b bb

bb

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

bb

b b b b b b b b

Parâmetro

Pro

bab

ilid

ade

ut

u

bc

b

Mínima

Máxima

Mínima

Máxima

Especialista 1:

Especialista 2:

Figura 64: O Caso de Dois Especialistas.

unidade unidade unidadeX, a Y, b Z, c

Figura 65: Exemplo de sistema.

Processo Processo Processo Processo Processo

A B C D E

Matériaprima

Produtosacabados

Figura 66: Sistema de produção.

60



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63

Processo Processo Processo Processo Processo

A B C D E

Matériaprima

Produtosacabados

15 un/dia 20 un/dia 8 un/dia 10 un/dia 15 un/diaDemanda: 14 un/dia

Figura 67: Sistema de produção com processos dependentes.




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64

Teoria das Restrições

Gerenciamentodas restrições

LogísticaProcessos depensamento

Processo deprogramação Análise V-A-T

GanhoInventárioDespesas

operacionais

Decisão sobre mix

de produtosGanhodólar/dia

DiagramasECE

AuditoriaECE

Diagrama denuvens

TPC:Tambor-Pulmão-

Corda

Gerenciamentodos Pulmões

Figura 68: Classificação da Teoria das Restrições.

65

Estoque de matériasprimas

Estoque produto emprocesso

Estoque produto acabado

Ativos em geral

Inventário

Figura 69: Inventário.

ganho inventáriodespesas

operacionais

Figura 70: Indicadores da Teoria das Restrições.

Aumento doganho

Aumento doLL

Aumento doRSI

Aumento doFC

Figura 71: Impacto do aumento do ganho.

66

Restrições físicas

Restrições não físicas

Processo de Aprimoramentocontínuo

Processo de raciocínio

Figura 72: Divisão dos processos da Teoria das Restrições.

identificar a restriçãodo sistema

explorar a restrição paramelhorar a performance

subordinar todos os outrosrecursos à restrição

restriçãoelevada?

elevar a capacidadeda restrição

não sim

Etapa 1

Etapa 2

Etapa 3

Etapa 4

Etapa 5

Figura 73: Processo de melhoria contínua.

Processo X20 un/sem

Processo Y10 un/sem

Figura 74: Sistema de produção XY.

67


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\psframe[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=black,framearc=.1,fillstyle=solid,%

fillcolor=white](-.4,0)(17,7)



\rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{6cm}{\centering\large\sffamily%

Restrições físicas}}}%


10 fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=white](-3,-.6)(3,.6)


Restrições não físicas}}}%



15 \rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{6cm}{\centering\large\sffamily%

Processo de Aprimoramento\\[-5pt] contínuo}}}%




20 Processo de raciocínio}}}%

\psline[linewidth=3pt,arrowscale=1.2,linecolor=black]{->}(6.2,5)(9.2,5)%


\end{pspicture}

70






5 \rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{6cm}{\centering\small\sffamily%

identificar a restrição\\[-2pt] do sistema}}}%



\rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{6cm}{\centering\small\sffamily%

10 explorar a restrição para\\[-2pt] melhorar a performance}}}%




subordinar todos os outros\\[-2pt] recursos à restrição}}}%

15 \rput{0}(5,1.2){\pspolygon[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=red,framearc=.4,%

fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=white](-2,0)(0,1.2)(2,0)(0,-1.2)


restrição\\[-2pt] elevada?}}}%




elevar a capacidade\\[-2pt] da restrição}}}%


\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2,linecolor=black]{->}(5,8)(5,7.2)%

25 \psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2,linecolor=black]{->}(5,5.6)(5,4.8)%


\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2,linecolor=black]{->}(3,1.2)(1,1.2)(1,4)(1.8,4)%

\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2,linecolor=black]{->}(7,1.2)(9,1.2)(9,11.2)(8.2,11.2)%

\rput[br](3,1.3){{\centering\small\sffamily não}}%

30 \rput[bl](7,1.3){{\centering\small\sffamily sim}}%

\rput[bl](10,11.0){{\centering\small\sffamily Etapa 1}}%




35 \rput[bl](10,1.0){{\centering\small\sffamily Etapa 5}}%

\end{pspicture}




\rput{0}(3,2){\psframe[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=red,%

framearc=.4,fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=white](-1.5,-.75)(1.5,.75)

5 \rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{6cm}{\centering\small\sffamily%

Processo X\\[-2pt] 20 \nicefrac{un}{sem}}}}%

\rput{0}(7,2){\psframe[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=red,%

framearc=.4,fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=white](-1.5,-.75)(1.5,.75)


10 Processo Y\\[-2pt] 10 \nicefrac{un}{sem}}}}%


\end{pspicture}

71

Efeitos indesejáveis

O que mudar? Árvore da realidadeatual

Para o que mudar? Árvore da realidadefutura

Como mudar? Árvores de pré-requisitose transição

Figura 75: Processo de raciocínio.

Produto I Produto II Produto III — Vendas

cam. prod. II

cam. sub prod. A

sub

prod

.A

Produto IV — Vendas

Produto V

Produto VI — Vendas

Produto VII — Vendas

Produto III

AcidificaçãoOP10

ReaçãoOP20

SalinizaçãoOP30

SulfataçãoOP40

PolimerizaçãoOP50

Extrusão filmesOP60

Extrusão resinasOP70

Figura 76: Fluxograma dos processos.

72




\rput{0}(2,9){\psframe[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=red,framearc=0,%


5 \rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{6cm}{\centering\small\sffamily %

Efeitos indesejáveis}}}%



\rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{6cm}{\centering\small\sffamily %

10 O que mudar?}}}%

\rput{0}(9,5){\psellipse[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=red,framearc=.4,%

fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=white](0,0)(3,.75)


Árvore da realidade\\[-5pt] atual}}}%




Para o que mudar?}}}%


20 fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=white](0,0)(3,.75)


Árvore da realidade\\[-5pt] futura}}}%



25 \rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{6cm}{\centering\small\sffamily %

Como mudar?}}}%


fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=white](0,0)(3,.75)


30 Árvores de pré-requisitos\\[-5pt] e transição}}}%

\psline[linewidth=1.5pt,arrowscale=1.2,linecolor=black]{->}(2,8)(2,6)%




35 \psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2,linecolor=black]{->}(4.2,3)(5.8,3)%


\end{pspicture}

73




\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(3.5,8.2)(6.5,8.2)%

\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(9.5,8.2)(12.5,8.2)%

5 \psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(15.5,8.2)(20.3,8.2)%

\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(3.5,7.8)(5,7.8)(5,5)(6.5,5)%

\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(11.8,7)(12,7)(12,7.8)(12.5,7.8)%

\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(15.5,7.8)(16.5,7.8)(16.5,6.5)(5.25,6.5)%

(5.25,5.25)(6.5,5.25)%


\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(9.5,5)(14.3,5)%

\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(9.5,1.5)(11.75,1.5)(11.75,2.5)(12.4,2.5)%

\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(11.75,1.5)(11.75,.5)(12.4,.5)%

\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(17,8.2)(17,3.75)(5,3.75)(5,1.5)(6.5,1.5)


\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(15.6,.5)(20.3,.5)%

\rput[b]{0}(5,8.3){\small{\sffamily Produto} I}%

\rput[b]{0}(11,8.3){\small{\sffamily Produto} II}%

\rput[b]{0}(18,8.3){\small{\sffamily Produto} III --- {\sffamily Vendas}}

20 \rput[br]{0}(11.6,6.8){\small{\sffamily cam. prod.} II}%

\rput[br]{0}(3.35,4.55){\small{\sffamily cam. sub prod. A}}%

\rput[b]{90}(4.9,6.4){\small{\sffamily sub prod. A}}%

\rput[b]{0}(12,5.1){\small{\sffamily Produto} IV --- {\sffamily Vendas}}%

\rput[b]{0}(10.65,1.6){\small{\sffamily Produto} V}%

25 \rput[b]{0}(18,2.6){\small{\sffamily Produto} VI --- {\sffamily Vendas}}%

\rput[b]{0}(18,.6){\small{\sffamily Produto} VII --- {\sffamily Vendas}}%

\rput[b]{0}(11,3.9){\small{\sffamily Produto} III}%



30 \rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{3cm}{\centering\small%

{\sffamily Acidificação}\\[-3pt] OP10}}}%



\rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{3cm}{\centering\small%

35 {\sffamily Reação}\\[-3pt] OP20}}}%




{\sffamily Salinização}\\[-3pt] OP30}}}%




{\sffamily Sulfatação}\\[-3pt] OP40}}}%




{\sffamily Polimerização}\\[-3pt] OP50}}}%



50 \rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{3cm}{\centering\small%

{\sffamily Extrusão filmes}\\[-3pt] OP60}}}%




55 {\sffamily Extrusão resinas}\\[-3pt] OP70}}}%

\end{pspicture}

74

AcidificaçãoOP10

ReaçãoOP20

SalinizaçãoOP30

SulfataçãoOP40

PolimerizaçãoOP50

Extrusão filmesOP60

Extrusão resinasOP70

Figura 77: Interdependência dos processos.

OP10

OP20

OP30

OP50

OP70

Protudo VII

OP10

OP20

OP30

Protudo III

OP10

OP20

OP30

OP50

OP60

Protudo VI

Figura 78: Estrutura de produção.

