LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL CONTEXT

CULTURE

SITUATION

IDEOLOGY

phonology

Phonology/

Graphology/

Sign

(Discourse)

Semantics

Lexicogrammar

Field

Tenor

Mode

Ideation/

Conjunction

Negotiation Identification

Transitivity/

Ergativity

Mood Theme/

Rheme

ExperientialFunction

Textual Function

InterpersonalFunction

EXCHANGE STRUCTURES(Conversation Structures)

Conversation is structured in terms of Move. In addition, systematically the realization of moves are related to Speech Functions and Moods. In this way, conversations are multi-dimensionally analyzed.

Move refers to the function or role played by a speaker (addresser) in a conversation in his/her relation to the function or role played by the hearer (addressee) and the commodity being exchanged.

Exchange of Information1. k2 Λ k1

k2 A: Did you go to the party?k1 B: Yes

EXCHANGE of INFORMATION

2. k2 Λ k1 Λ k2f

k2 A: Where did you go last week?

k1 B: Bali.

k2f A: Thank you.

3. k2 Λ k1 Λ k2f Λ k1f

k2 A: When did you go to Bali?

k1 B: Last month.

k2f A: Thank you.

k1f B: My pleasure (You’re welcome…)

Exchange of Information 14. dk1 Λ k2 Λ k1 Λ k2f Λ k1f

dk1 A: What’s the capital of Australia?k2 B: Sydney.k1 A: No, it’s Canberra.k2f B: Oh, I see.k1f A: Good.

5. dk1 Λ k2 Λ k1 Λ k2f Λ k1fdk1 A: What’s the capital of Australia?k2 B: Canberrak1 A: Goodk2f B: Thank you.k1f A: My pleasure.

Exchange of Information 2

6. (dk1 Λ (k2)) Λ k1 Λ (k2f) Λ (k1f)a. k1b. k1 Λ k2fc. k1 Λ k2f Λ k1fd. k2 Λ k1e. k2 Λ k1 Λ k2ff. k2 Λ k1 Λ k2f Λ k1fg. dk1 Λ k2 Λ k1h. dk1 Λ k2 Λ k1 Λ k2fi. dk1 Λ k2 Λ k1 Λ k2f Λ k1f

Λ : ‘followed by’dk1: delayed primary knowerk1 : primary knowerk2 : secondary knowerk1f : primary knower follow upk2f : secondary knower follow up

Exchange of Goods & Services1. a2 Λ a1

a2 A: Give me the book!

a1 B: Here you are (Nonverbal response)

2. a2 Λ a1 Λ a2f

a2 A: Pass me the salt!

a1 B: Here you are.

a2f A: Thank you.

3. a2 Λ a1 Λ a2f Λ a1f

a2 A: Pass me the salt!

a1 B: Here you are.

a2f A: Thank you.

a1f B: My pleasure.

Exchange of Goods & Services 1

4. da1 Λ a2 Λ a1 Λ a2f Λ a1f

da1 A: Can I get you a drink?

a2 B: Yes, please.

a1 A: Here you are.

a2f B: Thank you.

a1f A: My pleasure.

Exchange of Goods & Services 26. ((da1 Λ (a2)) Λ a1 Λ (a2f) Λ (a1f)a. a1b. a1 Λ a2fc. a1 Λ a2f Λ a1fd. a2 Λ a1e. a2 Λ a1 Λ a2ff. a2 Λ a1 Λ a2f Λ a1fg. da1 Λ a2 Λ a1h. da1 Λ a2 Λ a1 Λ a2fi. da1 Λ a2 Λ a1 Λ a2f Λ a1f

Λ : ‘followed by’da1: delayed primary actora1 : primary actora2 : secondary actora1f : primary actor follow upa2f : secondary actor follow up

DYNAMICS of CONVERSATION

cl : clarificationrcl : response to clarificationch : challengerch: response to challengecf : confirmationrcf: response to confirmation

da1 A : Can I get you a drink? cl B : A what? rcl A : A drink? a2 B : Yes, please. a1 A : Here you are. a2f B : Thank you. a1f A : My pleasure.

Clarification

k2 A : Did you go to the dinner party?

cl B : Where?

rcl A : To the dinner party.

k1 B : Yes

k2f A : Thank you.

