pla

te

1. A

NT

ON

INO

SA

LIB

A’S

NV

OV

A F

IGV

RA

DI

TV

TT

E L

E C

OSE

. (S

ee p

. 76

.) S

alib

a’s

map

is

confi

ned

to

the

elem

enta

l sp

here

s of

the

cos

mos

, it

s co

ncen

tric

cir

cles

ex-

pand

ing

from

a s

ubte

rran

ean

zone

of m

etal

s, fi

res,

and

aqu

ifer

s,

thro

ugh

a te

rraq

ueou

s su

rfac

e ill

ustr

ated

by

a cr

ude

pola

r w

orld

map

, to

thre

e zo

nes

of a

ir c

orre

spon

ding

to

Ari

stot

le’s

met

eo-

rolo

gica

l th

eory

, an

d fi n

ally

to

the

zone

of

fi re

wit

h it

s ph

oe-

nix

and

sala

man

der.

Salib

a’s

subs

urfa

ce c

osm

ogra

phy

reve

als

vari

ous

leve

ls o

f ac

tivi

ty: h

uman

min

ing

in a

ddit

ion

to n

atur

al

phen

omen

a su

ch a

s su

bter

rane

an w

ater

s, v

olca

nic

acti

vity

, hot

spri

ngs,

and

the

spre

ad o

f met

allic

vei

ns b

elie

ved

to g

row

wit

hin

the

livin

g bo

dy o

f ea

rth.

In

som

e ve

rsio

ns,

the

eart

h’s

core

is

repr

esen

ted

as h

ell,

whi

le t

he s

un a

nd m

oon

appe

ar i

n th

eco

rner

s of

the

cha

rt t

o su

gges

t th

e pl

anet

ary

spac

es b

eyon

d.

Phen

omen

a in

the

thr

ee r

egio

ns o

f ai

r fe

ll w

ithi

n th

e sc

ope

of

cosm

ogra

phy,

as

Api

an’s

rev

olut

iona

ry im

ages

of

com

ets’

tai

ls

poin

ting

tow

ard

the

sun

indi

cate

.Si

ze o

f th

e or

igin

al (

incl

udin

g te

xt):

56.

4 X

81

cm.

Phot

o-gr

aph

cour

tesy

of

the

Her

zog

Aug

ust

Bib

lioth

ek,

Wol

fenb

üt-

tel (

Kar

tens

lg. 3

,6).

pla

te

2. A

ME

ASU

RE

D C

OSM

OS.

(Se

e p.

83.

) Pe

rhap

s th

e m

ost

acco

mpl

ishe

d si

xtee

nth-

cent

ury

atte

mpt

to

map

the

sca

le

of t

he w

orld

mac

hine

, Bar

tolo

meu

Vel

ho’s

“Fi

gvra

dos

cor

pos

cele

stes

” ill

ustr

ates

the

geom

etry

and

geo

grap

hy o

f the

ele

men

-ta

l ear

th, w

ith

air

and

fi re

repr

esen

ted

by c

loud

s an

d fl a

mes

, the

se

ven

plan

etar

y sp

here

s w

ith

the

leng

th o

f da

y gi

ven

for

each

pl

anet

, the

fi rm

amen

t w

ith

zodi

acal

sig

ns, t

he p

rim

um m

obil

e

in b

lue,

and

the

empy

reum

in

red.

The

cos

mos

is

bath

ed i

n ce

lest

ial l

ight

spr

eadi

ng fr

om th

e co

rner

s of

the

page

, wit

h G

od

the

Fath

er in

the

top

rig

ht, t

he C

ross

and

Dov

e (S

on a

nd H

oly

Spir

it)

top

left

, and

the

cho

irs

of a

ngel

s su

rrou

ndin

g.Si

ze o

f th

e or

igin

al:

ca.

