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ht mls to ibld whtm hetbrrbdlthoes cbtwbbe

tmb tmbory lei otmbr htbks, dhnb tmb so`hld orhjhe lei stltus of hts bxpoebets, l vlrhlcdb so`hld orjlehzlthoe of so`hodojy,

`mlejbs of tmb hibls croujmt lcout cy tmbhr bxpleihej, lei tmb rbdlthoes of hibls towlri tmb surroueihej so`hld lei

`udturld stru`turb.

Cbhej tmlt so`hodojy hs l kudth-plrlihjklth` s`hbe`b (Shtzbr), lei wb le ljrbb whtm tmlt, he l so`hodojh`ld bxpdlelthoe

wb smoudi ldso tlnb heto `oeshibrlthoe tmb vbrhfhbi iltl of vlrhous tmborhbs lei plrlihjks ibvbdopbi he hts s`opb. He tmhs

rbspb`t, tmb rbsblr`m of tmb so`hld stru`turb he koibre so`hbty, for bxlkpdb, ibkleis tmb lppdh`lthoe of cotm so`hld `dlss

lei strlthfh`lthoe tmborhbs, wmh`m kly `ovbr tmb rbsblr`m sucab`t korb `okpdbxdy hf `okchebi he usb. Shtzbrs plrlihjks

kly he tmhs sbesb cb ueibrstooi ls `okpdbkbetlry lei eot bx`dushvb lei kutulddy heibpbeibet plrlihjks. Elkbdy,

ldtmoujm tmb plrlihjk of so`hld fl`ts, plrlihjk of so`hld ibfhehthoes lei so`hld-cbmlvhourld plrlihjk ihffbr he tmbhr

`oetbets, tmbhr stltbkbets lrb rbspb`tbi he koibre so`hodojy.

\. 3. Ihs`uss tmb `oe`bpt of so`hld rbldhty he tmb `oetbxt of sykcodh` uehvbrsb.

Les. Po`hld Sbldhty lei Ymb Pykcodh` Rehvbrsb1Sbldhty hs so`hlddy ibfhebi lei ht hs mukle cbhejs lei mukle

jroups tmlt ibfheb hts `oetours. Ymb spb`hldhsts he l so`hbty provhib `okpdbtb dbjhthklthoe of tmb so`hld rbldhty. Ymbrb `le

cb ihffbrbe`bs of vhbw lei ophehoe cbtwbbe tmb bxpbrts lei tmb dlykbe. Mbe`b, tmbrb hs l nhei of `okpbththoe oe wmosb

ibfhehthoes lei `oe`bpts lrb johej to cb cbebfh`hld lei cb`okb opbrlthvb he so`hld hetbrl`thoe johej oe he so`hbty. Ymbrblrb ihffbrbet wlys of lpprbmbeihej lei pbr`bhvhej so`hld pro`bss. Ymb cbst `oursb of l`thoe ibpbeis oe tmb hibodojy

wmh`m hs hevonbi to bxpdlhe ley lspb`t of tmb sykcodh` uehvbrsb tmlt mls cb`okb tmb lrbl of oe`bre, bjo, so`hbtld oefdh`t

ovbr tmb ihstrhcuthoe of rbsour`bs. Ymb hibodojy jhvhej cbebfht to tmb heihvhiuld hs sbdb`tbi cy mhk.

Ymb pmrlsb so`hld `oestru`thoe of rbldhty wls usbi he

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\. 0. Zmlt hs Wowbr? Ihs`uss tmb hestrukbets of powbr.

Les. @oe`bpt of powbr1Po`hld rbdlthoesmhp, tmb `oe`bpt of powbr `le cb ueibrstooi vhz-l-vhz. two pbrsoes jroups

she`b oeb heihvhiuld jroup bxbr`hsbs powbr he rbdlthoe to leotmbr oeb. Ymb rbshstle`b of ihsocby of powbr rbsudts he

puehsmkbet. Ymosb mlvhej rbsour`bs lt tmbhr ihsposld lrb powbrfud.

L``orihej to @osbr (

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bdsbwmbrb. Povbrbhjety hs tmb `mhbf `mlrl`tbrhsth` of tmb stltb. Ht hs bssbethlddy l aurhsth` `oe`bpt hkpdyhej suprbkb lei

fheld powbr. He bvbry stltb tmbrb hs l sovbrbhje coiy beiowbi whtm suprbkb powbr to trlesdltb he dbjld tbrks tmb Zhdd of

tmb stltb. Ymhs sovbrbhje coiy kly cb l pbrsoe or l coiy of pbrsoes. Hts Zhdd hs cheihej ovbr ldd heihvhiulds lei lsso-

`hlthoes whtmhe hts `oefhebs. He `lsb of `oefdh`t cbtwbbe pbrsoes hetbr sb or lsso`hlthoes hetbr, tmb sovbrbhje coiy hs tmb

rbfbrbb lei tmb fheld lrchtbr. Ht liausts lei mlrkoehsbs tmb `oefdh`thej `dlhks of ihffbrbet heihvhiulds lei lsso`hlthoes.

Mbe`b, sovbrbhjety hs syeoeykous whtm fheld, lcsodutb lei uedhkhtbi powbr. Ymbrb hs eo dbjld dhkht to sovbrbhjety.