Challenge and Confirmation

k2 A: When did you send the letter?

ch B: It’s none of your business.

rch A: What? It’s my responsibility.

k1 B: Last week.

k2f A: Behave yourself.

a2 A: I would like to have a bread.

cf B: You want the toasted bread, do you?

rcf A: Definitely.

a1 B: Here it is.

a2f A: Thank you.

ab

A: Where did you go last week?

B: It’s not your business

A: What? I’m in charge?

B: You’re what?

A: You rely on my work

B: What? What did you say?

A: So what I’m the boss

B: You’re the host?

A: Oh, dear …..

Speech Function

giving

demanding

information

goods & services

initiating

responding

Roles

Commodity

Orientation

SPEECHFUNCTION

giving/information/initiating = statement (S)giving/information/responding = acknowledge statement (AS) demanding/information/initiating = question (Q)demanding/information/responding = response statement to question (RSQ)giving/goods & services/initiating = offer (O)giving/goods & services/responding = acknowledge offer (AO)demanding/goods & services/initiating = command (C) demanding/goods & services/responding = response offer to command (ROC)

S Λ AS

Q Λ RSQ

O Λ AO

C Λ ROC

Speech Function

giving

demanding

information

goods & services

initiating

responding

Roles

Commodity

Orientation

SPEECHFUNCTION

MOOD

indicative

imperative

declarative

interrogativewh-

polar

MOOD

I went to the party. = declarativeDid you go to the party? = interrogative (polar)When did you go to the city? = interrogative (wh-)Go out! = imperative

SPEECH FUNCTIONS AND EXCHANGE STRUCTURES

ROLES INFORMATION GOODS & SERVICES

GIVING Statement Offer

DEMANDING Question Command

COMMODITY

Proposition Proposal

((dk1) Λ k2)) Λ k1 Λ (k2f) Λ (k1f) ((da1) Λ (a2)) Λ a1 Λ (a2f) Λ (a1f)

((dx1) Λ x2)) Λ x1 Λ (x2f) Λ (x1f)

Multi-layered Analysis

Move

k2

k1

k2

k1

a2

a1

cl

rcl

a2f

Conversation

A: Did you meet him?

B: Yes

A: How does he look like?

B: Smart

Give me the book

A: Here you are

B: What?

A: This is the book

B: Thank you

MOOD

Interrogative

Elliptical Declarative

Interrogative

Elliptical Declarative

Imperative

Declarative

Minor

Declarative

Elliptical Declarative

SF

Q

RSQ

Q

RSQ

C

ROC

-

S

S

Analysis

move conversation Mood SF

k2

cl

rcl

k1

k2

K1

cf

rcf

a2

a1

A: Did you go to the party?

B: What? What did you

say?

A: I asked if if you went

went to the party

B: Yes

Did you go there too?

B: Yes

A: Did you say “yes’?

B: Yes

Please give me the book

A: Here you are

Interrogative

Interrogative

Declarative

Elliptical Dec.

Interrogative

Elliptical Dec.

Interrogative

Elliptical Dec

Imperative

Declarative

Q

Q

Q

RSQ

S

RSQ

Q

RSQ

C

ROC

Metaphorical Coding

Move Conversation Mood SF

a2

a1

a2f

k2

k1

A: Will you open the door?

B: Sure, I will

A: Thank you

A: Can you give me the book?

B: It’s over there

Inter.

El Decl

El Decl

Inter.

Decl.

C

ROC

-

C

ROC

AssignmentAnalyze the following conversation in terms of move, speech function and mood.A: We went out to look for food.B: You did

Did you find any at that late time of night?A: Yes, instant noodle.B: You had nude or what sort of food?A: Noodle, instant noodleB: Do you think I’m stupid?A: Do you need a witness for that?B: Let’s go back to what we’ve been talkingA: OKB: Would you like to smoke to make you recall everything better?A: Yes, pleaseB: Back to our business.

Did you meet the boy in the shop where you had noodle?A: No, he came over by himself.B: But you confessed that before.A: Did I?

I didn’tB: You did

Look at this paper.You signed it, did you?

A: I didn’t I told you I didn’t

References

Martin, J. R. 1992. English Text: System and Structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins