54
Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans W. A. Neves 1 , D.V. Bernardo 1 , N. Guidon 2 1 Laboratório de Estudos Evolutivos Humanos – Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil 2 Fundação Museu do Homem Americano, Brasil [email protected]

Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

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Page 1: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

Morphological affinities of human

skeletal remains from Serra da

Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and

their implications for the origins of

Native Americans

W. A. Neves1, D. V. Bernardo1, N. Guidon2

1 Laboratório de Estudos Evolutivos Humanos –

Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo,

Brasil

2 Fundação Museu do Homem Americano, Brasil

[email protected]

Page 2: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

Our current perception of the

settlement of the Americas (last decades):

people was present in the New World prior to Clovis (Dillehay, 1997);

a Beringean coastal route was used by the newcomers instead of an

interior corridor (Dixon, 2001);

the lithic industry and subsistence patterns of the pioneers varied

considerably from region to region (Kipnis, 1998; Roosevelt et al., 2002;

Neves & Cornero, 1997);

the first Americans looked very different from late and nowadays

Native Americans (Neves & Pucciarelli, 1991).

Page 3: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

Our current perception of the

settlement of the Americas (last decades):

people was present in the New World prior to Clovis (Dillehay, 1997);

a Beringean coastal route was used by the newcomers instead of an

interior corridor (Dixon, 2001);

the lithic industry and subsistence patterns of the pioneers varied

considerably from region to region (Kipnis, 1998; Roosevelt et al., 2002;

Neves & Cornero, 1997);

the first Americans looked very different from late and nowadays

Native Americans (Neves & Pucciarelli, 1991).

Page 4: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

The first Americans looked very different from late and nowadays

Native Americans (Neves & Pucciarelli, 1991).

early Americans late/nowadays Americans

Page 5: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

The first Americans looked very different from late and nowadays

Native Americans (Neves & Pucciarelli, 1991).

early Americans late/nowadays Americans

Page 6: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

The first Americans looked very different from late and nowadays

Native Americans (Neves & Pucciarelli, 1991).

A

m

e

r

i

n

d

i

a

n

P

a

l

e

o

a

m

e

r

i

c

a

n

short

neurocrania

Page 7: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

The first Americans looked very different from late and nowadays

Native Americans (Neves & Pucciarelli, 1991).

A

m

e

r

i

n

d

i

a

n

P

a

l

e

o

a

m

e

r

i

c

a

n

wild

neurocrania

Page 8: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

The first Americans looked very different from late and nowadays

Native Americans (Neves & Pucciarelli, 1991).

A

m

e

r

i

n

d

i

a

n

P

a

l

e

o

a

m

e

r

i

c

a

n

high

orthognatic

broad

faces

Page 9: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

The first Americans looked very different from late and nowadays

Native Americans (Neves & Pucciarelli, 1991).

A

m

e

r

i

n

d

i

a

n

P

a

l

e

o

a

m

e

r

i

c

a

n

long

neurocrania

Page 10: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

The first Americans looked very different from late and nowadays

Native Americans (Neves & Pucciarelli, 1991).

A

m

e

r

i

n

d

i

a

n

P

a

l

e

o

a

m

e

r

i

c

a

n

narrow

neurocrania

Page 11: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

The first Americans looked very different from late and nowadays

Native Americans (Neves & Pucciarelli, 1991).

A

m

e

r

i

n

d

i

a

n

P

a

l

e

o

a

m

e

r

i

c

a

n

low

prognatic

faces

Page 12: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

The first Americans looked very different from late and nowadays

Native Americans (Neves & Pucciarelli, 1991).

DNA diversity of present Native

Americans suggests that the continent was

peopled by humans pertaining to only one

biological stock (Merriwether et al., 1995;

Bonatto and Salzano, 1997; Silva et al.,

2002; Fagundes et al., 2008; Goebel et al.,

2008) apparently supporting Hrdlíčka’s

original assertion.

Contrary to this view, Hrdlíčka’s original assertion:

All Native Americans can be

accommodated within one single

cranial morphological range

Page 13: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

The first Americans looked very different from late and nowadays

Native Americans (Neves & Pucciarelli, 1991).

DNA diversity of present Native

Americans suggests that the continent

was peopled by humans pertaining to only

one biological stock (Merriwether et al.,

1995; Bonatto and Salzano, 1997; Silva et

al., 2002; Fagundes et al., 2008; Goebel et

al., 2008) apparently supporting

Hrdlíčka’s original assertion.

Contrary to this view, Hrdlíčka’s original assertion:

“All Native Americans can be

accommodated within one single

cranial morphological range”

Page 14: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans
Page 15: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans
Page 16: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans
Page 17: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

Narrow and long neurocrania; prognatic, low faces;

relatively low and broad orbits and noses

Short and wide neurocrania; high, orthognatic and

broad faces; relatively high and narrow orbits and

noses

Page 18: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

Narrow and long neurocrania; prognatic, low faces;

relatively low and broad orbits and noses

Short and wide neurocrania; high, orthognatic and

broad faces; relatively high and narrow orbits and

noses

Page 19: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

Narrow and long neurocrania; prognatic, low faces;

relatively low and broad orbits and noses

Short and wide neurocrania; high, orthognatic and

broad faces; relatively high and narrow orbits and

noses

Paleoamerican

Amerindian

Page 20: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

Narrow and long neurocrania; prognatic, low faces;

relatively low and broad orbits and noses

Short and wide neurocrania; high, orthognatic and

broad faces; relatively high and narrow orbits and

noses

Paleoamerican

Amerindian

Two different morphologies in the America!

