Teen 1 STUDENT’S BOOKLET

Inglês • 7.o ano • Nível 3

BOOKLET

7n

2

CONTENTSÍNDICE

Unit 1 Physical description..........................................3

Names of countries.........................................4Music....................................................................4Numbers.............................................................5

Unit 1 Personal pronouns...........................................17

Verb to be..........................................................17

Indefinite article...............................................18

Possessive determiners..................................18

Adjective..........................................................18

Unit 2 Simple present: regular verbs......................19

Present continuous..........................................19

Interrogative pronouns...................................20

Interrogative adverbs....................................20

Interrogative determiners..............................20

Adverbs of frequency....................................20

Unit 3 Conditional sentences...................................20

Modal verbs.....................................................21

Simple past: to be...........................................22

Simple past: regular verbs............................22

Unit 2 Daily Routine......................................................5Food......................................................................6

Hobbies...............................................................6Sports..................................................................7

Unit 3 School...............................................................7Types of schools..............................................7

Subjects........................................................8

Facilities/rooms..............................................8

School objects / materials..............................8

Activities.....................................................9

People.............................................................9

Unit 4 The family...........................................................9The house.........................................................10

Unit 4 Personal pronouns: object.............................24

Adjectives: comparative...............................24

Simple past: irregular verbs.........................25

Possessive case..............................................25

Unit 5 Prepositions of time........................................26

Prepositions of place.......................................27

Prepositions of movement............................27

Adjectives: superlative...................................27

Verbs: past continuous...................................28

Unit 6 Verbs: present perfect....................................28

Relative pronouns............................................29

Noun plurals.....................................................30

Unit 7 Imperative..........................................................31

Future: going to...............................................31

Future: will.........................................................31

Indefinite adjectives and pronouns............32

Indefinite adverbs and pronouns.................32

Unit 5 The city..............................................................11

Shops / stores...................................................11

Means of transport.........................................12

Weather.............................................................12

Unit 6 Holidays..............................................................13

Places/destinations..........................................13

Activities............................................................13

Description of places....................................13

Working places................................................14

Jobs....................................................................14

Unit 7 Hallowe’en........................................................14

Christmas and New Year...............................15

Saint Valentine’s Day......................................16

Independence Day..........................................16

GLOSSARY BASIC GRAMMARPág. Pág.

GLOSSARY

3

Eyes olhos

long compridas

strong fortes

thin magras

short curtas

blue azuis

small pequenos

big grandes

brown castanhos

dark negros

hazel verdes

GLOSSARY

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTIONDESCRIÇÃO DE PESSOAS

fat gordo/forte

strongly-built bem constituído

slim/slender elegante

thin magro

large grande

small pequena

smiling sorridente

serious séria

long (conk) comprido (penca)

short curto

turned-up arrebitado

pointed pontiagudo

round redondo

pale pálida

dark escura

brown morena

light clara

wavy ondulado

curly frisado, encaracolado

short curto

long longo

light claro

dark escuro

black negro

blond/fair loiro

brown castanho

red ruivo

pony tail rabo de cavalo

tall alto

short / small baixo

of medium height médio

long compridos

short curtos

round redonda

square quadrada

rectangular rectangular

Body corpo

Height altura

Arms braços

Legs pernas

Face cara

Mouth boca

Nose nariz

Skin/Complexion pele

Hair cabelo

He’s quite handsome. He’s of medium height, his skin is pale. He’s got blue eyesand straight fair hair. His nose is a bit pointed. He isn’t slim but he isn’t fat either.

EXAMPLES

UNIT 1 Who is who?

GLOSSARY

4

NAMES OF COUNTRIESNOMES DE PAÍSES

MUSICMÚSICA

An Englishman – um inglêsAn Englishwoman – uma inglesaA Scot / Scotsman – um escocêsAn Irishman – um irlandêsA Welshman – um galês

NOTICE

Nowadays many teenagers play musical instruments. Boy and girl bands are becoming more and more popular. They play popmusic. They have their favourite bands and buy their CDs. This is commercial music. Others prefer listening to classical music;most children learn how to play the piano, the recorder or the violin. They sometimes go to concerts and join in school choirs.

EXAMPLES

England – EnglishInglaterra – inglês/esa

Scotland – Scottish Escócia – escocês/esa

Wales – Welsh País de Gales – galês/esa

Germany – GermanAlemanha – alemão/alemã

Austria – Austrian Áustria – austríaco/a

Canada – CanadianCanadá – canadiano/a

Australia – AustralianAustralia – australiano/a

France – FrenchFrança – francês/esa

recorderflauta de bisel

pianopiano

guitarguitarra

saxophonesaxofone

clarinetclarinete

cellovioloncelo

bassbaixo

keyboard keyboard/teclado

violinviolino

Switzerland – Swiss Suíça – suíço/a

Poland – Polish Polónia – polaco/a

Spain – Spanish Espanha – espanhol/a

India – Indian Índia – indiano/a

Portugal – PortuguesePortugal – português/esa

Northern Ireland – IrishIrlanda do Norte – irlandês/esa

Republic of Ireland / Eire – IrishRepública da Irlanda – irlandês/esa

United States of America – American Estados Unidos da América – americano/a

countrycountry

classicalclássica

choralcoral

poppop

rock rock

jazzjazz

alternativealternativa

metalmetal

orchestraorquestra

conductormaestro

band banda

singercantor/a

vocalistvocalista

playersinstrumentistas

groupsgrupos

Countries países

Countriespaíses

Types tipos

People pessoas

Musical instrumentsinstrumentos musicais

United Kingdom Reino Unido

GLOSSARY

5

1 one

2 two

3 three

4 four

5 five

6 six

7 seven

8 eight

9 nine

10 ten

11 eleven

12 twelve

13 thirteen

14 fourteen

15 fifteen

16 sixteen

17 seventeen

18 eighteen

19 nineteen

20 twenty

21 twenty--one

30 thirty

40 forty

50 fifty

60 sixty

70 seventy

80 eighty

90 ninety

100 one / ahundred

I usually get up at 7.30when the alarm clockrings. My classes begin at8.30 every day. I don’thave any classes onSaturday. We generallyhave lunch at 1.30, when Iget home from school andwe have dinner at 8o’clock in the evening. Atweekends I always get uparound 10 and go to bedlater at night. Most shopsopen at 9 am and close at5.30 pm.

EXAMPLES

UNIT 2 Life is tough!

It’s 3 o’clock = it’s 3 am/3 pm.São três horas.

It’s 10 o’clock = it’s 10 pm. São dez horas.

It’s 12 o’clock.São doze horas = é meio dia.

It’s 3.30 – it’s half past 3.São três e meia.

It’s 10.45 – it’s ten forty five= it’s a quarter to eleven.São dez e quarenta e cinco = é um quarto para as onze.

It’s 6.20 – it’s twenty past six.São seis e vinte.

8.50 – it’s ten to nine=it’s eight fifty.São dez para as nove / oito e cinquenta.

12.00 am = midday/noonmeio-dia am = before midday

It’s 3.15 – it’s a quarter past 3.São três e um quarto.

12.00 pm = midnightmeia-noite pm = post midday

NUMBERSNÚMEROS

DAILY ROUTINEROTINA DIÁRIA

get washedlavar-se

sleepdormir

wake upacordar

have breakfast tomar o pequeno almoço

have dinner / dinejantar

comb one’s hairpentear-se

have lunchalmoçar

get dressedvestir-se

get uplevantar-se

wrist watch relógio de pulso

church clockrelógio de igreja

grandfather clock relógio de caixa alta

alarm clockdespertador

digital clockrelógio digital

sunset pôr-do-sol

morningmanhã

afternoontarde

nightnoite

sunrisenascer do sol

evening (5 pm-9 pm)tardinha/noite

Daily routinerotina diária

Clocksrelógios

Timetempo

GLOSSARY

6

Nowadays most people take care about the food they eat. Teenagers love fast food but they also try not to put on too muchweight. They have light breakfasts and avoid greasy food like chips. Some prefer yoghurts and milk to meat or fish. In generalhamburgers and crisps are still popular among teenagers. Older people prefer traditional food, soup, meat or fish and a lot ofvegetables and fruit. Some British people are vegetarian.

EXAMPLES

breakfast pequeno almoço

lunch almoço

tea chá

dinner jantar

supper ceia ou jantar

snack refeição ligeira

traditional food comida tradicional

fast food comida pronta a comer

vegetarian food comida vegetariana

exotic food comida exótica

take away comida para levar para casa

restaurant restaurante

café café

coffee shop casa de chá

cafeteria cafetaria

sweet shop confeitaria, pastelaria

pub bar

Types tipos Meals refeições

HOBBIES/SPORTSPASSATEMPOS FAVORITOS/DESPORTOS

computer gamesjogos de computador

listening to musicouvir música

spare timetempos livres

weekendsfins-de-semana

holidaysférias

leisurelazer

pastimespassatempos

gamesjogos

readingleitura

writing lettersescrever cartas

surfing the netnavegar na net

playing cardsjogar às cartas

watching TVver TV

cinemacinema

paintingpintura

dancingdança

dramateatro

knittingfazer malha

cookingcozinhar

Food produtos

• milk leite• bread pão• butter manteiga• corn flakes flocos de aveia• coffee café• fruit fruta

• yoghurt iogurte• eggs ovos• cheese queijo• ham fiambre• meat carne• fish peixe

• vegetables legumes• chips batatas fritas• soup sopa• fruit juice sumo de fruta• beer cerveja• wine vinho

FOODCOMIDA

Placeslocais

Hobbiespassatempos favoritos

GLOSSARY

7

My school report was excellent thisterm.We will use the school bus for thestudy trip.I hope I don’t fail this year. Mymarks were not very good.

EXAMPLES

Mark goes to a boarding school. Heonly comes home at the weekend.When I finish secondary school, Iwant to go to university.

EXAMPLES

UNIT 3 School

SCHOOLESCOLA

homeworktrabalho de casa

timetablehorário

failreprovar

study / field tripvisita de estudo

breakintervalo

classturma

termperíodo

school busautocarro escolar

testteste

marknota

passpassar

examexame

essaytrabalho escrito

bellcampainha

lessonslições / aulas

school report boletim escolar

swimmingnatação

hockeyhóquei

bike ridingandar de

bicicleta/ciclismo

tennisténis

gymnasticsginástica

basketballbasquetebol

athleticsatletismo

karatekaraté

football/soccerfutebol

horse ridingequitação

surfingsurf

mountaineeringmontanhismo

skiingski

Most teenagers spend their spare time doingsome hobbies or practising sports.The most popular hobbies nowadays arecomputer games or surfing the net. Thosewho are not so keen on technology watch TVor listen to music. At school they play foot-ball, basketball or volleyball. At the weekendthey go jogging, mountaineering, swimmingor bike riding.

EXAMPLES

joggingjogging

kindergarten / nursery schooljardim infantil

middle school / junior high schoolescola do 2º e 3º. ciclo

university / college ensino superior

private schoolescola privada

state schoolescola pública

special schoolescola de educação especial

secondary school / high school (US)escola secundária

boarding schoolcolégio interno

primary / elementary school (US)escola primária / 1º. ciclo

preparatory schoolescola preparatória

Sportsdesportos

Schoolescola

Types of schoolstipos de escolas

GLOSSARY

8

microscopemicroscópio

chalkgiz

school uniformuniforme escolar

computercomputadordesk

carteira

dictionarydicionário

overhead projectorretroprojector

watercoloursaguarelas

pen caneta

training shoes / trainers (inf.)sapatilhas

pencillápis

notebookcaderno de apontamentos

I didn’t play football today becauseI forgot my training shoes.Today my satchel is very heavy. I’mcarrying three notebooks and twodictionaries.In my opinion, school uniformsare not a good idea.

EXAMPLES

Our Arts room is really great. I also love the gym.Our students’ common room isn’t big. When we don’t have classes, we like to go to the video room and the library.

classroomsala de aula

swimming poolpiscina

students’ common roomsala dos alunos

headteacher’s studysala do director / Presidente

teacher’s staff roomsala de professores

barbar playground

recreio

termperíodo

school officesecretaria

Arts roomsala de Educação Visual

laboratorylaboratório

librarybiblioteca

gymginásio

football fieldcampo de futebol

video roomsala de vídeo

receptionrecepção

toiletscasas de banho

CraftsworkTrabalhos Manuais

HistoryHistória

MusicMúsica

MathsMatemática

BiologyBiologia

GermanAlemão

FrenchFrancês

Religious EducationReligião e Moral

GeographyGeografia

EnglishInglês

ChemistryQuímica

PortuguesePortuguês

ArtArte / Educação Visual

Physical Education (P.E.)Educação Física

EXAMPLES

Subjectsdisciplinas

Facilities / roomsinstalações / salas / divisões

School objects / materialmaterial escolar

GLOSSARY

9

dance clubclube de dança

English clubclube de Inglês

journaljornal

music clubclube de música

sports clubclube de desporto

exhibitionexposição

quizconcurso

drama clubclube de teatro

competitioncompetição, prova

environment clubclube do ambiente

pottery clubclube de olaria

multimedia clubclube de multimédia

teacherprofessor

pupilaluno

studentestudante

classmatecolega de turma

school secretaryfuncionário de secretaria

school pal colega

classmatecolega de turma

form teacherdirector de turma

form leaderdelegado de turma

partnercompanheiro de carteira

This year all my classmates are great, especially my partner.We are making a journal for the English club.Rui is our form leader. Everybody likes him.