Ymb stltb bxbr`hsbs hts sovbrbhje powbr bhtmbr tmroujm for`b or oesbet or, vbry oftbe, tmroujm l cdbeihej of cotm. Ymb

elturb of lppdh`lthoe of tmb sovbrbhje powbr prhklrhdy ibpbeis upoe tmb stru`turb of tmb stltb lei tmb elturb lei ihkbe-

shoe of podhth`ld kochdhslthoe. He le lutmorhtlrhle stltb, tmb jovbrehej `dlss mls l tbeibe`y to jdorhfy tmb rodb of for`b, htspowbr hs eot ibrhvbi frok tmb `oesbet of tmb jovbrebi. Cut he l ibko`rlth` stltb wmh`m opbrltbs tmroujm `moh`b lei

ihs`usshoe, tmb rodb of for`b hs jrbltdy rbiu`bi. Dlw, he l ibko`rlth` stltb, hs supposbi to rbprbsbet le l`thvb pucdh`

ophehoe, lei mbe`b, tmb popudlr l`quhbs-`be`b he ht hs dhnbdy to cb croli-clsbi.

Hetbreld Povbrbhjety1 Hetbreld sovbrbhjety hs tmb rbdlthoesmhp cbtwbbe l sovbrbhje powbr lei hts owe sucab`ts. L

`betrld `oe`bre hs dbjhthkl`y cy wmlt rhjmt iobs l podhth`ld coiy (or heihvhiuld) bxbr`hsb lutmorhty ovbr hts sucab`ts?

Wosshcdb leswbrs he`duib, cy tmb ihvheb rhjmt of nhejs or cy so`hld `oetrl`t (popudlr sovbrbhjety). Ku`m of koibre

podhth`ld tmbory trhbs to ib`hib prb`hsbdy wmbrb sovbrbhjety smoudi cb do`ltbi. For bxlkpdb, blrdy tmhenbrs dhnb Kl`mhlvbddh,

Coihe lei Moccbs wlet tmlt ht smoudi cb vbstbi he tmb mleis of l shejdb koelr`m. Ymb chjjbst kbrht of vbsthej sovbrbhjety

he l shejdb heihvhiuld wls tmlt sovbrbhjety woudi tmbe cb heihvhshcdb.

Mowbvbr, Do`nb, Soussblu lei kley otmbr dltbr tmhenbrs ibplrtbi frok tmhs lcsoduthst eothoe lei cbdhbvbi tmlt

udthkltb lutmorhty hs vbstbi he tmb pbopdb tmbksbdvbs. He koibre ibko`rlth` tmbory, tmhs io`trheb of popudlr sovbrbhjety

forks tmb clshs of sovbrbhjety.

Do`lthej Povbrbhjety1 Ymb rbprbsbetlthvb lei `oesthtuthoeld jovbrekbets tmlt wbrb forkbi he tmb Zbst lei dltbr he

otmbr plrts of tmb wordi lssukbi ihffbrbet forks foddowhej tmb Bejdhsm lei tmb Frbe`m Sbvoduthoes he (hhh)

l `brtlhe rlejb of podhth`ld hesthtuthoes, he`duihej tmb elthoe-stltb lei klss ibko`rl`y. Dlrjbdy ls l rbsudt of tmbsb `mlr-

l`tbrhsth`s, koibrehty hs vlstdy korb iyelkh` tmle ley prbvhous typb of so`hld oribr. Ht hs l so`hbty korb tb`meh`lddy, l

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`okpdbx of hesthtuthoes wmh`m, uedhnb ley prb`bihej `udturb, dhvbs he tmb futurb, rltmbr tmle tmb plst. (Jhiibes

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ldso he tmhs rbjlri tmlt Jhiibes tldns lcout ioucdb mbrkbebuth`l1 bvbry l`thoe mls two hetbrprbtlthoes. Ymb oeb hs frok

tmb l`tor mhksbdf, tmb otmbr of tmb hevbsthjltor wmo trhbs to jhvb kblehej to tmb l`thoe mb hs ocsbrvhej. Ymb l`tor wmo

pbrforks tmb l`thoe, mowbvbr, `le jbt to neow tmb hetbrprbtlthoe of tmb hevbsthjltor, lei tmbrbforb `mlejb mhs owe hetbr-

prbtlthoe, or mhs furtmbr dheb of l`thoe.

Ymhs hs tmb rblsoe tmlt poshthvb s`hbe`b, l``orihej to Jhiibes, hs ebvbr posshcdb he tmb so`hld s`hbe`bs1 bvbry thkb le

hevbsthjltor trhbs to hibethfy `lusld sbqube`bs of l`thoe, tmb l`tors `le `mlejb tmbhr furtmbr dheb of l`thoe. Ymb procdbk hs,

mowbvbr, tmlt `oefdh`thej vhbwpohets he so`hld s`hbe`b rbsudt he l ihshetbrbst of tmb pbopdb. For bxlkpdb, wmbe s`hbethst

ioet ljrbb lcout tmb jrbbemousbbffb`t, pbopdb whdd whtmirlw frok tmlt lrbel, lei ebjltb tmlt tmbrb hs l procdbk.

Ymbrbforb, tmb korb tmb s`hbe`bs bxplei, tmb korb he`brthtuib tmbrb hs he tmb koibre so`hbty. He tmhs rbjlri, tmb aujjbrelutbvbe jbts korb stbbrdbss.

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