Resistência de PlantasDaninhas a Herbicidas e Uso de Glyphosate em

Algodão ResistenteMark VanGesselMark VanGesselExtension SpecialistExtension Specialist

Weed / Crop ManagementWeed / Crop Management

New York City

Washington, DC

potatoespotatoesdry beansdry beanssugar beetssugar beetssoybeanssoybeans

cottoncottonpeanutspeanutssoybeanssoybeansmaizemaize

potatoespotatoesonionsonionssugar beetssugar beetsdry beansdry beansmaizemaize

Recent DE Agric. Statistics

Topics

•• USA crop productionUSA crop production•• Resistance issues in USAResistance issues in USA•• GRGR-- ConyzaConyza canadensiscanadensis•• GRGR-- AmaranthusAmaranthus palmeripalmeri•• The message to farmers / crop consultantsThe message to farmers / crop consultants

Área Colhida Por Cultura Nos USA2006 / 2007 (%)

maize, 24

soybeans, 18

wheat - winter, 11

wheat - spring, 4

alfalfa, 6

hay-other, 11

cotton, 3

sorghum, 2

barley, 1

others, 16

Resistência““the inherited ability of a plant to survive the inherited ability of a plant to survive

and reproduce following exposure to a and reproduce following exposure to a dose of herbicide normally lethal to the wild dose of herbicide normally lethal to the wild type”type” WSSAWSSA

Definições•• SítioSítio de de açãoação•• MecanismoMecanismo de de açãoação

–– onde e como um herbicida atua na morte da onde e como um herbicida atua na morte da plantaplanta

•• ResistênciaResistência cruzadacruzada–– rresistênciaesistência a herbicidas com o mesmo MOA, a herbicidas com o mesmo MOA,

mesmo o segundo herbicida nunca ter sido mesmo o segundo herbicida nunca ter sido utilizadoutilizado

•• ResistênciaResistência multiplamultipla–– resistência a mais de um MOAresistência a mais de um MOA

Resistência Nos USA

•• Chenopodium albumChenopodium album C1/5 C1/5 –– 1970’s1970’s•• Amaranthus retroflexus/hybridusAmaranthus retroflexus/hybridus C1/5 C1/5 –– 1970’s1970’s•• EleusineEleusine indicaindica K1/3 K1/3 –– 1970’s1970’s•• AmaranthusAmaranthus rudisrudis / / A. A. palmeripalmeri B/2 B/2 –– early early

1990’s1990’s•• SetariaSetaria faberi faberi B/2 B/2 –– late 1990’slate 1990’s

Thirteen glyphosate resistant weed species over the world1. Amaranthus palmeri (1) - 2. A. rudis (1) - 3. Ambrosia artemisifolia (1)4. Ambrosia trifida (1) - 5. Conyza bonariensis (3) - 6. Conyza canadensis (3)7. Eleusine indica (1) - 8. Euphorbia heterophylla (1) - 9. Lolium multiflorum (3)10. Lolium rigidum (3) - 11. Plantago lanceolata (1) - 12. Echinochloa spp. (1)13. Echinocloa spp (1)

7

4

23

1

1

1

L. multiflorumC. banariensisC. canadensisE. heterophylla

1

1

www.weedscience.com

Plantas Daninhas Resistentes aoGlyphosate Nos USA

•• LoliumLolium rigidumrigidum 19981998 11•• ConyzaConyza canadensiscanadensis 20002000 1717•• Ambrosia Ambrosia artemisiifoliaartemisiifolia 20042004 33•• Ambrosia Ambrosia trifidatrifida 20042004 33•• LoliumLolium multiflorummultiflorum 20042004 22•• AmaranthusAmaranthus palmeripalmeri 20052005 55•• AmaranthusAmaranthus rudisrudis 20052005 22

Resistência Múltipla- not a complete list -

•• Amaranthus rudisAmaranthus rudis –– IL B/2, E/14, C1/5IL B/2, E/14, C1/5–– MO B/2, G/9;MO B/2, G/9;–– (ALS, PPO, PS II, (ALS, PPO, PS II, GlyphosateGlyphosate))

•• ConyzaConyza canadensiscanadensis –– OH G/9, B/2OH G/9, B/2–– Glyphosate, ALSGlyphosate, ALS