34.3

X 4

7 cm

. B

arto

lom

eu V

elho

, “C

osm

ogra

phia

” (1

568)

. Ph

otog

raph

cou

rtes

y of

the

BN

F(R

es. G

e E

E 2

66, f

ols.

9v–

10r)

.

plate 3. THE EARLIEST SUFI LATINUS MANUSCRIPT. (See p. 105.) This manuscript of the Ptolemaic catalog features constellation maps modeled after Islamic al- .S-uf-i fi gures. The stars are numbered to correspond to the Ptolemaic catalog,

and the sizes of the stars are graduated to correspond to their magnitude. The pattern of the stars within the constellation roughly mirrors that in the night sky.Photograph courtesy of the BNF (Arsenal MS. 1036, fol. 5).

pla

te

4. D

ET

AIL

S O

F T

HE

CE

LE

STIA

L A

ND

TE

RR

ES-

TR

IAL

GL

OB

ES

FRO

M T

HE

AM

BA

SSA

DO

RS.

(See

p. 1

35.)

H

ans

Hol

bein

’s 1

533

pain

ting

is il

lust

rate

d as

fi gu

re 6

.1.

Size

of

the

deta

ils: c

a. 3

5 X

35

cm a

nd c

a. 2

6 X

26

cm. P

hoto

-gr

aph

© N

atio

nal G

alle

ry, L

ondo

n (N

G 1

314)

.

plate 5. THE ST. GALLEN COSMOGRAPHIC GLOBE, CA. 1575. (See p. 147.) The globe was acquired by the ab-bot Bernhard II for the monastery of St. Gallen. Although the stand has the date 1595 alongside the abbot’s coat of arms, the globe was probably made much earlier, but its provenance and maker are unknown. In addition to the outlines of the

main continents, there are a number of constellations drawn on this globe in the oceans, thus combining the terrestrial with the celestial sphere.Size of the original: diameter 121 cm; height 233 cm. Photo-graph courtesy of the Schweizerisches Landesmuseum, Zurich (inv. nr. DEP 846).

pla

te

6. G

IOV

AN

NI

BA

TT

IST

A C

AV

AL

LIN

I, L

AR

GE

-SC

AL

E N

AU

TIC

AL

CH

AR

T, 1

652.

(Se

e p.

205

.) A

det

aile

d ch

art o

f the

coa

st fr

om N

ice

to C

ivit

avec

chia

from

the

naut

ical

“T

eatr

o de

l Mon

do M

arit

tim

o” b

y C

aval

lini,

Leg

horn

.

Size

of

the

orig

inal

: 57

X 6

6 cm

. Ph

otog

raph

cou

rtes

y of

the

Is

titu

to e

Mus

eo d

i St

oria

del

la S

cien

za,

Flor

ence

(M

ED

G.

F. 2

7).

pla

te

7. J

AC

OPO

MA

GG

IOL

O,

NA

UT

ICA

L C

HA

RT

OF

TH

E M

ED

ITE

RR

AN

EA

N A

ND

TH

E A

TL

AN

TIC

CO

AST

, G

EN

OA

, 156

1. (

See

p. 2

10.)

Size

of

the

orig

inal

: 92

X 1

25 c

m. P

hoto

grap

h co

urte

sy o

f th

e M

useo

Nav

ale

di P

egli,

Gen

oa (

NIM

N 3

372)

.

pla

te

8. F

RA

NÇ

OIS

OL

LIV

E, N

AU

TIC

AL

CH

AR

T O

F T

HE

M

ED

ITE

RR

AN

EA

N, M

AR

SEIL

LE

S, 1

664.

(Se

e p.

