9
139 P come PACIFISMO $UQR 0QVWHU ERNST BLOCH: UN PACIFISTA IN ESILIO IN SVIZZERA ABSTRACT: (UQVW %ORFK D 3DFL¿VW LQ WKH 6ZLVV ([LOH )RUPLQJ SDUW RI WKH JURXS RI FULWLFDO *HUPDQ-HZLVK LQWHOOHFWXDOV YHU\ RSSRVHG WR WKH PRQDUFK\ RI WKH (PSHURU :LOOLDP ,, DQG WR WKH ZDU (UQVW %ORFK HVFDSLQJ IURP HQOLVWPHQW IRU WKH *HUPDQ $UP\ OHIW *HUPDQ\ 0XQLFK LQ $SULO LQ RUGHU WR OLYH DQG WR FRQWLQXH KLV SROLWLFDO UHVLVWDQFH LQ H[LOH LQ 6ZLW- ]HUODQG ZKHUH KH ZDV HQJDJHG DV MRXUQDOLVW E\ WKH HGLWRULDO VWDII RI WKH MRXUQDO ©'LH )UHLH =HLWXQJª WKH SULQFLSDO QHZVSDSHU RI WKH DQWL.DLVHURSSRVLWLRQ LQ (XURSH SXEOLVKHG LQ WKH 6ZLVV FDSLWDO %HUQH ZLWK WKH ¿QDQFLDO VXSSRUW RI WKH ³(QWHQWH´WKH (PEDVV\ RI )UDQFH DQG *UHDW %ULWDLQ ,Q D VHULHV RI SROLWL- FDO DUWLFOHV SXEOLVKHG IURP 2FWREHU XQWLO 'HFHPEHU %ORFK LV GHQRXQFLQJ ZKLFK LQ KLV H\HV UHSUHVHQWV WKH YHU\ ³(YLO´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ey words: /LIH ([LOH LQ 6ZLW]HUODQG 3DFL¿VP $OOR VFRSSLR GHOOD 3ULPD *XHUUD 0RQGLDOH QHOO¶DJRVWR GHO (UQVW %ORFK DYHYD DSSHQD DQQL PD HUD JLj SROLWLFL]]DWR QHO VHQVR GHO SDFL¿VPR H GHOO¶RVWLOLWj DO UHJLPH HG DOOD SROL- WLFD LQWHUQD HG HVWHUQD GHOO¶,PSHUDWRUH WHGHVFR *XJOLHOPR ,, &RPH OR VWHVVR %ORFK DIIHUPD LQ XQD LQWHUYLVWD GHO D -HDQ0LFKHO 3DOPLHU JUDQGH VWXGLRVR IUDQFHVH GHOO¶HVSUHVVLRQLVPR OD VXD SROLWLFL]]D]LRQH HUD LQL]LDWD JLj GXUDQWH LO SHULR- GR GL VWXGL DO OLFHR XPDQLVWLFR GL /XGZLJVKDIHQ GRYH DYHYD OHWWR L YRODQWLQL H L WUDWWDWL SROLWLFL GLVWULEXLWL GDO 3DUWLWR 6RFLDO'HPRFUDWLFR 7HGHVFR 63' H GDO VLQGDFDWR $'*% HQWUDPEL SUHVHQWL QHOOH IDEEULFKH FKLPLFKH GHOOD %$6) SUHGRPLQDQWL LQ TXHVWD FLWWj LQGXVWULDOH VLWXDWD DOOD ULYD VLQLVWUD GHO 5HQR H FROORFDWD GL IURQWH DOOD FLWWj GL 0DQQKHLP 'XUDQWH L VXRL VWXGL XQLYHUVLWDUL D 0RQDFR LO JLRYDQH %ORFK DYHYD JLj DYXWR L VXRL SULPL FRQWDWWL FRQ L SLWWRUL HVSUHVVLRQLVWL FRPH TXHOOL GHOOD VFXROD Der Blaue Reiter H FRQ DOFXQL UDSSUHVHQWDQWL SDFL¿VWL 1DWR O¶ OXJOLR D /XGZLJVKDIHQ QHO 3DODWLQDWR FKH DOO¶HSRFD DSSDUWHQHYD DQFRUD DOOD %DYLHUD LO JLRYDQH %ORFK PDQLIHVWz JLj D DQQL XQ DWWHJJLDPHQWR SROLWLFR FKLDUDPHQWH RVWLOH DO SUXVVLDQLVPR DOOD PRQDUFKLD GL *XJOLHOPR ,, H GL %LVPDUFN DJOL ³-XQNHU´ H VRSUDW- 8QLYHUVLWp $PLHQV &IU -0 3DOPLHU /D WUDYHUVpH GX VLqFOH G¶(UQVW %ORFK (QWUHWLHQ H[FOXVLI , 'H /XNiFV j %UHFKW in ©/HV 1RXYHOOHV /LWWpUDLUHVª SS

P come PACIFISMOromatrepress.uniroma3.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Ernst-Bloch-u… · 140 il tema di b@bel wxwwr doo¶duurjdqwh plolwdulvpr suxvvldqr gd oxl surirqgdphqwh ghwhvwdwr

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    1

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: P come PACIFISMOromatrepress.uniroma3.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Ernst-Bloch-u… · 140 il tema di b@bel wxwwr doo¶duurjdqwh plolwdulvpr suxvvldqr gd oxl surirqgdphqwh ghwhvwdwr

139

P come PACIFISMO

$UQR�0�QVWHU�

ERNST BLOCH: UN PACIFISTA IN ESILIO IN SVIZZERA

ABSTRACT: (UQVW�%ORFK��D�3DFL¿VW�LQ�WKH�6ZLVV�([LOH

)RUPLQJ�SDUW�RI�WKH�JURXS�RI�FULWLFDO�*HUPDQ�-HZLVK�LQWHOOHFWXDOV�YHU\�RSSRVHG�WR�WKH�PRQDUFK\�RI�WKH�(PSHURU�:LOOLDP�,,�DQG�WR�WKH�ZDU��(UQVW�%ORFK��HVFDSLQJ�IURP�HQOLVWPHQW�IRU�WKH�*HUPDQ�$UP\��OHIW�*HUPDQ\��0XQLFK��LQ�$SULO������LQ�RUGHU�WR�OLYH�DQG�WR�FRQWLQXH�KLV�SROLWLFDO�UHVLVWDQFH�LQ�H[LOH�LQ�6ZLW-]HUODQG��ZKHUH�KH�ZDV�HQJDJHG�DV�MRXUQDOLVW�E\�WKH�HGLWRULDO�VWDII�RI�WKH�MRXUQDO�©'LH�)UHLH�=HLWXQJª��WKH�SULQFLSDO�QHZVSDSHU�RI�WKH�DQWL�.DLVHU�RSSRVLWLRQ�LQ�(XURSH��SXEOLVKHG�LQ�WKH�6ZLVV�FDSLWDO�%HUQH�ZLWK�WKH�¿QDQFLDO�VXSSRUW�RI�WKH�³(QWHQWH´�WKH�(PEDVV\�RI�)UDQFH�DQG�*UHDW�%ULWDLQ���,Q�D�VHULHV�RI�SROLWL-FDO�DUWLFOHV�SXEOLVKHG�IURP�2FWREHU������XQWLO�'HFHPEHU�������%ORFK�LV�GHQRXQFLQJ�ZKLFK�LQ�KLV�H\HV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�YHU\�³(YLO´�DQG�WKH�JUHDWHVW�WKUHDW�WR�FRQWHPSRUDU\�KXPDQLW\��0LOLWDULVP��1DWLRQDOLVP�DQG�,PSHULDOLVP�RI�WKH�*HUPDQ�(PSLUH��5HLFK���UHVSRQVLEOH�IRU�WKH�RXWEUHDN�RI�:RUOG�:DU�,��%XW�KH�LV�DOVR�YHU\�FULWLFDO�WR�WKH�%ROVKHYLN�UHYROXWLRQ�LQ�5XVVLD��FULWLFL]LQJ�/HQLQ�DQG�KLV�DXWKRULWDULDQ�DQG�DQWL�GHPRFUDWLF�PHDVXUHV�WDNHQ�DIWHU�WKH�RYHUWKURZ�RI�WKH�DXWRFUDWLF�UHJLPH�RI�WKH�5XVVLDQ�7VDU�LQ�2FWREHU�1RYHPEHU�������+RSLQJ�IRU�D�PLOLWDU\�YLFWRU\�RI�WKH�RFFLGHQWDO�DOOLHV��KH�LV�FRQYLQFHG�WKDW�WKH�SROLWLFDO�IXWXUH�RI�*HUPDQ\��DIWHU�WKH�LQHYLWDEOH�FROODSVH�RI�WKH�PRQDUFK\�RI�:LOOLDP�,,��DIWHU�D�*HUPDQ�PLOLWDU\�GHIHDW��ZLOO�EH�D�GHPRFUDWLF�*HUPDQ�5HSXEOLF�DFFRUGLQJ�WR�WKH�PRGHO�RI�PRGHUQ�)UHQFK�GHPRFUDF\��

Key words:�/LIH���([LOH�LQ�6ZLW]HUODQG���3DFL¿VP

$OOR�VFRSSLR�GHOOD�3ULPD�*XHUUD�0RQGLDOH��QHOO¶DJRVWR�GHO�������(UQVW�%ORFK�DYHYD�DSSHQD����DQQL��PD�HUD�JLj�SROLWLFL]]DWR��QHO�VHQVR�GHO�SDFL¿VPR�H�GHOO¶RVWLOLWj�DO�UHJLPH�HG�DOOD�SROL-WLFD�LQWHUQD�HG�HVWHUQD�GHOO¶,PSHUDWRUH�WHGHVFR�*XJOLHOPR�,,�&RPH�OR�VWHVVR�%ORFK�DIIHUPD�LQ�XQD�LQWHUYLVWD�GHO������D�-HDQ�0LFKHO�3DOPLHU���JUDQGH�

VWXGLRVR�IUDQFHVH�GHOO¶HVSUHVVLRQLVPR��OD�VXD�SROLWLFL]]D]LRQH�HUD�LQL]LDWD�JLj�GXUDQWH�LO�SHULR-GR�GL�VWXGL�DO�OLFHR�XPDQLVWLFR�GL�/XGZLJVKDIHQ��GRYH�DYHYD�OHWWR�L�YRODQWLQL�H�L�WUDWWDWL�SROLWLFL�GLVWULEXLWL�GDO�3DUWLWR�6RFLDO�'HPRFUDWLFR�7HGHVFR��63'��H�GDO�VLQGDFDWR��$'*%���HQWUDPEL�SUHVHQWL�QHOOH�IDEEULFKH�FKLPLFKH�GHOOD�%$6)��SUHGRPLQDQWL�LQ�TXHVWD�FLWWj�LQGXVWULDOH�VLWXDWD�DOOD�ULYD�VLQLVWUD�GHO�5HQR�H�FROORFDWD�GL�IURQWH�DOOD�FLWWj�GL�0DQQKHLP��'XUDQWH�L�VXRL�VWXGL�XQLYHUVLWDUL� D�0RQDFR�� LO�JLRYDQH�%ORFK�DYHYD�JLj�DYXWR� L� VXRL�SULPL�FRQWDWWL� FRQ� L�SLWWRUL�HVSUHVVLRQLVWL��FRPH�TXHOOL�GHOOD�VFXROD�Der Blaue Reiter��H�FRQ�DOFXQL�UDSSUHVHQWDQWL�SDFL¿VWL��1DWR� O¶�� OXJOLR������D�/XGZLJVKDIHQ��QHO�3DODWLQDWR��FKH�DOO¶HSRFD�DSSDUWHQHYD�DQFRUD�

DOOD�%DYLHUD��LO�JLRYDQH�%ORFK�PDQLIHVWz�JLj�D����DQQL�XQ�DWWHJJLDPHQWR�SROLWLFR�FKLDUDPHQWH�RVWLOH�DO�SUXVVLDQLVPR��DOOD�PRQDUFKLD�GL�*XJOLHOPR�,,�H�GL�%LVPDUFN��DJOL�³-XQNHU´�H�VRSUDW-

�� 8QLYHUVLWp�$PLHQV��� &IU��-�0��3DOPLHU��/D�WUDYHUVpH�GX�VLqFOH�G¶(UQVW�%ORFK��(QWUHWLHQ�H[FOXVLI��,��'H�/XNiFV�j�%UHFKW���in

©/HV�1RXYHOOHV�/LWWpUDLUHVª�������������SS��������

Page 2: P come PACIFISMOromatrepress.uniroma3.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Ernst-Bloch-u… · 140 il tema di b@bel wxwwr doo¶duurjdqwh plolwdulvpr suxvvldqr gd oxl surirqgdphqwh ghwhvwdwr

140

Il tema di B@bel

WXWWR�DOO¶DUURJDQWH�PLOLWDULVPR�SUXVVLDQR��GD�OXL�SURIRQGDPHQWH�GHWHVWDWR��/D�VXD�SRVL]LRQH�SROLWLFD�VL�UDGLFDOL]]z�DOOR�VFRSSLR�GHOOD�3ULPD�*XHUUD�0RQGLDOH��GRSR�OD�PRELOLWD]LRQH�JHQH-UDOH�H�OD�GLFKLDUD]LRQH�GL�JXHUUD�GHOOD�*HUPDQLD�DOOD�)UDQFLD�GHO���DJRVWR�������GRSR�OD�JXHU-UD�GHOO¶$XVWULD�8QJKHULD�DOOD�6HUELD��SURWHWWD�GDOOD�5XVVLD��H�GRSR�O¶LQYDVLRQH�PLOLWDUH�GHO�%HOJLR��TXDQGR�GXUDQWH�O¶DVVHGLR�GHOOD�FLWWj�H�GHOOD�IRUWH]]D�GL�/LHJL�DOOD�¿QH�GHOO¶DJRVWR�GHO������PRULURQR�PLJOLDLD�GL�FLYLOL��LQ�YLROD]LRQH�ÀDJUDQWH�GHOOD�QHXWUDOLWj�GHO�%HOJLR��)DFHQGR�SDUWH�GL�TXHVWD�PLQRUDQ]D�FULWLFD�GL�LQWHOOHWWXDOL��DUWLVWL��VFULWWRUL��¿ORVR¿�H�ODYRUDWRUL�WHGHVFKL�FKH�QRQ�YROHYDQR�SDUWHFLSDUH�D�TXHVWD�LVWHULD�GHOOD�JXHUUD��D�TXHVWL�HFFHVVL�GL�³SDWULRWWLVPR´�H�GL�QD]LRQDOLVPR�FKH�FDUDWWHUL]]DYDQR�LO�FOLPD�SROLWLFR�QRQ�VROR�GHOOD�*HUPDQLD��PD�DQFKH�GHOOD�)UDQFLD��GHOOD�5XVVLD�H�GHOOD�PRQDUFKLD�DXVWULDFD��(UQVW�%ORFK��FKH�¿QR�D�TXHO�PRPHQWR�HUD�VWDWR�DQFRUD�XQ�VLPSDWL]]DQWH�GHO�63'��FULWLFz�LO�YRWR�GHL�FUHGLWL�GL�JXHUUD�DOO¶LPSHUD-WRUH�*XJOLHOPR�H�VL�YROVH�SURJUHVVLYDPHQWH�YHUVR�OD�VLQLVWUD�GHO�3DUWLWR�VRFLDOLVWD��LO�IXWXUR�863'���6L�SXz�GLUH�FKH�D�SDUWLUH�GD�TXHVWR�PRPHQWR��%ORFK�VL�WURYz��FRPH�:DOWHU�%HQMDPLQ��nel campo politico degli oppositori democratici al regime della monarchia di Guglielmo ,,� FKH�HUDQR�QRQ� VROR� UDGLFDOPHQWH�FRQWUDUL� DOOD�JXHUUD��PD�FKH� VSHUDYDQR�QHOOD� VFRQ¿WWD�militare della Germania���/D�VXD�SRVL]LRQH�QRQ�HUD�GXQTXH�Qp�³SDWULRWWLFD´�Qp�JHUPDQR¿OD��PD�SDFL¿VWD��LQWHUQD]LRQDOLVWD�H�SUR�,QWHVD��$�SDUWLUH�GD�TXHVWR�PRPHQWR�H�GD�TXHVWD�VLWXD-]LRQH�%ORFK�FRPLQFLz�D�SHQVDUH�FKH��LQYHFH�GL�IDUVL�WUDWWDUH�GDOOH�DXWRULWj�WHGHVFKH�FRPH�XQ�³WUDGLWRUH�GHOOD�SDWULD´��VDUHEEH�VWDWR�PHJOLR�ODVFLDUH�OD�*HUPDQLD�H�HVLOLDUVL�DOO¶HVWHUR��SHU�HVHPSLR�LQ�6YL]]HUD��0D�TXHVWD�GHFLVLRQH�GLI¿FLOH�%ORFK�OD�SUHVH�VROWDQWR�WUH�DQQL�SL��WDUGL��D�*U�QZDOG��SUHVVR�0RQDFR�GL�%DYLHUD��GRYH�DYHYD�JLj�VFULWWR�XQD�JUDQ�SDUWH�GHO�VXR�SULPR�libro Spirito dell’Utopia��QHO�PDU]R�GHO�������6HFRQGR�OH�WHVWLPRQLDQ]H�H�L�GRFXPHQWL�FRQVXOWDWL��OD�SDUWHQ]D�GL�(UQVW�%ORFK�GDOOD�*HU-

PDQLD�IX�GRYXWD�QRQ�VROR�DO�GHWHULRUDPHQWR�GHOOH�FRQGL]LRQL�GL�YLWD�GHOOD�SRSROD]LRQH�WHGHVFD�GXUDQWH�LO�WHU]R�DQQR�GHOOD�3ULPD�*XHUUD�PRQGLDOH��FKH�DYHYDQR�VSLQWR�LO�JRYHUQR�GHO�Reich WHGHVFR�D�LPSRUUH��D�SDUWLUH�GDO�PDU]R�GHO�������LO�UD]LRQDPHQWR�GHL�SURGRWWL�DOLPHQWDUL���PD�DQFKH�H�VRSUDWWXWWR�DOOD�SDXUD�GL�%ORFK�GL�HVVHUH�PRELOLWDWR�H�DUUXRODWR�QHOO¶HVHUFLWR�WHGHVFR��FRQ�O¶XQLFD�SURVSHWWLYD�UHDOLVWD�GL�HVVHUH�XFFLVR�QHOOH�WULQFHH�GHOOD�6RPPD��GHOOD�0DUQH�R�D�9HUGXQ��D�GLVSHWWR�GHO�IDWWR�FKH�%ORFK�IRVVH�VWDWR��LQ�XQ�SULPR�WHPSR��ULIRUPDWR�HG�HVRQHUDWR�GDO� VHUYL]LR�PLOLWDUH�QHO� �����SHU�PLRSLD�� JUD]LH� DOO¶HVSUHVVR� LQWHUYHQWR�GL�.DUO� -DVSHUV���7XWWDYLD��O¶DJJUDYDUVL�GHOOD�VLWXD]LRQH�PLOLWDUH�WHGHVFD��GXUDQWH�O¶LQYHUQR����������QRQ�PHW-WHYD�TXHVWL�HVRQHUDWL�FRPSOHWDPHQWH�DO�ULSDUR�GDOO¶HVVHUH�FKLDPDWL�DOOH�DUPL��,QROWUH��YL�HUD�DQFRUD�XQ�PRWLYR�SL��LPSRUWDQWH��LO�WRWDOH�GLVDFFRUGR�FRQ�OD�SROLWLFD�HVWHUD�GHO�Reich tedesco H�OD�VXD�IHUPD�GHFLVLRQH�GL�FRPEDWWHUH�TXHVWD�SROLWLFD�H�TXHVWD�JXHUUD�FRQFHSLWD�D�3RVWGDP�(come Bloch non cessava di sottolineare nelle interviste ai giornalisti) e che giudicava essere GHO�WXWWR�FRQWUDULD�DJOL�LQWHUHVVL�GHOOD�GHPRFUD]LD�H�GHOO¶XPDQLWj��7XWWR�FLz�QRQ�SRWHYD�FKH�spingere Bloch ad aderire non solo all’opposizione antimonarchica (socialista-democratica)

�� 5LFRUGLDPR�FKH�LQ�RFFDVLRQH�GL�TXHVWR�YRWR��VROWDQWR�XQ�VROR�HG�XQLFR�GHSXWDWR�GHOOD�63'�DYHYD�YRWDWR�FRQWUR��.DUO�/LHENQHFKW�

�� &IU��Schadet oder nützt Deutschland ein feindlicher Sieg?,LQ�(UQVW�%ORFK��Kampf – nicht Krieg. Frühe politische Aufsätze, 6XKUNDPS��)UDQNIXUW�D�0��������S�����H�VV�

�� &IU��LYL��S�������� &IU��$��0�QVWHU��/¶XWRSLD�FRQFUHWD�GL�(UQVW�%ORFK��8QD�ELRJUD¿D��/D�6FXROD�GL�3LWDJRUD��1DSROL�������

S������VV��

Page 3: P come PACIFISMOromatrepress.uniroma3.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Ernst-Bloch-u… · 140 il tema di b@bel wxwwr doo¶duurjdqwh plolwdulvpr suxvvldqr gd oxl surirqgdphqwh ghwhvwdwr

141

Il

WHGHVFD� DOO¶LQWHUQR��PD� DQFKH� DOOH� IRU]H� SROLWLFKH� FKH� FRPEDWWHYDQR� LO�Reich� WHGHVFR�� VXO�SLDQR�SROLWLFR�H�PLOLWDUH��GDOO¶HVWHUQR��2UD��XQR�GHL�FHQWUL�GL�SURSDJDQGD�SL��LPSRUWDQWL�SHU�OD�GLIIXVLRQH�GHOOH�LGHH�H�GHOOD�SURSDJDQGD�“anti-Kaiser”�LQ�OLQJXD�WHGHVFD�HUD�%HUQD��GRYH�VL�SXEEOLFDYD�OD�©)UHLH�=HLWXQJª��JLRUQDOH�OLEHUR���XQD�VRUWD�GL�SLDWWDIRUPD�FXOWXUDOH�H�SROLWLFD�GHJOL�DYYHUVDUL�GHOOD�*HUPDQLD�PRQDUFKLFD��GRPLQDWD�GDL�VLPSDWL]]DQWL�GHOO¶,QWHVD�IUDQFR�DPHULFDQD�EULWDQQLFD�H�FRPSRVWD�VRSUDWWXWWR�GD�GHPRFUDWLFL�OLEHUDOL�IUDQFR¿OL�H�JHUPDQRIR-EL��&RQVLGHUDWD�O¶DYYHUVLRQH�FKH�(UQVW�%ORFK�DYHYD�PDQLIHVWDWR��QHO�FRUVR�GHOOD�JXHUUD��QHL�FRQIURQWL�GL�*XJOLHOPR�,,�H�GHOOD�VXD�SROLWLFD�LQWHUQD�HG�HVWHUD�LPSHULDOLVWD�H�QD]LRQDOLVWD��HUD�TXDVL�RYYLR�FKH�DGHULVVH�D�TXHVWR�JUXSSR�GL�LQWHOOHWWXDOL�H�JLRUQDOLVWL��%LVRJQDYD�WURYDUH�LQQDQ]LWXWWR�XQ�SUHWHVWR�FRQYLQFHQWH�SHU�RWWHQHUH�GDOOH�DXWRULWj�WHGHVFKH��HVWUHPDPHQWH�GLI-¿GHQWL�QHL�FRQIURQWL�GHL�UHIUDWWDUL�H�VRSUDWWXWWR�GHL�JLRYDQL�LQWHOOHWWXDOL�HEUHL�FKH�F¶HUDQR�WUD�GL�ORUR��LO�YLVWR�GL�XVFLWD�SHU�XQ�VRJJLRUQR�LQ�6YL]]HUD��,Q¿QH��%ORFK�WURYz�TXHVWR�SUHWHVWR�LQ�RFFDVLRQH�GL�XQ�LQFRQWUR�D�+HLGHOEHUJ�QHO�IHEEUDLR�GHO������FRQ�(PLO�/HGHUHU���������������QRWR�LQ�*HUPDQLD�FRPH�VWXGLRVR�GL�HFRQRPLD�VRFLDOH�H�FRHGLWRUH�GHOO¶©$UFKLY�I�U�6R]LDOZLV-VHQVFKDIWHQ�XQG�6R]LDOJHVFKLFKWHª��/HGHUHU�SHUPLVH�FKH�%ORFK�IRVVH�XI¿FLDOPHQWH�LQYLDWR�LQ�6YL]]HUD�SHU�FRQGXUUH�SHU�OD�ULYLVWD�XQ¶LQFKLHVWD�VXOOH�©LGHRORJLH�SDFL¿VWH��L�SURJUDPPL�SROLWLFL�H�OH�XWRSLH�LQ�6YL]]HUDª��3RLFKp�OD�OHWWHUD�GL�LQYLWR�SUHVHQWDWD�GDOOD�ULYLVWD�SUHVXPL-ELOPHQWH�LPSUHVVLRQz�L�VHUYL]L�FRQVRODUL�WHGHVFKL��%ORFK�RWWHQQH�HIIHWWLYDPHQWH�DOOD�¿QH�GHO�PDU]R�GHO������LO�YLVWR�GL�XVFLWD�SHU�OD�6YL]]HUD��0XQLWR�GL�TXHVWR�YLVWR�H�GL�SRFKLVVLPL�PH]-]L�¿QDQ]LDUL��LQVXI¿FLHQWL�SHU�¿QDQ]LDUH�XQ�OXQJR�VRJJLRUQR�LQ�6YL]]HUD���%ORFK�VL�VLVWHPz�GDSSULPD�D�%HUQD��GD�DSULOH�D�VHWWHPEUH�������LQ�VHJXLWR�GD�VHWWHPEUH������D�PDJJLR������D�7KXQ��YLFLQR�%HUQD��H�LQ¿QH��GD�PDJJLR������D�PDU]R�������D�,QWHUODNHQ��&RQ� OD�VXD�SUHVHQ]D�±�H�TXHOOD�GHOOD�PRJOLH�±�%ORFK�ULQIRU]z� LO�JUXSSR�GL� LQWHOOHWWXDOL��

VFULWWRUL�H�DUWLVWL�WHGHVFKL�FKH��SHU�DQDORJKL�PRWLYL��DYHYDQR�DEEDQGRQDWR�OD�*HUPDQLD�ULIX-JLDQGRVL�LQ�6YL]]HUD��7UD�ORUR�F¶HUDQR�5HQp�6FKLFNHOH��$QQHWWH�.ROE��+HUPDQQ�+HVVH��+XJR�%DOO��6WHIDQ�=ZHLJ��$�+��)ULHG��)UDQ]�:HUIHO��(OVH�/DVNHU�6FK�OHU��/XGZLJ�5DELQHU��&ODLUH�H�<YDQ�*ROO��$OEHUW�(KUHQVWHLQ��)HUGLQDQG�+DUGNRSI�H�:DOWHU�%HQMDPLQ��4XHVWR�HWHURJHQHR�JUXSSR�GL�DUWLVWL��VFULWWRUL�H�¿ORVR¿��HPLJUDWL�WHGHVFKL�LQ�6YL]]HUD��FRQ-

WDYD�WUD�OH�VXH�¿OD�DQFKH�TXDOFKH�GLSORPDWLFR�GLVVLGHQWH�LQ�URWWXUD�FRQ�LO�JRYHUQR�WHGHVFR��FRPH�:LOKHOP�0XHKORQ��R�+DQV�6FKOLHEHQ��LO�YHFFKLR�FRQVROH�WHGHVFR�D�%HOJUDGR��GLYHQXWR��GRSR�O¶DEEDQGRQR�GHO�VXR�UXROR�GLSORPDWLFR��O¶HGLWRUH�GHOOD�©)UHLH�=HLWXQJª��&RVD�UDSSUH-VHQWDYD�TXHVWR�JLRUQDOH"/¶LGHDOH�SROLWLFR�GHOOD�©)UHLH�=HLWXQJª�HUD�GHPRFUDWLFR�SL��FKH�VRFLDOLVWD�R�ULYROX]LRQD-

ULR��L�VXRL�FROODERUDWRUL�HUDQR�LQQDQ]LWXWWR�LVSLUDWL�GDJOL�LGHDOL�GHOOD�5LYROX]LRQH�DPHULFDQD�H� IUDQFHVH� H� LQWHQGHYDQR�©ULQQRYDUH� OD� WUDGL]LRQH� GHOO¶RSSRVL]LRQH� GHPRFUDWLFD� ERUJKHVH�GHO������FRQWUR�OD�3UXVVLD�H�O¶$XVWULD�>«@��Ou�QRQ�F¶HUD�SRVWR�SHU�0DU[ª����&Lz�YXRO�GLUH�FKH�O¶XQLFR�GHQRPLQDWRUH�FRPXQH�GL�TXHVWL�JLRUQDOLVWL�LQWHOOHWWXDOL�HUD�©OD�ORUR�SRVL]LRQH�FRQWUR�OD�3UXVVLD�H�O¶LGHRORJLD�DJJUHVVLYD�SUXVVLDQDª����(UQVW�%ORFK�HUD��QHO�JUXSSR��TXDVL�O¶XQLFR�

�� 3URIHVVRUH�GL�HFRQRPLD�DOO¶8QLYHUVLWj�GHJOL�6WXGL�GL�+HLGHOEHUJ��FROODERUDWRUH�H�HGLWRUH�±�FRQ�0D[�:HEHU�±�GHOOD�JLj�FLWDWD�ULYLVWD�©$UFKLY�I�U�6R]LDOZLVVHQVFKDIWHQ�XQG�6R]LDOJHVFKLFKWHª��

�� &IU��(UQVW�%ORFK��Kampf – nicht Krieg��FLW���S������� &IU��:��)XOG��Walter Benjamin: zwischen den Stühlen - eine Biographie,�&��+DQVHU��0�QFKHQ�������� &IU��0��.RURO��Deutsches Präexil in der Schweiz 1916-1918, SKLO��'LVV�� %UHPHQ�7DUWX�������S�������� ,YL��S������

3� �3DFL¿VPR

Page 4: P come PACIFISMOromatrepress.uniroma3.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Ernst-Bloch-u… · 140 il tema di b@bel wxwwr doo¶duurjdqwh plolwdulvpr suxvvldqr gd oxl surirqgdphqwh ghwhvwdwr

142

Il tema di B@bel

LQWHOOHWWXDOH�VRFLDOLVWD�GL�VLQLVWUD��PHQWUH�+XJR�%DOO��O¶DOWUD�¿JXUD�LQWHOOHWWXDOH�GL�ULOLHYR�QHOOD�UHGD]LRQH�GHOOD�©)UHLH�=HLWXQJª��H�DO�FRQWHPSR�IRQGDWRUH�GHO�PRYLPHQWR�GDGDLVWD�D�=XULJR��HUD�SLXWWRVWR�DQDUFKLFR��SULPD�GL�ULWRUQDUH��TXDOFKH�DQQR�SL��WDUGL��DO�FDWWROLFHVLPR�H�DG�XQ�RVFXUR�PLVWLFLVPR��0ROWR�YLFLQR�DJOL�DQDUFKLFL��LQ�TXHVWR�SHULRGR��IX�+HUPDQQ�+HVVH��DF-FXVDWR��WUD�JOL�DOWUL��GD�%ORFK�GL�©EDNXQLDQHVLPR�ODWHQWHª����7XWWDYLD��DG�HFFH]LRQH�GL�TXHVWL�WUH�LQWHOOHWWXDOL��JOL�HPLJUDWL�WHGHVFKL��FKH�VL�ULXQLYDQR�SHULRGLFDPHQWH�DO�³&DIIq�9ROWDLUH´�GL�=XULJR��DSSDUWHQHYDQR�QHOOD�VWUDJUDQGH�PDJJLRUDQ]D�DOO¶RSSRVL]LRQH�ERUJKHVH�GL�VLQLVWUD�/¶DUULYR�GL�%ORFK�H�GL�VXD�PRJOLH�LQ�6YL]]HUD�FRLQFLVH�TXDVL�FRQ�O¶DSSDUL]LRQH�GHO�SULPR�

QXPHUR�GHOOD�©)UHLH�=HLWXQJª��SXEEOLFDWD�LO����DSULOH�������0D�VROR�QHOO¶RWWREUH�GHO������FRPSDULUj�LO�SULPR�DUWLFROR�GL�(UQVW�%ORFK��3HU�FLQTXH�DQQL��%ORFK�DYHYD�SRWXWR�DQQRGDUH�FRQWDWWL�SHUVRQDOL�FRQ�L�PHPEUL�GHOOD�UHGD]LRQH�GHOOD�©)UHLH�=HLWXQJª��H�VRSUDWWXWWR�FRQ�+XJR�%DOO��SHU�HVVHUH�LQ¿QH�LQWHJUDWR�XI¿FLDOPHQWH�QHOOD�UHGD]LRQH��QHOO¶DXWXQQR�GHO�������5DSL-GDPHQWH��GLYHQQH�O¶DXWRUH�FKH�SXEEOLFDYD�PDJJLRUPHQWH��FRPSOHVVLYDPHQWH��UHGLJHUj�����DUWLFROL�HG�HGLWRULDOL�FKH�FRPSDUYHUR�WUD�O¶RWWREUH�GHO������H�O¶DJRVWR�GHO��������,QROWUH��SHU�LQJDQQDUH�OH�DXWRULWj�WHGHVFKH��%ORFK�XWLOL]]DYD�GLYHUVL�SVHXGRQLPL��TXDOL�GU��)ULW]�0D\��)HU-GLQDQG�$EHUOH��R�(XJHQ�5HLFK��TXDQGR�SL��DUWLFROL�HG�HGLWRULDOL�HUDQR�¿UPDWL�FRQ�LO�VXR�YHUR�QRPH��'U��%ORFK��,O�SULPR�DUWLFROR�SXEEOLFDWR�ULVDOH�GXQTXH�DO����RWWREUH������H�O¶XOWLPR�DO����DJRVWR���������6L�WUDWWDYD�GL�XQ�DSSHOOR�LQ�IDYRUH�GL�*\|UJ\�/XNiFV��FKH�ULVFKLDYD�GL�HVVHUH�JLXVWL]LDWR�D�FDXVD�GHOOD�VXD�SDUWHFLSD]LRQH�DO�JRYHUQR�VRFLDOLVWD�ULYROX]LRQDULR�GL�%HOD�.XQ��D�%XGDSHVW��QHOO¶HVWDWH�GHO�������%ORFK�VFULYHYD�SHUVRQDOPHQWH�L�VXRL�DUWLFROL��VHUYHQGRVL�GL�XQD�YHFFKLD�PDFFKLQD�GD�VFULYHUH��H�OL�LQYLDYD�SHU�SRVWD��GD�,QWHUODNHQ��DOOD�UHGD]LRQH�GHOOD�©)UHLH�=HLWXQJª��$OOD�¿QH�GHO�GLFHPEUH������YHQQH�PHQR�OD�FROODERUD]LRQH�FRQ�OD�ULYLVWD��LQ�VHJXLWR�DOOH�JUDYL�GLYHUJHQ]H�VRUWH�VRSUDWWXWWR�FRQ�+XJR�%DOO��FKH�%ORFK�DFFXVDYD�DSHU-WDPHQWH�GL�DQWLVHPLWLVPR��&RVu�O¶XOWLPR�DUWLFROR�SROLWLFR�SXEEOLFDWR�GD�%ORFK�QHOOD�©)UHLH�=HLWXQJª�q�TXHOOR�GHO����GLFHPEUH�������LQ�FXL�ULIHULYD�GHOO¶DUULYR�GHO�SUHVLGHQWH�:LOVRQ�LQ�(XURSD��Zur Ankunft Wilsons in Europa)���&HUWDPHQWH� OH�DWWLYLWj�GHJOL�HPLJUDWL�GHPRFUDWLFL� WHGHVFKL� LQ�6YL]]HUD��FRPSUHVH�TXHOOH�

GL�FROODERUD]LRQH�DOOD�©)UHLH�=HLWXQJª� erano sorvegliate da lontano dalle autorità tedesche �VRSUDWWXWWR�GDL�VHUYL]L�VHJUHWL�GL�LQIRUPD]LRQH�GHO�0LQLVWHUR�GHJOL�DIIDUL�HVWHUL�WHGHVFR�H�GL�TXHOOR�GHOOD�JXHUUD���+DQV�5|VHPHLHU��XQR�GHL�UHGDWWRUL�SROLWLFL�GHOOD�ULYLVWD��IX�DUUHVWDWR��DO�VXR�LQJUHVVR�QHO�WHUULWRULR�WHGHVFR��H�FRQGDQQDWR�SHU�³WUDGLPHQWR�GHOOD�SDWULD´��VHFRQGR�LO�������GHOO¶DUWLFROR����GHO�&RGLFH�3HQDOH�PLOLWDUH�DOORUD�LQ�YLJRUH����&RPH�DWWHVWD�XQ�GRFXPHQWR�ULVHUYDWR�GHO�&RPDQGR�JHQHUDOH�PLOLWDUH�DJJLXQWR�GL�%HUOLQR�GHO����RWWREUH������FRQVHUYDWR�QHJOL�$UFKLYL�GHO�0LQLVWHUR�WHGHVFR�GHJOL�$IIDUL�(VWHUL����XQ�³FRQ¿GHQWH´��GXQTXH�XQD�VSLD��OL� DYHYD� LQIRUPDWL�GL�XQD�FDPSDJQD�GL�SURSDJDQGD� ULFFDPHQWH�¿QDQ]LDWD�GDOO¶,QWHVD�QHOOD�FDSLWDOH�VYL]]HUD��LO�FXL�FDSR�VDUHEEH�VWDWR +DJXHQLQ�H�L�FXL�SULQFLSDOL�FROODERUDWRUL��WUD�L�GH-PRFUDWLFL�WHGHVFKL�HVLOLDWL��VDUHEEHUR�VWDWL�+DQV�6FKOLHEHQ��LO�GLUHWWRUH�GHOOD�©)UHLH�=HLWXQJª,

��� &IU��LYL, S�������� 0��.RURO��Deutsches Präexil in der Schweiz��FLW�� S�������� 7XWWL�TXHVWL�DUWLFROL�VRQR�VWDWL�ULSXEEOLFDWL�VRWWR�OD�FXUD�GL�0DUWLQ�.RURO��LQ�(��%ORFK��Kampf – nicht

Krieg, FLW���SS�����VV����� ,YL��S��������� &IU��'RVVLHU�©)UDQFHª��9��YRO������RWWREUH������

Page 5: P come PACIFISMOromatrepress.uniroma3.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Ernst-Bloch-u… · 140 il tema di b@bel wxwwr doo¶duurjdqwh plolwdulvpr suxvvldqr gd oxl surirqgdphqwh ghwhvwdwr

143

Il

+XJR�%DOO�H�LO�GU��%ORFK����:LOKHOP�0XHKORQ��H[�FRQVROH�GHO�Reich�WHGHVFR�LQ�6YL]]HUD��IRUWH�RSSRVLWRUH�GHO�PDJQDWH�WHGHVFR�GHOO¶DFFLDLR�.UXSS��LQ�RSSRVL]LRQH�DOOD�SROLWLFD�GL�FRQFHQWUD-]LRQH�VL�HUD�ULWLUDWR�LQ�6YL]]HUD��GRYH�GLYHQQH�XQR�GHL�¿QDQ]LDWRUL�SL��LPSRUWDQWL�GHOOD�©)UHLH�=HLWXQJª�� IX�SHUVHJXLWDWR�H�PHVVR�VRWWR� LQFKLHVWD�� LQFULPLQDWR�QHO�QRYHPEUH�GHO������GDO�0LQLVWHUR�GHJOL�,QWHUQL�GHOOD�3UXVVLD��FKH�OR�DFFXVDYD�GL�³WUDGLPHQWR�GHOOD�SDWULD´�QHOO¶HVWDWH�GHO�������*LRUQDOH�ELVHWWLPDQDOH�LQ�OLQJXD�WHGHVFD��DSSDULYD�GXQTXH�D�%HUQD��FRQ�LO�VRWWRWLWROR�GL�

©RUJDQR�SROLWLFR�LQGLSHQGHQWH�GL�SROLWLFD�GHPRFUDWLFDª��EHQH¿FLDQGR�HYLGHQWHPHQWH�GL�VRY-YHQ]LRQL�¿QDQ]LDULH�LPSRUWDQWL�GD�SDUWH�GHOO¶,QJKLOWHUUD�H�GHOOD�)UDQFLD��PD�FRQ�RJQL�HYLGHQ-za anche da parte dei circoli antimonarchici tedeschi e svizzeri ostili alla politica del Reich WHGHVFR��/H�IRQWL�HVDWWH�GL�¿QDQ]LDPHQWR�GHO�JLRUQDOH�WXWWDYLD�VRQR�GLI¿FLOPHQWH�YHUL¿FDELOL��SRLFKp�� FRPH� VRWWROLQHD� JLXVWDPHQWH�0DUWLQ�.RURO���� L� GRVVLHU� UHODWLYL� D� TXHVWD� TXHVWLRQH�VRQR�D�WXWW¶RJJL�LQWURYDELOL��3XU�HVVHQGR�YLHWDWR�LQ�*HUPDQLD��PROWL�QXPHUL�GHO�JLRUQDOH�IX-URQR�ULSURGRWWL�H�XVFLURQR�FODQGHVWLQDPHQWH�VRWWR�IRUPD�GL�YRODQWLQL��SDUDFDGXWDWL�VXO�IURQWH�WHGHVFR��GRYH� L� VROGDWL�SRWHYDQR� OHJJHUOL�GLUHWWDPHQWH�QHOOH� WULQFHH�� ,O�JLRUQDOH� LQROWUH�HUD�GLVWULEXLWR�WUD�L�SULJLRQLHUL�GL�JXHUUD�WHGHVFKL�QHL�FDPSL�GL�SULJLRQLD�GHJOL�DOOHDWL��,Q�XQ¶LQ-WHUYLVWD�FRQ�0LFKDHO�/DQGPDQQ��UHJLVWUDWD�D�7�ELQJHQ�LO����GLFHPEUH���������(UQVW�%ORFK�DIIHUPD��D�SURSRVLWR�GHOOD�VXD�DWWLYLWj�GL�JLRUQDOLVWD�SROLWLFR�DO�WHPSR��GL�HVVHUH�VWDWR�LQ�TXHVWR�FLUFROR�GL�RSSRVL]LRQH�³DQWL�.DLVHU´�LQ�6YL]]HUD��GXUDQWH�OD�3ULPD�*XHUUD�PRQGLDOH��

1HO�QRVWUR�FLUFROR�DQWL�*XJOLHOPR�H�DQWL�/XGHQGRUII�HUDQR�SUHVHQWL��DFFDQWR�DG�+XJR�%DOO��+HU-PDQQ�+HVVH�H�$QQHWWH�.ROE��FRVu�FRPH�TXDOFKH�JLRUQDOLVWD�PHQR�LPSRUWDQWH�FRPH�6WLOJHEDXHU��DX-WRUH�GL�XQ�URPDQ]R�SUHIDVFLVWD��H�O¶H[�FRQVROH�GHO�5HLFK��¿HUR�RSSRVLWRUH�GL�.UXSS��FKH�LQWUDWWHQH-YD�UDSSRUWL�VWUHWWLVVLPL�FRQ�LO�&RQVROH�GL�)UDQFLD�>VL�WUDWWDYD�HYLGHQWHPHQWH�GL�:LOKHOP�0XHKORQ@����

*LDFFKp�OD�©)UHLH�=HLWXQJª�HUD�HYLGHQWHPHQWH�GL�RULHQWDPHQWR�GHPRFUDWLFR��UHSXEEOLFDQR�H�¿OR�RFFLGHQWDOH��QRQ�SRWHYD�HVVHUH�FRQWHPSRUDQHDPHQWH�OD�SLDWWDIRUPD�GL�XQD�RSSRVL]LR-QH�VRFLDOLVWD�ULYROX]LRQDULD�R�PDU[LVWD��YLVWR�FKH��FRPH�VRWWROLQHD�%ORFK�VHPSUH�LQ�TXHVWD�LQWHUYLVWD��O¶RELHWWLYR�SULRULWDULR�GHO�JLRUQDOH�FRQVLVWHYD�LQQDQ]LWXWWR�QHO�©ULQQRYDUH�O¶RSSR-VL]LRQH�ERUJKHVH��GHPRFUDWLFD��GHO�������FRQWUR�OD�3UXVVLD�H�O¶$XVWULD��«���0DU[�QRQ�HUD�SUHVHQWHª���/D�SURYD�q�GDWD�±� WUD� OH�DOWUH�±�GDO� IDWWR�FKH� OD� UHGD]LRQH�DSSRJJLDVVH�VHQ]D� ULVHUYH� OD�

SROLWLFD�GL�&OHPHQFHDX��FHUWDPHQWH�PHVFRODWD�FRQ� OH�SRVL]LRQL�GHOO¶863'��PD�LO�PRGHOOR�GL�ULIHULPHQWR�SULQFLSDOH�HUD�VHQ]D�DOFXQ�GXEELR�OD�GHPRFUD]LD�OLEHUDOH��ERUJKHVH��IUDQFHVH��FRQ�L�VXRL�LGHDOL�GL�OLEHUWj��GL�HJXDJOLDQ]D�H�IUDWHUQLWj��&Lz�QRQ�LPSHGLYD�FKH�GL�WDQWR�LQ�WDQWR�DSSDULVVHUR�DQFKH��VXOOH�SDJLQH�GHOOD�©)UHLH�=HLWXQJª��DUWLFROL�GL�DXWRUL�VLPSDWL]]DQWL�DSHUWD-PHQWH�FRQ�OD�FDXVD�GHO�VRFLDOLVPR�R�GHOO¶DQDUFKLVPR��DG�HVHPSLR�GL�+XJR�%DOO��&RPH�KDQQR�PRVWUDWR�WUD�OH�DOWUH�OH�ULFHUFKH�GHOOR�VWRULFR�WHGHVFR�0DUWLQ�.RURO��OD�©)UHLH�

=HLWXQJª�GLIHQGHYD�a priori�L�VHJXHQWL�DVVL�SROLWLFL�

�� (��%ORFK��Kampf – nicht Krieg��FLW�� S�������� ,YL,�S�������� 3XEEOLFDWR�LQ�©%ORFK�$OPDQDFKª ��������SS�������� �� &IU��(��%ORFK��Kampf – nicht Krieg� FLW���S�������� ,YL��S������

3� �3DFL¿VPR

Page 6: P come PACIFISMOromatrepress.uniroma3.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Ernst-Bloch-u… · 140 il tema di b@bel wxwwr doo¶duurjdqwh plolwdulvpr suxvvldqr gd oxl surirqgdphqwh ghwhvwdwr

144

Il tema di B@bel

��OD�FROSD�HVFOXVLYD�GHOOD�*HUPDQLD�QHOOD�3ULPD�*XHUUD�PRQGLDOH��(UQVW�%ORFK��©Ê�OD�3UXV-VLD�FKH�KD�LQQHVFDWR�OD�JXHUUD��FRVD�FKH�RUD�QHJDª�����O¶HVLJHQ]D�GL�SURYRFDUH�OD�FDGXWD�GHOOD�PRQDUFKLD�H�GHO�VLVWHPD�SUXVVLDQR��FRPH�IRQWH�

GL�WXWWL�L�PDOL��� O¶HVLJHQ]D�FKH� OD�*HUPDQLD�DPPHWWHVVH�SXEEOLFDPHQWH�TXHVWR� IDWWR�H�SURFHGHVVH�DOOD�

SXQL]LRQH�GHL�UHVSRQVDELOL�PLOLWDUL�GL�TXHVWD�JXHUUD�LPSHULDOLVWD��� O¶RPDJJLR�D�.XUW�(LVQHU�FKH��GXUDQWH� OD�FRQIHUHQ]D�GHOO¶,QWHUQD]LRQDOH�VRFLDOLVWD��RU-

JDQL]]DWD�D�%HUQD��QHO�IHEEUDLR�GHO�������GLIHVH�OD�WHVL�GHOOD�UHVSRQVDELOLWj�SULQFLSDOH�GHOOD�*HUPDQLD�GHOOR�VFRSSLR�GHOOD�3ULPD�*XHUUD�PRQGLDOH���OD�FULWLFD�D�WXWWL�FRORUR�FKH�DYHYDQR�DFFRQVHQWLWR��QHOO¶DJRVWR�GHO�������DO�³%XUJIULHGHQ´�

GHOO¶LPSHUDWRUH�*XJOLHOPR�,,� �VYHQGHQGRVL�QHL� IDWWL��DWWUDYHUVR� OD�FDSLWROD]LRQH�GHOOD�63'�H�GHL�VLQGDFDWL��DO�QD]LRQDOLVPR�H�DO�GLVFRUVR�GHOOD�³GLIHVD�GHJOL�LQWHUHVVL�GHOOD�SDWULD´�GHOOD�GHVWUD����O¶HVLJHQ]D�GL�XQD�GHPRFUDWL]]D]LRQH�SURIRQGD�GHOOD�*HUPDQLD��GL�XQD�ULIRUPD�HOHWWRUD-

OH��FKH�ULPSLD]]DVVH�O¶DQWLFR�UHJLPH�HOHWWRUDOH�±�FRUSRUDWLYLVWD�±�SUXVVLDQR�GHL�³WUH�VWDWL´��e l’istituzione di un regime democratico parlamentare secondo il modello anglosassone e IUDQFHVH���O¶DGHVLRQH�VHQ]D�FRQGL]LRQL�DL�TXDWWRUGLFL�SXQWL�GHO�SUHVLGHQWH�:LOVRQ�- la condanna senza riserve della guerra sottomarina condotta dalla Germania contro le

