Seleção de Rolamentos

7/21/2019 Seleo de Rolamentos

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Um arranjo de rolamentos no consiste apenas nos rolamentos em si, mas tambm inclui os componentes associados aosrolamentos, como o eixo e a caixa. O lubrificante tambm um componente muito importante do arranjo de rolamentos porqueele precisa evitar o desgaste e proteger contra corroso para que os rolamentos possam apresentar mximo desempenho. Almdestes, o vedante tambm um componente muito importante, cujo desempenho de importncia vital para a limpe!a dolubrificante. A limpe!a possui um efeito profundo na vida "til do rolamento, motivo pelo qual os lubrificantes e vedantes setornaram parte dos neg#cios da $%&.

'ara projetar um arranjo de rolamentos, necessrio

( selecionar um tipo de rolamento apropriado e

( determinar um tamanho de rolamento apropriado,mas isso no tudo. )rios outros aspectos precisam ser considerados*

( um projeto e forma adequados dos outros componentes do arranjo,( ajustes apropriados e folga interna +prcarga- do rolamento,( dispositivos de suporte,( vedantes adequados,( tipo e quantidade de lubrificante,( mtodos de instalao e remoo, etc.

/ada deciso individual afeta o desempenho, confiabilidade e economia do arranjo de rolamentos.

A quantidade de trabalho envolvida depende de j haver experi0ncia com arranjos semelhantes. 1uando falta tal experi0ncia,quando existem requisitos extraordinrios ou quando os custos do arranjo de rolamentos e qualquer item relacionado exigemconsidera2es especiais, muito mais trabalho necessrio, incluindo, por exemplo, clculos e3ou testes mais precisos.

4as se2es seguintes desta introduo tcnica genrica, o projetista de arranjos de rolamentos encontrar as informa2esbsicas necessrias apresentadas na ordem em que costumam ser requeridas. Obviamente, imposs5vel incluir todas asinforma2es necessrias para abordar cada aplicao conceb5vel de rolamentos. 'or essa ra!o, em muitos lugares so feitas

refer0ncias ao abrangente servio de engenharia de aplicao da $%&, que inclui suporte tcnico para seleo do rolamento certo,bem como para os clculos de todo o arranjo de rolamentos. 1uanto maiores forem as exig0ncias tcnicas em relao a umarranjo de rolamentos e mais limitada for a experi0ncia dispon5vel no uso de rolamentos em aplica2es espec5ficas, maisrecomendvel ser o uso desse servio.

As informa2es contidas na seo tcnica genrica normalmente se aplicam a rolamentos de forma geral ou, pelo menos, a umgrupo de rolamentos. 6nforma2es especiais, espec5ficas para um determinado tipo de rolamento, sero encontradas somente notexto que precede a seo da tabela em questo.

7evese observar que os valores fornecidos nas tabelas de produtos para capacidades de carga e velocidade, bem como limite decarga de fadiga, so bastante arredondados.

Terminologia de rolamento

A terminologia seguinte usada para um arranjo de rolamentos.

Arranjo de rolamentos +fig. 8-8 9olamentos de rolos cil5ndricos: 9olamento de esferas de quatro pontos de contato; /aixa< =ixo> 9essalto de encosto do eixo? 7imetro do eixo@ /hapa de fixao )edante de eixo radialB Anel espaador8C 7imetro do furo da caixa88 &uro da caixa8: Dampa da caixa8; Anel de reteno

A terminologia seguinte usada para as diversas partes de um rolamento.Rolamentos radiais +fig. : efig. ;-8 Anel interno: Anel externo; /orpo rolante* esfera, rolo cil5ndrico, agulha, rolo cEnico, rolo autocompensador< Faiola> 'laca de vedao

)edao ( feita de elastEmero, com contato +mostrado na figura- ou sem contato'laca de proteo ( feita de ao laminado, sem contato

? 7imetro externo do anel externo@ &uro do anel interno 7imetro do ressalto do anel internoB 7imetro do ressalto do anel externo8C 9anhura do anel de reteno88 Anel de reteno8: &ace lateral do anel externo

8; 9anhura de ancoragem do vedante8< 'ista do anel externo8> 'ista do anel interno
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8? 9anhura de vedao8@ &ace lateral do anel interno8 /hanfro8B 7imetro mdio do rolamento:C Gargura total do rolamento:8 &langeguia:: &lange de reteno:; Hngulo de contato

Rolamentos axiais +fig. /onjunto de gaiola e corpos rolantes

:? Arruela de caixa

:@ Arruela de caixa com superf5cie de assento esfrica

: Arruela de assento esfrica

Fig. 3

Fig. 2

Fig. 1
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Tipos de rolamento

Rolamentos radiais

Rolamentos rgidos de esferas

de uma carreira, com ou sem rasgo de entrada

modelo bsico aberto

com placas de proteo com vedantes de contato
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com ranhura para o anel de reteno, com ou sem anel de retenouma carreira com seo fixa

modelo bsico aberto

com vedantes de contatoduas carreiras

Rolamentos Y

com anel de fixao excntrico

comanel interno prolongado em um dos lados

com anel interno prolongado em ambos os ladoscomfixao por cavilha roscada
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combucha de fixao

comanel interno normal

Rolamentos de esferas de contato angular

uma carreira

modelo bsicopara montagem simples

modelo para acoplamento universaluma carreira de alta preciso modelo padro
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para montagem simples modelo para acoplamento universal conjuntos de rolamentos combinadosduas carreiras

comanel interno inteirio

modelo bsico aberto com placas de proteo com vedantes de contato com anel interno divididoRolamentos de esferas de quatro pontos de contato

9olamentos autocompensadores de esferascom furocil5ndricoou cEnico

modelo bsico aberto com vedantes de contatocom anel interno prolongado
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9olamentos de rolos cil5ndricosuma carreiratipos 4U, 4, 4I, 4U'

duas carreirastipo 44Ue tipo 44

quatro carreiras com furo cil5ndricoou cEnico
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8/30

9olamentos de rolos cil5ndricos com conjunto completo de rolos

uma carreira

duas carreiras com vedantesou sem vedantes

9olamentos de rolos de agulhas/onjuntos de gaiola e rolos de agulhas

9olamentos de rolos de agulhas com capa retirada e extremidadesabertase fechadas

9olamentos de rolos de agulhas com flanges

com ousemanel interno com vedante+s-9olamentos de rolos de agulhas sem flanges, com ou sem anel interno

Alinhamentorolamentos de rolos de agulhas com ou sem anel interno9olamentos de rolos de agulhas combinados
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9/30

9olamento de esferas de contato angular3rolos de agulhas 9olamento axial de esferas3rolos de agulhas 9olamento axial de rolos cil5ndricos3rolos de agulhas

Rolamentos de rolos cnicos

uma carreira

rolamentos individuais conjuntos combinados, em J, em O, em tandemduas carreiras

/onfigurao D7O +em O-/onfigurao D76 +em J-quatro carreiras

/onfigurao D1O /onfigurao D16

Rolamentos autocompensadores de roloscom furo cilndrico ou cnico

modelos bsicos abertos

com vedantes de contato
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10/30

Rolamentos toroidais !AR"#

com furo cilndrico ou cnico

modelos b$sicos abertos

com conjunto de rolos orientados pela gaiola

com conjunto completo de rolos

com vedantes de contato

Rolamentos axiais

Rolamentos axiais de esferasescora simples

comarruela de caixa plana

com anel de assento e arruela de caixa esfricos

escora dupla

comarruelas de caixa planas

com anis de assento e arruelas de caixa esfricosRolamentos de esferas de contato angularescora simples

escora dupla
http://imageviewer%28%271%27%2C%27pt%27%2C%27images%27%2C%27600%27%2C%27500%27%2C%27/skf/productcatalogue/','/skf/productcatalogue/jsp/viewers/imageViewer.jsp','image=0800f01.gif&file=1_0_1b')http://imageviewer%28%271%27%2C%27pt%27%2C%27images%27%2C%27600%27%2C%27500%27%2C%27/skf/productcatalogue/','/skf/productcatalogue/jsp/viewers/imageViewer.jsp','image=006_0103.jpg&file=1_0_1b')http://imageviewer%28%271%27%2C%27pt%27%2C%27images%27%2C%27600%27%2C%27500%27%2C%27/skf/productcatalogue/','/skf/productcatalogue/jsp/viewers/imageViewer.jsp','image=006_0103.jpg&file=1_0_1b')http://imageviewer%28%271%27%2C%27pt%27%2C%27images%27%2C%27600%27%2C%27500%27%2C%27/skf/productcatalogue/','/skf/productcatalogue/jsp/viewers/imageViewer.jsp','image=1300f01.gif&file=1_0_1b')http://imageviewer%28%271%27%2C%27pt%27%2C%27images%27%2C%27600%27%2C%27500%27%2C%27/skf/productcatalogue/','/skf/productcatalogue/jsp/viewers/imageViewer.jsp','image=1300f01.gif&file=1_0_1b')http://imageviewer%28%271%27%2C%27pt%27%2C%27images%27%2C%27600%27%2C%27500%27%2C%27/skf/productcatalogue/','/skf/productcatalogue/jsp/viewers/imageViewer.jsp','image=1300f03.gif&file=1_0_1b')http://imageviewer%28%271%27%2C%27pt%27%2C%27images%27%2C%27600%27%2C%27500%27%2C%27/skf/productcatalogue/','/skf/productcatalogue/jsp/viewers/imageViewer.jsp','image=1300f03.gif&file=1_0_1b')http://imageviewer%28%271%27%2C%27pt%27%2C%27images%27%2C%27600%27%2C%27500%27%2C%27/skf/productcatalogue/','/skf/productcatalogue/jsp/viewers/imageViewer.jsp','image=1300f03.gif&file=1_0_1b')http://imageviewer%28%271%27%2C%27pt%27%2C%27images%27%2C%27600%27%2C%27500%27%2C%27/skf/productcatalogue/','/skf/productcatalogue/jsp/viewers/imageViewer.jsp','image=1400f01.gif&file=1_0_1b')http://imageviewer%28%271%27%2C%27pt%27%2C%27images%27%2C%27600%27%2C%27500%27%2C%27/skf/productcatalogue/','/skf/productcatalogue/jsp/viewers/imageViewer.jsp','image=1400f01.gif&file=1_0_1b')http://imageviewer%28%271%27%2C%27pt%27%2C%27images%27%2C%27600%27%2C%27500%27%2C%27/skf/productcatalogue/','/skf/productcatalogue/jsp/viewers/imageViewer.jsp','image=1400f02.gif&file=1_0_1b')http://imageviewer%28%271%27%2C%27pt%27%2C%27images%27%2C%27600%27%2C%27500%27%2C%27/skf/productcatalogue/','/skf/productcatalogue/jsp/viewers/imageViewer.jsp','image=1400f02.gif&file=1_0_1b')http://imageviewer%28%271%27%2C%27pt%27%2C%27images%27%2C%27600%27%2C%27500%27%2C%27/skf/productcatalogue/','/skf/productcatalogue/jsp/viewers/imageViewer.jsp','image=0800f01.gif&file=1_0_1b')http://imageviewer%28%271%27%2C%27pt%27%2C%27images%27%2C%27600%27%2C%27500%27%2C%27/skf/productcatalogue/','/skf/productcatalogue/jsp/viewers/imageViewer.jsp','image=006_0103.jpg&file=1_0_1b')http://imageviewer%28%271%27%2C%27pt%27%2C%27images%27%2C%27600%27%2C%27500%27%2C%27/skf/productcatalogue/','/skf/productcatalogue/jsp/viewers/imageViewer.jsp','image=1300f01.gif&file=1_0_1b')http://imageviewer%28%271%27%2C%27pt%27%2C%27images%27%2C%27600%27%2C%27500%27%2C%27/skf/productcatalogue/','/skf/productcatalogue/jsp/viewers/imageViewer.jsp','image=1300f03.gif&file=1_0_1b')http://imageviewer%28%271%27%2C%27pt%27%2C%27images%27%2C%27600%27%2C%27500%27%2C%27/skf/productcatalogue/','/skf/productcatalogue/jsp/viewers/imageViewer.jsp','image=1400f01.gif&file=1_0_1b')http://imageviewer%28%271%27%2C%27pt%27%2C%27images%27%2C%27600%27%2C%27500%27%2C%27/skf/productcatalogue/','/skf/productcatalogue/jsp/viewers/imageViewer.jsp','image=1400f02.gif&file=1_0_1b')