233

.)Si

ze o

f th

e or

igin

al:

88 X

130

cm

. Ph

otog

raph

© M

usée

Na-

tion

al d

e la

Mar

ine /

Pat

rick

Dan

tec,

Par

is (

9 N

A 2

3).

plate 9. HENRICUS MARTELLUS GERMANUS, MAP OF CEYLON. (See p. 267.) The map is included in several known copies of the “Insularium illustratum” (ca. 1480–90) and is based on the Ptolemaic map of the island, whose name is pre-served (Taprobana Insvla Indiana). A note on the map men-tions that the island is surrounded by an archipelago of 1,378 islets. Henricus Martellus does not appear to have produced

an original cartographic work. He complemented Cristoforo Buondelmonti’s isolario with maps of islands as well as of mainland regions, presenting a composite universal atlas based on the material available at the time.Size of the original: 46.3 X 30.2 cm. Photograph courtesy of the BL (Add. MS. 15760, fol. 62r).

pla

te

10.

PTO

LE

MA

IC M

AN

USC

RIP

T M

AP

OF

AFR

ICA

FR

OM

TH

E W

ILC

ZE

K B

RO

WN

CO

DE

X. (

See

p. 3

17.)

Size

of

each

mou

ntin

g bo

ard:

39

X 2

8.3

cm.

Phot

ogra

phy

cour

tesy

of

the

John

Car

ter

Bro

wn

Lib

rary

, Bro

wn

Uni

vers

ity,

Prov

iden

ce (

Acc

. 311

37).

plate 11. PAGE FROM A MANUSCRIPT EDITION OF THE SEPTE GIORNATE, [1482]. (See p. 323.) Francesco Berlinghieri is shown in the illuminated “C” at the top of the page. The circles in the right margin show Berlinghieri, Ficino, and Ptolemy in different scenes from the text; the ovals on the

left all depict Ptolemy.Size of the original: 44 X 31 cm. Biblioteca Nazionale Braid-ense, Milan (AC XIV 44, fol. 1r). By concession of the Mini-stero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali.

pla

te

12.

JEA

N C

OSS

IN,

MA

NU

SCR

IPT

WO

RL

D M

AP

ON

TH

E S

INU

SOID

AL

PR

OJE

CT

ION

, 15

70.

(See

p.

372.

) T

his

proj

ecti

on, b

ased

on

eleg

ant

sine

cur

ves,

is a

n eq

ual-

area

proj

ecti

on a

nd w

as p

opul

ariz

ed a

lmos

t a c

entu

ry la

ter

by G

uil-

laum

e Sa

nson

and

Joh

n Fl

amst

eed.

Phot

ogra

ph c

ourt

esy

of t

he B

NF

(Rés

. Ge

D 7

896)

.

textual narratives: the primary description of the coastal descent from “ylheos” to “porto seguro,” at top; toponymic titles (at ninety-degree angles to the coast) reminiscent of early portolan charts, at middle; and sophisticated instructions for entering and departing from ports and harbors (at ninety-degree angles to the coast), at bottom.Photograph Henrique Ruas, courtesy of the Biblioteca da Aju-da / IPPAR, Lisbon (52-XII-25, fol. 10v).

plate 13. PORTUGUESE ROTEIRO, ATTRIBUTED TO LUÍS TEIXEIRA. (See p. 462.) From the “Roteiro de todos os sinais, conhecimentos, fundos, baixos, alturas, e derrotas que há na costa do Brasil desde o cabo de Santo Agostinho até o estreito de Fernão de Magalhães.” This depiction of the Brazilian coastline near Porto Seguro, the region where Pedro Álvares Cabral and his fl eet made landfall on their maiden journey to South America in 1500, contains three separate

pla

te

14.

PLA

NE

CH

AR

T O

F T

HE

AT

LA

NT

IC O

CE

AN

, C

RE

AT

ED

AFT

ER

154

9 B

Y A

N A

NO

NY

MO

US

POR

TU

-G

UE

SE C

AR

TO

GR

APH

ER

. (Se

e p.

519

.) T

he c

hart

’s la

titu

de

scal

e is

pro

min

entl

y de

pict

ed i

n th

e m

iddl

e of

the

oce

an.