75




\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(2,7.3)(2,5.7)%



\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(9.5,1.5)(11,1.5)(11,2.5)(12.4,2.5)%

\psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(11,1.5)(11,.5)(12.4,.5)%



10 \rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{3cm}{\centering\small %

{\sffamily Acidificação}\\[-3pt] OP10}}}%



\rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{3cm}{\centering\small %

15 {\sffamily Reação}\\[-3pt] OP20}}}%




{\sffamily Salinização}\\[-3pt] OP30}}}%




{\sffamily Sulfatação}\\[-3pt] OP40}}}%




{\sffamily Polimerização}\\[-3pt] OP50}}}%



30 \rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{3cm}{\centering\small %

{\sffamily Extrusão filmes}\\[-3pt] OP60}}}%




35 {\sffamily Extrusão resinas}\\[-3pt] OP70}}}%

\end{pspicture}

76






5 \psline[linewidth=1pt,arrowscale=1.2]{->}(2,5.7)(2,12.3)%











\rput{0}(14,1){\psframe[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=red,framearc=.4,fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=white]%

(-1.5,-.7)(1.5,.7)\rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{3cm}{\centering\small OP10}}}%



20 \rput{0}(14,5){\psframe[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=red,framearc=.4,fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=white]%





25 (-1.5,-.7)(1.5,.7)\rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{3cm}{\centering\small OP70}}}%

\rput{0}(14,13){\psframe[linewidth=1pt,linecolor=red,framearc=0,fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=white]%

(-1.5,-.7)(1.5,.7)\rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{3cm}{\centering\small {\sffamily Protudo} VII}}}%








35 (-1.5,-.7)(1.5,.7)\rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{3cm}{\centering\small {\sffamily Protudo} III}}}%










45 (-1.5,-.7)(1.5,.7)\rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{3cm}{\centering\small OP60}}}%


(-1.5,-.7)(1.5,.7)\rput[c](0,0){\parbox[c]{3cm}{\centering\small {\sffamily Protudo} VI}}}%

\end{pspicture}

77

0

0.25

0.50

0.75

−0.25

−0.50

−0.75

−1.00

0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00x

F (x)

b

b

b

b

bb b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

b

bb b

b

b

b

Figura 79: Aproximação de F (t) = sin(6t)

78


\centering


\begin{pspicture}(-0.2,-1.1)(1.25,1.5)

\psaxes[labels=all, ticks=all, showorigin=true, Dx=0.25,Dy=0.25,arrowscale=1.2]%

5 {->}(0,0)(0,-1)(1.25,1)

\rput(1.01,-0.2){$x$}

\rput(1.01,-0.2){$F(x)$}

\psplot{0}{1}{x 180 mul 3.1415 div 6 mul sin}

\savedata{\FunExD}[{%

10 { 0 , -0.00154334496763381}

{ 0.05 , 0.297234743364894}

{ 0.1 , 0.592664822883889}

{ 0.15 , 0.780666607227646}

{ 0.2 , 1.009975906655610}

15 { 0.25 , 0.956811009523580}

{ 0.3 , 0.970330876781844}

{ 0.35 , 0.802302704112419}

{ 0.4 , 0.655892508348767}

{ 0.45 , 0.455214041214377}

20 { 0.5 , 0.141519855373167}

{ 0.55 , -0.101448070792488}

{ 0.6 , -0.470317416315246}

{ 0.65 , -0.668531388995452}

{ 0.7 , -0.85154079064767}

25 { 0.75 , -1.01532882321143}

{ 0.8 , -0.97542773420711}

{ 0.85 , -0.978152328814847}

{ 0.9 , -0.751893891591666}

{ 0.95 , -0.542839531164022}

30 { 1 , -0.284186066703517}}]

\dataplot[plotstyle=dots,showpoints=true,linecolor=red]{\FunExD}

\end{pspicture}

{\fontsize{8pt}{9.6pt}{\caption{Aproximação de $F(t)=\sin(6t)$}}}

79

Figura 80: Válvula.

B1

C1

D1

B2

C2

D2

B3

C3

D3

B4

C4

D4

B5

C5

D5

B6

C6

D6

B7

C7

D7

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

A7A7

Figura 81: Sistema célular com 7 clusters e N = 4.

80

Código da Figura .80 Código em M4/Pic..PS

include(libcct.m4)

cct_init

linethick=linethick*(1.5)

5 dimen_=dimen_

\newrgbcolor{azulclaro1}{.1 .5 1}


\psset{linecolor=azulclaro1,fillcolor=azulclaro2,fillstyle=none}%

Origem:(0,0)

10 linethick=linethick*12

R:circle radius 5*dimen_/2 with .c at Origem

L1:line right_ dimen_ with .c at Origem

L2:line right_ dimen_ with .e at L1.w-(dimen_/3,0)

L3:line right_ dimen_ with .w at L1.e+(dimen_/3,0)

15 L4:line from (L2.c.x,-dimen_/1.25) to (L3.c.x,-dimen_/1.25)

L5:line from (L2.c.x,dimen_/1.25) to (L3.c.x,dimen_/1.25)

L6:line from L5.c up_ 4*dimen_

L7:line from L4.w+(dimen_/5,dimen_/5) down_ 4*dimen_;

L8:line from L4.e-(dimen_/5,-dimen_/5) down_ dimen_/1.5;

20 linethick=linethick/2

linethick=linethick/6

.PE

81

Código da Figura .81 Código em M4/Pic.

% quick.m4

.PS # Pic input begins with .PS

include(libcct.m4)

cct_init

5 linethick=linethick*(1.5)

dimen_=dimen_*.5

j=dimen_*sqrt(3)/2

i=dimen_/2

define cell {

10 move to ($2,$3)

A:line up_ dimen_*sqrt(3)/2 right_ dimen_/2

B:line right_ dimen_

C:line down_ dimen_*sqrt(3)/2 right_ dimen_/2

D:line down_ dimen_*sqrt(3)/2 left_ dimen_/2

15 E:line left_ dimen_

F:line up_ dimen_*sqrt(3)/2 left_ dimen_/2

"$1$" at A.start + (dimen_,0)

move to C.end}

cell(,0,0)

20 cell(B_1,0,2*j)

cell(C_1,3*i,j)

cell(D_1,3*i,-j)

cell(,0,4*j)

cell(B_2,0,6*j)

25 cell(C_2,3*i,5*j)

cell(D_2,3*i,3*j)

cell(,6*i,2*j)

cell(B_3,6*i,4*j)

cell(C_3,9*i,3*j)

30 cell(D_3,9*i,1*j)

cell(,6*i,-2*j)

cell(B_4,6*i,0)

cell(C_4,9*i,-1*j)

cell(D_4,9*i,-3*j)

35 cell(,0,-4*j)

cell(B_5,0,-2*j)

cell(C_5,3*i,-3*j)

cell(D_5,3*i,-5*j)

cell(,-6*i,-2*j)

40 cell(B_6,-6*i,0)

cell(C_6,-3*i,-1*j)

cell(D_6,-3*i,-3*j)

cell(,-6*i,2*j)

cell(B_7,-6*i,4*j)

45 cell(C_7,-3*i,1*j)

cell(D_7,-3*i,3*j)

linethick=linethick*(.5)

A:line dotted from (2*i,0) to (2*i,4*j); "\blue{$_{_{A_1}}$}" at A.start rjust

B:line dotted from (2*i,0) to (8*i,2*j);"\blue{$_{_{A_2}}$}" at A.end + (0,.1)

50 C:line dotted from (2*i,0) to (8*i,-2*j);"\blue{$_{_{A_3}}$}" at B.end ljust

D:line dotted from (2*i,0) to (2*i,-4*j);"\blue{$_{_{A_4}}$}" at C.end ljust

E:line dotted from (2*i,0) to (-4*i,-2*j);"\blue{$_{_{A_5}}$}" at D.end + (0,-.1)

F:line dotted from (2*i,0) to (-4*i,2*j);"\blue{$_{_{A_6}}$}" at E.end rjust

G:line dotted from (2*i,0) to (-4*i,2*j);"\blue{$_{_{A_7}}$}" at F.end rjust

55 "\blue{$_{_{A_7}}$}" at G.end rjust

.PE # Pic input ends

82

Figura 82: Divisão de uma célula em quatro novas

Código da Figura .82 Código em M4/Pic.

% quick.m4

.PS # Pic input begins with .PS

include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


dimen_=dimen_*1

j=dimen_*sqrt(3)/2

i=dimen_/2

define cell {

10 move to ($2,$3)

A:line up_ dimen_*sqrt(3)/2 right_ dimen_/2

B:line right_ dimen_

C:line down_ dimen_*sqrt(3)/2 right_ dimen_/2

D:line down_ dimen_*sqrt(3)/2 left_ dimen_/2

15 E:line left_ dimen_

F:line up_ dimen_*sqrt(3)/2 left_ dimen_/2

"$1$" at A.start + (dimen_,0)

move to C.end}

cell(,0,0)

20 dimen_=dimen_*.5

cell(,0,0)

cell(,3*i/2,j/2)

cell(,3*i/2,-j/2)

.PE # Pic input ends

RF A

β

+Detetor deenvelope BF

oct

Figura 83: Diagram de blocos.

83



include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


dimen_=dimen_

L1:line -> right_ dimen_/2; "RF" rjust at L1.w

C1:circle radius dimen_/4 with .w at L1.e

L2:line -> from C1.e right_ dimen_/2

10 B1:box " $A$ " wid dimen_ ht dimen_*3/4

L3:line -> right_ dimen_;

L4:line -> from L3.c down_ dimen_*1 then left_ dimen_/2;

B4:box "$\beta$" wid dimen_ ht dimen_*3/4

L7:line -> left_ (B4.w.x-C1.c.x) then up_ to C1.s

15 "$+$" at C1.c

B2:box with .w at L3.e "{\small Detetor de}" "{\small envelope}"

L5:line -> from B2.e right_ dimen_/2; "BF" ljust

L6:line <- from B1.n up_ dimen_/2;

B3:box "oct" ht dimen_/2 wid dimen_*3/4

20 .PE

−gm/2 gLC is C 2L

Figura 84: Super regeneração.



include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


dimen_=dimen_*1.25

G1:ebox(down_ dimen_); rlabel(,-g_m/2,)

L1:line from G1.n right_ dimen_;

G2:ebox(down_ dimen_); rlabel(,{g_{LC}},)

10 L2:line from G2.n right_ dimen_;

S1:source(up_ dimen_ with .n at L2.e,I); llabel(,i_s,)

L3:line from S1.n right_ dimen_;

C1:capacitor(down_ dimen_); llabel(,C,);

L4:line from C1.n right_ dimen_;

15 L1:inductor(down_ dimen_,W); llabel(,2L,);

line to G1.s

.PE

84

ω

F1(ω)

2ω0ω0−ω0−2ω0 0

A

ω

F2(ω)

2

1

−2

−1

0

Figura 85: Lista de métodos matemáticos.

t

f(t) = A cos(20t)

0 π5

π5

Figura 86: Pulso de seno.