•• AmaranthusAmaranthus palmeripalmeri –– GA, NC G/9, B/2GA, NC G/9, B/2–– GlyphosateGlyphosate, ALS, ALS

Aumento de Plantas DaninhasResistentes a Herbicidas os USA

maize, soybeans, and cotton

–– AtitudeAtitude dos dos produtoresprodutores e e percepçãopercepção dada resistênciaresistência–– MenosMenos ingredientesingredientes ativosativos estãoestão sendosendo utilizadosutilizados–– AdoçãoAdoção do do plantioplantio diretodireto–– UsoUso de de culturasculturas RRRR–– TrocaTroca de de herbicidasherbicidas residuaisresiduais parapara herbicidasherbicidas póspós--

emergentesemergentes–– FalhaFalha nana rotaçãorotação de de culturasculturas–– RotaçãoRotação de de culturasculturas queque dependemdependem de de herbicidasherbicidas

com o com o mesmomesmo MOAMOA

Why Are Farmers Not Using Resistance Avoidance

•• Have the attitude of “Why implement resistance Have the attitude of “Why implement resistance management now, will deal with herbicidemanagement now, will deal with herbicide--resistant resistant weeds if/when they show up”weeds if/when they show up”

•• No effective alternatives to current herbicidesNo effective alternatives to current herbicides•• Herbicide mode of action is too confusing to Herbicide mode of action is too confusing to

understand (particularly with preunderstand (particularly with pre--mixes)mixes)•• Too management intensiveToo management intensive•• Believe new modes of action will become available to Believe new modes of action will become available to

manage herbicidemanage herbicide--resistant biotypesresistant biotypes•• High percentage of rental land (why invest if you may High percentage of rental land (why invest if you may

not reap the benefits)not reap the benefits)•• Too costlyToo costly

0

10

20

30

40

50

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Are

a (%

)

RR-Maize LL-Maize IMI-Maize

USDA, NASSUSDA, NASSMonsantoMonsanto

Porcentagem de Area Cultivada NosUSA Com Híbridos de Milho

Resistentes a Herbicidas

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Are

a (%

)

RR-Soybean RR-Cotton LL-CottonBXN-Cotton RR-Canola

USDA, NASSUSDA, NASSMonsantoMonsanto

Porcentagem de Area Cultivada NosEstados Unidos Com Outras

Culturas Resistentes a Herbicidas

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

2.2

2.4

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Soybean Cotton Maize

App

licat

ions

per

yea

rUso de Glyphosate

Number of Applications per Year

USDA, NASSUSDA, NASS8 to 19 top producing States8 to 19 top producing States

RR Soy RR Maize

RR Cotton

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

Soybean Cotton Maize

Land

are

a (%

)

Source: CTIC

RR Soy RR Maize

RR Cotton

Produçao sob Plantio Direto

Number of active ingredients or sites of action represented by herbicides applied on 5 or 10% or more of the treated acres.

02468

1012141618

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

A.I.s 5% SOAs 5%

Num

ber

USDA, NASSUSDA, NASS10 to 17 top producing States10 to 17 top producing States

Ingredientes Ativos e Sítios de AçãoDos Herbicidas Maize

Number of active ingredients or sites of action represented by herbicides applied on 5 or 10% or more of the treated acres.

Ingredientes Ativos e Sítios de AçãoDos Herbicidas Soybean

02468

101214161820

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

A.I.s 5% SOAs 5%

Num

ber

USDA, NASSUSDA, NASS8 to 19 top producing States8 to 19 top producing States

Number of active ingredients or sites of action represented by herbicides applied on 5 or 10% or more of the treated acres.

0

2

4

68

10

12

14

16

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

A.I.s 5% SOAs 5%

Num

ber

USDA, NASSUSDA, NASS

Ingredientes Ativos e Sítios de AçãoDos Herbicidas Cotton

Number of active ingredients or sites of action represented by herbicides applied on 5 or 10% or more of the treated acres.

