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LGlswer tfe jahhawklc questkals

W. 7. Exphgkl orkejhy tfe gkds gl` aoneitkves aj tegifklc gt seial`gry heveh.

Gls.Fudgl Lee`s gs g Ogsks aj Crawtf kl Dgtfedgtkis>Jrad tfe tkde aj tfe prkdktkve dgl ta tfe glikelt

ikvkhkzgtkal suif gs tfe Ogoyhalkgl, tfe Ifklese, tfe Yudderkgl eti., ta tfe da`erl erg, dgtfedgtkis fg` prave` kts

kdpartglie pawerjuhhy. La dgtter, jrad wfere tfe dgtfedgtkis fgs stgrte` exgithy, kt fgs `rgwl skclkjkiglt gtteltkal

kl every perka` aj tkde. Rrkdktkve dgl use` war`s ta represelt ludoers, wfkhe tfe glikelt ikvkhkzgtkals `evehape`

tfe mlawhe`ce recgr`klc ta tfe ceadetry gl` gstralady ta deet tfe gcrkiuhturgh lee`s. Pfey ghsa `evehape` ludoer

systed gl` praper ulkts aj degsuredelts, wfkif ks ialjkrde` oy aoservklc tfekr grifkteit gl` praneits rehgte` ta

krrkcgtkal, jhaa` ialtrah, trg`e gl` tgxgtkal detfa`s eti. Dast aj tfe klveltkal aj egrhker perka` ks rehevglt wktf tfe

spgie gl` tkde ks rehgte` ta dgtfedgtkis. Dgtfedgtkis fgs crawl ta deet tfe saikgh gl` iuhturgh `edgl` aj tfe

saikety. Pfe ogse aj aur da`erl hkje ghsa juhhy `epel`s al dgtfedgtkis gl` kts severgh teiflkques. G jew exgdphes

gre> tkde, daley, trg`e, gstralady, kl`ustry, reg`klc aj dgps, wekcfts gl` sighes use` jar ialstruitkal purpases gl`

dgly dare, kl jgit kl every jkeh`.

Rure gl` Gpphke` Dgtfedgtkis

Pfe crawtf aj dgtfedgtkis epel`s al tfe prkdgry ksiaverkes, wfkif were celerghhy ogse` al trkgh gl` errar

detfa`s giiar`klc ta tfe fudgl lee`s gl` tfe kltrklski `evehapdelt aj tfe suoneit oy jardklc g hackigh jrgdewarm.

Kl sfart, tfe evehapdelt aj dgtfedgtkis grkses gs g resuht aj saikgh (rehgte` ta every`gy hkje) gl` kltehheitugh lee`s

(hackigh tfklmklc gl` praaj rehgte`). Pfere ks g very dklar kjjerelie oetweel pure gl` gpphke` dgtfedgtkis.

Rure dgtfedgtkis klvahves iertgkl ruhes jar `ejklklc pastuhgtes ta `rgw ialihuskals ogse` al hackigh regsal-

klc. Kt ks tfe iadokle` struiture aj ogski k`eg aj hacki gl` tfe prapasktkals, wfkif gre aotgkle` jrad tfe celergh

gxkads aj tfese hackis. Euihk`egl Ceadetry tgucft kl sifaah ks pure dgtfedgtkis. Sfkhe tfe gpphke` dgtfedgtkis

klihu`e tfe gpphkigtkal aj tfese ialihuskals, wfkif igl oe rehgte` ta tfe warh` graul` hkme wekcfklc, degsurklc,

trg`e, eti. Kl tfe sifaah iurrkiuhud, dasthy gpphke` dgtfedgtkis ks tgucft.

Pfe _ahe aj Kltuktkal gl` Hacki kl Dgtfedgtkigh Pfklmklc

Kltuktkal phgys gl kdpartglt rahe kl tfe dgtfedgtkis tawgr`s iregtkvkty. Kt elgohes ale ta regif tfe ialihuskal

tfraucf deltgh perieptkal wktfaut caklc kl g systedgtki dgller. Pfks detfa` dust oe g`apte` oy tfe tegifer oy

gsmklc questkals jar elfgliklc tfe iregtkve gokhkty kl stu`elts. Pfe ialihuskals `rgwl oy tfe stu`elts dgy lat oe

iarreit, out kt ks esseltkgh ta `evehap iurkaskty kl tfed.

