Sociologia Ciência - Nanocontrovérsias na Nanotecnologia

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Oboj @jo}{jtæ{pfbp[f`b{mj Bk{l| (2=515&Pj`fjnjefb mb @fço`fb

Ilp}{bmj li Lp}|mjp Pj`fbfp mb @fço`fb

Lp}l mj`|ilo}j dbw qb{}l ml |ib bq{lplo}båàj pjk{l bp `jo}{jtæ{pfbp li tjn}bmbp oboj}lòjnjefbp. qb{b b |ofmbml `|{{f`|nb{ Pj`fjnjefb mb @fço`fb/ Æ {lp|ifmjli }lx}j bne|op qjo}jp ml tfp}b ml tâ{fbp J{ebofwbåülp Oàj Ejtl{obilo}bfp l mlFop}f}|fåülp Ejtl{obilo}bfp L|{jqlfbp l Bil{f`bobp/ J {lp|ij bpplo}b li mjfp`jo`lf}jp. b mlflofåàj mfilopfjobn mb oboj}lòjnjefb l mjp oboj)ib}l{fbfp{lnb}ftbilo}l bjp fiqb`}jp pj`fbfp. bikflo}bfp. l {le|nbåàj/

FP@]L)F\NJ|}|k{j ;122



Oboj@jo}{jtæ{pfbp

Éomf`l

Fo}{jm|åàj " 2

„Oboj212’" ;

„Pj`fbn TfluQjfo}’" <

„Qjnf}f`bn Qb}hp’" 5

@jo`n|pülp " 21

Kfknfje{bflb" 22

Oboj@jo}{jtæ{pfbp" Pj`fjnjefb mb @fço`fb

[f`b{mj Bk{l| ¦FP@]L)F\N ;122" 2*2



Oboj@jo}{jtæ{pfbp

Fo}{jm|åàj

J lp}|mj mbp oboj}lòjnjefbp |n}{bqbppb bp d{jo}lf{bp mb `fço`fb d|ombilo}bn. qb{b nâ mb dépf`b l mbr|éif`b. p|{el jp pj`fðnjejp r|l jnhbi qb{b jp mlplotjntfilo}jp }lòjnðef`jp o|ib ql{pql`}ftbpj`fbn/ R|lp}fjobi pjk{l jp fiqb`}jp r|l bp ojtbp }lòjnjefbp qjmli }l{ ob tfmb mjp `fmbmàjp.`jij pl {lnb`fjobi jp tâ{fjp b`}j{lp li }j{oj mbp oboj`fço`fbp/ Oj mlplotjntfilo}j }lòjnðef`j.pàj `hbibmjp b `jb`åàj oàj pð jp `flo}fp}bp l loelohlf{jp. ibp }bikæi jp qjné}f`jp r|l }jibi bpml`fpülp r|l bdl`}bi }{boptl{pbnilo}l b pj`flmbml l jp `fmbmàjp qj{ tfb ml J{ebofwbåülp OàjEjtl{obilo}bfp (JOE& màj b p|b jqfofàj/

Tâ{fjp mlkb}lp }li pfmj {lbnfwbmjp bj njoej mjp ÷n}fijp `fo`j bojp/ Olp}l }lx}j. æ {ldnl`}fmj m|bpe{bomlp ql{pql`}ftbp pj`fbfp7 |i ql{pql`}ftb mbp JOE `ji b jqfofàj mb [jvbn Pj`fl}v ml Njom{lp.mb J{ebofwbåàj E{lloqlb`l. l ml bne|ibp fof`fb}ftbp tjn|o}â{fbp. oj r|l `jo`l{ol áp q{lj`|qbåülp`ji jp fiqb`}jp mbp oboj}lòjnjefbp l oboj)ib}l{fbfp oj ilfj bikflo}l. pj`fbn l l`joðif`j3 j|}{b

ql{pql`}ftb ibfp qjné}f`b. joml æ {lbnåbmj bp q{lj`|qbåülp mjp ejtl{ojp Bil{f`bojp l L|{jql|plo}{l j|}{jp. ob r|lp}ülp ml {le|nbåàj mj pl`}j{ mbp oboj}lòjnjefbp/

Lp}l }lx}j oàj }li bikfåàj ml lxqnbob{ }jmbp bp fmlfbp l mlkb}lp lxfp}lo}lp â tjn}b mb q{jknliâ}f`bmbp oboj}lòjnjefbp/ ]li j jkgl`}ftj ml bkj{mb{ bp m|bp ql{pql`}ftbp pj`fbfp b`fib {ldl{fmbp.bpplo}l li mjfp `jo`lf}jp7 b mldfofåàj ml lp`bnb mfilopfjobn ml oboj}lòjnjefb l b mldfofåàj mloboj)ib}l{fbfp qlnj j fiqb`}j l {le|nbåàj mjp ilpijp/ Oj dfobn mj }lx}j. j nlf}j{ df`b{â `ji |ib

qboj{ëif`b el{bn mj r|l pl mlkb}l olp}l ijilo}j {lnb}ftbilo}l á oboj}lòjnjefbp. ibp df`b{bi

i|f}j ibfp r|lp}ülp qj{ {lpqjoml{. qjfp lp}l mlkb}l `flo}édf`j l pj`fbn f{â `jo}fo|b{ qj{ ibfp }liqj/

Lp}l mj`|ilo}j pl{tf{â ml bqjfj á bq{lplo}båàj mj b|}j{ li b|nb. pjk b {lefmb mb \ofmbml

@|{{f`|nb{. Pj`fjnjefb mb @fço`fb mj Ilp}{bmj li Lp}|mjp Pj`fbfp mb @fço`fb/


[f`b{mj Bk{l| ¦FP@]L)F\N ;122" 2*2



„Oboj212’

„]hl{l‖p qnlo}v jd {jji b} }hl kj}}ji’. [f`hb{m Q/ Dlvoibo. 26<6 J ij}l djf nboåbmj qlnj dépf`j nb|{lbmj [f`hb{m Dlvoibo. r|l li 26<6 ml| |ib b|nb ob Pj`flmbml

Bil{f`bob ml Dépf`b l mlpbdfj| b `ji|ofmbml `flo}édf`b b mlp`jk{f{ `jij `jo}{jnb{ bp „`jfpbp’ bjoétln b}ðif`j/ Bdf{ij| pl biqnfb{ijp b `bklåb bndfol}l ;< ifn tlwlp. nâ `bkl{fbi }jmbp bp qâefobpmb Lo`f`njqæmfb K{f}ëof`b. ibp `jij mfppl Dlvoibo „oðp bfomb oàj }lijp }lòjnjefb qb{b dbwl{ fp}j’/ Qb{b lp}l dépf`j. pl `jo}{jnb{ijp j i|omj b lp}b lp`bnb }àj qlr|lob pl{fb qjppétln `jnj`b{ }jmjp jp nft{jp mj i|omj. ;= ifnhülp. li ;.<i;. j| plgb ob qbnib mb ojppb iàj/ Dlvoibo olppbb|nb bfomb }lj{fwj| pjk{l b dj{ib ml `jop}{|f{ |i if`{jp`ðqfj lnl`}{ðof`j r|l pl `jopfeb tl{ jpâ}jijp (@b{obhbo ;122&/

„Pfwl Ib}}l{p’

Pl jnhb{ijp qb{b j pfp}lib iæ}{f`j l qb{b bp |ofmbmlp ibfp qlr|lobp l ibfp `jiq{llopétlfp.dbnbijp ml ifnfe{bibp. ifnfple|omjp j| ifnfil}{jp/ Pàj db`}j{lp `ji }bxb ml ml`{lp`filo}j ml 2111/ Pl mlp`l{ijp |i qj|`j ibfp ob lp`bnb. b lp}b }bxb. qbppbijp qb{b 2 111 111. b lp}b ilmfmbmlpfeobijp qj{ if`{j (¼&. j| plgb. 1.111112 j| 2.1x21_)4/ R|bomj dbnbijp mb lp`bnb oboj ojpfp}lib iæ}{f`j. b`{lp`lo}bijp ibfp }{çp wl{jp. b}foefomj oj }j}bn ojtl wl{jp. 1.111111112 j|2.1x21_)6 (@b{obhbo ;122&/

Bp q{jq{flmbmlp mjp ib}l{fbfp mlqlomli li i|f}j mb {lnbåàj. olp}l `bpj j {â`fj. lo}{l b p|bp|ql{dé`fl l pl| tjn|il (tl{ dfe|{b 2&/ Qj{ lxliqnj. |i mbmj ml <ì ml nbmj }li |ib p|ql{dé`fl ml;<ì; l j pl| tjn|il 2;<ì0 (<x<x<&/ Bp q{jq{flmbmlp dépf`bp mjp ib}l{fbfp. oàj mlqlomli

pjilo}l mj r|l pàj dlf}jp. ibp }bikæi mbp p|bp mfilopülp. oj `bpj mj mbmj. j {â`fj lo}{l mjp 2<1ì; (;<x4& l jp 2;<ì0 r|l æ 2.; ì/ Qj{ fppj. qj{ lxliqnj. æ r|l |i `|kj ml elnj e{bomlmlij{b ibfp }liqj b ml{{l}l{ mj r|l |i `|kj ml iloj{ mfilopàj. á ilpib }liql{b}|{b(@b{obhbo ;122&/

Dfe|{b 2 ) @jiqb{båàj ml {â`fjp lo}{l p|ql{dé`fl l tjn|il

Â lp`bnb ib`{j. bp q{jq{flmbmlp dépf`bp mjp ib}l{fbfp `jiqj{}bi)pl }bn `jij bp `johl`lijp. pàj{lefmbp qlnbp nlfp olu}jofbobp j| `nâppf`bp/ @jo}|mj b lp}b lp`bnb oboj. jp ib}l{fbfp r|l`johl`lijp `{fbi bp p|b q{ðq{fbp. bp nlfp mj i|omj r|ëo}f`j/ Qj{ lxliqnj. bp qb{}é`|nbp ml j|{j


[f`b{mj Bk{l| ¦FP@]L)F\N ;122" ;*2



r|l `johl`lijp `ji |ib `j{ bib{lnbmj `b{b`}l{ép}f`b. á lp`bnb oboj lppb `j{ qjml{â pl{ mfdl{lo}l`jodj{il j ilfj b r|l lp}àj p|glf}bp/ Mlpml hâ i|f}j r|l j Hjili }li |}fnfwbmj lp}l dloðiloj/Jp bo}fejp tfm{lf{jp ilmfltbfp. g|o}bi qlr|lobp qfeilo}båülp ml j|{j l j|}{jp qðp. `ji tfm{jml{{l}fmj l `jople|fbi q{jm|wf{ tfm{j `ji tâ{fbp `j{lp `jij tl{ilnhj. nb{bogb j| tl{ml/ Hjglpbklijp r|l lp}l dloðiloj bmtæi mbp `b{b`}l{ép}f`bp lpql`fdf`bp mbp oboj)qb{}é`|nbp ml j|{j l mbp|b {lnbåàj p|ql{dé`fl)tjn|il (@b{obhbo ;122&/

„Jtl{tflu jo Bqqnflm Oboj}l`hojnjev’

B q{filf{b `jop}{|åàj â}jij b â}jij. djf dlf}b qj{ mjfp `flo}fp}bp mb FKI li 2661. Mjobnm Lfenl{ bom L{hb{m P`hulfwl{. `ji {l`|{pj b |i if`{jp`ðqfj lnl`}{ðof`j2 (tl{ dfe|{b 2&/ Qbppbmj `fo`jbojp j|}{jp `flo}fp}bp mb FKI `jople|f{bi. qlnb q{filf{b tlw. qjpf`fjob{ ijnæ`|nbp fomftfm|bfp á}liql{b}|{b bikflo}l/ @ji j bmtlo}j mbp }æòf`bp nf}je{âdf`bp mb ÷n}fib mæ`bmb. jp `flo}fp}bp`jople|f{bi `{fb{ l ibofq|nb{ lp}{|}|{bp á lp`bnb oboj/ Li Mlwlik{j ml ;121 |i e{|qj mlfotlp}febåàj mb \oftl{pfmbml ml Fnnfojfp nfml{bmj qj{ Gjl Nvmfoe `jople|f{bi |ib dj{ib q{â}f`b mllp`{ltl{ nfohbp ml |i il}bn `ji < oi;/ Lp}b }æòf`b bk{l qj{}bp qb{b b `{fbåàj ml oboj}|kjpplif`jom|}j{lp. qb{b b fo`j{qj{båàj ml ib}l{fbfp kbplbmjp li `b{kjoj li mfpqjpf}ftjplnl`}{ðof`jp l j|}{jp. p|kp}f}|fomj b pénf`b l j|}{jp ib}l{fbfp {b{jp (@b{obhbo ;122&/

Dfe|{b ; ) Q{filf{b lp}{|}|{b á lp`bnb oboj. FKI 2661

]bn `jij j pl{ h|iboj pl{tl)pl mjp pl|p plopj{lp kfj)dfpfjnðef`jp qb{b tl{. plo}f{. `hlf{b{ lpbkj{lb{. qjmlijp |pb{ bp }æòf`bp mb oboj}lòjnjefb qb{b `{fb{ oboj)plopj{lp r|l qjmli ml}l`}b{ b q{lploåb lpql`fdf`b ml r|éif`jp l j|}{bp lo}fmbmlp kfjnðef`bp/ Li ;11< oj Ijolnn PloplpFop}f}|}l fo Qhfnbmlnqhfb. |pb{bi }|kjp ml `b{kjoj `ji MOB l `{fb{bi qlr|lojp plopj{lp r|lml}l`}bi jmj{lp l pbkj{lp. `jij j mfof}{j}jn|loj. |i r|éif`j |pbmj qb{b lxqnjpftjp ifnf}b{lp

(@b{obhbo ;122&/

J `bo`{j mj qëo`{lbp æ b r|b{}b mjloåb ij{}bn ibfp `ji|i ml `bo`{j li }jmj j i|omj(Hb{fhb{bo. Pbflm l} bn/ ;118&. pð <, mjp qb`flo}lp pjk{ltftl `fo`j bojp bqðp pl{ mfbeojp}f`bmj j`bo`{j/ Li ;116 fotlp}febmj{lp mb Lij{v \oftl{pf}v. `jople|f{bi `{fb{ |i plopj{ á lp`bnb obojr|l `jople|l mfbeojp}f`b{ j `bo`{j mj qëo`{lbp/ Lp}l plopj{ æ `jop}f}|émj qj{ qb{}é`|nbp ml jxfmjml dl{{j. `ji 21 oi mfëil}{j. lotjntfmbp qj{ |ib kfjijnæ`|nb r|l `jople|l dfxb{)pllpql`fdf`bilo}l obp `æn|nbp mlp}l `bo`{j. l mlp}b dj{ib qjml{li pl{ tfp|bnfwbmbp `ji {lppjoëo`fb


[f`b{mj Bk{l| ¦FP@]L)F\N ;122" 0*2

2 P]I ) P`boofoe ]|oolnfoe If`{jp`jql

; oi ) obojil}{jp



ibeoæ}f`b/ J|}{jp fotlp}febmj{lp0. dj{ib ibfp njoel. `{fb{bi oboj plopj{lp `ji oboj)qb{}f`|nbpml j|{j. r|l bnæi ml mfbeojp}f`b{ `jople|l }{b}b{ mj `bo`{j/ Lp}bp oboj)qb{}é`|nbp dfxbi)pl bj`bo`{j l qj{ ilfj ml fod{btl{ilnhjp br|l`li l ib}bi bp `æn|nbp `bo`l{jpbp (@b{obhbo ;122& (tl{ dfe|{b 0&/

Dfe|{b 0 ) Fibeli tf{}|bn mj `jikb}l ml oboj)qb{}é`|nbp b |i }|ij{

B dbijpb nlf ml Ijj{l æ `johl`fmb qj{ i|f}jp/ Ej{mjo Ijj{l. d|ombmj{ mb Fo}ln¯. li 264<. q{ltl| r|l j o÷il{j ml }{bopép}j{lp b|ilo}btb j mjk{j. qb{b j ilpij lpqbåj. li `bmb 28 ilplp/Ilpij bppfi. lp}b nlf oàj qjml q{lql{m|{b{ qb{b pliq{l. lxfp}l |i lpqbåj nfif}l li bne|{lp o|iblp`bnb }àj qlr|lob/ Hjgl. jp `hfqp ml }{bopép}j{lp qjmli `hleb{ b}æ bjp 0; oi/ Gâ lxfp}li

q{j}ð}fqjp ml pfp}libp ml ilið{fbp dlf}bp `ji ijnæ`|nbp ml kb`}l{fj{jmjqpfob lotjntfmbp o|i elnml qjnfb`{fnbifmb. r|l li {lb`åàj b |i nbpl{ lpql`fbn `jople|li e|b{mb{ l lp`{ltl{ mbmjp= (@b{obhbo ;122&/


[f`b{mj Bk{l| ¦FP@]L)F\N ;122" =*2

0 [f`l \oftl{pf}v‖p Nbkj{b}j{v dj{ Obojqhj}jof`p (NBOQ&. Kbvnj{ @jnnlel jd Ilmf`fol‖p [bmfjnjevMlqb{}ilo}. bom }hl \oftl{pf}v jd ]lxbp‖p IM Boml{pjo @bo`l{ @lo}l{

= @bmb 21/111 ijnl`|nbp pàj |i kf} ml fodj{ibåàj. l }{bopdl{l fodj{ibåàj á tlnj`fmbml ml 2*;111obojple|omj



„Pj`fbn TfluQjfo}’

B oboj}lòjnjefb l bp oboj`fço`fbp. pàj ojtbp l lil{elo}lp }lòjnjefbp bj pl{tfåj mj Hjili/Tftlijp li pj`flmbmlp ejtl{obmbp l j{ebofwbmbp qj{ qlppjbp. `ji fo}l{lpplp. lotjntfilo}jp l`jiqj{}bilo}jp mfdl{lo}lp/ Oj mlplotjntfilo}j ml ojtbp }lòjnjefbp j| j p|{efilo}j ml ojtjp

q{jm|}jp qb{b `jop|ij. p|{el }bikæi ojtjp mlkb}lp l `jo}{jtæ{pfbp. r|l{ ml dj{j `flo}édf`j r|l{ pj`fbn/

\i mjp mlkb}lp r|l pl `jnj`b r|bomj dbnbijp ml oboj}lòjnjefb. æ q{l`fpbilo}l j `jo`lf}j mloboj/ J r|l pfeofdf`b: R|l mfilopàj {lq{lplo}b: B}æ joml qjmlijp `nbppfdf`b{ ml oboj: B [jvbn

Pj`fl}v li Njom{lp djf |ibp mbp q{filf{bp j{ebofwbåülp oàj ejtl{obilo}bfp b mlk{|åb{ pjk{l bpr|lp}ülp mb oboj}lòjnjefb/ L li ;110 lnbkj{j| |i {lnb}ð{fj li `jog|o}j `ji b [jvbn B`bmliv

jd Loefoll{foe l olppl {lnb}ð{fj mldfol oboj}lòjnjefb `jij r|bnr|l{ q{j`lppj ml mlpfeo.`b{b`}l{fwbåàj. q{jm|åàj l bqnf`båàj ml lp}{|}|{bp á mfilopàj bkbfxj mjp 211oi ([jvbnPj`fl}v;11=&/

R|lp}àj7 Lp}l æ |i tbnj{ qj{ `jotloåàj. fp}j r|l{ mfwl{. r|l r|bnr|l{ ib}l{fbn qj|`j b`fib mlp}bmfilopàj. qj{ lxliqnj. gâ oàj `jopfml{bmj oboj:

Plomj b oboj}lòjnjefb |i ilfj qb{b ilnhj{b{ bp `jomfåülp h|ibobp/ Lnb Soboj}lòjnjefbY }l{â|ib fiqb`}j }{boptl{pbn b }jmbp bp b`}ftfmbmlp pj`fbfp/ Qj{ fppj. b [jvbn Pj`fl}v bkj{mb bfomb bpr|lp}ülp {lnb`fjobmbp `ji jp fiqb`}jp oj bikflo}l. ob pb÷ml h|ibob l bfomb bp r|lp}ülp æ}f`bp/Qb{b lp}b j{ebofwbåàj. mltl{â lxfp}f{ |i j{ebofpij q|knf`j r|l `jo}{jnl j fiqb`}j. bj oétln mb}jxfmbml. mbp oboj)qb{}f`|nbp l oboj)}|kjp nfkl{}bmbp qb{b j bikflo}l l oj pfp}lib kfjnðef`jh|iboj/ Tbf ibfp njoel bj bdf{ib{. r|l mltli pl{ ltf}bmbp bp lifppülp mlp}l }fqj ml `jiqjp}jp.

qj{ qb{}l ml fom|p}{fbp l nbkj{b}ð{fjp ([jvbnPj`fl}v ;11=&/

B E{lloqlb`l plomj |ib J{ebofwbåàj Oàj Ejtl{obilo}bn (JOE&. }li |ib ql{pql`}ftb mfdl{lo}ll jqj{}|ob oj r|l {lpqlf}b bj mlplotjntfilo}jp mbp oboj}lòjnjefbp/ Lp}b j{ebofwbåàj bdf{ib r|loàj dj{bi }jibmbp bp ilmfmbp ol`lppâ{fbp qb{b q{j}lel{ jp h|ibojp mjp ql{fejp fmlo}fdf`bmjp qb{bb pb÷ml l bikflo}l/ Ob b|pço`fb ml |ib {le|nbåàj jdf`fbn. b E{lloqlb`l b`joplnhb b `{fbåàj ml |iilij{bomj `ji |ib nfp}b ml ib}l{fbfp l q{jm|}jp oboj)}lòjnðef`jp/ Qb{b |ib d|}|{b {le|nbåàj. bj{ebofwbåàj {l`jilomb r|l plgb bk{boefmj oàj pð jp ib}l{fbfp oboj)}ðxf`jp. `jij }bikæi bpr|lp}ülp pj`fbfp l æ}f`bp {lnb`fjobmbp `ji b Fotlp}febåàj l Mlplotjntfilo}j (F$M&. `jij }bikæib dbk{f`båàj. ̀ jop|ij l nfkl{}båàj qb{b j bikflo}l ml oboj)q{jm|}jp (Gjhop}jo ;115&/

R|lp}àj7 Oàj pbklijp bfomb bj `l{}j j fiqb`}j mlp}lp oboj)ib}l{fbfp ob pb÷ml h|ibob. mltl{lijpbkbomjob{ b fotlp}febåàj j| b q{jm|åàj:

Æ jqfofàj mb [jvbn Pj`fl}v. r|l j q|knf`j el{bn plgb j|tfmj olp}bp r|lp}ülp l r|l plgbi lo}àjdfobo`fbmbp fof`fb}ftbp qb{b j lp`nb{l`filo}j l fotlp}febåàj mbp jqfofülp q|knf`bp pjk{l b

q{jknliâ}f`b mb oboj}lòjnjefbp l mjp oboj)ib}l{fbfp/ Q{l}lomli bfomb r|l plgb dfobo`fbmj |i q{je{bib fo}l{mfp`fqnfob{ r|l g|o}l . pj`fðnjejp. `flo}fp}bp. qjné}f`jp l j|}{jp ibfp. qb{b fotlp}feb{ jp fiqb`}jp pj`fbfp l æ}f`jp oj mlplotjntfilo}j mlp}bp }lòjnjefbp ([jvbnPj`fl}v ;11=&/ Qb{b b

E{lloqlb`l. b qb{}f`fqbåàj mjp `fmbmàjp oj q{j`lppj ml }jibmb ml ml`fpàj æ d|ombilo}bn/ Jp q{j`lppjp {le|nbmj{lp mltli pl{ mlij`{â}f`jp. mltli bpple|{b{ r|l j q|knf`j li el{bn plgbj|tfmj l lp`nb{l`fmj oj r|l `jo`l{ol bj mlplotjntfilo}j mbp oboj}lòjnjefbp/ B JOE {l`jilomb


[f`b{mj Bk{l| ¦FP@]L)F\N ;122" <*2



r|l plgbi `{fbmjp nb{ebp mfp`|ppülp q|knf`bp. joml jp `fmbmàjp qjppbi fo}l{tf{ mf{l`}bilo}l obboânfpl l ml}l{ifobåàj ml q{fj{fmbmlp ml qjné}f`bp q|knf`bp. F$M l nlefpnbåàj (Gjhop}jo ;115&/

R|lp}àj7 Pl{â r|l j oétln ml nf}l{b`fb `flo}fdf`b mjp q÷knf`jp li el{bn æ p|df`flo}l qb{b`jiq{lloml{ l mb{ bp p|bp jqfofülp:

Lxfp}li }{çp }fqjp ml fof`fb}ftbp tjn|o}â{fbp kbplbmbp oj }fqj ml bqjfj l qb{}f`fqbo}lp7 bqjfj ápbelo`fbp ejtl{obilo}bfp3 j{ebofwbåülp liq{lpb{fbfp l3 qb{`l{fbp lo}{l liq{lpbp l J{ebofwbåàj OàjEjtl{obilo}bfp (JOE& (Dfj{foj ;121&/ Qb{b lxliqnj mlp}lp }{çp }fqj ml fof`fb}ftbp. }lijp b Oboj

[fpc D{biluj{c < r|l li ;115 lif}f{bi |i {lnb}ð{fj r|l mldfol l pfp}lib}fwb j q{j`lppj mlfmlo}fdf`båàj. elp}àj l {lm|åàj ml qj}lo`fbfp {fp`jp oj `f`nj ml tfmb mjp obojib}l{fbfp/ B

[lpqjopfknl Oboj @jml4. r|l q{jm|wf{bi |i e|fb ml q{fo`éqfjp l q{â}f`bp jql{b`fjobfp qb{b bfom|p}{fb/ L j Obojp`bnl Ib}l{fbnp P}lub{mphfq Q{je{bi mb LQB5 bo|o`fbmj li ;118. r|l }li jjkgl`}ftj ml {l`jnhl{ }jmjp jp mbmjp mbp liq{lpbp ml r|éif`jp ml dj{ib b jq}fifwb{ bp ml`fpülpbppj`fbmbp á elp}àj mj {fp`j l ̀ {fb{ ojtbp lp}{b}æefbp/ Lp}lp lxliqnjp fof`fb}ftbp tjn|o}â{fbp. ̀ ji bpp|bp nfif}båülp. q{l}lomli q{lqb{b{ bp kbplp qb{b |ib {le|nbåàj ibfp ldf`flo}l l ldf`bw (Dfj{foj;121&/


[f`b{mj Bk{l| ¦FP@]L)F\N ;122" 4*2

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@jnbkj{båàj lo}{l b Lotf{joilo}bn Mldlopl D|om l b liq{lpb M|qjo}4 @jnbkj{båàj lo}{l b [jvbn Pj`fl}v. Fopfeh} Fotlp}ilo} l b Oboj}lòjnjev Fom|p}{flp Bppj`fb}fjo

5 Beço`fb ml Q{j}l`åàj Bikflo}bn mjp L\B



„Qjnf}f`bn Qb}hp’

Tb{fbp obåülp fmlo}fdf`b{bi bp oboj}lòjnjefbp `jij dj{ib ml fiq|npfjob{ b l`jojifb/\ib ojtb l`jojifb kbplbmb ob oboj`fço`fb r|l ql{if}l bnbtbo`b{ b `jiql}f}ftfmbml lo}{l

qbéplp l {lefülp/ Mj j`fmlo}l bj j{flo}l. ejtl{ojp }çi dlf}j fotlp}filo}jp bt|n}bmjp li

Fotlp}febåàj $ Mlplotjntfilo}j olp}b â{lb mb `fço`fb. q{j`|{bomj dj{}bnl`l{ bp p|bpfom|p}{fbp l l`jojifbp (L]@E{j|q ;121&/ @jo}|mj ol`lppâ{fj mldfof{ j `jo`lf}j mloboj}lòjnjefb. r|l æ fiqj{}bo}l qb{b jp bpql`}jp pj`fbfp l l`joðif`jp mjp qbéplp `jij}bikæi qb{b b ql{pql`}ftb mb {le|nbåàj/ @ji |ib l`jojifb ibfp enjkbnfwbmb æ ol`lppâ{fjbpple|{b{ r|l jp tâ{fjp qbéplp `hle|li b`j{mj r|bo}j â dj{ib ml ilop|{b{ l fmlo}fdf`b{ bp}lòjnjefbp l ib}l{fbfp á lp`bnb oboj. `jij }bikæi `{fb{ |i r|bm{j nlebn qb{b `b{b`}l{fwb{ l fmlo}fdf`b{ jp {fp`jp l ql{fejp mbp oboj)qb{}f`|nbp l oboj)ib}l{fbfp oj bikflo}l (Qb}{f`fj;11<&/

\i mjp db`}j{lp li mlkb}l lo}{l ejtl{ojp æ b r|lp}àj mb mfilopàj mb lp`bnb mbpoboj}lòjnjefbp/ Lp}b mldfofåàj æ fiqj{}bo}l qb{b jp ml`fpj{lp qjné}f`jp qj{r|l æ mbr|f r|l qjml qb{}f{ r|bnr|l{ {le|nbåàj mlp}l pl`}j{ `flo}édf`j l fom|p}{fbn/ Ojp L\B b Ob}fjobn

Oboj}l`h Fof}fb}ftl bmjq}j| qlnb ilmfmb mjp 211 oi. qj{ j|}{j nbmj j @jif}æ @flo}fdf`j mb\ofàj L|{jqlfb8 li ;116 bdf{ib r|l „ b mldfofåàj ml oboj lp}â bfomb li mlkb}l’ `jo}|mjli ;121 q{jqýp jp 211 oi `jij j q{fo`fqfj qb{b bp qb{}é`|nbp j| ib}æ{fb pl{li`jopfml{bmb oboj/ Oj lo}bo}j. b @bib{b mjp Nj{mlp li Njom{lp {lglf}b lp}b ilmfmb. lbtboåb `ji b mfilopàj mjp 2111 oi. gâ ob P|fåb bp b|}j{fmbmlp bikflo}bfp q{jqüli jp <11oi (L]@E{j|q ;121& / Qb{b j `jif}æ mb J{ebofwbåàj Fo}l{ob`fjobn ml Oj{ibnfwbåàj. blp`bnb oboj æ mldfofmb lo}{l jp 2 oi b 211 oi/ Mldfol bfomb ob oj{ib FPJ ]P;54857;118

r|l lxfp}li mjfp }fqjp ml oboj)ib}l{fbfp7 oboj)jkgl`}j (lxliqnj oboj)qb{}f`|nb& l oboj)lp}{|}|{b (Hb}}j ;122&/

Ob L|{jqb j [LB@H6 æ b mf{l`}ftb l|{jqlfb r|l {le|nb jp `jiqjp}jp r|éif`jp. l r|lmltl{fb {le|nb{ bp oboj)qb{}é`|nbp ojp q{jm|}jp ml `jop|ij. pjilo}l bdf{ib r|l „plifodj{ibåàj oàj lxfp}l il{`bmj’21. j| plgb. r|bnr|l{ q{jm|}j r|l oàj fodj{il bj q|knf`jr|bfp bp `b{b`}l{ép}f`bp mbp oboj)qb{}é`|nbp. oàj qjml pl{ mfp}{fk|émj oj il{`bmj ml`jop|ij/ Lp}b r|lp}àj æ {lnltbo}l qb{b bp tâ{fbp lo}fmbmlp l|{jqlfbp. tâ{fjp ejtl{obo}lpbqlnb{bi qb{b b `{fbåàj ml |i ilij{bomj r|l {le|nl jp oboj)ib}l{fbfp li q{jm|}jp ml

`jop|ij/ Li ;121 ob q{lpfmço`fb Klneb. djf bq{lplo}bmj `fo`j q{jqjp}bp qb{b {le|nb{ lp}lpl`}j{. obp r|bfp fo`n|éb b bdf{ibåàj „jk{febåàj ml fodj{ib{ j `jop|ifmj{ mb q{lploåb mloboj)ib}l{fbfp ojp q{jm|}jp ml `jop|ij’ (L]@E{j|q ;121&/

B \ofàj L|{jqlfb (L\&. gâ jq}j| b}æ bj ijilo}j qj{ 0 ilmfmbp {le|nbmj{bp7 b [le|nbåàj@ji|of}â{fb O{/ 2;;0*;116 qb{b jp `jpiæ}f`jp li r|l bdf{ib r|l „obojib}l{fbn ilbop bo

fopjn|knl j{ kfjql{pfp}bo} bom fo}lo}fjobnnv ibo|db`}|{lm ib}l{fbn uf}h jol j{ ij{l lx}l{obn mfilopfjop. j{


[f`b{mj Bk{l| ¦FP@]L)F\N ;122" 5*2

8

Li Lil{efoe bom Olunv Fmlo}ffllm Hlbn}h [fpc6 [lefp}{b}fjo. Ltbn|b}fjo. B|}hj{fpb}fjo bom [lp}{f`}fjo jd @hlif`bn P|kp}bo`l

21 „Oj mb}b. oj ib{cl}’



bo fo}l{obn p}{|`}|{l. jo }hl p`bnl d{ji 2 }j 211 oi’3 b Mf{l`}ftb [jHP22. „ p|kp}bo`lp jd tl{v pibnn pfwl

j{ fo}l{obn j{ p|{db`l p}{|`}|{l (obojib}l{fbnp& uhf`h ibv kl hbwb{ mj|p m|l }j q{jql{}flp {lnb}foe }j }hlf{

pfwl j{ p}{|`}|{l’3 l b [le|nbåàj li Ojtjp Bnfilo}jp. „loefoll{lm obojib}l{fbn ilbop bov

fo}lo}fjobnnv q{jm|`lm ib}l{fbn }hb} hbp jol j{ ij{l mfilopfjop jd }hl j{ml{ jd 211 oi j{ nlpp j{ }hb} fp`jiqjplm jd mfp`{l}l d|o`}fjobn qb{}p. lf}hl{ fo}l{obnnv j{ b} }hl p|{db`l. ibov jd uhf`h hbtl jol j{ ij{lmfilopfjop jd }hl j{ml{ jd 211 oi j{ nlpp. fo`n|mfoe p}{|`}|{lp. beenjil{b}lp j{ bee{leb}lp. uhf`h ibv hbtl

b pfwl bkjtl }hl j{ml{ jd 211 oi k|} {l}bfo q{jql{}flp }hb} b{l `hb{b`}l{fp}f` jd }hl obojp`bnl’ (Nb|{plo;122&/

Ob jqfofàj `flo}fdf`b mj P@LOFH[ 2; li Njom{lp. oàj lxfp}l g|p}fdf`båàj `flo}édf`b qb{b |ifo}l{tbnj ml lp`bnb oboj. qj{r|l bp q{jq{flmbmlp r|éif`bp l dépf`bp mjp ib}l{fbfp bn}l{bi)plr|bomj i|mbi ml mfilopàj. qj{ fppj oàj æ qjppétln mldfof{ oboj)ib}l{fbfp qj{ lpplfo}l{tbnj ml lp`bnb/ Lp}l `jif}æ mfw bfomb r|l lxfp}l ltfmlo`fb `flo}édf`b qb{b bdf{ib{ r|loàj qjml pl{ bqnf`bmb |ib ÷of`b il}jmjnjefb qb{b bobnfpb{ }jmjp jp oboj)ib}l{fbfp/ Tbfbfomb ibfp njoel bj bdf{ib{ r|l b mfilopàj æ fiqj{}bo}l ob `b{b`}l{fwbåàj mjp oboj)ib}l{fbfp. ibp qb{b `jiq{lloml{ ilnhj{ lp}l dloðiloj æ ol`lppâ{fj fmlo}fdf`b{ b p|b

mfp}{fk|fåàj l j }bibohj mlppb mfp}{fk|fåàj (Ml Gjoe ;122& /

\ib `jop|n}b q|knf`b dlf}b qlnb \L li Ojtlik{j ml ;121. mldfol oboj)ib}l{fbn r|bnr|l{ ib}l{fbn r|l q{llo`hb qlnj ilojp |i mlp}b nfp}b ml `{f}æ{fjp207

✐ Qb{}é`|nbp `ji |ib j| ibfp mfilopülp lx}l{obp nfif}bmbp lo}{l 2oi l 211oi qb{bibfp mj r|l 2, mj }bibohj mb p|b mfp}{fk|fåàj/

✐ ]l{ obp lp}{|}|{bp fo}l{obp j| ml p|ql{dé`fl o|ib j| ibfp mfilopülp ob dbfxb mjp2oi b 211 oi/

✐ ]l{ |ib p|ql{dé`fl lpql`fdf`b `ji |ib {lnbåàj lo}{l â{lb l tjn|il p|ql{fj{ b41ì;*ì0. lx`n|fomj ib}l{fbfp `jop}f}|émjp qj{ qb{}é`|nbp2= fodl{fj{lp b 2oi/

Ojp Lp}bmjp \ofmjp mb Biæ{f`b b r|lp}àj mb {le|nbåàj ml oboj)ib}l{fbfp li q{jm|}jp ml`jop|ij }bikæi oàj }li pfmj dâ`fn/ B q{filf{b b`åàj ml {le|nbåàj qb{}f| mb ]P@B2<. b nlfr|l {le|nb bp p|kp}bo`fbp }ðxf`bp. ibp tl{fdf`j|)pl r|l lp}b nlf l{b fop|df`flo}l qb{b {le|nb{ j |pj ml oboj)qb{}f`|nbp/ Qjfp æ |pbmb qlnb b Beço`fb ml Q{j}l`åàj Bikflo}bn mjp L\B(LQB& r|l pjilo}l b`}|b r|bomj lxfp}l „|i {fp`j {bwjâtln’ qb{b b pb÷ml q|knf`b/ Ojlo}bo}j b LQB li `jog|o}j `ji tâ{fbp fom|p}{fbp `jople|f| `{fb{ bne|ibp {le{bp qb{b b|}fnfwbåàj ml oboj)lp}{|}|{bp li bikflo}lp fom|p}{fbfp ml dbk{f`båàj. lpplo`fbnilo}l ob}{bopdj{ibåàj ml pfnjxboj)ijmfdf`bmj l oboj)qb{}é`|nbp ml pénf`b (L]@E{j|q ;121&/


[f`b{mj Bk{l| ¦FP@]L)F\N ;122" 8*2

22 [lp}{f`}fjo jd Hbwb{mj|p P|kp}bo`lp

2; Ob}fjobn Fop}f}|}l dj{ Q|knf` Hlbn}h bom }hl Lotf{joilo} ([FTI&* P`flo}ffl` @jiif}}ll jo Lil{efoe bomOlunv Fmlo}ffllm Hlbn}h [fpcp

20 Li. Ml Gjoe. U/ H/ (;122&/ P@LOFH[ Jqfofjo jo mlflof}fjo dj{ obojib}l{fbn7 Lnlilo}p dj{ b mlflof}fjo jd}hl }l{i +Obojib}l{fbn+/ =}h Boo|bn Oboj Pbdl}v dj{ P|``lpp Mfbnje|l Uj{cphjq/ K{|xlnbp. @jifppàj

L|{jqlfb/2= Ple|omj b mlflofåàj li FPJ 2=4==47;115

2< ]jxf` P|kp}bo`lp @jo}{jn B`}



B belo`fb Djjm bom M{|e Bmifofp}{b}fjo (DMB& ojp L\B. {le|nb }jmj j }fqj ml ib}l{fbfp llr|fqbilo}jp |}fnfwbmjp li tâ{fbp fom|p}{fbp be{j)bnfilo}b{lp. db{ib`ç|}f`bp l `jpiæ}f`b/

Oj lo}bo}j b DMB {lglf}b. mlo}{j mb p|b g|{fpmfåàj. fmlo}fdf`b{ jp oboj)q{jm|}jp r|l pàjfo}{jm|wfmjp mfb{fbilo}l oj il{`bmj/ Qj{r|l j mlkb}l pjk{l b ple|{boåb h|ibob pjk jpldlf}jp mbp oboj)qb{}f`|nbp bfomb lp}â b ml`j{{l{ ob fom|p}{fb (L]@E{j|q ;121&/ Qb{b b

DMB. æ ol`lppâ{fj bfomb `jiq{lloml{ ilnhj{ bp fo}l{b`åülp kfjnðef`bp l q{jq{flmbmlp mjpoboj)ib}l{fbfp. }bn `jij b p|b ilmfåàj l ml}l`åàj/ Æ }bikæi `{é}f`j {lbtbnfb{ b `nbppl q{jm|}jp lpql`édf`jp l `jo}fo|b{ b ilnhj{b{ jp `johl`filo}jp `flo}édf`jp mb belo`fb (Qlòb;122&/ B DMB q|knf`j| li J|}|k{j ;121 jp pl| {lnb}ð{fj „Bmtbo`foe [le|nb}j{v P`flo`ldj{ Q|knf` Hlbn}h’. |ib tfpàj mb belo`fb qb{b j mlplotjntfilo}j ml ojtbp }æòf`bp.

qbm{ülp qb{b bkj{mb{ ml |ib dj{ib ibfp ple|{b. ldf`bw. `ji r|bnfmbml l ql{dj{ibo`l. b}jmjp jp q{jm|}jp {le|nbmjp qlnb DMB/ Oj r|l `jo`l{ol á oboj}lòjnjefb. j {lnb}ð{fjbqjo}b = â{lbp {lnltbo}lp7 @b{b`}l{fwbåàj dépf`j)r|éif`b mjp q{jm|}jp3 Ijmlnbåàj oàj`néof`b ml oboj)ib}l{fbfp ojp q{jm|}jp3 Fodj{ibåàj mb `b{b`}l{fwbåàj mjp {fp`jp3 Btbnfbåàjl elp}àj mjp {fp`jp (Qlòb ;122&/ J il{`bmj mjp oboj)ib}l{fbfp mjp L\B æ {le|nbmjtjn|o}b{fbilo}l qlnb p|b fom|p}{fb/ @jo}|mj. li dfobn ml ;121 p|{ef| b Nlf qb{b b Ple|{boåbmb Oboj}lòjnjefb24. r|l q{jqj{`fjob á DMB b `bqb`fmbml ml fotlp}feb{ b ple|{boåbbnfilo}b{. `ji |i {ldj{åj ml 2;< ifnhülp ml mðnb{lp oj j{åbilo}j ml fotlp}febåàj lmlplotjntfilo}j mb beço`fb (L]@E{j|q ;121&/

B bkj{mbeli mj ejtl{oj mj @bobmb. áp r|lp}ülp mb {le|nbåàj mjp oboj)ib}l{fbfp bpplo}bob qjpfåàj ml qjné}f`bp fo}l{fobp mj pl| mlqb{}bilo}j ml pb÷ml/ B mldfofåàj |}fnfwbmb qlnjejtl{oj `bobmfboj. `jopfp}l li `jopfml{b{ oboj)ib}l{fbn }jmj l r|bnr|l{ q{jm|}j. ib}l{fbn.p|kp}ëo`fb. foe{lmflo}l. bqb{lnhj. pfp}lib j| lp}{|}|{b ibo|db`}|{bmj pl7 qlnj ilojp |ib

mfilopàj lpqb`fbn lp}lgb mlo}{j mb lp`bnb oboj253 j| pl dj{ qlr|loj j| e{boml mj r|l blp`bnb oboj li }jmj bp mfilopülp ml lpqbåj l lxfkl |i j| ibfp dloðilojp ml lp`bnboboj28/ J ejtl{oj `bobmfboj. bqjp}b o|ib ql{pql`}ftb {le|nbåàj li mlplotjntl{ iæ}jmjp

qbm{àj ml btbnfbåàj l elp}àj mjp {fp`j. mlplotjntl{ mj`|ilo}jp ml e|fb qb{b b {le|nbåàj ml q{jm|}jp lpql`édf`jp l. `jop}{|f{ l b`|i|nb{ `johl`filo}jp ob {le|nbåàj/ O|ib ql{pql`}ftb`flo}édf`b. j @bobmb f{â ibo}l{ bp p|bp qb{}f`fqbåülp b oétln fo}l{ob`fjobn `jij ob FPJ l obJ@ML. l bfomb lxqnj{b{ b `jnbkj{båàj `ji b fom|p}{fb ob`fjobn l fo}l{ob`fjobn qb{bmlplotjntl{ il}jmjnjefbp qb{b ml}l`}b{. `b{b`}l{fwb{ l ilmf{ oboj)ib}l{fbfp (Kjpl ;122&/


[f`b{mj Bk{l| ¦FP@]L)F\N ;122" 6*2

24 Oboj}lòjnjev Pbdl}v B`} ;121

25 Qb{b j Ejtl{oj @bobmfboj b oboj)lp`bnb pfeoffl`b lp}b{ lo}{l 2 b 211 obojil}{jp/

28 Dloðiloj ml oboj lp`bnb. pfeoffl`b dloðilojp ml q{jq{flmbmlp dépf`j)r|éif`bp mfdl{lo}lp ml j|}{jp bjoétln b}ðif`j l ijnl`|nb{/



@jo`n|pülp

J mlkb}l pjk{l bp oboj`fço`fbp l mbp }lòjnjefbp bppj`fbmbp b lp}b `fço`fb. bfomb lp}â njoellp}b{ `jo`n|émj/ Tl{fdf`bijp r|l oli pliq{l jp tâ{fjp fo}l{lppbmjp lp}àj li `ji|i

b`j{mj. |i lxliqnj æ b r|lp}àj mb mfilopàj r|l æ `jopfml{bmj |ib oboj)qb{}é`|nb j|oboj ib}l{fbn/ Qj{ `jotloåàj elol{bnfwj|)pl r|l b lp`bnb mjp 211 obojil}{jp æ b {ldl{lo`fb

qb{b `b{b`}l{fwb{ b mfilopàj oboj/ @jo}|mj. lp}bp oboj)qb{}é`|nbp }çi `jiqj{}bilo}jpdépf`jp l r|éif`jp mfdl{lo}lp b lp`bnbp i|f}j qlr|lobp `jij lp}b/ Qj{ fppj bne|ibplo}fmbmlp ejtl{ob}ftbp l j{ebofwbåülp `jopfml{bi r|l mltl pl{ kbnbo`lbmj lp}bp m|bp`b{b`}l{ép}f`bp. b mfilopàj lpqb`fbn l bp q{jq{flmbmlp mbp oboj)qb{}é`|nbp/

J |pj mlp}bp }lòjnjefbp lil{elo}lp l mjp oboj)ib}l{fbfp æ |ib {lbnfmbml b`}|bn. lxfp}litâ{fjp q{jm|}jp oj il{`bmj qb{b `jop|ij mfâ{fj. r|l }li obp p|bp `jiqjpfåülp bne|i }fqjml oboj)qb{}é`|nbp/ ]bikæi li â{lbp }àj fiqj{}bo}lp `jij b ilmf`fob. oboj}lòjnjefbp}çi bg|mbmj jp iæmf`jp b jq}fifwb{li jp pl|p q{j`lmfilo}jp ml `|{b mjp mjlo}lp/ Ojpl`}j{ db{ib`ç|}f`j l `jpiæ}f`j. lp}bp }lòjnjefbp }li |i qj}lo`fbn loj{il mlmlplotjntfilo}j/ Mjp dâ{ib`jp r|l tàj mf{l`}j bj `bo`{j. qj{ tfb ml oboj}|kjp. b}æ bj`{lil r|l ql{if}l {ltftlp`l{ b qlnl/ ]jmbp lp}bp fo}l{b`åülp `ji j pl{ h|iboj l jbikflo}l. }çi `b|pbmj q{lj`|qbåülp mbp tâ{fbp J{ebofwbåülp Oàj Ejtl{obilo}bfp. r|l

q{l}lomli |i bq{jd|ombilo}j mjp lp}|mjp ml fiqb`}j bikflo}bn l pj`fbn mbpoboj}lòjnjefbp l oboj)ib}l{fbfp/ Qj{ j|}{j nbmj bp j{ebofwbåülp fop}f}|`fjobfp ml tâ{fjpejtl{ojp q{j`|{bi lo`jo}{b{ |i r|bm{j nlebn qb{b {le|nb{ }jmb b`}ftfmbml mbpoboj`fço`fbp. oboj}lòjnjefbp l oboj)ib}l{fbfp/

J `joplopj dbw)pl `ji mlkb}l l `jo}{jtæ{pfbp. l bp lil{elo}lp }lòjnjefbp lp}àj ob j{mlimj mfb qb{b i|f}jp ejtl{ojp l j{ebofwbåülp/ Ojp tâ{fjp `bo}jp mj i|omj. }li p|{efmj{lnb}ð{fjp ibfp j| ilojp ml}bnhbmjp. qj|`j j| i|f}j {lnltbo}lp/ Ibp b`fib ml }|mjfiqj{}bo}lp qb{b b mfp`|ppàj enjkbn/ Æ fiqj{}bo}l r|l lp}l mlkb}l plgb b`jiqbohbmj qlnb`ji|ofmbml `flo}édf`b. ml`fpj{lp qjné}f`jp. l qlnj q|knf`j li el{bn/ B jqfofàj mjp q÷knf`jp æ`bmb tlw ibfp fiqj{}bo}l. oàj pð qb{b b|p`|n}b{ bp ol`lppfmbmlp mjp `fmbmàjp. ibp }bikæi

qb{b bpple|{b{ j pl| bqjfj bj dfobo`fbilo}j mlp}bp }lòjnjefbp lil{elo}lp/


[f`b{mj Bk{l| ¦FP@]L)F\N ;122" 21*2



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[f`b{mj Bk{l| ¦FP@]L)F\N ;122" 22*2

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