0

2

4

68

10

12

14

16

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

A.I.s 10% A.I.s 5%SOAs 10% SOAs 5%

Num

ber

USDA, NASSUSDA, NASS

Ingredientes Ativos e Sítios de AçãoDos Herbicidas Cotton

Trends in Soil-applied Herbicides for Cotton

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2003

2005

Perc

ent a

rea

trea

ted

(%)

Residual grass Residual broadleafUSDA, NASSUSDA, NASS8 to 19 top producing States8 to 19 top producing States Brdlvs: Brdlvs: flumeturonflumeturon, , clomazoneclomazone, , prometrynprometryn

Grass: Grass: pendimethalinpendimethalin, , trifluralintrifluralin, , metolachlormetolachlor

AmaranthusAmaranthuspalmeripalmeri

AmbrosiaAmbrosiaartemisiifoliaartemisiifolia

Lolium multiflorumLolium multiflorumLolium rigidumLolium rigidum

ConyzaConyzacanadensiscanadensis

AmaranthusAmaranthustuberculatustuberculatus //

rudisrudis

AmbrosiaAmbrosiatrifidatrifida

Conyza canadensisConyza canadensisformerly:formerly: Erigeron canadensisErigeron canadensis

2000 (6)

Salisbury

Locais com buvaresistente aoglyphosate

Current estimates:Current estimates:50,000 ha infested50,000 ha infested

2001 (23)

Confirmed sites

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**** ****************

********

**** ****

********

****

********

****

****

****

****

GlyphosateGlyphosate--Resistant Resistant C. C. canadensiscanadensis20062006

Alto número Alto número de sementes de sementes produzidasproduzidas

SSementesementespequenas, pequenas, dispersadas dispersadas pelo ventopelo vento

ImportanteImportante considerarconsiderar a a e e ecologiaecologia dada plantaplantabiologiabiologia

Conyza canadensis Management

•• TillageTillage•• Use of Use of dicambadicamba (cotton) or 2,4(cotton) or 2,4--D D

(soybeans) pre(soybeans) pre--plantplant–– rere--plant restrictions / more managementplant restrictions / more management

•• Use of residual herbicidesUse of residual herbicides•• Use of ALSUse of ALS--inhibiting herbicide in inhibiting herbicide in

soybeans; concerns about multiple soybeans; concerns about multiple resistanceresistance

** **** ****

•• Humans spread seeds as well as natureHumans spread seeds as well as nature•• Rapid growth rate, high seed production, Rapid growth rate, high seed production,

and prolonged germination; requires PRE and prolonged germination; requires PRE fbfb POSTPOST

•• Limited herbicide options in cottonLimited herbicide options in cotton•• Appears pollen flow may assist in spread Appears pollen flow may assist in spread

of resistanceof resistance•• Widely distributedWidely distributed

Amaranthus palmeri Issues

AmaranthusAmaranthus palmeripalmeri can be can be very competitive with cottonvery competitive with cotton

GR A. palmeri Management

•• PyrithiobacPyrithiobac or or trifloxysulfurontrifloxysulfuron (fair control)(fair control)–– Group B/2Group B/2

•• No economical management options for No economical management options for cotton for multiple resistant biotypes (G/B)cotton for multiple resistant biotypes (G/B)– Likely will need to use handweeding or

paraquat (hooded)• Fomesafen, s-metolachlor (poor to fair)

Padrões de Contrastes Para Herbicidas Com ProblemasConhecidos de Resistência

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

Perc

ent a

rea

trea

ted

(%)

Atrazine - Maize ALS / IMI - SoybeansUSDA, NASSUSDA, NASS

Manejo da Resistência•• ênfaseênfase nana prevençãoprevenção dada resistênciaresistência e no e no

manejomanejo dada resistênciaresistência–– ProgramaPrograma de de extensãoextensão–– Herbicide manufacturersHerbicide manufacturers–– Commodity groupsCommodity groups

•• RotaçãoRotação dos MOAdos MOA–– ConhecimentoConhecimento do do mecanismomecanismo de de açãoação do do

herbicidaherbicida•• IncorporaçãoIncorporação de de métodosmétodos semsem a a utilizaçaoutilizaçao

de de herbicidasherbicidas

Special Thanks

•• Bryan YoungBryan Young•• Joseph DauerJoseph Dauer•• Extension ColleaguesExtension Colleagues•• Murilo MoreiraMurilo Moreira•• Pedro ChristoffoletiPedro Christoffoleti•• Barbara ScottBarbara Scott•• Quintin JohnsonQuintin Johnson

Questions or comments ??Questions or comments ??