11/30

Rolamentos axiais de rolos cilndricosescora simples

Rolamentos axiais de rolos de agulhas

escora simples

Rolamentos axiais de rolos cnicos

escora simples

escora dupla

Rolamentos axiais autocompensadores de rolosescora simples

Rolamentos de leva e de apoio

Rolos de levamodelo estreito comsuperf5cie de rolamento abauladamodelo largo com superf5cie de rolamento abaulada ou cil5ndrica

Rolos de suportesem orientao axial com superf5cie de rolamentoabauladaou cil5ndrica com ou sem anel interno com ou sem vedantes

com orientao axial com superf5cie de rolamento abaulada ou cil5ndrica modelo separvel modelo no separvel
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comgaiola sem gaiola

Rolos de leva com eixocom superfcie de rolamento abaulada ou cilndrica comgaiola sem gaiola

Seleo do tipo de rolamento

/ada tipo de rolamento apresenta propriedades caracter5sticas, com base em seu modelo, que o tornam mais ou menosapropriado para uma dada aplicao. 'or exemplo, os rolamentos r5gidos de esferas podem acomodar cargas radiais moderadas,bem como cargas axiais. =les possuem baixo atrito e podem ser produ!idos com alta preciso e em variantes de funcionamentosilencioso. 'ortanto, eles so preferidos para motores eltricos pequenos e mdios.

9olamentos autocompensadores de rolos e toroidais podem suportar cargas muito altas e so autocompensadores. =ssaspropriedades os tornam populares, por exemplo, em aplica2es de engenharia pesada, onde existam cargas altas, deflex2es deeixo e desalinhamentos.

=m muitos casos, porm, vrios fatores precisam ser considerados e ponderados entre si ao se escolher um tipo de rolamento,de maneira que nenhuma regra genrica pode ser formulada.

As informa2es fornecidas aqui devem servir para indicar quais so os fatores mais importantes a serem considerados aoselecionar um tipo de rolamento padro e, com isso, facilitar uma escolha apropriada*

( espao dispon5vel

( cargas( desalinhamento( preciso( velocidade( giro silencioso( rigide!( deslocamento axial( montagem e desmontagem( vedantes integrados

Uma viso geral abrangente dos tipos de rolamento padr2es, suas caracter5sticas de projeto e sua adequao Ks exig0ncias feitasem uma dada aplicao pode ser encontrada namatri!.

6nforma2es detalhadas sobre cada tipo de rolamento, incluindo suas caracter5sticas e os modelos dispon5veis, sero encontradasnas se2es que tratam de cada tipo de rolamento. Os tipos de rolamento no inclu5dos na matri! geralmente so usados apenas

em algumas aplica2es bemdefinidas.A matri! permite apenas uma classificao relativamente superficial dos tipos de rolamentos. O n"mero limitado de s5mbolos nopermite uma diferenciao exata e algumas propriedades no dependem exclusivamente do modelo do rolamento. 'or exemplo,a rigide! de um arranjo que incorpora rolamentos de esferas de contato angular ou rolamentos de rolos cEnicos tambmdepende da prcarga aplicada e da velocidade operacional, que influenciada pela preciso do rolamento e de seuscomponentes associados, bem como pelo modelo da gaiola. A despeito de suas limita2es, amatri!deve permitir uma escolhaapropriada do tipo de rolamento. 7evese considerar tambm que o custo total de um arranjo de rolamentos e considera2es deestoque tambm podem influenciar na escolha final.

Outros critrios importantes a serem observados ao desenvolver um arranjo de rolamentos, incluindo capacidade de carga evida, atrito, velocidades permitidas, folga interna ou prcarga do rolamento, lubrificao e vedao, so tratadosdetalhadamente em se2es separadas deste catlogo.
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%spao disponvel

=m muitos casos, uma das principais dimens2es de um rolamento o dimetro do furo predeterminada pelo projeto damquina e pelo dimetro do eixo.