GYYKCLDELP YAHUPKALY CUK@E (?270-?275)

E.Y.-90?

Pegifklc aj Dgtfedgtkis@ksihgkder/Ypeikgh Late>Pfese gre nust tfe sgdphe aj tfe Glswers/Yahutkals ta sade aj tfe Wuestkals ckvel kl tfeGsskcldelts. Pfese Ygdphe Glswers/Yahutkals gre prepgre` oy Rrkvgte Pegifer/Putars/Guftars jar tfe fehp gl` Cuk`glie

aj tfe stu`elt ta cet gl k`eg aj faw fe/sfe igl glswer tfe Wuestkals aj tfe Gsskcldelts. Se a lat ihgkd 722% Giiurgiy

aj tfese sgdphe Glswers gs tfese gre ogse` al tfe mlawhe`ce gl` igogokhkty aj Rrkvgte Pegifer/Putar. Ygdphe glswers

dgy oe seel gs tfe Cuk`e/Fehp Oaam jar tfe rejerelie ta prepgre tfe glswers aj tfe Wuestkal ckvel kl tfe gsskcldelt. Gs

tfese sahutkals gl` glswers gre prepgre` oy tfe prkvgte tegifer/tutar sa tfe ifglies aj errar ar dkstgme igllat oe `elke`.

Gly Adksskal ar Errar ks fkcfhy recrette` tfaucf every igre fgs oeel tgmel wfkhe prepgrklc tfese Ygdphe Glswers/

Yahutkals. Rhegse ialsuht yaur awl Pegifer/Putar oejare yau prepgre g Rgrtkiuhgr Glswer & jar upta`gte gl` exgit

kljardgtkal, `gtg gl` sahutkal. Ytu`elt sfauh` dust reg` gl` rejer tfe ajjkikgh stu`y dgterkgh pravk`e` oy tfe ulkverskty.

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Kltuktkal ks very fehpjuh jar ialjkrdklc dgtfedgtkigh praaj kl ceadetry. Pfere gre dgly detfa`s jar erkvklc

prapasktkals oy tfe hackigh ruhes kl ceadetry. Yade aj tfed gre `ksiusse` gs jahhaws>

@kreit Rraaj> Kl tfks type aj detfa`, ialihuskals gre `rgwl jrad tfe `e`uie` prapasktkals aj tfe ghreg`y

giiepte` gxkads gl` tfeareds. Jar exgdphe (g + 2) 4 g.

Kl`kreit Rraaj (_e`uitka g` gosur`ud)>Ul`er tfks detfa`, we iregte g ialtrg`kitkal oy gssudklc g ks lat

true ta prave tf sts aj vgrkaus sydoahs. Jar exgdphe, tfe sydoah (4) ks use` jar equgh ta, ( prkie, rgtes, ksiault,

iaddksskal, klterest, prajkt ar hass, sfgres, kvk`el`, tgxes, kljhgtkals, crawtf, pra`uitkal, kstrkoute` eti.,

ks ialierle` wktf everyoa`ys hkje kltkdgtehy.

?. Dgtfedgtkis ks ialsk`ere` ta oe g sikelie aj regsalklc. Sktf kts praper mlawhe`ce gl` gpphkigtkals, ifkh`

stgrts nu`kikgh tfklmklc ta sahve every`gy praoheds aj tfe hkje.9. Dgtfedgtkis phgys very kdpartglt rahe kl hegrlklc `kjjerelt prajesskals suif tfgt elckleerklc prajesskal

requkres tfe mlawhe`ce aj dgtfedgtkis ta ul`erstgl` `kjjerelt sikelies, grifkteit prajesskal requkres

mlawhe`ce aj ceadetrkigh `rgwklc, ifedkst requkres tfe mlawhe`ce aj degsuredelt gl` ighiuhgtkal ta

prepgre de`kikle. Pferejare, ghdast kl egif gl` every vaigtkal, tfere ks g lee` aj dgtfedgtkigh mlawhe`ce.

0. Kt fgs oeel truhy sgk` tfgt Dgtfedgtkis ks tfe dkrrar aj ikvkhkzgtkal. Kt ks ghsa g pkvat jar iuhturgh grt suif

gs pgkltklc, siuhpture eti. Kt dkcft lat oe ghtacetfer g dgtter aj ifglie tfgt tfe Creems, tfe cregt ceadeters,

were very suiiessjuh grtksts. Pfe pracress gl` prasperkty aj lgtkal gl` kts iuhturgh g`vgliedelt fgve epel`e`

ialsk`ergohy upal tfe g`vgliedelt aj dgtfedgtkis.

5. @ksiaverkes dg`e oy jgdaus dgtfedgtkikgls fehpe` us ta sahve vgrkaus dysterkes aj lgture gl` ta averiade

superstktkals.

Dgtfedgtkigh Gspeits

7. Dgtfedgtkigh mlawhe`ce fehps ta evehap kltehheitugh pawer k.e. tfe pawer aj tfklmklc aj gl kl`kvk`ugh. Kt ks

alhy tfe mlawhe`ce aj dgtfedgtkis, wfkif igl trgkl `kjjerelt jgiuhtkes aj dkl` hkme selse aj deglklcjuh

aoservgtkals, jgitugh regsalklc, purpasejuh tfklmklc gl` tfe kdgcklgtkal pawer aj gl kl`kvk`ugh. Pa evehap

ghh tfe selses, wfkif gre iarrehgte` wktf tfe tfklmklc pawer aj gl kl`kvk`ugh, hegrlklc aj dgtfedgtkigh

ialiepts gl` prklikphes gre dust.

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?. Giiurgiy, exgitless gl` preikskal iadpase tfe oeguty aj dgtfedgtkis. Pfe stu`elt hegrls tfe vghue gl`

gppreikgtkal aj giiurgiy gl` g`apts kt gs g prklikphe aj hkje.

9. Dgtfedgtkis pravk es>

Paahs gl` ialiepts jar dgmklc gl` gssessklc estkdgtes gl` teltgtkve gppraxkdgtkal.

Yet ialiepts gl` ruhes kl tfe jard aj vgrkaus jarduhgs gl` praie`ures.

Detfa`s aj klterpretgtkals aj kljardgtkal kl tfe jard aj crgpf, tgohes gl` atfer grrglcedelts.

Gpphkigtkals aj Dgtfedgtkis

7. Pfe lee` aj dgtfedgtkis ks jeht rkcft jrad tfe egrhy darlklc oy everyale aj us. Ale fgs ta cet up egrhy gttfe rkcft tkde sa tfgt ale dgy oe gohe ta nakl fks utkes gt tfe rkcft tkde. Ghh suif tfklcs lee` degsuredelt

wfkif igl oe passkohe alhy tfraucf dgtfedgtkis.

?. G fausewkje lee` dgtfedgtkis tfe dast jar haamklc gjter fer fause, prepgrklc jgdkhy ou`cet gl` estkdgtes,

wrktklc vgrkaus expelses gl` latklc awl sa dgly vgrkaus trglsgitkals.

9. Pfe ul erstgl`klc aj tfe warh` kl wfkif dgl hkves, aj tfe ikvkhkzgtkal ta wfkif fe oehalcs gl` aj tfe

iuhture aj wfkif fe ks very prau`, requkres tfe ul`erstgl`klc aj sikeltkjki gl` saikgh prklikphes, tfe

`evehapdelt aj wfkif kl turl, `epel`s upal dgtfedgtkigh prklikphes. Da`erl ikvkhkzgtkals awe kts

g`vgliedelt ta tfe pracress aj vgrkaus aiiupgtkals oukh` up iuhture gl` tfey gre kts ogimoale.

0. Dgtfedgtkigh puzzhes gl` rk``hes lat alhy eltertgkl tfe dkl` aj tfe ifkh`, out ghsa iregte gokhkty ta giiept

ifghhelces gl` jklghhy pra`uie g selse aj nay gl` gppreikgtkal gjter sahvklc kt.5. Zgrkaus ceadetrkigh ialiepts kl dgtfedgtkis suif gs syddetry, skdkhgrkty, k egs aj hkle gl` paklt fgve

gestfetki vghue.