EXAMPLES

UNIT 4 Home sweet home!

THE FAMILYA FAMÍLIA

daughterfilha

fatherpai

sonfilho

childrenfilhos

grandfatheravô

grandmotheravó

mothermãe

sisterirmã

brotherirmão

nephewsobrinho

mother-in-lawsogra

cousinprimo

aunttia

uncletio

sister-in-lawcunhada

godmothermadrinhain-laws

parentes por afinidade

godfatherpadrinho

brother-in-lawcunhado

father-in-lawsogro

niecesobrinha

My family is quite big. There are six of us at home. My father is 42, my mother is 40. There are three children, two sons and adaughter. My grandmother is also living with us. My grandfather died last year.Uncle Tom and aunt Nina live in the neighbourhood with my cousins, Jim and Laura.

EXAMPLES

birth nascimento

baptism / christening baptismo

birthday dia de anos

wedding casamento

divorce divórcio

death morte

Activitiesactividades

Peoplepessoas

The familya família

Relativesparentes

GLOSSARY

10

council housecasa da câmara

ceilingtecto

rooftelhado

wallparede

windowjanela

gateportão

gardenjardim

chimneychaminé

floorchão (dentro de casa)

doorporta

THE HOUSEA CASA

cottagecasa de campo

detached housemoradia

bungalowmoradia num só piso

terraced housecasa térrea

semi-detached housecasa geminada

manor housecasa senhorial

block of flatsbloco de apartamentos/prédio

pantrydispensa

kitchencozinha

bathroomcasa de banho

living roomsala comum

children’s roomquarto das crianças

bedroomquarto de cama

drawing roomsala de visitas

cellarcave

dining roomsala de jantar

studyescritório

fridgefrigorífico

vacuum cleaner / hooveraspirador

TV setaparelho de televisãohi-fi system

aparelhagem de som

freezerarca congeladora

ovenforno

cooker / stovefogão

washing machinemáquina de lavar roupa

dishwashermáquina de lavar loiça

sofasofá

bedcama

cupboardarmário

bedside tablemesa de cabeceira

closet / fitted wardrobeguarda-fatos

chest of drawerscómodaarmchair

maplesinkbanca

tablemesa

bookcaseestante

chaircadeira

carpettapete

picturequadro

shelfprateleira

fireplacefogão de sala

coffee tablemesinha de café

ornamentbibelot

clockrelógio

mirrorespelho

curtaincortina

lampcandeeiro

vasevaso

I love my house. It’s my sanctuary, where I feel at home. It’s cosy andwarm. It’s a detached house with a small garden, near the woods. Ithas got six rooms. The kitchen is quite large and we have our mealsthere. We’ve got all modern appliances and the furniture is simple.

EXAMPLES

Types of housestipos de casas

Roomsdivisões

Furnituremobília

Electrical applianceselectrodomésticos

Decoration decoração

Parts of the housespartes da casa

GLOSSARY

11

My mother likes to shop in big shopping malls such as Harrods because she can find everything she needs there.Paul avoids going to hypermarkets. He prefers to shop in his neighbourhood shops, such as the grocer’s and the butcher’s.Where’s the chemist’s? I need to buy a pill for my headache.

menswear shoploja de modas (homem)

drugstoredrogaria

grocer’s mercearia

stationerypapelaria

greengrocer’spomar

chemist’sfarmácia

hypermarkethipermercado

supermarketsupermercado

music shopartigos musicais

sweetshoppastelaria

baker’s padaria

women’s clothes loja de modas (senhoras)

newsagent’s tabacaria

butcher’s talho

fishmonger’speixaria

bookshoplivraria

ironmonger’s / hardware store (US)loja de utensílios domésticos / ferragens

UNIT 5 Places around you

THE CITYA CIDADE

buildingedifício

hospitalhospital

theatreteatro

cinemacinema

avenueavenida

squarepraça

street(s)rua(s)

parkparque

corneresquina

marketmercado

hostelestalagem

hotelhotel

gardenjardim

churchigreja

bridgeponte

museummuseu

youth hostelalbergue de juventude

shopping mallcentro comercial

post officecorreios

police stationesquadra

skyscraperarranha-céus

restaurantrestaurante

When we visited London last month we stayed in a youth hostel.I must go the post office to receive a package. My sister lives in a block of flats, next to the park. There is a bus stop right in front of her building.

EXAMPLES

EXAMPLES

The city a cidade

Shop / storeslojas / armazéns

bus stopparagem de autocarro

block of flatsbloco de apartamentos

GLOSSARY

12

take the second turning on the left/rightvirar na segunda rua à esquerda/direita

bus autocarro

carcarro

traincomboio

lorrycamião

undergroundmetropolitano

motorbikemotocicleta

shipbarco

vancarrinha

taxitáxi

bicyclebicicleta

planeavião

A car is faster and probably safer but I preferthe bicycle. When I need to travel longerdistances I use the train.The undeground is the fastest way to movearound in the city. The bus is also efficient,but not as fast.

EXAMPLES

To get to the museum you need to turn left, walkalong the street and go through the park. Then,cross the bridge and take the second turning onthe right. The museum is opposite the hospital.

EXAMPLES

go straight onseguir em frente

turn leftvirar à esquerda

turn rightvirar à direita

walk up the streetsubir a rua

go through the parkir através do parque

cross the bridgeatravessar a ponte

go along the streetseguir ao longo da rua

walk down the streetdescer a rua

Directions direcções

Adjectives adjectivos

• rainy chuvoso• cloudy nublado• stormy tempestuoso• sunny solarengo• heavy forte

• light leve, fraco, desanuveado• snowy nevado• windy ventoso• cool fresco• cold frio

• damp húmido• wet molhado• fine bom• dry seco• hot muito quente

• warm quente• northern de norte• southern de sul• eastern de leste• western de oeste

• forecast previsão• fog nevoeiro• sleet granizo• shower aguaceiro• thunder trovão• wind vento• lightning relâmpago• storm tempestade• sun sol• cloud nuvem• rain chuva

• winter Inverno• summer Verão• autumn Outono• spring Primavera• heat calor• climate clima• hurricane ciclone• north norte• south sul• east este• west oeste

WEATHERTEMPO ATMOSFÉRICO

The forecast says there will be thunder and lightning tomorrow morning, but it will be fine in the afternoon.What’s the weather like in your region?It’s usually sunny and warm this time of the year, but in winter it is always cloudy and very cold.

