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Time travel in fiction: why authors return to it time and time again

Fiction writers from HG Wells to Stephen King have shown an unerring fascination with thedramatic possibilities

Alison Flood guardian.co.uk , Friday 23 September 2011 19.30 BST

Michael J Fox in the film Back to the Future, with the time-travelling DeLorean car. Photograph: Ronald Grant Archive

From The Terminator to Austin Powers, Quantum Leap to Life on Mars, the paradoxes and quandaries oftime travel exert an uncanny influence on modern writers.

Even horror supremo Stephen King is to tackle the topic in his forthcoming novel 11.22.63, which involves ateacher travelling through a portal to 1958 in an attempt to save JFK.

Authors have dreamed of time travel for centuries. A folk tale from eighth-century Japan tells of afisherman, Urashima Taro, who journeys to a world under the sea where he lives for three years, only tofind, on his return home, that three centuries have passed.

Washington Irving related the story of Rip Van Winkle, a man who goes to sleep for a night to find 20 yearshave passed in 1819; Scrooge was given glimpses into the past and the "yet to come" in Charles Dickens's

A Christmas Carol in 1843; and Mark Twain sent a Connecticut Yankee to the court of King Arthur in his1889 novel.

But, fittingly enough, the man described as the father of science fiction, HG Wells, is credited with inventingthe time machine in his 1895 story.

The machine sends the traveller forward in time to the year 802,701, when humanity has split into thebeautiful Eloi and their masters the Morlocks.

He then journeys 30m years into the future, where "the huge red-hot dome of the sun had come to obscurenearly a 10th part of the darkling heavens", and "all the sounds of man, the bleating of sheep, the cries ofbirds, the hum of insects, the stir that makes the background of our lives all that was over".

The paradox for time travellers is how their actions in the past will affect the future, a theme exploredby Ray Bradbury in the story A Sound of Thunder (1952), in which a time traveller kills a butterfly when

journeying back to the time of the dinosaurs only to find his present has been irrevocably altered.

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03. Na fico cientfica, quem considerado o inventor da mquina do tempo? Por qu?

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04. De acordo com o texto, qual o paradoxo dos viajantes no tempo? Explique e exemplifique.

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05. Qual o enredo de A Sound of Thunder?

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