'ara eixos de dimetro pequeno, todos os tipos de rolamentos podem ser usados, sendo mais populares os rolamentos r5gidos deesferas, embora os rolamentos de rolos de agulhas tambm sejam adequados +fig. 8-.
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'ara eixos de dimetros maiores, rolamentos de rolos toroidais, autocompensadores, cEnicos ecil5ndricos esto dispon5veis, bem como rolamentos r5gidos de esferas +fig. :-.

1uando o espao radial limitado, rolamentos com uma seo transversal pequena, particularmente aqueles com pequenaaltura de seo transversal, devem ser escolhidos, por exemplo, rolamentos das sries de dimetros ou B +consulteL7imens2esL na seo L7ados gerais sobre rolamentosL-. /onjuntos de gaiola e rolos de agulhas, rolamentos de rolos de agulhascom capa retirada e rolamentos de rolos de agulhas sem ou at mesmo com anel interno +fig. ;-, so bastante apropriados, bemcomo determinadas sries de rolamentos de esferas de contato angular, rolamentos r5gidos de esferas e rolamentos de rolostoroidais, autocompensadores, cEnicos e cil5ndricos.

1uando o espao axial limitado, determinadas sries de rolamentos de rolos cil5ndricos e rolamentos r5gidos de esferas podemser usadas para cargas radiais ou combinadas, respectivamente +fig. -. 'ara cargas puramente axiais, conjuntos axiais de gaiola e rolos de agulhas +com ou sem arruelas-,bem como rolamentos axiais de esferas e rolamentos axiais de rolos cil5ndricos podem ser usados +fig. ?-.
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!argas

&agnitude da cargaA magnitude da carga um dos fatores que normalmente determinam o tamanho do rolamento a ser usado. Feralmente,rolamentos de rolos so capa!es de suportar cargas mais pesadas que rolamentos de esferas de tamanho similar +fig. @-erolamentos que tenham um conjunto completo de corpos rolantes +sem gaiola- podem acomodar cargas mais pesadas que osrolamentos correspondentes com gaiola. Os rolamentos de esferas so mais empregados onde as cargas so leves oumoderadas. 'ara cargas altas e quando os dimetros de eixo so grandes, os rolamentos de rolos so normalmente a escolhamais apropriada.

'ireo da carga

!arga radial9olamentos de rolos cil5ndricos dos tipos 4U e 4, rolamentos de rolos de agulhas e rolamentos de rolos toroidais s# podemsuportar cargas puramente radiais +fig. -. Dodos os outros rolamentos radiais podem acomodar algumas cargas axiais alm dascargas radiais +consulte L/argas combinadasL-.

!arga axial9olamentos axiais de esferas e rolamentos de esferas de quatro pontos de contato +fig. B- so apropriados para cargas leves oumoderadas que sejam puramente axiais. Os rolamentos axiais de esferas de escora simples s# podem acomodar cargas axiaisatuando em uma "nica direoM para cargas axiais atuando em ambas as dire2es, so necessrios rolamentos axiais de esferasde escora dupla.
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Os rolamentos axiais de esferas de contato angular podem suportar cargas axiais moderadas em altas velocidadesM neste caso,os rolamentos de escora simples tambm podem acomodar cargas radiais atuando simultaneamente, enquanto os rolamentos deescora dupla so normalmente empregados apenas em cargas puramente axiais +fig. 8C-.

'ara cargas axiais moderadas e altas atuando em uma "nica direo, rolamentos axiais com rolos de agulhas, rolamentos axiaiscom rolos cil5ndricos e cEnicos so apropriados, bem como os rolamentos axiais autocompensadores de rolos +fig. 88-. Osrolamentos axiais autocompensadores de rolos tambm podem acomodar cargas radiais atuando simultaneamente. 'ara cargas

axiais alternantes altas, dois rolamentos axiais de rolos cil5ndricos ou dois rolamentos axiais autocompensadores de rolos podemser montados adjacentes entre si.

Carga combinada

Uma carga combinada compreende uma carga radial e uma carga axial atuando

simultaneamente. A capacidade de um rolamento de suportar uma carga axial

determinada pelo ngulo de contato a - quanto maior o ngulo, mais apropriado orolamento para cargas axiais. Uma indicao disso dada pelo fator de clculo , que se
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torna menor conforme o contato a aumenta. !s valores desse fator para um tipo de

rolamento ou para rolamentos individuais encontram-se no texto introdut"rio das se#es

de tabela de produtos ou nas pr"prias tabelas de produtos. A capacidade de carga axial

de um rolamento r$gido de esferas depende de seu pro%eto interno e da folga interna no

rolamento &consulte a seo '9olamentos r5gidos de uma carreira de esferas'(.

'ara cargas combinadas, rolamentos de esferas de contato angular de uma e duas carreiras e rolamentos de rolos cEnicos deuma carreira so mais freqNentemente empregados, embora rolamentos r5gidos de esferas e rolamentos autocompensadores derolos sejam apropriados +fig. 8:-.

Alm disso, rolamentos autocompensadores de esferas e rolamentos de rolos cil5ndricos dos tipos 4I e 4U', bem comorolamentos de rolos cil5ndricos dos tipos 4I e 4U com anis de encosto I podem ser usados para cargas combinadas onde ocomponente axial seja relativamente pequeno +fig. 8;-.