ℜ

ℑ

0A B

A′ B′

f

Figura 87: Pulso de Gaussiano.

t

g(t)

0

A

Figura 88: Laplace.

85


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 dimen_=dimen_

O:(0,0)

\newrgbcolor{red}{1 0 0}

\newrgbcolor{yellow}{1 1 0}

\newrgbcolor{black}{0 0 0}

10 \newrgbcolor{white}{1 1 1}

\newrgbcolor{blue}{0 0 1}

X:line -> from O-(2.5*dimen_,0) right_ 5*dimen_; "$\omega$" below;

Y:line -> from O-(0,.5*dimen_) up_ 3*dimen_; "$F_1(\omega)$" rjust;

\psset{linecolor=red}%

15 L1:line from O-(2*dimen_,0) to O+(-dimen_,1.5*dimen_) then to O

then to O+(dimen_,1.5*dimen_) then to O+(2*dimen_,0);

"${\scriptsize 2\omega_0}$" at L1.end below

"${\scriptsize \omega_0}$" at O+(dimen_,0) below

"${\scriptsize -\omega_0}$" at O+(-dimen_,0) below

20 "${\scriptsize -2\omega_0}$" at O-(2*dimen_,0) below

"${\scriptsize 0}$" at O below rjust

"${\scriptsize A}$" at O+(0,1.5*dimen_) rjust

.PE

.PS

25 include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


dimen_=dimen_

O:(0,0)

30 \newrgbcolor{red}{1 0 0}



\newrgbcolor{white}{1 1 1}


35 X:line -> from O-(2.5*dimen_,0) right_ 5*dimen_; "$\omega$" below;

Y:line -> from O-(0,1.5*dimen_) up_ 3*dimen_; "$F_2(\omega)$" rjust;


L1:line from O-(2*dimen_,0) down_ 1*dimen_ then right_ 2*dimen_

then up_ 2*dimen_ then right 2*dimen_ then down_ dimen_

40 "${\scriptsize 2}$" at L1.end below

"${\scriptsize 1}$" at O+(0,dimen_) rjust

"${\scriptsize -2}$" at O+(-2*dimen_,0) above

"${\scriptsize -1}$" at O-(0,1*dimen_) ljust


45 .PE

86


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 dimen_=dimen_

O:(0,0)



10 \newrgbcolor{black}{0 0 0}



X:line -> from O-(2.5*dimen_,0) right_ 5*dimen_; "$t$" below;

Y:line -> from O-(0,.5*dimen_) up_ 2*dimen_; "$f(t)=A\cos(20t)$" ljust;

15 "${\scriptsize 0}$" at O below rjust


for i=-2*dimen_ to 1.99*dimen_ by 0.01 do {

line from (i,.25*cos(2*3.1415*3.18*i)) to (i+0.01,.25*cos(2*3.1415*3.18*(i+0.01)))}

"${\scriptsize \frac{\pi}{5}}$" at O+(2*dimen_,0) below

20 "${\scriptsize \frac{\pi}{5}}$" at O-(2*dimen_,0) below

.PE


include(libcct.m4)

include(libgen.m4)

cct_init


dimen_=dimen_

O:(0,0)






X:line -> from O-(2.5*dimen_,0) right_ 5*dimen_; "$\Re$" below;

Y:line -> from O-(0,.5*dimen_) up_ 2*dimen_; "$\Im$" rjust;

15 "$0$" at O below rjust

\psset{linecolor=red}

L1: line from O-(1.5*dimen_,0) up_ dimen_ then right_ 3*dimen_

then down_ dimen_ then left_ 3*dimen_

L2:line -> from O left_ .75*dimen_

20 \psset{linecolor=black}

"${\scriptsize A}$" at L1.sw below

"${\scriptsize B}$" at L1.se below

"${\scriptsize A^\prime}$" at L1.nw above

"${\scriptsize B^\prime}$" at L1.ne above

25 linethick=linethick*(.5)

dimension_(from L1.se to L1.ne,-.15,$f$,14bp__);

.PE

87


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 dimen_=dimen_

O:(0,0)







Y:line -> from O-(0,.5*dimen_) up_ 3*dimen_; "$g(t)$" rjust;


15 "${\scriptsize A}$" at O+(0,1) rjust



line from (i,exp(-abs(i))) to (i+0.01,exp(-abs(i+0.01)))}

.PE

h

v

0

VβV

H

αH

Figura 89: Imagem de vídeo estátitica.

88


include(libcct.m4)

include(libgen.m4)

cct_init


dimen_=dimen_*.75

O:(0,0)






X:line -> from O-(.5*dimen_,-.5*dimen_) right_ 2*dimen_; "$h$" above;

Y:line -> from O-(.5*dimen_,-.5*dimen_) down_ 2*dimen_; "$v$" rjust;

15 "$0$" at X.start above rjust

linethick=linethick*(.75)

\psset{fillcolor=black,fillstyle=solid}%

B1: box ht 3*dimen_ wid 4.5*dimen_ with .nw at O;

\psset{fillcolor=white,fillstyle=solid}%

20 B2: box ht 1*dimen_ wid 1.5*dimen_ with .nw at O+(1.5*dimen_,-1*dimen_);

dimension_(from B1.ne to B1.se,.5,$V$,14bp__);

dimension_(from B2.ne+(1.5*dimen_,0) to B2.se+(1.5*dimen_,0),.2,$\beta V$,14bp__);

dimension_(from B1.sw to B1.se,-.4,$H$,20bp__);

dimension_(from B2.sw-(0,1*dimen_) to B2.se-(0,1*dimen_),-.15,$\alpha H$,20bp__);

25 .PE

89

0 t

f1(t)

3 4 5 7 0 t

f2(t)

3 42 7


0 t

g(t)

α2 α1

t− β2 β1


0 t

Λ(t)

1

n = 1 n = 2 n = 3

Figura 92: Lista de métodos matemáticos

t

f(t)

2 3 4 N1

←1t2

· · ·

· · ·


t

f(t)

0 T ′

A

Figura 94: Senoide retificada em onda completa.

90


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 dimen_=dimen_

O:(0,0); "${\scriptsize 0}$" below rjust


\newrgbcolor{red2}{1 .5 0}

\newrgbcolor{red3}{1 .5 .5}

10 \newrgbcolor{yellow}{1 1 0}





15 X:line -> from O-(.25*dimen_,0) right_ 4.5*dimen_; "$t$" below;

Y:line -> from O-(0,1*dimen_) up_ 2.5*dimen_; "$f_1(t)$" rjust;


L1:line from O+(0,.75*dimen_) right_ 1.5*dimen_ then down_ 1.5*dimen_

then right_ .5*dimen_ then up_ 1.5*dimen_ then right_ .5*dimen_

20 then down_ 1.5*dimen_ then right_ dimen_ then up_ .75*dimen_

"${\scriptsize 3}$" at O+(1.5*dimen_,0) below rjust

"${\scriptsize 4}$" at O+(2*dimen_,0) below rjust



25 .PE

.PS

include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


30 dimen_=dimen_










40 X:line -> from O-(.25*dimen_,0) right_ 4.5*dimen_; "$t$" below;

Y:line -> from O-(0,1*dimen_) up_ 2.5*dimen_; "$f_2(t)$" rjust;


L1:line from O+(0,-.75*dimen_) right_ 1*dimen_ then up_ 1.5*dimen_

then right_ .5*dimen_ then down_ 1.5*dimen_ then right_ .5*dimen_

45 then up_ 1.5*dimen_ then right_ 1.5*dimen_ then down_ .75*dimen_





50 .PE

91


include(libcct.m4)

include(libgen.m4)

cct_init


dimen_=dimen_




10 \newrgbcolor{red3}{1 .5 .5}





15 \newrgbcolor{gray}{.5 .5 .5}


Y:line -> from O-(0,.5*dimen_) up_ 2.25*dimen_; "$g(t)$" rjust;

line from O - (1.5*dimen_,0) up_ dimen_/10

line from O + (1.75*dimen_,0) up_ dimen_/10

20 line -> from O - (1*dimen_,-.5*dimen_) right_ dimen_/2

dimension_(from O - (2*dimen_,-dimen_) right_ 1*dimen_,.1,${\scriptsize \alpha_2}$,14bp__);

dimension_(from O + (1*dimen_,dimen_) right_ 1.5*dimen_,.1,${\scriptsize \alpha_1}$,14bp__);


L1:line from O - (2*dimen_,0) up_ dimen_ then right_ 1*dimen_ then down_ dimen_

25 L2:line from O + (1*dimen_,0) up_ dimen_ then right_ 1.5*dimen_ then down_ dimen_

"${\scriptsize t-\beta_2}$" at O - (1.5*dimen_,0) below;

"${\scriptsize \beta_1}$" at O + (1.75*dimen_,0) below;


.PE

92


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 dimen_=dimen_










15 X:line -> from O-(5*dimen_,0) right_ 10*dimen_; "$t$" below;

Y:line -> from O-(0,.25*dimen_) up_ 3*dimen_; "$\Lambda(t)$" rjust;