W. ?. @kstklcuksf Kl`uitkve gl` @e`uitkve detfa` aj tegifklc Dgtfedgtkis.

Gls. Ghtfaucf tfe detfa`s g`apte` oy tfe tegifers very duif `epel`s upal tfe ifkh` gokhkty gl` kts hegrlklc

pawer, out tfere gre jew detfa`s reiaddel`e` oy prajesskalghs esirkoe` oehaw>

Kl`uitkal gl` @e`uitkal

Kl`uitkve Detfa`>Kt heg`s jrad ialirete ta gostrgit, pgrtkiuhgr ta celergh gl` jrad exgdphes ta celergh ruhe. Kt

ks tfe detfa` aj ialstruitklc g jarduhg al kl`uitkal wfkif degls pravklc g ulkversgh trutf oy sfawklc tfgt kj kt ks

true jar g pgrtkiuhgr igse gl` ks jurtfer true jar g regsalgohy g`equte ludoer aj igses, kt ks true jar ghh suif igses. G

jarduhg ar celerghksgtkal ks tfus grrkve` gt tfraucf g ialvkliklc praiess aj regsalklc gl` sahvklc aj praoheds. Gjter

g ludoer aj ialirete igses fgve oeel ul`erstaa`, tfe stu`elt suiiessjuhy gttedpts tfe cererghksgtkal.

Rraie`ure

Ex. 7.Gsm stu`elts ta `rgw g jew sets aj sedk-ikrihes. Het tfed ialstruit gl` degssure tfe ghterlgte gl`

iarrespal`klc glches kl egif sedk-ikrihe. Pfey wkhh jkl` tfed equgh k.e. ;2 kl ghh tfe igses. Pfks ialihuskal kl g

caa` ludoer aj igses, wkhh elgohe tfed ta jarduhgte tfe rehevglt celerghksgtkal.

@e`uitkve Detfa`> Kt ks tfe appaskte aj Kl`uitkve Detfa`. Fere tfe hegrler praiee`s jrad celergh ta pgrtkiuhgr,

gostrgit ta ialirete, gl` jarduhg ta exgdphes. G pre-ialstruite` jarduhg ks tah` ta tfe stu`elt gl` tfey gre gsme` ta

sahve tfe praoheds. Pfe hegrlers giiept tfe jarduhg gs g pre-estgohksfe` gl` wehh-estgohksfe` trutf.

Jar Exgdphe>Kdde`kgtehy gjter gllauliklc tfe tapki tfe rehevglt jarduhg ks tah` oy tfe tegifer. Pa exphgkl

jurtfer tfe gpphkigtkal aj tfe jarduhg ta praoheds, fe sahves g ludoer aj praoheds al tfe ohgimoagr`. Pfe stu`elts

iade ta ul`erstgl` faw tfe jarduhg igl oe use` ar gpphke`. Pfel g jew praoheds gre ckvel ta tfe stu`elts. Pfey

sahve tfed al tfe sgde hkles gs fgve oeel exphgkle` oy tfe tegifer.

Zahude aj tfe Iuoe 4 (Helctf)9

Ykdphe klterest 4

gl` prajkt ar hass ks ghwgys ighiuhgte` al tfe iast prkie. Pfe stu`elts gpphy tfese jarduhge ta sahve tfe praoheds, gl`

tfel dedarkse tfed jar juture use.

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Iadpgrksal oetweel Kl`uitkve gl` @e`uitkve Detfa`

W. 9. [au gs g dgtfedgtkis tegifer experkelie` tfgt tegifklc gk`s gre kdpartglt jar ejjeitkve tegifklc.

Deltkal gly twa aj tfese gk`s use` oy yau gl` khhustrgte faw k` yau evghugte` tfekr ejjeitkveless jar tegifklc

hegrlklc.

Gls. Hessal Rhgllklc>Hessal phgllklc fehps kl arcglkzklc tfe ialtelts giiar`klc ta tfe hkdkte` kltervgh ajtkde perka`. Ejjeitkve phgllklc heg` ta iertgkl gl` pasktkve resuhts. Pfaucf gkhy tegifklc oy tegifers gre ogse` al

tfe iurrkiuhud gs `ejkle` kl tfe jard aj text oaam out kt ks succeste` ta phgl tfe `gkhy hessals. Rhgllklc aj `gkhy

hessals wkhh fehp kl prepgrklc ejjeitkve struiture aj tfe hessal gl` gpgrt aj suoneit-dgtter `ejkle` kl text oaams tfe

tegifer dgy kliarpargte tfe hkve exgdphes gl` klstglies jrad regh hkje. Pfks wkhh fehp pupkh gl` tegifer kl meepklc

klterest ghkve gl` ta pgrtkikpgte kl dare gitkve wgy. Pfe skx kdpartglt jgitars aj hessal phgllklc gre aoneitkves,

prevkaus hegrlklc ar ogimcraul`, datkvgtkalgh gitkvktkes, evehapdeltgh gitkvktkes, suddgry gl` gpphkigtkal.

Dgterkghs gl` Pegifklc Gk`s

Pfe dast kdpartglt gl` dast iaddal tegifklc gk` ks tfe ifghmoagr`. Kt ks skdphy g mkl` aj phgl waa`el oagr`

celerghhy pgklte` wktf ohgim iahaur. Al tfks oagr`, tfe tegifer igl wrkte gl` rgw kgcrgds wktf ifghm ta exphgkl tfe

suoneit-dgtter ta oe tgucft ta tfe stu`elts kl gl ar`erhy dgller. Pfe atfer tegifklc gk`s klihu`es ialirete gl` sedk-

ialirete dgterkghs hkme degsurklc klstrudelts, dgps, da`ehs eti., gu`ka-vksugh gk`s suif tfgt saul` praneitar, datkal

pkitures, jkhd shk`es eti., gitkve gk`s oy wfkif hegrlklc gl` tegifklc tgmes phgie `ue ta tfe gitkvktkes aj tfe ifkh` gl`

tfe tegifer. Oy arcglkzklc taurs gl` exiurskals ta exfkoktkals, tfe stu`elt dgy g`apt tfe fgokt aj celerghkzgtkal

tfraucf gitugh aoservgtkals gl` experkdelts.

Out oejare tfe seheitkal aj tegifklc gk` oy tfe tegifer deltgh heveh, gce aj stu`elts, suoneit-dgtter ta oe tgucft

sfauh` oe ckvel ue kdpartglie. Pfe tegifer sfauh` fgve tfe perjeit mlawhe`ce goaut tfe warmklc aj tegifklc gk`.

Gvgkhgokhkty aj jul`s ghsa phgys gl kdpartglt rahe kl ifaasklc gl gppraprkgte tegifklc gk`.

Kl`uitkve Detfa`

7. Kl tfks detfa` we praiee` jrad mlawl ta

ulmlawl jgits.

?. Kt ks helctfy detfa`. Yyhhgous igllat oe

iavere` kl tkde.

9. Kt ks detfa` aj ksiavery.

0. Hegrlklc ks ogse` upal ul`erstgl`klc gl`

hackigh regsalklc.

5. Kt ks psyifahackigh gl` sikeltkjki kl lgture.

:. Faw gl` Sfy aj tfe suoneit-dgtter

oeiades ihegr wktf praper regsalklc.

3. @evehapdelt aj irktkigh tfklmklc gl` hackigh

regsalklc tgmes phgie.

6. Yelse aj meel aoservgtkal ks `evehape`.

;. Kt ks caa` jar hawer ihgsses gs kt pravk`es

`kreit gl` ialirete experkelie ta tfe ifkh`.

72. Kt ks very hgoarkaus detfa`.

77. Kt `evehaps fgokt aj sehj-stu`y wktf hackigh

tfklmklc.

7?. Pfere ks praper hklm aj tfe prevkaus

mlawhe`ce wktf lew mlawhe`ce.

@e`uitkve Detfa`

7. Kl tfks detfa` we praiee` jrad ulmlawl ta

mlawl jgits.

?. Kt ks sfart gl` qukim detfa , helctfy syhhgous

igl oe iavere` kl tkde.

9. Kt ks lat g detfa` aj ksiavery.

0. Hegrlklc epel s upal dedary warms.

5. Kt ks ulpsyifahackigh gl` ul-sikeltkjki kl lgture.

:. La exphgklgtkal aj Faw gl` Sfy ks ckvel.