9olamentos de rolos cEnicos e rolamentos de esferas de contato angular de uma carreira, rolamentos axiais autocompensadoresde rolos e rolamentos de rolos cil5ndricos dos tipos 4I e 4UPI j podem acomodar cargas axiais atuando em uma "nica direo.'ara cargas axiais de direo alternante, esses rolamentos devem ser combinados com um segundo rolamento. 'or essa ra!o,os rolamentos de esferas de contato angular de uma carreira esto dispon5veis como Lrolamentos universaisL para montagem empares e os rolamentos de rolos cEnicos de uma carreira podem ser fornecidos como conjuntos combinados, compreendendo dois
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rolamentos de uma carreira +consulte as se2es L9olamentos de uma carreira de esferas de contato angularL e L9olamentos deuma carreira de rolos cEnicos em paresL-.

1uando o componente axial das cargas combinadas grande, ele pode ser suportado independentemente da carga radial por umrolamento separado. Alm dos rolamentos axiais, alguns rolamentos radiais, por exemplo, rolamentos r5gidos de esferas ourolamentos de esferas de quatro pontos de contato +fig. 8


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(reciso

9olamentos com preciso maior que 4ormal so necessrios para arranjos que precisem ter alta preciso de giro +por exemplo,arranjos de eixo de mquinasferramenta-, bem como aquelas aplica2es onde velocidades muito altas so necessrias.

O texto introdut#rio de cada seo de tabela contm informa2es relacionadas Ks classes de tolerncia nas quais os rolamentosda seo em questo so produ!idos. A $%& produ! uma linha abrangente de rolamentos de alta preciso, incluindo rolamentosde esferas de contato angular de uma carreira, rolamentos de rolos cil5ndricos de uma e duas carreiras e rolamentos axiais deesferas de contato angular de escora simples e dupla +consulte o catlogo L9olamentos de alta precisoL da $%&-.

)elocidade

A temperatura de funcionamento permitida limita a velocidade na qual os rolamentos podem ser utili!ados +consulte a seoL)elocidades de refer0nciaL-. Os tipos de rolamento com baixa frico e conseqNente baixa gerao de calor dentro do rolamentoso, portanto, os mais apropriados para operao em alta velocidade.

As velocidades mais altas podem ser conseguidas com rolamentos r5gidos de esferas e rolamentos autocompensadores deesferas +fig. 8- quando as cargas so puramente radiais e com rolamentos de esferas de contato angular +fig. 8B- para cargascombinadas. 6sso se aplica particularmente a rolamentos de esferas de contato angular de alta preciso ou rolamentos r5gidos deesferas com corpos rolantes cermicos.

7evido a seu projeto, os rolamentos axiais no podem acomodar velocidades to altas quanto os rolamentos radiais

*iro silencioso

=m determinadas aplica2es, por exemplo, pequenos motores eltricos para eletrodomsticos ou mquinas de escrit#rio, o ru5doprodu!ido em funcionamento um fator importante, podendo influenciar na escolha do rolamento. Os rolamentos r5gidos deesferas da $%& so produ!idos especialmente para essas aplica2es +fig. 8-.

Rigide+

A rigide! de um rolamento caracteri!ada pela magnitude da deformao elstica +resili0ncia- no rolamento sob carga.Feralmente, essa deformao muito pequena e pode ser despre!ada. =m alguns casos, porm +por exemplo, arranjos derolamentos de eixos para mquinasferramenta e arranjos de rolamentos de pinh2es-, a rigide! importante.

7evido Ks condi2es de contato entre os corpos rolantes e as pistas, os rolamentos, por exemplo, de rolos cil5ndricos + fig. :Ca-ou de rolos cEnicos +fig. :Cb-, possuem um grau de rigide! maior que os rolamentos de esferas. A r igide! do rolamento pode seraprimorada ainda mais pela aplicao de uma prcarga +consulte a seo L'rcarga do rolamentoL-.

(r,-carga do rolamento

7ependendo da aplicao, pode ser necessrio ter uma folga operacional positiva ou negativa no arranjo do rolamento. 4a

maioria das aplica2es, a folga operacional deve ser positiva, ou seja, quando em operao, o rolamento deve ter uma folgaresidual, porm leve +consulte a seo L&olga interna do rolamentoL-.

4o entanto, existem muitos casos, como rolamentos de eixo de mquinasferramenta, rolamentos de pinho em transmiss2es de
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autom#veis, arranjos de rolamentos de motores eltricos pequenos ou arranjos de rolamentos para movimento oscilat#rio, ondeuma folga operacional negativa, como, por exemplo, uma prcarga, necessria para aprimorar a rigide! do arranjo dorolamento, ou para aumentar a preciso do giro. A aplicao de uma prcarga, como, por exemplo, por molas, tambm recomendada onde os rolamentos forem funcionar sem carga ou com carga muito leve e em altas velocidades. 4esses casos, aprcarga serve para fornecer uma carga m5nima no rolamento e evitar danos ao rolamento, como resultado de movimentosdesli!antes dos corpos rolantes +consulte a seo L/arga m5nima requeridaL-.

'eslocamento axial

Os eixos ou outros componentes de mquinas rotativas so geralmente suportados por rolamentos com anel interior fixo e semanel interior fixo +consulte a seo LArranjos de rolamentosL-.

Os rolamentos com anel interior fixo proporcionam fixao axial para o componente da mquina em ambas as dire2es. Osrolamentos mais apropriados para esse uso so aqueles que podem acomodar cargas combinadas ou que podem proporcionarorientao axial em conjunto com um segundo rolamento +consulte Lmatri!L-.