L4:line dotted from O+(.5*dimen_,2*dimen_) left_ .5*dimen_; "${\scriptsize 1}$" rjust


L1: line from O - (.5*dimen_,0) to O+(.5*dimen_,2*dimen_) then

20 to O + (1.5*dimen_,0); "${\scriptsize n=1}$" below

\psset{linecolor=red2}%

L2: line from O - (1.5*dimen_,0) to O+(.25*dimen_,2*dimen_) then

to O + (2.25*dimen_,0); "${\scriptsize n=2}$" below


25 L3: line from O - (3.875*dimen_,0) to O+(.125*dimen_,2*dimen_) then

to O + (4.125*dimen_,0);"${\scriptsize n=3}$" below

.PE

93


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 dimen_=dimen_

O:(0,0)







X:line -> from O-(.25*dimen_,0) right_ 5*dimen_; "$t$" below;

Y:line -> from O-(0,.25*dimen_) up_ 3*dimen_; "$f(t)$" rjust;

15 O2:O-(1.5*dimen_,0);

\psset{fillcolor=gray,fillstyle=solid}%

L1:line from O2+(2.5*dimen_,0) up_ 1/(2.5*dimen_)^2 then left_ dimen_/2 then

down_ 1/(2.5*dimen_)^2 then right_ dimen_/2; "$2$" below;

L2:line from O2+(3*dimen_,0) up_ 1/(3*dimen_)^2 then left_ dimen_/2 then

20 down_ 1/(3*dimen_)^2 then right_ dimen_/2; "$3$" below;

L3:line from O2+(3.5*dimen_,0) up_ 1/(3.5*dimen_)^2 then left_ dimen_/2 then

down_ 1/(3.5*dimen_)^2 then right_ dimen_/2; "$4$" below;

L4:line from O2+(5*dimen_,0) up_ 1/(5*dimen_)^2 then left_ dimen_/2 then

down_ 1/(5*dimen_)^2 then right_ dimen_/2; "$N$" below;

25 L5:line dotted from O2+(2*dimen_, 1/(2*dimen_)^2) down_ 1/(2*dimen_)^2; "$1$" below;

move to L5.start + (dimen_/4,dimen_/3); "$\leftarrow \frac{1}{t^2}$"

#move to L4.start - (dimen_/2,0); "$n-1$" below

"$\cdots$" at O2+(4*dimen_,(1/(4*dimen_)^2)/2)

"$\cdots$" at O2+(4*dimen_,0) below

30 \psset{linecolor=red}%

for i=1.75*dimen_ to 6*dimen_ by 0.01 do {

line from O2+(i,1/(i^2)) to O2+(i+0.01,1/((i+.01))^2)}

.PE

94


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 dimen_=dimen_

O:(0,0)








"$0$" at O below rjust

15 "$T’$" at O+(2*dimen_,0) below

"$A$" at O+(0,.75) rjust



line from (i,.75*abs(sin(3.1415*i/(2*dimen_)))) to

20 (i+0.01,.75*abs(sin(3.1415*(i+.01)/(2*dimen_))))}

.PE

t

f(t)

0 T2

A

Figura 95: Senoide retificada em meia onda.

t

f(t)

0τ2

τ2

A

T2−

T2

. . .. . .

Figura 96: Trem de pulsos.

t

f(t)

0 T2T3

T3

1

2

3

. . . . . .

Figura 97: Função Escada.

95


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 dimen_=dimen_

O:(0,0)









15 "$\frac{T}{2}$" at O+(2*dimen_,0) below

"$A$" at O+(0,.75) rjust


for i=0*dimen_ to 1.99*dimen_ by 0.01 do {

line from (i,.75*abs(sin(3.1415*i/(2*dimen_)))) to

20 (i+0.01,.75*abs(sin(3.1415*(i+.01)/(2*dimen_))))}

line from O-(2*dimen_,0) right_ 2*dimen_

.PE


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 dimen_=dimen_

O:(0,0)










L1:line from O-(.75*dimen_,0) up_ 1.75*dimen_ then right_ 1.5*dimen_

then down_ 1.75*dimen_

"$\frac{\tau}{2}$" at L1.start below

"$\frac{\tau}{2}$" at L1.end below

20 "$A$" at O+(0,1.75*dimen_) above rjust

"$\frac{T}{2}$" at O+(2*dimen_,0) below

"$-\frac{T}{2}$" at O+(-2*dimen_,0) below

"$\dots$" at O + (2*dimen_,1.75*dimen_/2)

"$\dots$" at O + (-2*dimen_,1.75*dimen_/2)

25 .PE

96


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 dimen_=dimen_

O:(0,0)






X:line -> from O-(.5*dimen_,0) right_ 3*dimen_; "$t$" below;

Y:line -> from O-(0,.5*dimen_) up_ 2.5*dimen_; "$f(t)$" rjust;



L1:line from O up_ .5*dimen_ then right_ .5*dimen_ then up_ .5*dimen_

then right_ .5*dimen_ then up_ .5*dimen_ then right_ .5*dimen_

then down_ 3*.5*dimen_;

"${T}$" at O+(3*.5*dimen_,0) below

20 "$\frac{2T}{3}$" at O+(2*.5*dimen_,0) below

"$\frac{T}{3}$" at O+(1*.5*dimen_,0) below

"$1$" at O+(0,1*.5*dimen_) rjust



25 "$\dots$" at O + (-1*dimen_,1*dimen_)

"$\dots$" at O + (2*dimen_,1*dimen_)

.PE

L

R

Figura 98: Reator.

97


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 O:(0,0);

C1:circle radius .03 with .c at O;

L1:line from C1.e right_ dimen_/2;

D1:diode(up_ .75*dimen_)

L2:line right_ 1.5*dimen_

10 I1:inductor(right_ dimen_,W); llabel(,L,)

L3:line right_ dimen_/2 then down_ dimen_/2;

R0: resistor(down_ dimen_); llabel(,R,)

L4:line down_ dimen_/2 then left_ 3*dimen_


15 L5:line up_ .5*dimen_

C2:circle radius .03 with .c at O-(0,.5*dimen_);

L1:crossover(from C2.e right_ 1.25*dimen_,L,L5);

move down_ .75*dimen_;


20 L6:line up_ .5*dimen_


.PE

Q1

Q2

Q3 Q4

Q5Q6Q8Q9

Q7Q10

R0

Vss

Vcc

C

Vsa

Ven+Ven−

1 2 3 4

Figura 99: Esquema simplificado do Amplificador Operacional projetado

98


include(libcct.m4); cct_init; linethick=linethick*(1.5)

Q1:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,R); "$Q_1$" at Q1.C - (0,dimen_/2); line from Q1.B right_ 1.5*dimen_

Q2:bi_tr(up_) with .B at Here; "$Q_2$" at Q2.B - (0,dimen_/3)

5 line from Q2.B right_ 2.75*dimen_

Q3:bi_tr(up_) with .B at Here; "$Q_3$" at Q3.C - (0,dimen_/2)

move from Q3.B right_ 1.5*dimen_

Q4:bi_tr(down_,R,P) with .B at Here; "$Q_4$" at Q4.E - (0,dimen_/2)

L12:line from Q4.E up_ 3*dimen_

10 Q5:bi_tr(up_) with .E at Here; "$Q_5$" at Q5.C - (0,dimen_/2)

move from Q5.B left_ 1.5*dimen_




15 move from Q8.B left_ .5*dimen_

Q9:bi_tr(down_,,P) with .B at Here; "$Q_9$" at Q9.E - (0,dimen_/2)

move from Q8.C down_ .5*dimen_

Q7:bi_tr(up_,R,) with .C at Here; "$Q_7$" at Q7.C - (0,dimen_/2)


20 Q10:bi_tr(up_,,) with .C at Here; "$Q_{10}$" at Q10.C - (0,dimen_/2)

move to Q1.C; line up_ dimen_/4; R0: resistor(up_ dimen_); rlabel(,R_0,)

L1:line from Q1.E down_ dimen_/4; line from Q2.E down_ dimen_/4

line from Q3.E down_ dimen_/4; L2:line from Q4.C down_ dimen_/4

L3:line from Q5.C up_ dimen_/4; line from Q6.E up_ dimen_/4

25 line from Q8.E up_ dimen_/4; line from Q9.E up_ dimen_/4

L4:line from R0.end up_ to (R0,L3.end)

line "$V_{ss}$" below right_ from L1.end to L2.end

line "$V_{cc}$" above right from L4.end to L3.end

line from Q1.C to (Q1.B,Q1.C) to Q1.B

30 line from Q9.B to (Q9.B,Q9.C) to Q9.C

line from Q9.C to Q10.C; line from Q8.C to Q7.C

L5:line from Q5.B left_ dimen_/4; L6:line from Q4.B left_ dimen_/4

L7:line from L5.end to L6.end; L8:line from Q6.C to Q3.C

line from L7.c to L8.c; line from Q8.B to Q9.B

35 line from Q6.B left_ dimen_/4 then down_ .75*dimen_

Cap:line from Here to (Q8.C,Here)

move to Cap.start;line dotted right_ dimen_/3; capacitor(right_ dimen_/5);

rlabel(,C,);line dotted right_ dimen_/3;

L9:line from Q7.E down_ dimen_/2

40 L10:line from Q10.E down_ dimen_/2

L11: line from L9.end to L10.end; line from Q2.C to L11.c

line from L12.c right_ dimen_/2; down_;dot; llabel(,V_{sa},)

move to Q7.B; dot; llabel(,V_{en+},); move to Q10.B; dot; rlabel(,V_{en-},)

linethick=linethick*(.5); move to L1.end - (dimen_/4,dimen_/2)

45 B1:line dotted "\tiny \Gray{1}" above right_ 1.4*dimen_

B2:line dotted "\tiny \Gray{2}" above right_ 3.25*dimen_



line dotted from B1.end up_ 6.5*dimen_

50 line dotted from B2.end up_ 6.5*dimen_



line dotted left_ to (B1.s,Here) then down to B1.s

.PE

99

1mA

Q1Q2

Q3Q4

Vcc

Vss

Ven+Ven−

Vsa

Figura 100: Par diferencial.


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 Q1:bi_tr(down_,R,P) with .B at Here

move from Q1.B left_ .5*dimen_

Q2:bi_tr(down_,,P) with .B at Here


Q3:bi_tr(up_,R,) with .C at Here

10 move from Q2.C down_ .5*dimen_

Q4:bi_tr(up_,,) with .C at Here

A:line from Q3.E to Q4.E

line from A.c down_ dimen_/4; source(down_ dimen_/2,I); llabel(,1mA,);

F:line from Here down_ dimen_/4

15 line from Q4.C to Q2.C;

line from Q3.C to Q1.C;

line from Q1.B to Q2.B;

line from Q2.B to (Q2.B,Q2.C) then to Q2.C;

B:line from Q1.E up_ dimen_/4;

20 C:line from Q2.E up_ dimen_/4;

"$Q_1$" at Q1.E - (0,dimen_/2);

"$Q_2$" at Q2.E - (0,dimen_/2);

"$Q_3$" at Q3.C - (0,dimen_/2);

"$Q_4$" at Q4.C - (0,dimen_/2);

25 D:line "$V_{cc}$" above from C.end - (dimen_/2,0) to B.end + (dimen_/2,0)

E:line "$V_{ss}$" below from (D.start,F.end) to (D.end,F.end)

move to Q3.B; dot; rlabel(,V_{en+},)

move to Q4.B; dot; llabel(,V_{en-},)

move to Q1.C; line from Q1.C right_ dimen_/2;up_;dot; rlabel(,V_{sa},)

30 line invis from D.start + (0,dimen_/4) to D.end + (0,dimen_/4)

.PE

100

Vcc

1mA

Vss

Ven

Vsa

Figura 101: Emissor Comum

Vss

Vcc

VsaVen

Figura 102: Estágio de Saída Classe B


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init



B:line from Q1.E up_ dimen_/4

C:line "$V_{cc}$" above from B.end - (dimen_/2,0) to B.end + (dimen_/2,0)

move to Q1.C; line down_ dimen_/4;

source(down_ dimen_/2,I); llabel(,1mA,);

10 A:line down_ dimen_/4

line "$V_{ss}$" below from A.end - (dimen_/2,0) to A.end + (dimen_/2,0)

move to Q1.B; line left_ dimen_/4; down_; dot; rlabel(,V_{en},)

move to Q1.C; line right_ dimen_/2; up_;dot; rlabel(,V_{sa},)

line invis from C.start + (0,dimen_/4) to C.end + (0,dimen_/4)

15 .PE

101


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init



L1:line from Q1.E up_ 1.5*dimen_

Q2:bi_tr(up_) with .E at Here


L2:line from Q1.C down_ dimen_/4

10 L3:line from Q2.C up_ dimen_/4

L5:line from Q2.B left_ dimen_/4

L6:line from Q1.B left_ dimen_/4

L7:line from L5.end to L6.end

line "$V_{ss}$" below from L2.end - (dimen_/2,0) to L2.end + (dimen_/2,0)

15 A:line "$V_{cc}$" above from L3.end - (dimen_/2,0) to L3.end + (dimen_/2,0)

line from L1.c right_ dimen_/2; down_;dot; llabel(,V_{sa},)

line from L7.c left_ dimen_/4; up_; dot; llabel(,V_{en},)

line invis from A.start + (0,dimen_/4) to A.end + (0,dimen_/4)

.PE

Vcc

Vss

Ven

Vsa

Figura 103: Configuração Emissor Comum


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 Q1:bi_tr(up_ dimen_) with .B at Here

move to Q1.C;D:line from Q1.C up_ dimen_/4; R:resistor(up_ dimen_/2);

B:line from R.end up_ dimen_/4

C:line "$V_{cc}$" above from B.end - (dimen_/2,0) to B.end + (dimen_/2,0)

move to Q1.E;

10 A:line down_ dimen_/4

line "$V_{ss}$" below from A.end - (dimen_/2,0) to A.end + (dimen_/2,0)

move to Q1.B; line left_ dimen_/4; down_; dot; rlabel(,V_{en},)

move to Q1.C; line right_ dimen_/2; up_;dot; rlabel(,V_{sa},)

line invis from C.start + (0,dimen_/4) to C.end + (0,dimen_/4)

15 .PE

102

+R1 R2

−

++

Ven

−

Vsa

−

Figura 104: Amplificador Operacional na configuração inversora

Código da Figura .104 Código em M4/Pic.PS

include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 In:dot at (0,0); down_;rlabel(,+,);

line right_ dimen_/4;

R1:resistor(right_ dimen_);llabel(,R_1,)

L1:line right_ dimen_/2

R2:resistor(right_ dimen_);llabel(,R_2,)

10 L2:line from L1.c down_ .75*dimen_ then right_ dimen_/4

Amp:opamp(right_ dimen_) with .In1 at L2.e

line from R2.e right_ dimen_/4 then down_ dimen_

line from Amp.Out right_ dimen_;

Out:dot; down_;llabel(,+,)

15 move to In; down_

L3:line invis "$V_{en}$" down dimen_;

dot; down_; rlabel(,-,);ground;

move to Out; down_

L4:line invis "$V_{sa}$" down dimen_;

20 dot; down_; rlabel(,-,);ground;

line from Amp.In2 left_ dimen_/4 then down_ dimen_/4; ground;

.PE

103

Ven

z1

z2

z3

z4

z5

−

+

−

+

Figura 105: Esquema do Girador


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 En:dot at (0,0); down_;llabel(,V_{en},);

line from En.c down_ dimen_/2;

Z1:ebox(down_ dimen_);llabel(,z_1,)

Z2:ebox(down_ dimen_);llabel(,z_2,)

Z3:ebox(down_ dimen_);rlabel(,z_3,)

10 Z4:ebox(down_ dimen_);rlabel(,z_4,)

Z5:ebox(down_ dimen_);rlabel(,z_5,)

ground;

A1:line from Z1.e left_ dimen_/3 then down_ 3*dimen_/4 then left_ dimen_/4

Amp1:opamp(left_ dimen_) with .In2 at Here

15 line from Amp1.In1 right_ dimen_/4 then down_ 3*dimen_/4 then right_ dimen_/3

A2:line from Here right_ dimen_/3 then down_ 3*dimen_/4 then right_ dimen_/4

Amp2:opamp(right_ dimen_) with .In1 at Here

line from Amp2.In2 left_ dimen_/4 then down_ 3*dimen_/4 then left_ dimen_/3

line from Amp1.Out left_ dimen_/4 then down_ 2*dimen_ then right_ dimen_*11/6

20 line from Amp2.Out right_ dimen_/4 then up_ 2*dimen_ then left_ dimen_*11/6

.PE

104

R R+

−

C

CR2

R1

Figura 106: Amplificador Sintonizado


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 In:circle radius .05

line right_ dimen_/4;

R1:resistor(right_ dimen_);llabel(,R,)


R2:resistor(right_ dimen_);llabel(,R,)

10 L2:line right_ dimen_/2


Amp:opamp(right_ elen_,"$+$","$-$",.6,) with .In1 at L3.e

line from L1.c up_ dimen_ then right_ dimen_*1.5

C1: capacitor(right_ dimen_); llabel(,C,)

15 L5:line right_ dimen_*1.5

L7:line down_ (Here.y - Amp.Out.y)

move to L2.c;

C2: capacitor(down_ dimen_); rlabel(,C,); ground(,T);

line from Amp.Out right_ dimen_;

20 circle radius .05

line from Amp.In2 left_ dimen_/4 then down_ dimen_*.75

L8:line right_ (L7.e.x - Here.x)

resistor(up_ dimen_); llabel(,R_2,); line up_ (L7.e.y - Here.y);

move to L8.e

25 resistor(down_ dimen_); rlabel(,R_1,); ground;

.PE

105

Ree

LR C

Vcc

Vsa

Q1 Q2

Figura 107: Oscilador Sony

Ree

Vee

R R

LRC1

C2

Vcc

Vsa

Q1 Q2

Figura 108: Oscilador Colpitts


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 dimen_=dimen_

Q1:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,R)

move right 1*dimen_

Q2:bi_tr(up_ dimen_) with .B at Here



L3:line from L1.s to L2.s;

move to L3.c

resistor(down_ dimen_); llabel(,R_{ee},); ground(,T)

L4:line from Q2.C up_ dimen_;

15 inductor(up_ dimen_,W); llabel(,L,);

line from L4.end left_ dimen_*3/4;

resistor(up_ dimen_); llabel(,R,)

line from L4.end right_ dimen_*3/4;

capacitor(up_ dimen_); llabel(,C,)

20 L5:line "$V_{cc}$" above left_ (Here.x - Q1.C.x)

line down_ to Q1.C

L6:line from Q1.C+(0,dimen_/4) right_ dimen_*.75

L7:line to Q2.B

L8:line from Q2.C+(0,dimen_/4) left_ dimen_*.75

25 crossover(from L8.end to Q1.B,,L7)

line from L4.end right_ dimen_; circle radius .05;"$V_{sa}$" ljust_

move to Q1

"$Q_1$" rjust_

move to Q2

30 "$Q_2$" ljust_

.PE

106


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 dimen_=dimen_

Q1:bi_tr(up_ dimen_)

move right 3*dimen_

Q2:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,R) with .B at Here



L3: line from L1.end to L2.end

move to L3.center

Ree:resistor(down_ dimen_); llabel(,R_{ee},);

move to Ree.end + (dimen_/4,0); line "$V_{ee}$" below left_ dimen_/2

15 line from Q1.B left_ dimen_/4; K1:circle radius .05; move to K1.s

resistor(down_ dimen_); llabel(,R,); ground(,T)

line from Q2.B right_ dimen_/4; K2:circle radius .05; move to K2.s

resistor(down_ dimen_); llabel(,R,); ground(,T)

L4:line from Q2.C up_ dimen_

20 inductor(up_ dimen_,W); llabel(,L,)

line from L4.n left_ dimen_*.75

resistor(up_ dimen_); llabel(,R,)

line from L4.n right_ dimen_*.75

C1:capacitor(up_ dimen_/2); llabel(,_{C_1},)

25 C2:capacitor(up_ dimen_/2); llabel(,_{C_2},)

line "$V_{cc}$" above left_ (Here.x - Q1.C.x)

line down_ to Q1.C

L5:line from L4.n right_ dimen_*3/2; K3:circle radius .05; "$V_{sa}$" ljust;

L6:line from C1.end right_ dimen_/2 then up_ dimen_

30 line left_ (Here.x - K1.c.x) then down_ to K1.n

"$Q_1$" at (Q1.C.x,(Q1.C.y + Q1.E.y)/2)

"$Q_2$" at (Q2.C.x,(Q2.C.y + Q2.E.y)/2)

.PE

107

Ree

RcRc

Vcc

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Q5 Q6

Ven1

Ven2

Vsa

Figura 109: Esquema do Multiplicador de Gilbert proposto

Ree

Vss

Rb

Vss

Ra

Rb

Vss

RaC

RcRc

Vcc

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Q5 Q6

Ven1

Ven2

Vsa

Figura 110: Multiplicador de Gilbert com polarização

108



dimen_=dimen_; K1:circle radius .05;

L0:line right_ dimen_/4; Q1:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,);

5 line from Q1.E down_ dimen_/4; L1:line right_ dimen_;

line up_ dimen_/4; Q2:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,R) with .E at Here;

L2:line from Q2.B right_ dimen_/4; Q3:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,) with .B at Here;

line from Q3.E down_ dimen_/4; L3:line right_ dimen_;


10 L4:line from L1.c down_ dimen_/2; Q5:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,) with .C at Here;

line from Q5.E down_ dimen_/4; L5:line right_ to (L3.c.x,Here.y);


L10:line from Q6.C up_ dimen_/2; L8:line from L5.c down_ dimen_/4;

resistor(down_ dimen_); llabel(,R_{ee},); ground(,T);

15 L7:line from Q5.B left_ dimen_/4; K2:circle radius .05;

line from Q6.B right_ dimen_/4; L6:line down_ dimen_;

crossover(from L6.end left_ to (L7.end.x,Here.y),R,L8);K3:circle radius .05;

line from Q4.B right_ dimen_/4; L9:line down_ dimen_;

crossover(from L9.end left_ to (Q3.B,Here),R,L10);

20 L12:crossover( from Here left_ to (Q1.B,Here),R,L4);line up_ to Q1.B;

L11:crossover(from L2.c down_ (dimen_ + .1),,L12)

L13:crossover(from L11.end to (L0.start,Here),R,L4);left_; K4:circle radius .05;

L14:line from Q4.C up_ dimen_/2; Rc1:resistor(up_ dimen_); rlabel(,R_c,);

L15:line from Q3.C up_ dimen_/2; Rc2:resistor(up_ dimen_); llabel(,R_c,);

25 line "$V_{cc}$" above from (Here - (dimen_/4,0)) right_ to (Rc1.end+(dimen_/4,0))

line from Q2.C up_ dimen_/4; crossover(from Here right_ to (Q4.C,Here),,L15);

line from Q1.C up_ dimen_/2 then to Rc2.start

L16:line from Rc1.start right_ dimen_; K5:circle radius .05;

crossover(from Q3.C right_ to (L16.end.x,Q4.C.y),,L14);K6:circle radius .05;

30 "$Q_1$" at Q1.B + (3*dimen_/4,0)

"$Q_2$" at Q2.B - (3*dimen_/4,0)

"$Q_3$" at Q3.B + (3*dimen_/4,0)

"$Q_4$" at Q4.B - (3*dimen_/4,0)

"$Q_5$" at Q5.B + (3*dimen_/4,0)

35 "$Q_6$" at Q6.B - (3*dimen_/4,0)

"$V_{{en}_1}$" at (K1.c.x,(K1.c.y+K4.c.y)/2)

"$V_{{en}_2}$" at (K2.c.x,(K2.c.y+K3.c.y)/2)

"$V_{sa}$" at (K5.c.x+ dimen_/2,(K5.c.y+K6.c.y)/2)

.PE

109



dimen_=dimen_; K1:circle radius .05; L0:line right_ dimen_/4;

Q1:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,); line from Q1.E down_ dimen_/4;

5 L1:line right_ dimen_; line up_ dimen_/4;

Q2:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,R) with .E at Here;

L2:line from Q2.B right_ dimen_/4;

Q3:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,) with .B at Here;

line from Q3.E down_ dimen_/4; L3:line right_ dimen_;

10 line up_ dimen_/4; Q4:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,R) with .E at Here;

L4:line from L1.c down_ 3*dimen_/2

Q5:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,) with .C at Here;

line from Q5.E down_ dimen_/4;

L5:line right_ to (L3.c.x,Here.y);

15 line up_ dimen_/4; Q6:bi_tr(up_ dimen_,R) with .E at Here;

L10:line from Q6.C up_ to L3.c; L8:line from L5.c down_ 0;

Ree:resistor(down_ dimen_); llabel(,R_{ee},);

line "$V_{ss}$" below from Ree.end - (dimen_/5,0) to Ree.end + (dimen_/5,0)

L7:line from Q5.B left_ dimen_/4; Rb3:resistor(up_ dimen_,);rlabel(,R_b,);

20 line "$V_{ss}$" above from Rb3.end - (dimen_/6,0) to Rb3.end + (dimen_/6,0)

line from Rb3.start down_ 0; Rb4:resistor(down_ dimen_,);llabel(,R_a,); ground(,T)

line from Q6.B right_ dimen_/4; Rb2:resistor(up_ dimen_,);rlabel(,R_b,);

line "$V_{ss}$" above from Rb2.end - (dimen_/6,0) to Rb2.end + (dimen_/6,0)

line from Rb2.start down_ 0; Rb1:resistor(down_ dimen_,);llabel(,R_a,); ground(,T)

25 C:capacitor(from Rb3.start left_ dimen_); llabel(,C,);

K2:circle radius .05; line from Q4.B right_ dimen_/4;

L9:line down_ dimen_; crossover(from L9.end left_ to (Q3.B,Here),R,L10);

L12:crossover( from Here left_ to (Q1.B,Here),R,L4);line up_ to Q1.B;

L11:line from L2.c down_ dimen_/2;ground(,T);

30 L14:line from Q4.C up_ dimen_/2; Rc1:resistor(up_ dimen_); rlabel(,R_c,);

L15:line from Q3.C up_ dimen_/2; Rc2:resistor(up_ dimen_); llabel(,R_c,);

line "$V_{cc}$" above from (Here - (dimen_/4,0)) right_ to (Rc1.end+(dimen_/4,0))

line from Q2.C up_ dimen_/4; crossover(from Here right_ to (Q4.C,Here),,L15);

line from Q1.C up_ dimen_/2 then to Rc2.start

35 L16:line from Rc1.start right_ dimen_; K5:circle radius .05;

crossover(from Q3.C right_ to (L16.end.x,Q4.C.y),,L14);K6:circle radius .05;

"$Q_1$" at Q1.B + (3*dimen_/4,0)

"$Q_2$" at Q2.B - (3*dimen_/4,0)

"$Q_3$" at Q3.B + (3*dimen_/4,0)

40 "$Q_4$" at Q4.B - (3*dimen_/4,0)

"$Q_5$" at Q5.B + (3*dimen_/4,0)

"$Q_6$" at Q6.B - (3*dimen_/4,0)

"$V_{{en}_1}$" at (K1.c) - (.2,0)

"$V_{{en}_2}$" at (K2.c) - (.2,0)

45 "$V_{sa}$" at (K5.c.x+ dimen_/2,(K5.c.y+K6.c.y)/2)

.PE

110

w2x2 T

w1x1

w3x3

saída

Figura 111: Neurônio de McCulloch-Pitts


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 X2:line "$w_2$" above right_ dimen_*1;

X4:line -> right dimen_/2; move to X2.w; "$x_2$" rjust;

T:circle radius dimen_/2 with .w at X4.end; "$T$" at T.c

X1:line "$w_1$" above from X2.w+(0,dimen_) right dimen_*1;

line -> to T.nw; move to X1.w; "$x_1$" rjust;

10 X3:line "$w_3$" above from X2.w+(0,-dimen_) right dimen_*1;

line -> to T.sw; move to X3.w; "$x_3$" rjust;

Y1:line -> from T.e right dimen_*1.5; "saída" ljust;

.PE

a1w1 ∑

+∫

a0 w0

a2

w2

xj

Figura 112: Neurônio proposto por Rosenblat

111


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 T1:circle radius .15; "$a_1$" at T1.c;

X2:line -> "$w_{1}$" above from T1.e right_ dimen_*1.5;

T:circle radius dimen_/1.5 with .w at X2.end; "$\sum + \int$" at T.c

T2:circle radius .15 with .c at T1.c + (0,1*dimen_); "$a_0$" at T2.c;

X1:line -> "$w_{0}$" above from T2.e to T.nw;

10 T3:circle radius .15 with .c at T1.c - (0,1*dimen_); "$a_2$" at T3.c;

X1:line -> "$w_{2}$" above from T3.e to T.sw;

Y:line -> "$x_j$" above from T.e right dimen_*1.5

.PE

a1

a2

Figura 113: Conjunto de situações linearmente separáveis

a1w1 ∑

1 w0

a2

w2

Figura 114: Esquema do Percéptron

112


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 dimen_=dimen_

Origem:(0,0)