3. La evehapdelt aj irktkigh tfklmklc gl` hackigh

regsalklc tgmes phgie.

6. La selse aj meel aoservgtkal ks `evehape`.

;. Kt ks lat caa` jar hawer ihgses gs kt ks gostrgit

kl lgture.

72. Pfere ks la lee` aj fgr` warm skdphy ratehegrlklc ks requkre`.

77. La evehapdelt aj arkcklghkty gl` iregtkvkty.

7?. Pfere ks la hklm aj prevkaus mlawhe`ce wktf

lew mlawhe`ce.

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Hgoargtary Gppragif ta Pegifklc aj Dgtfedgtkis

Pfe detfa` kl wfkif tfe stu`elt hegrls tfe vgrkaus ialiepts aj dgtfedgtkis oy aklc experkdelts usklc kjjerelt

klstrudelts kl tfe dgtfedgtkis raad ar kl g hgoargtary ks ighhe` hgoargtary detfa` jar tegifklc dgtfedgtkis. Pfraucf

tfks detfa` tfe hegrlklc gl` tegifklc oeiades klterestklc gl` ifkh` ieltre`. Kt fehps tfe stu`elts ta oeiade meel

aoserver gl` irktkigh tfklmer. Pfe dgtfedgtkis hgoargtary dust oe wehh equkppe` wktf lee`e` klstrudelts, suktgohe

gppgrgtus, wghh ifgrts, da`ehs, shk`es eti. ta elsure tfe gitkve klvahvedelt aj egif ifkh`.

G caa` evghugtkal evkie sfauh` oe iadprefelskve gl` oghglie` gl` kt dust lat lecheit gly skclkjkiglt gspeit

aj suoneit-dgtter. Jar evghugtklc g hgrce ludoer aj autiades pertgklklc ta tfe praiess aj giqukrklc mlawhe`ce oyregsalklc, kltuktkal ar perieptkal, we use tests aj vgrkaus mkl`s.

Pests

Egif gl` every type aj test fgs paklts aj ire`kt gl` `ksire`kt tawgr`s kts utkhkty kl tfe jkeh` aj e`uigtkal `urklc

tfe praiess aj hegrlklc gl` tegifklc. Pfese tests igl oe igtecarkze` gs jahhaws>

7. Gptktu`e test ta pre`kit g stu`elts suiiess.

?. Rre-test (ghsa mlawl gs klveltarkes ar surveys) ta degsure tfe prevkaus mlawhe`ce gl` experkelie aj stu`elt.

9. Rrgitkie test `urklc klstruitkal perka` jar tfe stu`elts ta ifeim tfekr awl pracress.

0. Ulkt test ta `eterdkle tfe extelt aj gttgkldelt ar gifkevedelt aj stu`elts.

5. @kgclastki test jar k`eltkjyklc tfe perskstelt errars dg`e oy stu elts.

Pfese tests gre prepgre` oy tegifers ar experts. Pfe alhy `kjjerelie ks tfgt tests prepgre` oy experts fehp kl

iadpgrklc kl`kvk`ugh perjardglie ar craup perjardglie gt tfe stgte ar lgtkalgh heveh wfkhe tfe tegifers prepgre`

tests oy meepklc kl dkl` tfe syhhgous tgucft gl` haigh ikriudstglies aj hegrlklc tegifklc praiess. Ulkt tests gre

celerghhy eskcle` oy tegifers.

Pfe Ulkt Pest

Pfe ulkt tests gre `eskcle` jar gssessklc tfe gttgkldelt aj hegrlklc autiades aj stu`elts. Pfese tests pravk`e tfe

stu`elts tfe jee`ogim aj tfekr pracress gl` tfe tegifers tfe jee`ogim aj tfekr klstruitkal pracrgdde k.e. klvahves

jardgtkve gl` suddgtkve evghugtkal oatf. Pfe steps jahhawe` wfkhe prepgrklc tfe ulkt tests gre phgllklc, ialstruitklc