EXAMPLES

Means of transportmeios de transporte

GLOSSARY

13

awful horrível

dirty sujo

noisy barulhento

dull monótono

dangerous perigoso

uninteresting desinteressante

unpleasant desagradável

polluted poluído

boring aborrecido

beachpraia

monumentsmonumentos

desertdeserto

islandilha

mountainsmontanhas

coastcosta

relax / restdescontrair-se / descansar sail

velejaradmire landscapes

admirar paisagenscamp

acampar

ruinsruínas

lakelago

citycidade

practise sportspraticar desporto

get a suntanbronzear-se

take photostirar fotografias

sit in a cafésentar-se num café

country(side)campo

indoor spacesespaços fechados

go on a safarifazer um safari

explore wild regions explorar regiões selvagens

have fundivertir-se

flyvoarenjoy peace and quiet

desfrutar de paz e sossego

go to a disco / the casinoir a uma discoteca / casino

go sightseeingvisitar (locais famosos ou interessantes)

sea(side)(beira-)mar

river(side)(beira-)rio

open spacesespaços ao ar livre

UNIT 6 To work or not to work

HOLIDAYSFÉRIAS

I’ve decided to spend these summer holidays at the seaside.Mark likes to explore wild regions but his wife prefers to go sightseeing.You will risk your health if you spend too much time lying in the sun to get a suntan.I don’t like anything too dangerous or exciting during my holidays. All I want is to enjoy peace and quiet.

EXAMPLES

DESCRIPTION OF PLACESDESCRIÇÃO DE LUGARES

beautiful belo

peaceful sossegado

pleasant agradável

entertaining divertido

green verdejante

relaxing repousante

clean limpo

exciting excitante

Positive positivo Negative negativo

Places / destinationslugares / destinos

Activitiesactividades

GLOSSARY

14

broomvassoura

candlevela

sweetdoce

costumefato

ghostfantasma

lanternlanterna

witchbruxa

goblinduende maléfico

pumpkinabóbora

wizardfeiticeiro

All HallowsTodos-os-Santos

nightmarepesadelo

mummymúmia

trickpartida

beachpraia

maskmáscara

UNIT 7 Let’s celebrate!

HALLOWE’EN – 31st OctoberDIA DAS BRUXAS – 31 de Outubro

WORKTRABALHO

Jobs profissões / ocupações

• actor actor

• actress actriz

• astronaut astronauta

• pilot piloto

• boss patrão

• cameraman operador de câmara

• pianist pianista

• policeman polícia

• psychiatrist psiquiatra

• reporter repórter

• secretary secretária

• singer cantor

• shop-assistant empregado(a)

• inventor inventor

• journalist jornalista

• lawyer advogado

• manager gerente

• model modelo

• musician músico

• painter pintor

• writer escritor

• photographer fotógrafo

• dentist dentista

• detective detective

• plumber canalizador

• doctor / physician médico

• driver motorista

• electrician electricista

• executive executivo

• fisherman pescador

• fireman bombeiro

• gardener jardineiro

• dancer dançarino

• cook cozinheiro

• coach treinador

• dustman homem do lixo, varredor

• shopkeeper comerciante, lojista

• mechanic mecânico

courttribunal

bankbanco

stagepalco

surgeryconsultório

companycompanhia, firma

factoryfábrica

shoploja

studioestúdio

officeescritório

Working placeslocais de trabalho

Hallowe’endia das bruxas

GLOSSARY

15

chimneychaminé

Father ChristmasPai Natal

coalcarvão

North PolePólo Norte

reindeerrena sack / bag

saco

fireplacelareira

sleightrenó

presentspresentes

Saint NicholasS. Nicolau

stockingmeia, peúga

toysbrinquedos

Verbs verbos Adjectives adjectivos

• to frighten / scare assustar• to knock on the door bater à porta• to play a trick (on) pregar uma partida (a)• to scream / shout / yell gritar• to wear vestir• to carve esculpir

• funny engraçado• amusing divertido• frightening / scary / spooky assustador• strange estranho• traditional tradicional• cross zangado

On Hallowe’en, kids wearcostumes, knock on doorsand say ‘Trick or treat’.People carve pumpkinsand put candles inside tomake them look scary.

EXAMPLES

Boxing Day is a holiday on the firstweekday after Christmas.Some children believe Santa Clauscomes down the chimney onChristmas Eve and leaves a present inthe stocking they put on the fireplace.

EXAMPLES

CHRISTMAS AND NEW YEAR25th December and 1st January DIA DE NATAL E DE ANO NOVO – 25 de Dezembro e 1 de Janeiro

Boxing Day 26 de Dezembro

Christmas Eve Véspera de Natal

New Year’s Eve Véspera de Ano Novo

New Year’s Day Dia de Ano Novo

Dates datas

Customs and traditions costumes e tradições

• Christmas cards cartões de Natal• Christmas decorations decorações de Natal• Christmas carols canções de Natal• Christmas greetings saudações de Natal

• Christmas tree árvore de Natal• (boughs) of holly (ramos de) azevinho• midnight mass missa da meia-noite• New Year’s resolutions resoluções de Ano Novo

• mistletoe visco• tinsel ouropel• snow neve• crib presépio

Santa Claus / Father ChristmasPai Natal

GLOSSARY

16

Countries países

The Christmas tree looks beautiful withtinsel and snow.Mince pie and Christmas pudding aremy favourite food at Christmas.On New Year’s Eve people drink a toastand make New Year’s resolutions.

EXAMPLES

kissbeijo

giftpresente

patron saintsanto padroeiro

soul alma

surprisesurpresa

heartcoração

darling / sweetheartquerido/a, adorado/a

dateencontro

girlfriendnamorada

Valentinepostal de S. Valentim

o/a eleito/a

postbox / letter boxmarco / caixa do correio

boyfriendnamorado

SAINT VALENTINE’S DAY14th February DIA DE S. VALENTIM – 14 de Fevereiro

INDEPENDENCE DAY 4th of July DIA DA INDEPENDÊNCIA – 4 de Julho

toastbrinde

raisinsuvas passas

Christmas cakebolo de Natal

Christmas puddingpudim de Natal

Verbs verbos

• to cry chorar• to fall in love apaixonar-se• to love amar, gostar muito• to lie mentir

• to miss sentir falta (de)• to need precisar• to send enviar• to share partilhar

• to sign assinar• to smile sorrir

colonycolónia

paradeparada

bandbanda

picnicpiquenique

fireworksfogo-de-artifício

barbecuechurrasco

declarationdeclaração

flagbandeira

(roast) turkeyperu (assado)

mince piepastel com recheio de frutas

Foodcomida

Nounsnomes

BASIC GRAMMAR

17

we

you

they

Plural

I

you

he

she

it

PERSONAL PRONOUNSPRONOMES PESSOAIS

Subject

Singular

I am Portuguese.Do you play the piano?He is English.She can play the guitar.We don’t speak English.They love ice cream.

EXAMPLES

BASIC GRAMMARUNIT 1 Who is who?

VERB TO BE – SIMPLE PRESENTVERBO TO BE – PRESENTE DO INDICATIVO

As respostas curtas são:

Yes, I am. No, I’m not. Yes, we are. No, we aren’t.

Yes, he is. No, he isn’t. Yes, they are. No, they’re not = they aren’t.

Usa-se o verbo to be, em certas condições, quando falamos de:

naturalidade – I’m from Porto. distância – It’s 50 km from here.

idade – I’m thirteen. preço – It’s $2.

altura – I’m 1 metre 50. horas – It’s 4.30.

peso – I’m 50 kilos. datas – It’s 4th July today.

tamanho – This room is 20 square metres. fome, sede, cansaço – I’m hungry. I’m thirsty. I’m tired.

I’m English.He’s Spanish.We’re students.He isn’t tired.They aren’t Portuguese.Are you French?Is he hungry?Are they ill?

EXAMPLES

T7B-2

Simple Present (To Be)

I’m

you’re

he’s

she’s

it’s

we’re

you’re

they’re

=

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

am

are

is

are

?

I

you

he

she

it

we

you

they

Am

Are

Is

Are

=

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

am

are

is

are

not not

‘m

‘re

‘s

‘re

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

BASIC GRAMMAR

18

our

your

their

Plural

my

your

his

her

its

POSSESSIVE DETERMINERSDETERMINANTES POSSESSIVOS

Possessive determiners

Singular

What’s your address?My mother is a teacher.His uncle works for ‘Virgin’.Our house is quite big.Have you got your tickets?They lost their books.

EXAMPLES

utiliza-se antes de palavras que começam porconsoante.

utiliza-se antes de palavras que começam porvogal.

ana

• antes de palavras começadas por y, u (som j) e w não se deve utilizar “an”.He’s got a yellow pullover.Is there a university here?England is a European country.She’s a wonderful teacher.

• antes de h (h mudo) utiliza-se “an”.The plane arrives in an hour.He’s an honest man.

THE INDEFINITE ARTICLEO ARTIGO INDEFINIDO

ADJECTIVEADJECTIVO

We’ve got a big car.Take a seat!A sandwich, please.

EXAMPLES

Take an umbrella. It’s going to rain.Give me an example, please.I’d like an ice cream, please.

EXAMPLES

a blue dress three blue dressesa beautiful house two beautiful housesit’s very heavy they are very heavy

EXAMPLES

a fat woman an expensive housea young man a modern cara beautiful story a heavy satchel

EXAMPLES

Não se utiliza “a” ou “an” no plural.Boys and girls go to the school bar regularly.He buys books every month.

NOTA

Pode-se usar mais de um adjectivo antes do substantivo semand entre eles.It’s a new English dictionary.She’s a nice young woman.

NOTA

O adjectivo vem sempre depois do verbo to be.She’s slim and smart.He is late.They are angry.

NOTA

• O adjectivo é invariável em inglês. É igual no mascu-lino, feminino e plural.

• O adjectivo vem sempre antes do substantivo (pessoa,lugar ou coisa).

BASIC GRAMMAR

19

am not

are not (aren’t)

is not (isn’t)

are not (aren’t)

Do

Does

Do

Com o presente do indicativo usam-se advérbios de tempo como:always • often • usually • sometimes • rarely • generally • normally • seldom • frequently • never • regularly • etc.

NOTA

UNIT 2 Life is tought!

SIMPLE PRESENT: REGULAR VERBSVERBOS REGULARES: PRESENTE DO INDICATIVO

notwork =

Affirmative Negative

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

work

works

work

Interrogative

I

you

he

she

it

we

you

they

do

does

do

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

work work?

don’t

doesn’t

don’t

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

PRESENT CONTINUOUSVERBOS REGULARES: PRESENTE DO INDICATIVO

Affirmative Negative

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

am

are

is

are

Am

Are

Is

Are

Interrogative

I

you

he

she

it

we

you

they

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

sleeping. sleeping. sleeping?

AffirmativeWe go to school every day.She loves ice-creams.I live in Oporto.He often drives to work.He lives in Baker Street.

NegativeWe don’t go to school by bus.She doesn’t speak English.I don’t like bananas.

InterrogativeDoes she usually wear bikinis?Do they listen to music?Do you like football?

EXAMPLES

Verbos terminados em: consonant + -y – acrescenta-se -ies cry – cries-sh, -s, -ch, -x – acrescenta-se -es wash – washes

-o – acrescenta-se -es go – goes

NOTA

BASIC GRAMMAR

20

QUESTION WORDSPERGUNTAS

Interrogative PronounsPronomes interrogativos

Interrogative AdverbsAdvérbios interrogativos

Interrogative DeterminersDeterminantes interrogativos

Who… ?

What… ?

Which… ?

Where… ?

When… ?

Why… ?

How… ?

What... ?

Which (of them)... ?

How many… ?

São constituídas por duas orações – a oração condicional (if-clause) e a oração principal (main-clause) – traduzindo,como o próprio nome indica, condições, isto é, situações que podem acontecer, levando a determinados resultados.

Quando a if-clause surge no simple present, podem ocorrer duas situações na main clause:

1.

Este tipo de frase traduz hábitos, situações repetidas com frequência, factos tidos como verdadeiros.

If + Simple Present --------------------- Simple Present (TYPE 0)

Usam-se com interrogativas directas, para formular perguntas.

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCYADVÉRBIOS DE FREQUÊNCIA

usually

often

regularly

always

sometimes

every day

seldom

rarely

never

occasionally

Usam-se para indicar uma acção frequente, um hábito.

UNIT 3 School

CONDITIONAL SENTENCESFRASES CONDICIONAIS

O present continuous usa-se para indicar acções que estão a decor-rer no momento em que se está a falar. Também serve para indicarum hábito que nos incomoda ou é negativo. O present continuous éusado ainda quando nos referimos a uma acção futura já planeada.

As respostas curtas são:

While Lisa is studying, Joe is listening to music.She’s always teasing me.Mum is talking on the phone to her friendMaureen.Who’s knocking on the door?Are you leaving now?She’s travelling to Paris next week.I’m staying at home tonight.

EXAMPLES

Yes, I am.

Yes, he is.

Yes, we are.

No, I’m not.

No, he isn’t.

No, we aren’t.

BASIC GRAMMAR

21

2.

Usamos frases deste tipo para exprimir forte possibilidade / probabilidade.

If + Simple Present ------------------ will + infinitive (TYPE 1)will not (won’t) + infinitive

Nas orações condicionais TIPO 0, a conjunção if tem o significado de when(ever) (quando, sempre que).

NOTA

If (= When) I don’t have anyone to go out with, I stay at home. I spend the summer holidays at home.If (= When) it’s cold, I don’t go out so often.If (= When) it rains a lot, it is very dangerous to drive fast.

EXAMPLES

If you don’t behave, you won’t (will not) have bacon and eggs for breakfast tomorrow.If I have the courage, I’ll ask Doris to marry me.Melissa will miss the beginning of the class if she doesn’t hurry.If you come with me, you won’t (will not) be late for class.

EXAMPLES

MODAL VERBSVERBOS MODAIS

not =

Affirmative Negativecan

could

may

might

will

would

shall

should

must

Can

Could

May

Might

Will

Would

Shall

Should

Must

Interrogative

I

can

could

may

might

will

would

shall

should

must

I I I ?

can’t / cannot

couldn’t

—

mightn’t

won’t

wouldn’t

shan’t

shouldn’t

mustn’t

She can play the guitar. He cannot swim.Would you do me a favour? May I open the window, sir?It might rain today. Could you bring me that chair?We must go now. You should go to the dentist.They shouldn’t speak so loud.

EXAMPLES

Os verbos modais:• são sempre seguidos do infinitivo de outro verbo;• nunca levam -s na 3.a pessoa do singular;• não se formam com auxiliar na negativa e interrogativa.

NOTA Usam-se para indicar, por exemplo:

capacidade ability: can, could

permissão permission: can, may

dever duty: should

probabilidade probability: can, might

pedido request: can, could, would

possibilidade possibility: can

necessidade necessity: must (have to)

obrigação obligation: must (have to)

proibição prohibition: mustn’t

oferta offer: can, would, shall

BASIC GRAMMAR

22

Yes, we / you / they were.No, we / you / they were not (weren’t).

Was

Were

Was

Were

• O verbo to be não precisa de verbo auxiliarpara formar a negativa e a interrogativa.

• Ao contrário do que acontece com osoutros verbos, no simple past o verbo tobe apresenta duas formas diferentes: wase were.

VERB TO BE – SIMPLE PAST

AffirmativeI

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

was

were

was

were

not =

Negative Interrogative

?

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

was

were

was

were

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

wasn’t

weren’t

wasn’t

weren’t

I

you

he

she

it

we

you

they

Plural

Yes, I was.No, I was not (wasn’t).

Yes, you were.No, you were not (weren’t).

Yes, he/she/it was.No, he/she/it was not (wasn’t).

Singular

short answersrespostas curtas

Who was at the party yesterday?Oh, there were many people there. Were there any friends from school?No, there weren’t any. But, Jane was there with her sister. They were very nice.

EXAMPLES

Simple Past (To Be)

Yes, we / you / they did.No, we / you / they did not (didn’t).

AffirmativeI

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

visited

visited

visited

notvisit =

Negative InterrogativeI

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

did

did

did

Did

Did

Did

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

didn’t

didn’t

didn’t

I

you

he

she

it

we

you

they

Plural

Yes, I / you did.No, I / you did not (didn’t).

Yes, he / she / it did.No, he / she / it did not (didn’t).

Singular

short answersrespostas curtas

SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR VERBS

visit visit?

BASIC GRAMMAR

23

• A interrogativa faz-se com did + sujeito + infinitivo.

• A negativa faz-se com did + not + infinitivo.

• Usa-se o simple past para descrever acções iniciadas e acabadas num tempo passado, definido pelo contexto oupor algumas expressões de texto:

• O simple past dos verbos regulares é igual em todas as pessoas.

– yesterday– last (summer / year / Christmas / month / week(end) / Sunday / night)– (two hours / five days / three weeks / six months / a year) ago

Today I didn’t travel to school by bus. My mother decided to drive me.Did you talk to your teacher about the test? Yes, we did. She agreed with us.

EXAMPLES

a) Aos verbos terminados em -e acrescentamos só -d:

b) Os verbos terminados em consoante + -y mudam o -y final para -ie antes de -d:

Compara:

c) Os verbos de uma sílaba terminados em consoante + vogal + consoante dobram a consoante final antes de -ed:

Compara:

d) Os verbos com mais de uma sílaba só dobram a consoante final antes de -ed se a sílaba tónica for a última:

Compara:

e) Todos os verbos terminados em -el dobram, no inglês britânico, o -l final antes de -ed:

to cancel cancelledto rebel rebelledto travel travelled

to listen listenedto remember remembered

to permit permittedto refer referredto regret regretted

to join joinedto explain explained

to grab grabbedto plan plannedto stop stopped

to enjoy enjoyedto play played

to copy copiedto study studiedto worry worried

to dance dancedto live livedto prepare prepared

NOTAS

• Para formarmos o simple past de verbos regulares, acrescentamos -(e)d à forma infinitiva.

BASIC GRAMMAR

24

Usa-se para comparar duas pessoas ou coisas.

Acrescenta-se -er ao adjectivo quando ele tem uma sílaba ou duas, terminando em -er, -le ou -y.

ADJECTIVES: COMPARATIVEADJECTIVOS: COMPARATIVO

Se o adjectivo é longo, com duas, três ou mais sílabas, acrescenta-se more.

This programme is even more boring than the other. The film is more interesting than the book.Maths is more difficult than Portuguese. The countryside is more beautiful than the city.

EXAMPLES

The Smiths are richer than the Jones. English is easier than German.Mary is smarter than her brother. Her hair is darker than yours.

EXAMPLES

UNIT 4 Home sweet home!

us

you

them

Plural

me

you

him

her

it

PERSONAL PRONOUNS: OBJECTPRONOMES PESSOAIS: COMPLEMENTO

Object

Singular

She called me a liar. If you like them, take them.He came with her to the party. Speak to him.Can you help us? I’m speaking to you.

EXAMPLES

Estes pronomes são geralmente utilizados na função de complemento directo, indirecto ou a seguir a uma preposição.

The book is better than the film. I’m worse at sports than at languages.That restaurant is good but the other is much better.

EXAMPLES

Bad e good formam comparativos irregulares.

Para comparar também se pode usar as... as, not as... as or not so... as.

She’s as nice as her sister. April is not as warm as June. Simon is not so tall as Vera.

EXAMPLES

BASIC GRAMMAR

25

Usa-se para indicar posse quando o possuidor é uma pessoa.

Coloca-se um ’s (apóstrofo + s) após o nome do possuidor.

POSSESSIVE CASECASO POSSESSIVO

Tim’s bicycle is new. Her mother’s dog disappeared.My friend’s house is small. The president’s visit to Britain was successful.João’s telephone number is 270 45 28. The student’s books are there.

EXAMPLES

• Se o nome está no plural e termina em -s, só se acrescenta um ’ (apóstrofo).

The boys’ surname is Jones. The babies’ bottles are in the cupboard.The teachers’ room is over there. The girls’ friends will come at 6.

EXAMPLES

I didn’t bring the new book to class.Did you bring your new satchel?No, I didn’t, but I brought the magazine you wanted to read.

EXAMPLES

Yes, we / you / they did.No, we / you / they did not (didn’t).

• Ao contrário dos verbos regulares, para formarmos a afirmativa do simple past dos verbos irregulares não pode-mos usar uma regra. Assim, é necessário saber antecipadamente qual a forma irregular. Para aprender as formascertas, é melhor consultar a lista de verbos no final do manual.

• A interrogativa e negativa do simple past dos verbos regulares e irregulares formam-se da mesma maneira.

• Tal como nos verbos regulares, o simple past dos verbos irregulares é igual em todas as pessoas.

AffirmativeI

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

went

went

went

notgo =

Negative InterrogativeI

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

did

did

did

Did

Did

Did

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

didn’t

didn’t

didn’t

I

you

he

she

it

we

you

they

Plural

Yes, I / you did.No, I / you did not (didn’t).Yes, he / she / it did.No, he / she / it did not (didn’t).

Singular

short answersrespostas curtas

SIMPLE PAST: IRREGULAR VERBS

go go?

BASIC GRAMMAR

26

UNIT 5 Places around you

PREPOSITIONS (time)PREPOSIÇÕES (tempo)

usa-se com:

• horas

• celebrações anuais

• weekends / the weekend

• night

at

usa-se com:

• dias (da semana)

• datas

on

I must hurry. My lessons start at 9 a.m. / 9 o’clock.I don’t have to go to school at Christmas or at Easter.I always wake up late at weekends.I never go out at night. It’s very dangerous.

EXAMPLES

usa-se com:

• partes do dia(excepções: at night / on Monday morning)

• meses

• anos

• estações

• séculos

in

I don’t have Geography lessons in the afternoon.We don’t go to school in August.What about you? Do you have classes in summer?I’m going to be a university student in 2007.Don’t be so old-fashioned! Were you born in the 18th century?

EXAMPLES

We don’t have classes on Sunday.Is your birthday on October 15th or October 16th?My English test is on Tuesday morning.They got married on the first day of August.

EXAMPLES

e usam-se para indicar a ordem dasacções (“antes” e “depois”).

afterbeforeI always get up before 8 o’clock.Don’t you feel hungry after a match?

EXAMPLES

usa-se para indicar a duração (período detempo) de uma acção.

duringI like making new friends during the holidays.During the break we talk to each other.

EXAMPLES

• Se o nome acaba em -s e está no singular acrescenta-se ’s.

St. James’s park is beautiful in the summer. Charles’s sister is coming today.Note: Jesus’ life

EXAMPLES

Para indicar posse também se usa of (coisas). That’s the end of the story. The walls of this room need to be painted.

NOTA

• Se o nome está no plural mas não termina em -s acrescenta-se o ’s.

That’s the children’s room. Women’s clothes department.

EXAMPLES

BASIC GRAMMAR

27

PREPOSITIONS (place)PREPOSIÇÕES (lugar)

Usam-se para falar da posição ou lugar de uma pessoa ou objecto.

• Seguem verbos como: be, stand, lie, sit, etc.above behind in on overat below in front of on top of underaway from beside near opposite

The fireplace is in front of the table. There is a basket beside the desk.The bookcase is on the wall. The photo is hanging above the fireplace.The dog is in the garden. The baby is under the chair.

EXAMPLES

PREPOSITIONS (movement)PREPOSIÇÕES (movimento)

Usam-se para indicar movimento, deslocação de uma pessoa ou objecto.across through up down out ofpast along into round / aroundto from from… to towards

To get to the library you must go across the bridge. John walked past me this morning but didn’t see me.Paul ran out of the door and into the street. She climbed to the top of the mountain alone.

EXAMPLES

John is the youngest of the three. Lisbon is the biggest city of Portugal.Estrela is the highest mountain in Portugal.

EXAMPLES

Usam-se para comparar três ou mais pessoas ou coisas.

Se o adjectivo tem uma sílaba ou se termina em -er, -e ou -y acrescenta-se -est ao adjectivo.

ADJECTIVES: SUPERLATIVEADJECTIVOS: SUPERLATIVO

Se o adjectivo é longo (tem duas sílabas ou mais), usa-se (the) most.

Camões is the most famous Portuguese poet. That is the most interesting chapter of the book.His films are the most exciting I know of.

EXAMPLES

Good e bad têm superlativos irregulares.

He’s the best player in the world. She is the worst actress I know.

EXAMPLES

Em alguns casos, as terminações dos adjectivos sofrem alterações:big – biggest nice – nicest easy – easiesthot – hottest strange – strangest happy – happiest

NOTA

BASIC GRAMMAR

28

VERBS: PAST CONTINUOUS

Affirmative

VERBS: PRESENT PERFECT

Affirmative

was

were

is

were

Interrogative

writing writing?notwriting =

NegativeI

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

writing

wasn’t

weren’t

wasn’t

weren’t

I

you

he

she

it

we

you

they

was

were

is

were

Was

Were

Is

Were

Usa-se para indicar uma acção que estava a decorrer em determinada altura no passado ou quando outra ocorreu(simple past).

I was having breakfast when she called. They were playing when the light went off.Were you playing? I wasn’t doing anything when the teacher came in.We were reading when she began to laugh. I wasn’t waiting for you when she arrived.She was working when we came in.

EXAMPLES

Com o past continuous usam-se muitas vezes as conjunções while ou as.

NOTA

UNIT 6 To work or not to work

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

have

has

have

slept

Negative

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

have

has

have

notslept =

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

haven’t

hasn’t

haven’t

slept

Interrogative

I

you

he

she

it

we

you

they

Have

Has

Have

slept?

Yes, we / you / they have.No, we / you / they have not (haven’t).

Plural

Yes, I / you have.No,I / you have not (haven’t).

Yes, he / she / it has.No, he / she / it has not (hasn’t).

Singular

short answersrespostas curtas

BASIC GRAMMAR

29

Os pronomes relativos usam-se para ligar frases, dando informação acerca da pessoa ou coisa de que se está a falar.

• WHO, WHICH e THAT substituem substantivos ou pronomes pessoais.

a) WHO / THAT – remetem para pessoas:

RELATIVE PRONOUNS (who / which / that / whose)PRONOMES RELATIVOS

The little girl who / that is crying is lost.Those are the students who / that went on a school trip to Paris last year.

EXAMPLES

• A interrogativa faz-se com have / has + sujeito + particípio passado.

• A negativa faz-se com have / has + not + particípio passado.