\newrgbcolor{red1}{1 0 0}

\newrgbcolor{yellow1}{1 1 0}

\newrgbcolor{black1}{0 0 0}

10 \newrgbcolor{white1}{1 1 1}

X:line -> right_ 3.5; "$a_1$" ljust

Y:line -> from X.w up_ 3.5; "$a_2$" rjust

D:line dashed from (-.2,1) to (3.5,2.25)

\psset{fillcolor=red1,fillstyle=solid}%

15 circle radius .1 with .c at (1,1)

circle radius .1 with .c at (1.5,.5)

circle radius .1 with .c at (2,1)

circle radius .1 with .c at (2.5,1.5)

circle radius .1 with .c at (3,.8)

20 \psset{fillcolor=yellow1,fillstyle=solid}%

circle radius .1 with .c at (0,2)

circle radius .1 with .c at (1,2.5)



25 circle radius .1 with .c at (2,2.6)

.PE


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 T1:circle radius .15; "$a_1$" at T1.c;

X2:line -> "$w_{1}$" above from T1.e right_ dimen_*1.5;

T:circle radius dimen_/2 with .w at X2.end; "$\sum$" at T.c

T2:circle radius .15 with .c at T1.c + (0,1*dimen_); "$1$" at T2.c;

X1:line -> "$w_{0}$" above from T2.e to T.nw;

10 T3:circle radius .15 with .c at T1.c - (0,1*dimen_); "$a_2$" at T3.c;

X1:line -> "$w_{2}$" above from T3.e to T.sw;

Y:line -> from T.e right_ dimen_*1

B:box

L:line from (B.sw + (.1,.1)) right_ to (B.c.x,B.s.y+.1)

15 then up_ to B.n - (0,.1) then right_ to B.ne - (.1,.1)

.PE

113

Camadas Intermediárias

Camada de Entrada Camada de Saída

Figura 115: Percéptron Multicamada

x0 x1 Polarização

y0 y1 y2

Figura 116: Percéptron Multicamada

Classe 0

Classe 1

Classe 2

Reta de Decisão para nó 1



Figura 117: Regiôes de Decisão

114



dimen_=dimen_; Origem:(0,0)


5 \newrgbcolor{yellow1}{1 1 0}

\newrgbcolor{blue1}{0 0 1}

\newrgbcolor{green1}{0 1 0}



10 C1:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (0,0)

C2:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (0,-dimen_)

\psset{fillcolor=green1,fillstyle=solid}%

C3:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (1.5*dimen_,dimen_)

C4:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (1.5*dimen_,0)

15 C5:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (1.5*dimen_,-dimen_)

C6:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (1.5*dimen_,-2*dimen_)

C7:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (3*dimen_,dimen_)

C8:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (3*dimen_,0)

C9:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (3*dimen_,-dimen_)

20 C10:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (3*dimen_,-2*dimen_)

\psset{fillcolor=blue1,fillstyle=solid}%


C12:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (4.5*dimen_,-dimen_)

line from C1.ne to C3.sw; line from C1.e to C4.w

25 line from C1.se to C5.nw; line from C1.se to C6.nw

line from C2.ne to C3.sw; line from C2.ne to C4.w

line from C2.e to C5.w; line from C2.se to C6.w

line from C3.e to C7.w; line from C3.se to C8.nw

line from C3.se to C9.nw; line from C3.se to C10.nw

30 line from C4.ne to C7.sw; line from C4.e to C8.w


line from C5.ne to C7.sw; line from C5.ne to C8.sw



35 line from C6.ne to C9.sw; line from C6.e to C10.w



line from C9.ne to C11.sw; line from C9.e to C12.w


40 "{\tiny Camadas Intermediárias}" at C3.c + (.35,.2)

"{\tiny Camada de Entrada}" at (-.5,(C1.c.y +C2.c.y)/2)

"{\tiny Camada de Saída}" at (C11.c.x+ .4,(C11.c.y +C12.c.y)/2)

.PE

115


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 dimen_=dimen_

Origem:(0,0)




10 \newrgbcolor{green1}{0 1 0}



\psset{fillcolor=black1,fillstyle=solid}%

C1:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (0,0)

15 C2:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (1.5*dimen_,0)



C4:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (0,2*dimen_)


20 C5:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (1.5*dimen_,2*dimen_)


C6:circle radius dimen_/6 with .c at (3*dimen_,2*dimen_)


line from C1.n to C4.s

25 line from C2.nw to C4.se

line from C3.nw to C4.se

\psset{linecolor=blue1}%

line from C1.ne to C5.sw


30 line from C3.nw to C5.se

\psset{linecolor=green1}%




35 "$x_0$" at C1.c - (0,.2)

"$x_1$" at C2.c - (0,.2)

"Polarização" at C3.c - (0,.2)

"$y_0$" at C4.c + (0,.2)

"$y_1$" at C5.c + (0,.2)

40 "$y_2$" at C6.c + (0,.2)

.PE

116


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 dimen_=dimen_

Origem:(0,0)







circle radius .05 with .c at (1,.5)/2

circle radius .05 with .c at (1,1)/2

15 circle radius .05 with .c at (2,1)/2

circle radius .05 with .c at (2,1.5)/2

circle radius .05 with .c at (3,1)/2


circle radius .05 with .c at (-1.5,2)/2

20 circle radius .05 with .c at (-2,1)/2

circle radius .05 with .c at (-1.5,1)/2

circle radius .05 with .c at (-1.25,1.5)/2

circle radius .05 with .c at (-3,1.25)/2


25 circle radius .05 with .c at (-1.5,-.5)/2

circle radius .05 with .c at (-.5,-1)/2

circle radius .05 with .c at (.5,-1)/2

circle radius .05 with .c at (-1.25,-1.5)/2

circle radius .05 with .c at (0,-1.25)/2

30 \psset{linecolor=blue1}%

D1:line dashed from (2,-2.5)/2 to (-1,4)/2


D2:line dashed from (-3,-1)/2 to (2,3)/2

\psset{linecolor=green1}%

35 D3:line dashed from (-3.5,.2)/2 to (3,-.1)/2

"{\small Classe $0$}" at (-3,2)/2

"{\small Classe $1$}" at (0,-2)/2

"{\small Classe $2$}" at (2,2)/2

move to D1.w; "{\tiny Reta de Decisão para nó $1$}" ljust

40 move to D2.w; "{\tiny Reta de Decisão para nó $0$}" rjust

move to D3.w; "{\tiny Reta de Decisão para nó $2$}" rjust

"{ }" at (0,3)

.PE

117

entrada i wijj

ai aj

Figura 118: Representação da Regra de Hebb


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 X2:line -> right_ dimen_*1; move to X2.w; "{\small entrada}" rjust;

T:circle radius dimen_/3 with .w at X2.end; "$i$" at T.c

X1:line -> "$w_{_{ij}}$" below from T.e right_ dimen_*1

T2:circle radius dimen_/3 with .w at X1.end; "$j$" at T2.c

X3:line -> from T2.e right_ dimen_*1

10 move to T.ne; "$a_i$" ljust

move to T2.ne;"$a_j$" ljust

.PE

1

2

n

j 1

2

m

entradas saídas

unidade de processamento

Figura 119: Representação da retropropagação

118


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 dimen_=dimen_

Origem:(0,0)







C1:circle radius dimen_/4 with .c at (0,0)

C2:circle radius dimen_/4 with .c at (0,dimen_)

15 C3:circle radius dimen_/4 with .c at (0,-dimen_)





20 C6:circle radius dimen_/4 with .c at (3*dimen_,dimen_)

C7:circle radius dimen_/4 with .c at (3*dimen_,-dimen_)

line from C1.e to C4.w

line from C2.se to C4.nw


25 line from C4.e to C5.w


line from C4.se to C7.nw

"$1$" at C1.c

"$2$" at C2.c

30 "$n$" at C3.c

"$j$" at C4.c

"$1$" at C5.c

"$2$" at C6.c

"$m$" at C7.c

35 "{\small entradas}" at C1.w - (.4,0)

T1:"{\small saídas}" at C5.e + (.3,0)

line "{\small unidade de processamento}" above from

(T1.e.x+dimen_,-2*dimen_) left_ to (C4.c.x,-2*dimen_);

line -> up_ to C4.s - (0,.1);

40 .PE

119

AgenteExterno

SensoresDigitais

SensoresAnalógicos

TransmissorFSK

TransmissorFM

ReceptorFSK

ReceptorFM

RedeNeural

Sistema deControlede Acesso

Sistema deAlarme

Sistema deAnúncio

Figura 120: Representação do sistema proposto

Microfone

Filtro PFem f0

Filtro PFem f1

RedeNeural

Figura 121: Representação da solução proposta

120


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 dimen_=dimen_

Origem:(0,0)








B1:box "Agente" "Externo";

15 L1:line -> from B1.s down_ dimen_/4 then left_ 1.5*dimen_ then down_ dimen_/4;

B2:box wid 1 "Sensores" "Digitais";

L2:line -> from B1.s down_ dimen_/4 then right_ 1.5*dimen_ then down_ dimen_/4;

B3:box wid 1 "Sensores" "Analógicos";

L3:line -> from B2.s down_ dimen_/2;

20 B4:box wid 1 "Transmissor" "FSK";


B5:box wid 1 "Transmissor" "FM";


B6:box wid 1 "Receptor" "FSK";

25 L6:line -> from B5.s down_ dimen_/2;

B7:box wid 1 "Receptor" "FM";

L7:line -> from B6.s down_ dimen_ then right_ 4.5*dimen_

then up_ 3*dimen_ then right_ 1*dimen_

L8:line -> from B7.s down_ .75*dimen_ then right_ 1.25*dimen_

30 then up_ 2.75*dimen_+boxht/4 then right_ 1.25*dimen_

\psset{fillcolor=azulclaro1,fillstyle=solid}%

B8:box wid 1 "{\tt Rede}" "{\tt Neural}" with .w at L8.e-(0,boxht/8)