Os rolamentos sem anel interior fixo permitem o movimento do eixo na direo axial, de maneira que os rolamentos no sejamsobrecarregados quando, por exemplo, ocorrer uma expanso trmica do eixo. Os rolamentos mais apropriados para a posiosem anel interior fixo incluem rolamentos de rolos de agulhas e rolamentos de rolos cil5ndricos dos tipos 4U e 4 + fig. :8-.9olamentos de rolos cil5ndricos do tipo 4I e alguns rolamentos de rolos cil5ndricos do tipo sem gaiola tambm podem ser usados.

Arranjos de rolamentos

O arranjo de rolamentos de um componente rotativo de uma mquina, como, por exemplo, um eixo, geralmente requer doisrolamentos para suporte e posicionam o componente radial e axialmente, com relao K parte estacionria da mquina, comouma caixa. 7ependendo das considera2es de aplicao, carga, preciso de giro exigida e custos, os arranjos podem consistir em

( arranjos de rolamentos sem anel interior fixo e com anel interior fixo,( arranjos de rolamentos ajustados ou( arranjos de rolamentos com LflutuaoL.

Os arranjos de rolamentos que consistem em um "nico rolamento que pode suportar cargas radiais, axiais e de momento, comopor exemplo, para uma junta articulada, no so mencionados neste catlogo. $e esses arranjos forem necessrios, aconselhvel contactar o servio de engenharia de aplicao da $%&.

Arranjos de rolamentos sem anel interior fixo e com anel interior fixoO rolamento de anel interior fixo em uma extremidade do eixo fornece suporte radial e, ao mesmo tempo, fixa o eixo axialmentenas duas dire2es. 7eve ser, portanto, fixo, tanto no eixo como na caixa. Os rolamentos adequados so rolamentos radiais quepodem acomodar cargas combinadas, como rolamentos r5gidos de esferas, rolamentos de duas carreiras de esferas ourolamentos de contato angular de uma carreira de esferas aos pares, rolamentos autocompensadores de esferas, rolamentosautocompensadores de rolos ou rolamentos de rolos cEnicos combinados. As combina2es de um rolamento radial que podeacomodar carga puramente radial +por exemplo, um rolamento de rolos cil5ndricos com um anel sem flanges- com um rolamentor5gido de esferas, um rolamento de esferas de quatro pontos de contato ou um rolamento axial de escora dupla, tambm podemser utili!adas como o rolamento com anel interior fixo. O segundo rolamento fornece, assim, fixao axial nas duas dire2es,mas deve ser montado com liberdade radial +ou seja, tendo um ajuste de folga- na caixa.

O rolamento sem anel interior fixo na outra extremidade do eixo fornece somente suporte radial. Dambm deve permitirdeslocamento axial, para que os rolamentos no se tensionem mutuamente, ou seja, quando o comprimento do eixo alteradocomo resultado de expanso trmica. 'ode ocorrer um deslocamento axial dentro do rolamento, no caso de rolamentos de rolosde agulhas, rolamentos de rolos cil5ndricos dos tipos 4 e 4U e rolamentos de rolos toroidais /A9Q, ou entre um dos anis dorolamento e seu assento, preferencialmente entre o anel externo e seu assento no dimetro da caixa.

As combina2es populares, a partir de um grande n"mero de combina2es de rolamentos com anel interior fixo e sem anelinterior fixo so descritas a seguir.

'ara arranjos de rolamentos r5gidos em que deslocamentos axiais Lsem fricoL devem ocorrer dentro do rolamento, as seguintescombina2es podem ser utili!adas*

( rolamento r5gido de esferas3rolamento de rolos cil5ndricos +fig. 8-,
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( rolamento de contato angular de duas carreiras de esferas3rolamento de rolos cil5ndricos +fig. :-,

( rolamento de uma carreia de rolos cEnicos3rolamento de rolos cil5ndricos combinados +fig. ;-,
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( rolamento de rolos cil5ndricos do tipo 4U'3rolamento de rolos cil5ndricos do tipo 4U +fig. -.
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'ara as combina2es acima, o desalinhamento angular do eixo deve ser mantido em um m5nimo. $e isso no for poss5vel, aconselhvel utili!ar combina2es de rolamentos autocompensadores para permitir desalinhamento, como

( rolamento autocompensador de esferas3rolamento de rolos toroidais /A9Q +fig. ?-

ou( rolamento autocompensador de rolos3rolamento de rolos toroidais /A9Q +fig. @-.
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A habilidade desses arranjos de acomodar desalinhamentos angulares, bem como deslocamentos axiais evita a gerao de forasaxiais internas no sistema do rolamento.

'ara arranjos de rolamentos com carga de anel interno rotativa, onde as altera2es no comprimento do eixo devem seracomodadas entre o rolamento e o seu assento, o deslocamento axial dever ocorrer entre o anel externo do rolamento e acaixa. As combina2es mais comuns so

( rolamento r5gido de esferas3rolamento r5gido de esferas +fig. -,

( rolamento autocompensador de esferas ou rolamento autocompensador de rolos3rolamento autocompensador de esferas ourolamento autocompensador de rolos +fig. B-
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e( rolamento r5gido de esferas3rolamento de uma carreira de esferas de contato angular combinados +fig. 8C-.

Arranjos de rolamentos ajustados=m arranjos de rolamentos ajustados, o eixo est fixo axialmente em uma direo por um rolamento e na direo oposta pelooutro rolamento. =sse tipo de arranjo denominado Lfixo transversalL e geralmente utili!ado para eixos curtos. 9olamentosadequados incluem todos os tipos de rolamentos radiais que podem acomodar cargas axiais em pelo menos uma direo,incluindo

( rolamentos de esferas de contato angular +fig. 88-

e

( rolamentos de rolos cEnicos +fig. 8:-
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=m certos casos em que rolamentos de uma carreira de esferas de contato angular ou rolamentos de rolos cEnicos so utili!adospara arranjos fixos transversais, a prcarga pode ser necessria +consulte a seo L'rcarga do rolamentoL-.

Arranjos de rolamentos com .flutuao.Os arranjos de rolamentos com flutuao tambm so f ixos transversais e so adequados onde as demandas com relao Kfixao axial so moderadas, ou onde outros componentes no eixo servem para fixlo axialmente

9olamentos adequados para esse tipo de estrutura so*

( rolamentos r5gidos de esferas +fig. 8;-,( rolamentos autocompensadores de esferas ou( rolamentos autocompensadores de rolos.

4esses tipos de arranjos, importante que um anel de cada rolamento consiga se mover no seu assento, preferivelmente o anelexterno na caixa. Um arranjo de rolamentos de flutuao pode tambm ser obtido com dois rolamentos de rolos cil5ndricos dotipo 4I, com anis internos de desvio + fig. 8


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=m outras palavras, a vida calculada corresponder K vida "til real do rolamento quando a vida "til de outros mecanismoscontribuintes tiver pelo menos a mesma durao que a vida calculada do rolamento. Os mecanismos contribuintes podem incluira gaiola, o vedante e o lubrificante. 4a prtica, a fadiga do metal geralmente o fator predominante.

!apacidade de carga e vida - !argas din/micas e vida do rolamento

A capacidade normal de carga dinmica / usada para clculos que envolvem rolamentos tensionados dinamicamente, ou seja,

que giram com a carga. =la expressa a carga do rolamento que proporcionar uma vida nominal bsica 6$O :8*8BBC de8 CCC CCC de revolu2es. $up2ese que a carga seja constante em magnitude e direo e seja radial para rolamentos radiais eaxial, agindo centralmente, para rolamentos axiais.

As capacidades normais de carga dinmica para rolamentos da $%& so determinadas de acordo com os procedimentos descritosem 6$O :8*8BBC. As capacidades de carga fornecidas neste catlogo aplicamse a rolamentos de ao cromo tratados com calor,para uma dure!a m5nima de > 9/, e que funcionam em condi2es normais.

Os rolamentos da $%& da classe =xplorer so responsveis, entre outras coisas, pelas melhorias nas tcnicas de material efabricao aplicadas pela $%& e aplicam fatores de atuali!ao para calcular as capacidades normais de carga dinmica de acordocom a 6$O :8*8BBC.

A vida de um rolamento definida como

( o n"mero de revolu2es ou( o n"mero de horas de funcionamento a uma determinada velocidade

que o rolamento pode suportar, antes do primeiro sinal de fadiga de metal +descascamento, lascamento- aparecer em um dosseus anis ou corpos rolantes.

=xperi0ncias prticas mostram que rolamentos aparentemente id0nticos que funcionam em condi2es id0nticas t0m diferentesvidas "teis individuais. Uma definio mais clara do termo LvidaL , portanto, essencial para o clculo do tamanho do rolamento.Dodas as informa2es apresentadas pela $%& sobre capacidades de cargas dinmicas so baseadas na vida esperada que BC Sde um grupo suficientemente grande de rolamentos aparentemente id0nticos pode atingir ou exceder.

=xistem vrios outros tipos de vida de rolamento. Um desses tipos Lvida "tilL, que representa a vida real de um rolamento emcondi2es de funcionamento reais, antes que ele falhe. Observe que a vida de um rolamento individual pode ser previstasomente de maneira estat5stica. Os clculos de vida referemse somente a uma populao de rolamentos e a um determinadograu de confiabilidade, como por exemplo, BC S. Alm disso, falhas de campo no so geralmente provocadas por fadiga, masso mais freqNentemente provocadas por contaminao, desgaste, desalinhamento, corroso, ou como um resultado de falha dagaiola, da lubrificao ou do vedante.

Uma outra LvidaL a Lvida de especificaoL. =ssa a vida especificada por uma autoridade, por exemplo, baseada em dadoshipotticos de carga e velocidade pela mesma autoridade. T geralmente uma vida nominal bsica G8Crequerida e baseada emexperi0ncia adquirida em aplica2es semelhantes.

!apacidades de carga e vida - !argas est$ticas de rolamento

A capacidade normal de carga esttica /C utili!ada em clculos quando os rolamentos forem

( girar a velocidades muito baixas +n R 8C r3min-,( executar movimentos oscilat#rios muito lentos,( ficar estacionrios com carga por determinados per5odos longos.

Dambm muito importante verificar o fator de segurana de cargas de curta durao, como cargas de choque ou de pico altasque agem em um rolamento rotativo +de tenso dinmica- ou com o rolamento em repouso.

A capacidade normal de carga esttica, conforme definido em 6$O @?*8B@, corresponde a uma tenso de contato calculada nocentro do contato mais pesadamente carregado entre corpo rolante e pista igual a

( < ?CC 'a para rolamentos autocompensadores de esferasM( < :CC 'a para todos os outros rolamentos de esferasM( < CCC 'a para todos os rolamentos de rolos.

=ssa tenso produ! uma deformao permanente total do corpo rolante e pista, que de aproximadamente C,CCC8 do dimetrodo corpo rolante. As cargas so puramente radiais para rolamentos radiais e cargas axiais que agem centralmente pararolamentos axiais.

A verificao das cargas estticas do rolamento reali!ada conhecendose o fator de segurana esttica da aplicao, que definido como*

sCV /C3'C

onde

/C V capacidade normal de carga esttica, W4'C V carga esttica equivalente do rolamento, W4sC V fator de segurana esttica

A carga mxima que pode ocorrer em um rolamento dever ser utili!ada no clculo da carga esttica equivalente do rolamento.ais informa2es sobre os valores recomendados para o fator de segurana e seu clculo podem ser encontradas na seoX$eleo do tamanho do rolamento utili!ando a capacidade de carga estticaY.
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0eleo do tamanho do rolamento utili+ando as equa1es de vida - )ida nominal b$sica

A vida nominal bsica de um rolamento de acordo com a 6$O :8*8BBC

G8CV +/3'-p

$e a velocidade for constante, geralmente prefer5vel calcular a vida expressa em horas de funcionamento, utili!ando a equao

G8ChV 8C?3+?Cn- G8C

ondeG8C V vida nominal bsica +com BC S de confiabilidade-, milh2es de revolu2esG8C V vida nominal bsica +com BC S de confiabilidade-, horas de funcionamento/ V capacidade normal de carga dinmica, W4' V carga dinmica equivalente do rolamento, W4n V velocidade de rotao, r3minp V expoente da equao de vida ; para rolamentos de esferas 8C3; para rolamentos de rolos

0eleo do tamanho do rolamento utili+ando as equa1es de vida - )ida nominal da 023

'ara rolamentos modernos de alta qualidade, a vida nominal bsica pode se desviar significativamente da vida "til real em umadeterminada aplicao. A vida "til em uma aplicao espec5fica depende de uma variedade de fatores influenciadores, incluindolubrificao, grau de contaminao, desalinhamento, instalao adequada e condi2es ambientais.

'ortanto, a 6$O :8*8BBC3Amd :*:CCC contm uma equao de vida modificada para complementar a vida nominal bsica. =sseclculo de vida fa! uso de um fator de modificao para levar em conta as condi2es de lubrificao e de contaminao dorolamento e do limite de fadiga do material.

A 6$O :8*8BBC3Amd :*:CCC tambm determina que os fabricantes do rolamento recomendem um mtodo adequado paracalcular o fator de modificao de vida a ser aplicado em um rolamento, com base nas condi2es de funcionamento. O fator demodificao de vida da $%& a$%&aplica o conceito de um limite de carga de fadiga 'uanlogo ao utili!ado ao calcular outroscomponentes da mquina. Os valores do limite de carga de fadiga so fornecidos nas tabelas de produtos. Alm disso, o fator demodificao de vida da $%& a$%&fa! uso das condi2es de lubrificao +relao de viscosidade Z- e de um fator [ cpara que on5vel de contaminao reflita as condi2es de funcionamento da aplicao.

A equao para a vida nominal da $%& est de acordo com a 6$O :8*8BBC3Amd :*:CCC

GnmV a8a$%&G8CV a8a$%&+/3'-

p

se a velocidade for constante, a vida poder ser expressa em horas de funcionamento, utili!ando a equao

GnmhV a8a$%&8C?3+?Cn- G8C

ondeGnm V vida nominal da $%& +com 8CCn8-S de confiabilidade-, milh2es de revolu2esGnmh V vida nominal da $%& +com 8CCn8-S de confiabilidade-, horas de funcionamentoG8C V vida nominal bsica +com BC S de confiabilidade-, milh2es de revolu2esa8 V fator de ajuste de vida para confiabilidade +tabela 8-a$%& V fator de modificao de vida da $%& +diagramas 8, :,;e


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#$ 10 L10m 1#% 5 L5m 0,62#& 4 L4m 0,53#' 3 L3m 0,44#( 2 L2m 0,33## 1 L1m 0,21

!argas din/micas do rolamento - !$lculo de cargas din/micas do rolamento

As cargas que atuam sobre um rolamento podem ser calculadas de acordo com as leis da mecnica se as foras externas +porexemplo, foras de transmisso de energia, foras de trabalho ou foras de inrcia- forem conhecidas ou puderem sercalculadas. Ao calcular os componentes de carga para um "nico rolamento, o eixo considerado como uma viga apoiada emsuportes r5gidos e livres de momento para fins de simplificao. 7eforma2es elsticas no rolamento, na caixa ou na estrutura damquina no so consideradas, nem os momentos produ!idos no rolamento como resultado de deflexo do eixo.

=ssas simplifica2es so necessrias, se um arranjo de rolamentos tiver que ser calculado utili!ando ajudas prontamentedispon5veis, como uma calculadora de bolso. Os mtodos padroni!ados para calcular capacidades normais de carga e cargasequivalentes do rolamento so baseadas em suposi2es semelhantes.

T poss5vel calcular cargas de rolamento com base na teoria de elasticidade, sem fa!er as suposi2es acima, mas isso exige o usode programas complexos de computador. 4esses programas, os rolamentos, o eixo e a caixa so considerados componentesresilientes de um sistema.

As foras externas que surgem, por exemplo, do peso inerente do eixo e dos componentes que ele suporta, ou do peso de umve5culo e de outras fora de inrcia, so conhecidas ou podem ser calculadas. 4o entanto, ao determinar as foras de trabalho+foras rolantes, foras de corte em mquinasferramenta

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