• O Present Perfect usa-se, basicamente, em duas situações:1. Para descrever acções que começam no passado, mas que têm uma ligação ao momento presente.

a) Sem qualquer tipo de referência temporal: Where have you put my slippers? I have washed my hair.b) Com since e for:

I’ve worked in Oporto since 1996. (I still live in Oporto)My wife has had a job in Coimbra for two years. (She still has that job)Nota: – since + ponto no tempo; – for + período de tempo

2. Para descrever acções passadas sem referência temporal específica.a) Sem qualquer tipo de referência temporal: The taxi has arrived.b) Com referências temporais do tipo already, just, still e yet (tempo recente):

I’ve just seen Mary. She has already finished her degree, but she still hasn’t found a job. Maybe she hasn’tlooked in the right places yet...

c) Com ever / never / yet / so far / … : – Have you ever visited China? – No, I’ve never been abroad.d) Com referências a situações habituais / repetidas com frequência: I’ve often talked to her on my way

home. We’ve always discussed this matter with the children.

a) O particípio passado dos verbos regulares é igual à forma do simple past, isto é, forma-se acrescentando -(e)d ao infinitivo:

b) O particípio passado dos verbos irregulares pode ser……igual à forma do simple past: …diferente do simple past:

Infinitive Simple Past Past Participleto be was beento break broke brokento come came cometo sing sang sungto write wrote written

Infinitive Simple Past Past Participleto buy bought boughtto have had hadto find found foundto spent spent spentto tell told told

Infinitive Simple Past Past Participleto decide decided decidedto invent invented inventedto plan planned plannedto work worked worked

NOTAS

• Para formarmos o present perfect, usamos o verbo auxiliar to have, no simple present, e o particípio passado doverbo principal.

BASIC GRAMMAR

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• Em inglês, regra geral, o plural dos substantivos forma-se acrescentando -s.

NOUN PLURALSPLURAL DE SUBSTANTIVOS

hammer hammers plane planes tool tools

EXAMPLES

• Os substantivos terminados em -ch, -sh, -o, -(s)s, -x e -z formam o plural com -es.

• Plurais irregulares

a)

child children foot feet goose geeseman men mouse mice ox oxentooth teeth woman women

EXAMPLES

match matches flash flashes tomato tomatoesbus buses box boxes quiz quizzes

EXAMPLES

• Substantivos terminados em -f(e) fazem o plural com -ves.

Atenção: chiefs / handkerchiefs / roofs / proofs / dwarfs / safes / gulfs.

• Se um substantivo terminar em consoante + -y, transformamos o -y final em -ie para fazer o plural.

knife knives leaf leaves thief thieves wolf wolveslife lives shelf shelves wife wives

EXAMPLES

baby babies secretary secretarieslorry lorries

EXAMPLES

• Formam o plural só com -s os substantivos terminados em -o de origem grega ou latina ou terminados em vogal + -o.

kilo kilos photo photos piano pianos radio radios studio studios

EXAMPLES

Comparar: guy guys bay bayskey keys

• WHOSE substitui adjectivos possessivos e usa-se para indicar a que(m) pertence ou se refere algo.

The driver whose car was damaged was very angry.The workers whose factory was closed are worried about the future.

EXAMPLES

b) WHICH / THAT – remetem para coisas e animais:

Portugal is the country which / that has the most beautiful beaches.This is the restaurant which / that serves the best meals in town.

EXAMPLES

• Quando o pronome relativo tem função de complemento pode omitir-se.

The person (that) you are looking for doesn’t live here any more.The Port (that) we drank was delicious.

EXAMPLES

BASIC GRAMMAR

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IMPERATIVO

c) Substantivos só usados no plural

the Portuguese !! (a Portuguese man) the rich !! (a rich man)the good !! (a good man) the blind !! (a blind man)

EXAMPLES

d) nomes colectivos

Alguns substantivos representam grupos de coisas ou pessoas, podendo também ser usados no plural. No singular,podem ser seguidos de verbo no singular ou plural.

The audience is/are waiting for the actors. This musician likes to play to different types of audiences.The football team is/are playing tonight. The teams are ready to start the game.

EXAMPLES

• O imperativo forma-se com o infinitivo sem to (ex.: go) e usa-sesempre sem nome ou pronome antes do verbo.

• A negativa forma-se com don’t + infinitivo sem to (ex.: don’t go).

O imperativo pode ser usado para fazer pedidos ou dar ordens,instruções e conselhos.

IMPERATIVE

UNIT 7 Let’s celebrate!

Pass me that book, please.Don’t scream. The baby is sleeping.Press the red button and push the door.Don’t disturb other readers in the library.Don’t drive so fast. You may cause an accident.

EXAMPLES

A expressão will + infinitivo (sem to) pode ser usada para indicar acção futura. Contudo, o seu uso é diferente doda expressão going to + infinitivo, pois não é usado para expressarmos acções futuras decididas anteriormente.

WILL - FUTURE

I think I’ll visit Mark tomorrow.If you hurry up, you will catch the bus.I will always live in this city.One day you will be a successful musician.I hope it won’t rain tonight.

EXAMPLES

Podemos usar a expressão going to + infinitivo quando planeamos e temos a intenção clara de fazer algo no futuro.

GOING TO - FUTURE

I am going to visit my grandmother in the Algarve.They are going to watch a film tomorrow. (já decidido e/ou planeado)We are going to buy a new video.

EXAMPLES

b) Plural = singular

1 (rein)deer 2 (rein)deer / 1 fish 2 fish / 1 sheep 2 sheep

EXAMPLES

BASIC GRAMMAR

32

Usamos

• em vez de all (enfatizando a ideia de todos/ase cada um/a), antes de um nome singular.

every

INDEFINITE ADVERBS AND PRONOUNSADVÉRBIOS E PRONOMES INDEFINIDOS

Usamos

• em vez de any ou not, antes de um subs-tantivo, em frases que, apresentando overbo na afirmativa, têm sentido negativo.

no

Usamos

• em frases afirmativas;

some

• quando oferecemos alguma coisa;

• quando pedimos alguma coisa.

Usamos

• em frases interrogativas;

any

• em frases negativas (ou com sentido negativo*).

Pessoas

somebody = someone

anybody = anyone

nobody = no one

everybody = everyone

Coisas

something

anything

nothing

everything

Lugares

somewhere

anywhere

nowhere

everywhere

INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNSADJECTIVOS E PRONOMES INDEFINIDOS

Some of my best friends are in my class.There are some mistakes in this text.

EXAMPLES

Would you like some biscuits?Can I get you some tea?

EXAMPLES

Could you show me some of your photos? Can I have some chocolate cake, Mum?

EXAMPLES

Do you have any lessons on Saturday?Are there any English dictionaries in the library?

EXAMPLES

There’s no school like mine. (There isn’t a school like mine.)I’ve got no problems there. (I haven’t got any problems there.)

EXAMPLES

Every student has a locker. (All the students have lockers.)Every question is tricky. (All the questions are tricky.)

EXAMPLES

I don’t have any lessons on Saturday.There aren’t any English dictionaries in the library.* My brother often goes to school without any books.

EXAMPLES

A partir destas palavras, podemos fazer várias combinações e obter advérbios e pronomes indefinidos que nospermitem falar de:

– No one likes me at school!– Don’t be silly, Louise! Everyone thinks you’re wonderful.– Really? So why isn’t anyone coming to my birthday party?– Well... there’s someone at the door. Go and open it. It’s probably your first guest!

EXAMPLES

(some / any / no / every + -body / -one / -thing / -where)