\psset{fillcolor=red1,fillstyle=none}%

L9:line -> from B8.e right_ dimen_;

35 B9:box wid 1 "Sistema de" "Controle" "de Acesso";

L10:line -> from B8.e+(0,boxht/6) right_ dimen_/2 then up_ dimen_ then right_ dimen_/2;

B10:box wid 1 "Sistema de" "Alarme";

L11:line -> from B8.e-(0,boxht/6) right_ dimen_/2 then down_ dimen_ then right_ dimen_/2;

B11:box wid 1 "Sistema de" "Anúncio";

40 .PE

121


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 dimen_=dimen_

Origem:(0,0)








B1:box "Microfone";

15 L1:line from B1.e right_ dimen_/2;

L2:line -> up_ dimen_/1.5 then right_ dimen_/2;

L3:line -> from L1.e down_ dimen_/1.5 then right_ dimen_/2;

B2:box "Filtro PF" "em $f_0$" with .w at L2.e;

B3:box "Filtro PF" "em $f_1$" with .w at L3.e;

20 L4:line -> from B2.e right_ dimen_/2 then down_ dimen_*.625 then right_ dimen_/2

L4:line -> from B3.e right_ dimen_/2 then up_ dimen_*.625 then right_ dimen_/2

B4: box "Rede" "Neural" with .w at (L4.e.x,L1.e.y)

.PE

VenR1

−

+

C1

R2

R3

+

−

C2

R4

−

+

R5

R6

C3R7

+10V

R8

D1

C4 R9

Vsa

Figura 122: Esquema elétrico do filtro BiQuad

Ven

−

+Vsa

Figura 123: Buffer para acoplamento dos circuitos

122



dimen_=dimen_; Origem:(0,0)


5 \newrgbcolor{yellow1}{1 1 0}


\newrgbcolor{green1}{0 1 0}


Ven:circle radius .05; move to Ven.w;"$V_{en}$" rjust

10 L1:line from Ven.e right_ dimen_/2; R1:resistor(right_ dimen_); rlabel(,R_1,);

L2:line right_ dimen_/4; Amp1:opamp(right_ dimen_) with .In1 at L2.e;

line from Amp1.In2 left_ dimen_/4 then down_ dimen_/2; ground(,T)

L3:line from Amp1.Out right_ dimen_/4;

L5:line up_ dimen_ ; L6:line left_ dimen_/4;

15 C1:capacitor(left_ dimen_);rlabel(,C_1,);

L4:line from C1.end left_ dimen_/4 then down_ to R1.end

L7:line from L5.n up_ dimen_ then left_ dimen_/4;

R2:resistor(left_ dimen_);rlabel(,R_2,); L8:line left_ dimen_/4;

L9:line down_ dimen_; L10:line from L9.n up_ dimen_ then right_ dimen_/4;

20 R3:resistor(right_ dimen_);llabel(,R_3,); L11:line right_ dimen_/4

Amp2:opamp(left_ dimen_,"$+$","$-$",) with .Out at L11.e;

L12:line from Amp2.In1 right_ dimen_/4 then down_ dimen_/2; ground(,T)

L13:line from Amp2.In2 right_ dimen_/4

L14:line up_ dimen_*.75 then left_ dimen_/4

25 C2:capacitor(left_ dimen_);rlabel(,C_2,);

L15:line from C2.end left_ dimen_/4 then down_ to R3.end;

L16:line from L3.e right_ dimen_/4;

R4:resistor(right_ dimen_);rlabel(,R_4,); L17:line right_ dimen_/4;

Amp3:opamp(right_ dimen_) with .In1 at L17.e;

30 line from Amp3.In2 left_ dimen_/4 then down_ dimen_/2; ground(,T)

L18:line from R4.e up_ dimen_*.75 then right_ dimen_/4;

R5:resistor(right_ dimen_);llabel(,R_5,); L19:line right_ dimen_/4;

L20:line down_ dimen_; L21:line left_ dimen_/4;

L22:line from L19.e up_ to (L19.e,Amp2.In2) then left_ dimen_/4;

35 R6:resistor(left_ dimen_); rlabel(,R_6,); line left_ dimen_/4;

L23:line from L20.s right_ dimen_/4; C3:capacitor(right_ dimen_); llabel(,C_3,);

L24:line right_ dimen_/4; R7:resistor(up_ dimen_);rlabel(,R_7,);

T1:circle radius 0.05 with .s at R7.end; move to T1.e;"$+10V$" ljust;

move to L24.e; R8:resistor(down_ dimen_) ;llabel(,R_8,);ground;move to L24.e;

40 L25:line right_ dimen_/2; D1:diode(right_ dimen_); llabel(,D_1,)

L26:line right_ dimen_/2; C4:capacitor(down_ dimen_);rlabel(,C_4,);ground;

move to L26; L27:line right_ dimen_; R9:resistor(down_ dimen_);

llabel(,R_9,);ground;move to L27.e; L28:line right_ dimen_/4;

T1:circle radius 0.05 with .w at L28.end; move to T1.e;"$V_{sa}$" ljust;

45 .PE

123


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 dimen_=dimen_

Origem:(0,0)






Ven:circle radius .05; move to Ven.w;"$V_{en}$" rjust

L1:line from Ven.e right_ dimen_;

A1:opamp(right_ dimen_) with .In2 at L1.e;

15 L2:line from A1.Out right_ dimen_/4 then up_ dimen_ then

left_ 3*dimen_/2 then down_ .75*dimen_ then to A1.In1;

L3:line from A1.Out right_ dimen_;

T1:circle radius 0.05; move to T1.e; "$V_{sa}$" ljust;

.PE

V1

V2

Vp

R1

R2

Rp

−

+

R3

R4 +

−

R5

D1

Figura 124: Esquema elétrico da RNA analógica

V1

V2

2.8

3

0.8 1

0.2

0.2

classe 1

classe 2

Figura 125: Regiões de Decisão esperada

124


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 dimen_=dimen_

Origem:(0,0)






Ve1:circle radius .05 with .c at (0,0); move to Ve1.w;"$V_{1}$" rjust

Ve2:circle radius .05 with .c at (0,-dimen_); move to Ve2.w;"$V_{2}$" rjust

Vp:circle radius .05 with .c at (0,-2*dimen_); move to Vp.w;"$V_{p}$" rjust

15 L1:line from Ve1.e right_ dimen_/2;

R1:resistor(right_ dimen_) with .start at L1.e;rlabel(,R_1,)

L2:line from Ve2.e right_ dimen_/2;

R2:resistor(right_ dimen_) with .start at L2.e;rlabel(,R_2,)

L3:line from Vp.e right_ dimen_/2;

20 R3:resistor(right_ dimen_) with .start at L3.e;rlabel(,R_p,)

L4:line from R1.e right_ dimen_/2;



L7:line up_ 5*dimen_/2 then right dimen_/4;

25 A1:opamp(right_ dimen_) with .In2 at L7.e;

L8:line from A1.Out right_ dimen_/4 then up_ dimen_ then left_ dimen_/4;

R4:resistor(left_ dimen_);rlabel(,R_3,);

L9:line left_ dimen_/4 then down_ .75*dimen_ then right_ dimen_/4

L10:line from A1.In1 left_ dimen_/2;

30 R5:resistor(left_ dimen_);llabel(,R_4,);

L11:line left_ dimen_/4 then down_ dimen_/4;ground(,T);

L12:line from A1.Out right_ dimen_;

A2:opamp(right_ dimen_,"$+$","$-$",) with .In1 at L12.e;

L13:line from A2.In2 left_ dimen_/2 then down_ dimen_/4; ground(,T);

35 L14:line from A2.Out right_ dimen_/4;

R6:resistor(right_ dimen_);llabel(,R_5,);

L15:line right_ dimen_/4;

L16:line down_ dimen_/4;

D1:diode(down_ dimen_,LE);rlabel(,D_1,);ground;

40 .PE

125


include(libcct.m4)

cct_init


5 dimen_=dimen_

Origem:(0,0)




10 \newrgbcolor{white1}{1 1 1}

X:line -> right_ 2.5; "$V_1$" ljust

Y:line -> from X.w up_ 2.5; "$V_2$" rjust

move to (0,2.5*dimen_);"$2.8$" rjust;

move to (0,3*dimen_);"$3$" rjust;

15 "$0.8$" at (.8*2*dimen_,-.1);

"$1$" at (1*2*dimen_,-.1);


D1:line dashed from (2*dimen_,0) to (2*dimen_,3*dimen_);

D2:line dashed from (0,3*dimen_) to (2*dimen_,3*dimen_);

20 C1:circle radius .05 with .c at (D1.n)

\psset{fillcolor=black1,fillstyle=solid}%

D3:line dashed from (0,2.5*dimen_) to (2*dimen_,2.5*dimen_);

C2:circle radius .05 with .c at (2*dimen_,2.5*dimen_)

D4:line dashed from (.8*2*dimen_,0) to (2*.8*dimen_,3*dimen_);

25 C3:circle radius .05 with .c at (2*.8*dimen_,3*dimen_)

dimension_(from C2.c to C1.c,-.2,"$^{0.2}$" ljust);

dimension_(from C3.c to C1.c,.2,"$^{0.2}$");


line from (0.5*2*dimen_,3.7*dimen_) to (2.8*dimen_,1.55*dimen_)

30 \psset{linecolor=black1}%

\psset{fillcolor=white1,fillstyle=solid}%

C4:circle radius .05 with .c at (.8*2*dimen_,2.5*dimen_)

"classe $1$" at (2,2)

"classe $2$" at (.4,.5)

35 .PE

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