Page 21: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans
Page 22: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans
Page 23: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

Paleoamerican

Amerindian

Page 24: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans
Page 25: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans
Page 26: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

Paleoamerican

Amerindian

Page 27: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

Occurrence of Paleoamerican morphology in different regions

Page 28: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans
Page 29: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans
Page 30: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

Here the cranial morphology

of five prehistoric humans skulls

from Serra da Capivara was

assessed under a comparative

perspective.

Page 31: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

Serra da Capivara’s Sample

Page 32: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

Serra da Capivara’s Sample

Toca do Coqueiro, ♂, ≈ 9.9 kyr Toca do Paraguaio, # 1 ♀, ≈ 8.6 kyr

# 2 ♂, ≈ 8.7 kyr

Toca do Gongo 2, ♀, ≈ 2.0 kyr Toca dos Cablocos, ♂, ≈ 0.45 kyr

Page 33: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

Comparative Sample

12 worldwide series from Howell’s databank

Page 34: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

Comparative Sample

12 worldwide series from Howell’s databank

plus

2 series from SouthAmerican Arcaic Period

(measured by Neves’s colleagues)

Page 35: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

Final Sample

Page 36: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

Methods

Multivariate comparisons by means of Principal Components Analysis

(PCA) & General Discriminant Analysis (GDA);

Males & Females analyzed together;

Double Z pooled standardization: all cases and variables were normalized;

Correction of sexual dimorfism and size variation.

Replacement of missing values by general means

Page 37: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

Methods

61 cranial variables taken in accordance with Howells’s protocol.

Page 38: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

CP 1: 21,85%

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4C

P 2

: 1

3,2

2%

Results - PCA

Page 39: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

CP 1: 21,85%

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4C

P 2

: 1

3,2

2%

All sampled specimens without labels

Page 40: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

CP 1: 21,85%

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4C

P 2

: 1

3,2

2%

Asia M

Asia F

Page 41: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

CP 1: 21,85%

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4C

P 2

: 1

3,2

2%

Asia M

Asia F

Africa M

Africa F

Page 42: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

CP 1: 21,85%

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4C

P 2

: 1

3,2

2%

Asia M

Asia F

Africa M

Africa F

AustraloM M

AustraloM F

Page 43: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

CP 1: 21,85%

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4C

P 2

: 1

3,2

2%

Asia M

Asia F

Africa M

Africa F

AustraloM M

AustraloM F

América M

América F

Page 44: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

CP 1: 21,85%

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

CP

2:

13

,22

%Asia M

Asia F

Africa M

Africa F

AustraloM M

AustraloM F

América M

América F

Sudam.Arc. M

Sudam.Arc. F

Page 45: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

CP 1: 21,85%

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

CP

2:

13

,22

%Asia M

Asia F

Africa M

Africa F

AustraloM M

AustraloM F

América M

América F

Sudam.Arc. M

Sudam.Arc. F

L.Santa M

L.Santa F

Page 46: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

CP 1: 21,85%

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4C

P 2

: 1

3,2

2%

Asia M

Asia F

Africa M

Africa F

AustraloM M

AustraloM F

América M

América F

Sudam.Arc. M

Sudam.Arc. F

L.Santa M

L.Santa F

S.Capivara M

S.Capivara F

Page 47: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

CP 1: 21,85%

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4C

P 2

: 1

3,2

2%

Page 48: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

CP 1: 21,85%

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4C

P 2

: 1

3,2

2%

Page 49: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

CP 1: 21,85%

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4C

P 2

: 1

3,2

2%

Caboclos

Gongo 1

Paraguaio 2

Coqueiros

Paraguaio 1

América

AsiaAfrica

Sudamerica Arc. Paleoamericano

Australo-Melan.

Page 50: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

CP 1: 21,85%

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

CP

2:

13

,22

%

Caboclos

Gongo 1

Paraguaio 2

Coqueiros

Paraguaio 1

América

AsiaAfrica

Sudamerica Arc. Paleoamericano

Australo-Melan.

The same morphological duality in New World’s samples;

Serra da Capivara’s sample occupying both extremes.

Page 51: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

Results - GDA

Classification Matrix – 81,84% of correct classification

Page 52: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

Conclusions

Dual differentiation of Serra da Capivara’s sample can not be attributed

to sexual dimorfism;

One group (in the right side of the PCA) represented by specimens from

the early Holocene and other group (in the left side of the PCA) by

specimens from middle and late Holocene*;

Absence of intermediary morphologies: same scenario observed in

others regions of South America;

Compability with the idea that New World was occupied by two

morphologically distinct populations. Sample from Toca do Paraguaio

show that both morphologies were present in the America between

8.0 – 9.0 kyr BP.

Page 53: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

Acknowledgements

Fapesp – grant 2008/58729-8

CNPq – grant 301126-04.6

Christina Torres-Rouff

Maria Mercedes Martinez Okumura

Mariana Inglez

Mark Hubbe

Simone Silva Santana

Tatiana Ferreira de Almeida

Page 54: Morphological affinities of human skeletal remains from Serra da Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and their implications for the origins of Native Americans

Morphological affinities of human

skeletal remains from Serra da

Capivara, northeastern Brazil, and

their implications for the origins of

Native Americans

W. A. Neves1, D. V. Bernardo1, N. Guidon2

1 Laboratório de Estudos Evolutivos Humanos –

Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo,

Brasil

2 Fundação Museu do Homem Americano, Brasil

[email protected]