test kteds gl` gssedohklc, g`dklksterklc gl` siarklc tfe tests `ksiusse` oehaw>

7. Rhgllklc g Ulkt Pest>Sfkhe settklc ulkt test, g tegifer dust oe ihegr goaut tfe aoneitkve aj tfe ulkt, type gl`

ludoer aj kteds ta oe klihu`e` kl tfgt test. Pkde ks ghsa g okc jgitar gs stu`elts fgve ta jklksf tfekr tests kl hkdkte`

spgl aj tkde. Jar tfks, g tgohe aj speikjkigtkal sfauh` oe prepgre` ta elsure tfe preselie aj every type aj ktedssgtksjke` egif aoneitkve. Pgohe aj speikjkigtkal ks ghsa mlawl gs tfe test ohue prklt. G ohue prklt aj test fehps us kl

`eterdkle wfetfer tfe ludoers aj kteds aj rehgtkvehy dare kdpartglt aoneitkves gre klihu`e` ar lat.

?. Ialstruitklc Pest Kteds>Meepklc kl dkl` tfe vgrkaus oefgvkaurgh speikjkigtkals gl` tfe suoneit-dgtter, tfe

tegifer fgs ta eik`e faw duif wekcftgce sfauh` oe ckvel ta aoneitkve type questkals ar sfart glswer type questkals

ar essgy type questkals. Essgy type questkals gre vghugohe exerikse jar tfe stu`elts out tfey requkre g hat aj tkde.

Aoneitkve type questkals igl oe igtecarkze` klta true/jghse questkals, duhtkphe ifakie questkals, ale war` glswer,

jkhh kl tfe ohglms gl` dgtif tfe pgkr kteds. Essgy type questkals gre use` ta gssess iaddulkigtkal smkhhs aj stu`elts,

wfkhe aoneitkve type questkals gre use` ta test stu`elts mlawhe`ce goaut ul`erstgl`klc aj kjjerelt jgits gl` tfekr

rehgtkalsfkp. Pfraucf aoneitkve types questkals arcglkzgtkal aj tfaucfts gl` expresskal pawer aj tfe stu`elts igl

lat oe nu`ce`, tferejare g ulkt test dust klihu`e oatf essgy type gl` aoneitkve type kteds kj passkohe.

9. Gssedohklc, G`dklksterklc gl` Yiarklc tfe Pest Gssedohe>Gssedohklc degls arcglkzklc tfe ludoer aj

test kteds kl g praper dgller sa tfgt tfe stu`elts egskhy ul`erstgl` tfe wgy aj glswerklc tfe questkals. Sfkhe

gssedohklc tfe questkal pgper tfe sade aj tfe paklts sfauh` oe meep kl dkl` gs `ksiusse` oehaw>

(k) Grrglcedelt aj questkals dust oe jrad egsy ta kjjkiuht.

(kk) Ludoerklc ta every questkal gl` kts ghh pgrts dust oe praper.

(kkk) Ygde type aj questkals hkme duhtkphe ifakie kteds sfauh` oe craupe` tacetfer ludoere` jrad egskest ta

dast `kjjkiuht ale.

(kv) Yphkttklc aj gly questkal kl twa pgces dust oe gvak`e`.

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(v) Kt dust klihu`e celergh klstruitkals g``ressklc tfe stu`elts wktf respeit ta tkde, dgrms gl` ludoer aj

questkals ta oe gttedpte`.

G`dklkstrgtkal

Jar praper g`dklkstrgtkal>

(k) Egif stu`elt dust oe pravk`e` iapy aj tfe test pgper sepgrgtehy.

(kk) Yegtklc grrglcedelt jar tfe stu`elts dust oe praper kl ar`er ta cet sujjkikelt gkr, hkcft gl` spgie jar wrktklc.

Yiarklc tfe Pest

Pegifer dust prepgre tfe glswer mey jar ghh tfgt questkals ckvel kl tfe test pgper. Jar essgy gl` sfart typequestkals da`eh glswers dust oe wrkttel kl steps gl` dgrmklc sifede jar egif steps sfauh` oe deltkale` kl tfgt

glswer mey.

Gjter siarklc tfe glswer sfeets, kt ks esseltkgh ta glghyze tfe perjardglie aj egif stu`elt `kstklcuksfhy.

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