Sig-

nifi c

antl

y, t

his

char

t al

so h

as a

n ob

lique

mer

idia

n, lo

cate

d ju

st

off

of t

he L

abra

dor

coas

t.Si

ze o

f th

e or

igin

al:

63 X

88

cm.

Phot

ogra

ph c

ourt

esy

of t

he

BN

F (C

arte

s et

Pla

ns, R

és. G

e B

114

8).

plate 15. FOUR EXAMPLES OF EARLY COLOR PRINT-ING, 1513. (See p. 594.) A comparison of four maps of Lor-raine from Claudius Ptolemy, Geography (Strasbourg, 1513), reveals considerable variation among the colors used to print the three woodblocks in this experimental printing (red, yel-low / brown, and black). Close examination also reveals subtle differences in the state and content of the three blocks.

Photographs courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University, Providence (upper left); the American Geo-graphical Society Library, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Libraries (Rare 420 pt, pl. 47) (lower left); the William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Atlas N-3-A) (upper right); and the National Library of Finland, Helsinki (N. 2173) (lower right).

plate 16. THE TWO KNOWN COLORED VERSIONS OF FRANCESCO ROSSELLI’S OVAL WORLD MAP, CA. 1508. (See p. 604.) A comparison of these two colored versions reveals differences in the geographical content based on the coloring alone. Note the coastline of the continent in the Antarctic area. It is not named Antarticvs; the “C,” for Circvlvs, in front of

that word has been colored over in the lower example. See also fi gure 1.3.Photograph courtesy of the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Florence. By concession of the Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali della Repubblica Italiana (top). Photograph © Na-tional Maritime Museum, London (G201: 1/53A) (bottom).

plate 17. SIGNED COLORING BY JACKOMINA LIEFRINCK (LIEFRYNCK). (See p. 606.) An unusual instance of the colorist’s signing a map or title page, in this case the title page of the 1586 edition of the Speculum nauticum of Lucas

Jansz. Waghenaer. Jackomina (Mynken) was the daughter of the engraver Hans Liefrinck.Photograph courtesy of the BNF (Rés. G 46).

plate 18. DITCHLEY PORTRAIT OF ELIZABETH I, AT-TRIBUTED TO MARCUS GHEERAERTS, CA. 1592. (See p. 669.) An imposing fi gure of Elizabeth I—Gloriana in all her glory—stretches the metonymic association of the monarch and

the nation by literally towering over the lands in her possession. The map itself is drawn after the Christopher Saxton model.Size of the original: 241.3 X 152.4 cm. Photograph courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London (NPG 2561).

pla

te

19.

CL

AE

S JA

NSZ

. V

ISSC

HE

R,

LE

O B

EL

GIC

US.

(See

p. 6

74.)

Thi

s ve

rsio

n of

the

bello

win

g L

eo B

elgi

cus—

liter

-al

ly,

the

Bel

gian

Lio

n—w

as e

xecu

ted

duri

ng t

he T

wel

ve-Y

ear

Tru

ce,

a lu

ll in

the

fi g

htin

g of

the

Eig

hty

Yea

rs’

War

bet

wee

n Sp

ain

and

the

Net

herl

ands

. On

the

left

are

vie

ws

of te

n ci

ties

of

the

nort

hern

Net

herl

ands

that

wer

e th

en g

over

ned

(de

fact

o) b

y

the

Stat

es G

ener

al a

nd t

he H

ouse

of

Ora

nge;

on

the

righ

t ar

e te

n ci

ties

und

er t

he c

ontr

ol o

f th

e Sp

anis

h re

gent

s an

d Ph

ilip

III.

Not

e th

e sl

umpi

ng s

uit

of a

rmor

in t

he lo

wer

rig

ht c

orne

r,id

enti

fi ed

as “

Slee

ping

Mar

s.”

Phot

ogra

ph c

ourt

esy

of t

he S

tich

ting

Atl

as v

an S

tolk

, R

ot-

terd

am (

no. 1

248)

.

plate 20. JOHANNES DE RAM AND COENRAERT DECKER, DELFT, CA. 1675-78. (See p. 694.) This splendid map of Delft illustrates the role of city views and maps as a form of civic boosterism. The image stresses Delft’s importance as a seaport and center of trade in faience and cloth. It com-bines a profi le view (at top) and a plan view (middle, with a

smaller-scale plan upper right), with various public buildings surrounding the plan. Size of the original: 160 X 180.5 cm. Photograph courtesy of the Gemeente Musea Delft, Collectie Stedelijk Museum Het Prinsenhof (D 162).

pla

te

21.

WO

TT

ON

UN

DE

RW

OO

D,

BU

CK

ING

HA

M-

SHIR

E.

(See

p.

707.

) T

he m

ap w

as p

roba

bly

mad

e at

som

e ti

me

betw

een

1564

and

158

6 to

illu

stra

te p

oint

s of

dis

pute

be

twee

n th

e co

mm

unit

ies

of W

otto

n U

nder

woo

d an

d L

udge

r-

shal

l ari

sing

fro

m r

ight

s of

com

mon

on

the

one

hund

red

acre

s of

“W

otto

n L

awnd

.”Ph

otog

raph

cou

rtes

y of

the

Hun

ting

ton

Lib

rary

, Sa

n M

arin

o (S

tow

e M

anus

crip

ts, S

T 5

9).

plat

e 22

. T

APE

STR

Y M

AP

OF

TH

E M

ED

ITE

RR

AN

EA

N

BA

SIN

, 15

49–5

1. (

See

p. 7

24.)

Thi

s is

the

fi r

st t

apes

try

in t

he

colle

ctio

n of

wha

t w

as o

rigi

nally

tw

elve

tap

estr

ies

of t

he C

on-

ques

t of

Tun

is s

erie

s co

mm

issi

oned

by

Cha

rles

V a

nd d

etai

ling

his e

xped

ition

to T

unis

in 1

535.

Onl

y te

n of

the

orig

inal

car

toon

s(f

ull-

size

dra

win

gs o

n pa

per

in c

harc

oal a

nd o

verl

aid

wit

h w

a-te

rcol

or),

des

igne

d by

Jan

Cor

nelis

z. V

erm

eyen

bet

wee

n ab

out

1544

/45

and

1550

, sur

vive

(all

in th

e K

unst

hist

oris

ches

Mus

eum

in

Vie

nna)

. Tw

elve

ful

l-si

ze t

apes

trie

s (e

diti

o pr

ince

ps)

wer

e w

oven

fro

m V

erm

eyen

’s ca

rtoo

ns b

y W

illem

de

Pann

emak

er in

B

russ

els

from

154

9 to

155

4; t

en, i

nclu

ding

thi

s on

e, n

ow h

ang

in t

he P

alac

io d

e O

rien

te a

nd A

rmer

ía R

eal i

n M

adri

d.Si

ze o

f th

e or

igin

al:

520

X 8

95 c

m.

Phot

ogra

ph c

opyr

ight

©

Patr

imon

io N

acio

nal,

Mad

rid

(inv

. 100

0589

5).

plate 23. SELF-PORTRAIT OF SIR NATHANIEL BACON, CA. 1618–20. (See p. 735.) Oil on canvas by English amateur painter Nathaniel Bacon, this portrait shows the author holding a drawing and sitting with his books, writing materials, and an

atlas of Abraham Ortelius open to the map of Germania.Size of the original: 205.7 X 153.6 cm. Private Collec-tion / Bridgeman Art Library, New York (GRH 242121).

plate 24. THE SEVEN CITIES OF CÍBOLA FROM JOAN MARTINES’S CHART OF 1578. (See p. 743.)

Size of the entire original: 24 X 36 cm; this portion ca. 24 X19.9 cm. Photograph courtesy of the BL (Harl. MS. 3450, map no. 10).