ÀRWWH�DOOHDWH��LQJOHVL�H�IUDQFHVL��- la condanna dei crimini di guerra commessi dalla Germania in Belgio e delle devastazio-

QL�FRPPHVVH�GDOO¶HVHUFLWR�WHGHVFR�QHO�1RUG�GHOOD�)UDQFLD���O¶DUUHVWR�GHOO¶LPSHUDWRUH�*XJOLHOPR�,,��GHL�PHPEUL�GHO�&RPDQGR�VXSUHPR�GHOO¶HVHUFLWR�

(Oberste Heeresleitung��2+/��H�GHL�SULQFLSDOL�UHVSRQVDELOL�GHOOD�JXHUUD�DO�0LQLVWHUR�WHGHVFR�GHJOL�DIIDUL�HVWHUL���O¶DSSRJJLR�DOOD�³5HSXEEOLFD�GHPRFUDWLFD´�WHGHVFD�SURFODPDWD�D�%HUOLQR�O¶���QRYHPEUH�

�����GD�6FKHLGHPDQQ��4XDQWR�DOOD�5LYROX]LRQH�GHOO¶RWWREUH�GHO������ LQ�5XVVLD�� OD�©)UHLH�=HLWXQJª�RVVHUYDYD�

XQD�SRVL]LRQH�DPELJXD��&HUWDPHQWH� VDOXWDYD� LO� FUROOR�GHO� UHJLPH�]DULVWD�DXWRFUDWLFR�H� UH-azionario come un evento di primaria importanza per l’umanità e per l’emancipazione del SRSROR� UXVVR� GDOOH� FDWHQH� GHO� UHJLPH�PRQDUFKLFR� ]DULVWD�� DXWRFUDWLFR� HG� XOWUD�UHSUHVVLYR��PD�DOOR�VWHVVR�WHPSR��QHOOD�PLVXUD�LQ�FXL�OH�QRWL]LH�ULSRUWDYDQR�OH�SULPH�PLVXUH�SUHVH�GDL�bolscevichi e i metodi utilizzati dal nuovo potere rivoluzionario dei Soviet sotto la guida di /HQLQ��JOL�HGLWRULDOLVWL�GHOOD�©)UHLH�=HLWXQJª��FRPSUHVR�(UQVW�%ORFK��PDQLIHVWDURQR�VFHWWLFL-VPR�QHL�FRQIURQWL�GHOOH�YHUH�LQWHQ]LRQL�GHL�EROVFHYLFKL��VFHWWLFLVPR�XOWHULRUPHQWH�ULQIRU]DWR�dall’incomprensione degli ambienti politici democratici occidentali verso la politica estera di /HQLQ��FRQVLGHUDWD�HFFHVVLYDPHQWH�¿ORWHGHVFD��$QDORJDPHQWH��OD�OHWWXUD�DWWHQWD�GHJOL�DUWLFROL�H�GHJOL�HGLWRULDOL�SXEEOLFDWL�GD�%ORFK�GDOO¶RWWREUH�GHO������DO�GLFHPEUH�GHO�������DWWHVWD�FKH�LO�JLRYDQH�¿ORVRIR�WHGHVFR�QRQ�HUD�DIIDWWR��FRQWUDULDPHQWH�D�TXDQWR�DIIHUPD�XQD�OHJJHQGD��©LO�¿ORVRIR�WHGHVFR�GHOOD�ULYROX]LRQH�G¶RWWREUHª��2VNDU�1HJW���PD�SLXWWRVWR�XQ�VLPSDWL]]DQWH�GHOO¶863'��FKH��SXU�VDOXWDQGR�LO�FUROOR�GHO�UHJLPH�]DULVWD�LQ�5XVVLD��WHPHYD�OD�GHJHQHUD]LRQH�GHO�UHJLPH�ULYROX]LRQDULR�LVWLWXLWR�GDL�EROVFHYLFKL�LQ�XQD�GLWWDWXUD�VWDWXDOH�EXURFUDWLFD��FLz�SHUFKp��VHFRQGR�%ORFK��XQD�YHUD�ULYROX]LRQH�VRFLDOLVWD�QRQ�q�SHQVDELOH�VHQ]D�XQD�SUHFHGHQWH�ULYROX]LRQH� ERUJKHVH�� ,QROWUH� HUD� DEEDVWDQ]D� VFHWWLFR� ULVSHWWR� DOOD� SUHWHVD� GHL� EROVFHYLFKL�

Page 7: P come PACIFISMOromatrepress.uniroma3.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Ernst-Bloch-u… · 140 il tema di b@bel wxwwr doo¶duurjdqwh plolwdulvpr suxvvldqr gd oxl surirqgdphqwh ghwhvwdwr

145

Il

GL�SRWHU�VDOWDUH�TXHVWD�WDSSD�LQWHUPHGLD��SDVVDQGR�LPPHGLDWDPHQWH�DOOD�FRVWUX]LRQH�GL�XQD�VRFLHWj�VRFLDOLVWD�HJXDOLWDULD�H�FRPXQLVWD��HG�HUD��LQROWUH��LUULWDWR�±�FRPH�5RVD�/X[HPEXUJ�±�GDOOD�OLTXLGD]LRQH�UDSLGD�H�SURJUHVVLYD�HIIHWWXDWD�GDL�EROVFHYLFKL�DO�SRWHUH�GHOOH�IRUPH�GL�GHPRFUD]LD�GLUHWWD�LVWLWXLWH�GDOOH�JLRUQDWH�ULYROX]LRQDULH�GHOO¶RWWREUH�GHO�������GDL�6RYLHW�OR-FDOL��H�SHU�OD�UDSLGD�FRQYHUVLRQH�GHO�SRWHUH�ULYROX]LRQDULR�EROVFHYLFR�LQ�XQ�QHR�JLDFRELQLVPR�FHQWUDOLVWD��©1RQ�SXz�HVVHUFL�ULYROX]LRQH�VRFLDOLVWD�VHQ]D�XQ�����ª�DIIHUPDYD�%ORFK�DQFRUD�QHO�������LQ�XQ¶LQWHUYLVWD�D�0DUWLQ�.RURO��,QROWUH�%ORFK�VL�HUD�RSSRVWR��FRPH�QXPHURVL�DGH-UHQWL�H�VLPSDWL]]DQWL�GHOO¶863'��DOOH�WHVL�GHOOD�FRQIHUHQ]D�GL�=LPPHUZDOG���������QHOOD�TXD-OH��VRWWR�OD�SUHVVLRQH�GL�/HQLQ�H�GHO�JUXSSR�EROVFHYLFR�FKH�OR�FLUFRQGDYD��HUD�VWDWD�DGRWWDWD�OD�SRVL]LRQH�³LQWHUQD]LRQDOLVWD´�VHFRQGR�FXL�OD�3ULPD�*XHUUD�PRQGLDOH�QRQ�VDUHEEH�VWDWD�FKH�XQ�FRQÀLWWR�WUD�IRU]H�LPSHULDOLVWH�FKH�VL�GLVSXWDYDQR�O¶HJHPRQLD�PRQGLDOH��FRVD�FKH�OLEHUDYD�SHU�EXRQD�SDUWH�OD�*HUPDQLD�GDO�VHQVR�GL�FROSD��&RQYLQWR�LQYHFH�GHOOD�FROSHYROH]]D�WHGHVFD��IUDQFR¿OR�H�¿OR�LQWHVD�FRPH�OD�PDJJLRUDQ-

]D� GHL� JLRUQDOLVWL� GHOOD� ©)UHLH�=HLWXQJª� Bloch non poteva condividere le posizioni degli ³]LPPHUZDOGLDQL´�L�TXDOL��QRQ�SRWHQGR�WHQHUH�XQD�SRVL]LRQH�HIIHWWLYDPHQWH�QHXWUDOLVWD��QRQ�IDFHYDQR�DOWUR�FKH� LO�JLRFR�GHOOD�*HUPDQLD��(VVL�RSSRQHYDQR�D�TXHVWD�SRVL]LRQH�OD�GLIHVD�GHOOD�VWUDWHJLD�H�GHOOD�SROLWLFD�GHO�SUHVLGHQWH�DPHULFDQR�:LOVRQ��FKH�LQFDUQDYD�UHDOPHQWH�OD�VSHUDQ]D�GHJOL�HPLJUDWL�WHGHVFKL�³DQWL�NDLVHU´��LQ�6YL]]HUD��JLDFFKp��DIIHUPDYD�%ORFK��©:LO-VRQ�JDUDQWLYD�LO�VXFFHVVR�H�LQFDUQDYD�OD�FRVFLHQ]D�GHO�����ª����0D�TXHVWD�VSHUDQ]D�VDUHEEH�VWDWD�WULVWHPHQWH�GLVDWWHVD�GDOOD�³WLJUH´�&OHPHQFHDX��DO�PRPHQWR�GHO�7UDWWDWR�GL�3DFH�GL�9HU-sailles���Ê� GXQTXH� SL�� FKH� SUREDELOH� H� TXDVL� FHUWR� FKH� OD� URWWXUD� GL� (UQVW�%ORFK� FRQ� OD� ©)UHLH�

Zeitung»,�FKH�VL�SURGXVVH�QHO�GLFHPEUH�GHO�������HEEH�FRPH�RULJLQH�QRQ�VROR�OH�GLIIHUHQ]H�SHUVRQDOL�WUD�LO�¿ORVRIR�H�+XJR�%DOO��DFFXVDWR�GL�DQWLVHPLWLVPR��PD�LO�GLVDFFRUGR�GL�%ORFK�circa il sostegno incondizionato che la direzione del giornale aveva accordato al Trattato di 9HUVDLOOHV�LO�TXDOH��QHOOD�PLVXUD�LQ�FXL�XPLOLDYD�OD�*HUPDQLD�YLQWD��SRUWDYD�JLj�QHO�VXR�VHQR�L�JHUPL�GL�XQ¶DOWUD�JXHUUD���Ê�VLFXUDPHQWH�TXHVWD�SRL�OD�UDJLRQH�GHOOD�PDQFDWD�¿UPD�GHO�WUDW-WDWR�GD�SDUWH�GHO�SUHVLGHQWH�DPHULFDQR�:LOVRQ��&Lz�VLJQL¿FD�FKH�%ORFK��DQFKH�VH�VDOXWDYD�YROHQWLHUL� OD� VFRQ¿WWD�PLOLWDUH�GHOOD�*HUPDQLD�GL�*XJOLHOPR� ,,�� OD�FDGXWD�GHOOD�PRQDUFKLD�GHJOL�+RKHQ]ROOHUQ�H�LO�FUROOR�GHOOD�PRQDUFKLD�GHJOL�$VEXUJR��D�9LHQQD�H�QHL�%DOFDQL��HUD�FRQWHPSRUDQHDPHQWH� DVVDL� VFHWWLFR� YHUVR� DOFXQL� HFFHVVL� GL� JHUPDQRIRELD� FKH� VL� HVSULPH-YDQR� QHOOD� SROLWLFD� GL� ULYLQFLWD� GL�&OHPHQFHDX�� FRPH� SHU� HVHPSLR� O¶RFFXSD]LRQH�PLOLWDUH�GHOOD�5HQDQLD�GD�SDUWH�GHOOD�)UDQFLD�QHO�������(��GLYHUVDPHQWH�SURSULR�GD�+XJR�%DOO�FKH�VL�LGHQWL¿FDYD�WRWDOPHQWH�FRQ�OD�SROLWLFD�GHOO¶,QWHVD��(UQVW�%ORFK�SHQVDYD�FKH�GRSR�OD�VFRQ¿WWD�militare della Germania non ci sarebbe più stato bisogno degli alleati anglo-americani e dei IUDQFHVL��SRLFKp�FLz�DYUHEEH�DYXWR�FRPH�FRQVHJXHQ]D�LQHYLWDELOH�LO�ODYRUDUH�RUPDL�HVFOXVLYD-PHQWH�LQ�*HUPDQLD�SHU�LO�FDSLWDOH�LQJOHVH�H�IUDQFHVH����5LFRUGLDPR�VHPSOLFHPHQWH�FKH�(UQVW�%ORFK�DYHYD�PLOLWDWR��GXUDQWH�LO�������QHO�JLRUQDOH�EHUQHVH�©SHU�XQ�ULVYHJOLR��LQ�*HUPDQLD��DI¿QFKp� O¶DQQHVVLRQLVPR�RUJDQL]]DWR�GDOOD�3UXVVLD�DOO¶HVW�¿QLVVH�H�DI¿QFKp� WXWWD� O¶(XURSD�

�� (��%ORFK��Kampf – nicht Krieg��FLW���S�������� Ibidem���� &IU�� O¶LQWHUYLVWD�GL�(UQVW�%ORFK�D�0LFKDHO�/DQGPDQQ�GHO����GLFHPEUH������� LQ�©%ORFK�$OPDQDFKª,

��������S���������

3� �3DFL¿VPR

Page 8: P come PACIFISMOromatrepress.uniroma3.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Ernst-Bloch-u… · 140 il tema di b@bel wxwwr doo¶duurjdqwh plolwdulvpr suxvvldqr gd oxl surirqgdphqwh ghwhvwdwr

146

Il tema di B@bel

GHOO¶HVW�V¶LQ¿DPPDVVH�LQ�PDQLHUD�ULYROX]LRQDULD�H�DI¿QFKp�LO�0RORFK�PLOLWDUH�SUXVVLDQR�>«@ perisse»����3HU�OD�VWHVVD�UDJLRQH�VL�RSSRVH�DOOH�FRQGL]LRQL�GL�SDFH�FKH�XPLOLDYDQR�OD�5XVVLD�GL�%UHVW�/LWRYVN��DFFHWWDWH�GDL�EROVFHYLFKL�/D�SRVL]LRQH�GL�%ORFK��LQ�TXHVW¶HSRFD��q�GXQTXH�TXHOOD�GL�XQ�VRFLDOLVWD�GHPRFUDWLFR��GL�

XQ�VRFLDOLVWD�GL�VLQLVWUD�PROWR�YLFLQR�DOOH�SRVL]LRQL�GHOOD�863'��/D�SRVL]LRQH�GL�%ORFK�HVSUL-meva anche la preoccupazione che l’avanguardismo rivoluzionario promosso e praticato da /HQLQ�H�GDL�EROVFHYLFKL�GRSR�OD�YLWWRULD�GHOO¶RWWREUH�������DYUHEEH�SURYRFDWR�SUHVWR�R�WDUGL�LO�ULFRUVR�D�IRUPH�GLVFXWLELOL�GL�HVHUFL]LR�DXWRULWDULR�GHO�SRWHUH��DQFKH�VH�FLz�VDUHEEH�DFFD-GXWR�LQ�QRPH�GHOOD�JLXVWL]LD�VRFLDOH�H�GHOOD�EXRQD�FDXVD�VRFLDOLVWD��6HFRQGR�%ORFK��FLz�VL�q�SRWXWR�SURGXUUH�VROWDQWR�LQ�8566��SHUFKp�QHOOD�IDVH�SUHFHGHQWH�OD�ULYROX]LRQH�G¶RWWREUH�©OD�Russia non aveva conosciuto una vera transizione corrispondente al modello della civiltà occidentale verso la libertà»����%ORFK�QH�WUDH�OD�FRQFOXVLRQH�±�FKH�GLYHQWHUj�DQFKH�OD�PDVVLPD�GL�WXWWD�OD�VXD�¿ORVR¿D�SROLWLFD�GHOO¶HSRFD�±�©FKH�RJQL�SRSROR�QRQ�SXz�VSHUDUH�LO�VRFLDOLVPR�che merita se non nella misura della libertà dei cittadini e del suo liberalismo»����$�TXHVWR�SURSRVLWR�ELVRJQD�VRWWROLQHDUH�LO�YDORUH�HFFH]LRQDOPHQWH�SURIHWLFR�GHOOD�SUHYLVLRQH�GL�(UQVW�%ORFK�FKH�HVSULPHYD�JLj�DOORUD��LQ�PDUJLQH�DOOH�ULÀHVVLRQL�FULWLFKH�VXOOH�GHYLD]LRQL�EXURFUDWL-FKH�H�WHUURULVWLFKH�GHO�SRWHUH�EROVFHYLFR�±�HVDWWDPHQWH�WUHQW¶DQQL�SULPD�GHOOD�FUHD]LRQH�GHOOD�''5�±�OD�SDXUD�GHO�GLVDVWUR�FKH�DYUHEEH�SRWXWR�SURGXUUH�O¶XQLRQH�GL�XQD�PHQWDOLWj�SUXVVLDQD�XOWUDGLVFLSOLQDWD�FRQ�O¶LGHD�GL�XQ�VRFLDOLVPR�GL�6WDWR��DXWRULWDULR���(VVD�QRQ�VDUj�LQ�JUDGR��VRWWROLQHDYD�%ORFK��©GL�DSSRUWDUH�OD�YHUD�OLEHUWj�H�OD�YHUD�GHPRFUD]LD��(VVD�HUHGLWHUj�SLXWWR-VWR��FRPH�/HQLQ��LO�SXUR�JHVWR�GHO�SRWHUH��H�FUHHUj��SHJJLR�DQFRUD��TXHVWD�³JUDQGH�FDVD´�FRQ�OD�TXDOH�QRQ�VROR�L�ERUJKHVL��PD�DQFKH�L�VRFLDOLVWL�GL�6WDWR�H�JOL�XQLYHUVLWDUL�WHGHVFKL�LGHQWL-¿FDQR�O¶RUJDQL]]D]LRQH�GL�XQ¶HFRQRPLD�GHOOD�SURGX]LRQH�H�GHO�FRQVXPR�UHJRODWL�GD�SULQFLSL�cooperativistici»����,O�¿QH�SROLWLFR�FKH�%ORFK�SHUVHJXH��LQ�TXHVWR�DUWLFROR�GHO�IHEEUDLR�������q�GXQTXH�XQD�GXSOLFH�

ORWWD�SHU�JLXQJHUH�DOOD�YHUD�GHPRFUD]LD��LQ�SULPR�OXRJR�FRQWUR�LO�QHPLFR�SULQFLSDOH��LO�UHJLPH�UHJDOH�GHOOD�VSDGD��GHO�.DLVHU�WHGHVFR���H��LQ�VHFRQGR�OXRJR��FRQWUR�OD�GLWWDWXUD�SVHXGR�SUROHWDULD�GHL�EROVFHYLFKL��/D�FULWLFD� UDGLFDOH�GHO�GLVSRWLVPR�PLOLWDUH� WHGHVFR�q�FRPSOHWDWR�� LQ�XQ�DOWUR�DUWLFROR�GL�%ORFK�GDWDWR����PDJJLR�������HJXDOPHQWH�SXEEOLFDWR�QHOOD�©)UHLH�=HLWXQJª���GD�XQD�FULWLFD�SLXWWRVWR�ULJRURVD�GHOOD�PHQWDOLWj�WHGHVFD�LQ�JHQHUDOH��©QLHQWH�DIIDWWR�GRWDWD�SHU�OD�ULYR-OX]LRQHª��XQD�PHQWDOLWj�WURSSR�VRWWRPHVVD�DOOR�©VFKLDYLVPR�GHOOD�SVLFRORJLDª��H�WXWWDYLD�%ORFK�FRQVHUYD�HG�HVSULPH�TXL�OD�VSHUDQ]D�QHOO¶DYYHQWR�SRVVLELOH�GL�XQD�ULQDVFLWD�GHPRFUDWLFD�GHOOD�*HUPDQLD��FKH�KD�FRPH�FRQGL]LRQH�QHFHVVDULD�OD�VFRQ¿WWD�PLOLWDUH�GHL�VXRL�JHQHUDOL�H�OD�YLWWRULD�GHOO¶,QWHVD�%ORFK�QRQ�UHVWHUj�D�OXQJR�VX�TXHVWH�SRVL]LRQL�YLVFHUDOPHQWH�DQWLOHQLQLVWH�H�FDPELHUj�LGHD��JLj�

QHO�FRUVR�GHO�������VLFXUDPHQWH�VRWWR�O¶LQÀXHQ]D�GHFLVLYD�GHOO¶DPLFR�*\|UJ\�/XNiFV��JLj�FRQ-YHUWLWRVL�QHO������DO�PDU[LVPR�ULYROX]LRQDULR�H�FRLQYROWR�RUPDL�LQ�XQD�EDWWDJOLD�¿ORVR¿FR�SROL-tica che lo condurrà direttamente alla partecipazione attiva al governo socialista-rivoluzionario

��� (UQVW�%ORFK�LQ�XQ�DUWLFROR�SXEEOLFDWR�LO����PDU]R������QHOOD�©)UHLH�=HLWXQJª��FRQ�OR�SVHXGRQLPR�³)ULW]�0D\´��FLW��LQ�(��%ORFK��Kampf – nicht Krieg��FLW���SS�����������

�� Ibidem. �� ,YL� S��������� Ibidem.

Page 9: P come PACIFISMOromatrepress.uniroma3.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Ernst-Bloch-u… · 140 il tema di b@bel wxwwr doo¶duurjdqwh plolwdulvpr suxvvldqr gd oxl surirqgdphqwh ghwhvwdwr

147

Il

GHL�FRQVLJOL�RSHUDL�GL�%HOD�.XQ��D�%XGDSHVW�QHO�PDJJLR�GHO�������6XO�SLDQR�¿ORVR¿FR��TXHVWR�LPSHJQR�SROLWLFR�FRQGXUUj�/XNiFV�D�VFULYHUH�Storia e coscienza di classe��OLEUR�FKH�VDUHEEH�GL-YHQXWR�UDSLGDPHQWH�XQ�FODVVLFR�GHOOD�WHRULD�PDU[LVWD�GHO�;;�VHFROR��(�LO�OLEUR�GL�%ORFK�GHGLFDWR�a Thomas Münzer – teologo della rivoluzione��������VDUj�OD�SULPD�RSHUD�GHO�¿ORVRIR�WHGHVFR�D�WHVWLPRQLDUH�GL�TXHVWD�VYROWD�YHUVR�LO�ULFRQRVFLPHQWR�GHL�PHULWL��WDUGLYDPHQWH�DFFHWWDWL��GL�/HQLQ�H�GHL�EROVFHYLFKL�LQ�5XVVLD�,Q�VLQWHVL�VL�SRWUHEEH�FRQFOXGHUH�FKH�TXHVWR�LPSHJQR�GL�%ORFK�GXUDQWH�LO�VXR�VRJJLRUQR�H�OD�

VXD�DWWLYLWj�JLRUQDOLVWLFD�SROLWLFD�LQ�6YL]]HUD��SHU�OD�©)UHLH�=HLWXQJª�GL�%HUQD��WUD�LO������H�LO�������SHU�XQD�*HUPDQLD�OLEHUD��GHPRFUDWLFD�H�UHSXEEOLFDQD��GH¿QLWLYDPHQWH�OLEHUDWD�GDO�UHJLPH�GHOOD�PRQDUFKLD�SUXVVLDQD�GHJOL�+RKHQ]ROOHUQ��FKH�TXHVWR�LPSHJQR�SHU�XQ�VRFLDOLVPR�GHPRFUD-WLFR�FDSDFH�GL�V¿GDUH�DQFKH�OD�GLWWDWXUD�VRFLDOH�GHL�EROVFHYLFKL�LQ�5XVVLD��KD�LQ�XQ�FHUWR�VHQVR�SUHGHWHUPLQDWR�LO�GHVWLQR�SROLWLFR�GL�(UQVW�%ORFK�FKH��GRSR�DYHU�LQVHJQDWR�SHU�VHWWH�DQQL��GDO������DO�������FRPH�SURIHVVRUH�RUGLQDULR�GL�VWRULD�GHOOD�¿ORVR¿D�DOO¶XQLYHUVLWj�GL�/LSVLD��''5���è divenuto un dissidente./D�VXD�URWWXUD�FRQ�LO�UHJLPH�VWDOLQLVWD�GL�:DOWHU�8OEULFKW��D�%HUOLQR�(VW��QHO�������GXUDQWH�

O¶LQVXUUH]LRQH�SRSRODUH�XQJKHUHVH�D�%XGDSHVW��HUD�LQHYLWDELOH��YLVWR�FKH�(UQVW�%ORFK�VL�HUD�SUR-QXQFLDWR��JLj�D�SDUWLUH�GDO�������D�VRVWHJQR�GHO�SURIHVVRUH�GL�VRFLRORJLD�:ROIJDQJ�+DULFK�GHOO¶X-QLYHUVLWj�+XPEROGW�GL�%HUOLQR�(VW��LQ�IDYRUH�FLRq�GL�XQ�VRFLDOLVPR�GHPRFUDWLFR�WHGHVFR�H�GL�XQ�PDU[LVPR�XPDQLVWD��GL�XQ�³PDU[LVPR�FRPH�PRUDOH´�H�FRPH�³XWRSLD�FRQFUHWD´��HG�LQ�IDYRUH�GL�XQD�³GHUXVVL¿FD]LRQH´�GHO�PDU[LVPR�GHO�;;�VHFROR��%HQLQWHVR��OD�WHVL�EORFKLDQD�GHOOD�FROSHYROH]]D�XQLODWHUDOH�GHOOD�*HUPDQLD��QHOOD�3ULPD�*XHU-

UD�PRQGLDOH�±�WHVL�ULSUHVD�GDOOR�VWRULFR�WHGHVFR�)ULW]�)LVFKHU�QHJOL�DQQL�µ���±�RJJL�DSSDUH�FRQ-WURYHUVD��Ê�FRQWHVWDWD�DQFKH�GD�DOFXQL�VWRULFL�DQJORVDVVRQL�FKH��DSSRJJLDQGRVL�D�UHFHQWL�ULFHU-FKH��SURSHQGRQR�SLXWWRVWR�SHU�XQD�UHVSRQVDELOLWj�H�FROSHYROH]]D�UHFLSURFD�GHOOH�JUDQGL�SRWHQ]H�SROLWLFKH�H�PLOLWDUL��6L�SRWUHEEH�FLWDUH�D�TXHVWR�SURSRVLWR�LO�OLEUR�UHFHQWHPHQWH�SXEEOLFDWR�GDOOR�VWRULFR�DXVWUDOLDQR�&KULVWRSKHU�&ODUN����FKH�VRVWLHQH�OD�WHVL�GHOOD�FROSHYROH]]D�XQLODWHUDOH�GHOOD�*HUPDQLD�GHO�.DLVHU�*XJOLHOPR�,,�H�FKH�VRWWROLQHD�FKH�©OD�*HUPDQLD�GHO�Kaiser è colpevole o LQQRFHQWH�DOOR�VFRSSLR�GHOOD�3ULPD�*XHUUD�0RQGLDOH�TXDQWR�WXWWH�OH�DOWUH�JUDQGL�SRWHQ]H�HXUR-SHH��OD�5XVVLD��OD�)UDQFLD��O¶$XVWULD�8QJKHULD�H�O¶,QJKLOWHUUDª��'L�FRQVHJXHQ]D��OD�3ULPD�*XHUUD�PRQGLDOH�q�VWDWD�LO�ULVXOWDWR�GHOOD�³FRUVD�VLPXOWDQHD´�GL�WXWWH�TXHVWH�SRWHQ]H�YHUVR�O¶DELVVR��OD�FDWDVWURIH��&RVu��&ODUN�DUULYD�D�V¿GDUH�XQ�YHFFKLR�GRJPD�GHOOD�VFLHQ]D�VWRULFD�GHO�;;�VHFROR��RYYHUR�OD�WHVL�FKH�©O¶RULJLQH�H�LO�OXRJR�GL�WXWWR�LO�0DOH�QHOOD�VWRULD�WHGHVFD�HUD�OR�6WDWR�SUXVVLDQR�FRQ�LO�VXR�PLOLWDULVPR��LO�VXR�LPSHULDOLVPR�H�OD�VXD�PHJDORPDQLDª�±�XQD�WHVL�DOOD�TXDOH�(UQVW�%ORFK�DGHULVFH�WRWDOPHQWH��6HFRQGR�&ODUN��OD�YHUD�UDGLFH�GL�TXHVWD�JXHUUD�QRQ�HUD�O¶DWWHJJLD-PHQWR�GHOO¶,PSHUR�WHGHVFR�GHO�.DLVHU��PD�SLXWWRVWR�OD�GLQDPLFD�SURSULD�LQWHUQD�DOOD�³ORJLFD�GHOOH�DOOHDQ]H´�SROLWLFKH�H�PLOLWDUL�FRQFOXVH�WUD�OH�JUDQGL�SRWHQ]H�FKH�DYHYDQR�FROODERUDWR�DOOR�VFRSSLR�GHOOD�JXHUUD��QHL�SULPL�JLRUQL�GHO�PHVH�GL�DJRVWR�������Ê�HYLGHQWH�FKH�(UQVW�%ORFK��FKH�HUD�DVVR-OXWDPHQWH�FRQYLQWR�GHOOD�FROSHYROH]]D�XQLODWHUDOH�HG�HVFOXVLYD�GHOOD�*HUPDQLD��QRQ�DYUHEEH�PDL�DFFHWWDWR�TXHVWD�WHVL��PD�QRL�GRYUHPPR�HVSULPHUH�XQ�QRVWUR�JLXGL]LR�VX�TXHVWD�SUREOHPDWLFD�PROWR�FRPSOHVVD�WHQHQGR�FRQWR�VLD�GHOOH�WHVL�GL�%ORFK�FKH�GL�TXHOOH�GHJOL�VWRULFL�FRQWHPSRUDQHL�

�� &IU��&��&ODUN��Die Schlafwandler, '9$��6WXWWJDUW�������FIU��DQFKH�O¶DUWLFROR�GL�$��.LOE��Die Selbstzer-störung Europas��LQ�©)UDQNIXUWHU�$OOJHPHLQH�=HLWXQJª�����������

3� �3DFL¿VPR