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POMORSTVO ScienticJournal of Maritime Research 25/1(2011) str./pp. 15-28 15

Dr. . D Br /P. D.Rd Rd, dp. g. /B. Sc.Svut u R / University of RijekaPomorsk fkutt u R /

Faculty of Maritime Studies Rijeka

Studtsk 251000 RkHrvtsk / Croatia

Prhd prpPrmr Cmmct

UDK / UDC: 621.436629.5.03

Prmo /Received:1. ouk 2011. / 1stMarch 2011

Odobro /Accepted:25. ouk 2011. /25thMarch 2011

PRimjena selektivne katalitike ReDukcije naDvotaktne sPoRookRetne BRoDske Dizelske

motoRe

The SeleCTive CaTalyTiC ReDuCTion (SCR) aPPliCaTionon Two STRoke Slow SPeeD MaRine DieSel engineS

SaeTak

Sustavnim pristupom problematici sprjeavanja onei-enja atmosfere iz brodskih sporookretnih dizelskih

motora, a u skladu s novoprihvaenim meunarod-nim normama, nametnula se potreba za analizom tre-nutno dostupnih metoda redukcije tetnih plinova izkojih bi se potom sintetiziralo ekoloki prihvatljivo iekonomski isplativo rjeenje.Slijedom toga u radu je saet pregled glavnih oneii-vaa atmosfere iz sporookretnih brodskih dizelskihmotora, izvor i razlog njihovog nastajanja, te pojanje-ni problemi vezani za selektivnu katalitiku redukciju.Ukratko je objanjena sama kemijska reakcija koja seodvija u reaktoru, kao i najee metode vezane zasmanjenje NOx-a.Kako moderne generacije motora rade s vrlo niskim

temperaturama ispunih plinova pojavljuje se problemnaslaga amonijevog sulfata na niim reimima radamotora. U radu je dan pregled i rezultati istraivanjaprovedenog u Japanu 2009. godine koje pokazuje da jemogue koristiti SCR i na niim temperaturama bezznaajnijih smanjenja performansi motora ili reakto-ra. Zakljuno, autori su dali svoje prijedloge i razmi-ljanja vezana za mogunost kombiniranja SCR-a sperformansama koje mogu postii nove generacijesporookretnih brodskih dizelskih motora s elektroni-kom kontrolom.

kj rj: duini oksidi (NOx), selektivnakatalitika redukcija (SCR), sporookretni dvotaktnibrodski dizelski motori, emisija ispunih plinova

SuMMaRy

A systematic approach to the problem of preventing airpollution from marine slow speed diesel engines, in

accordance with the recently adopted internationalstandards, has become necessary for the analysis of cu-rrently available methods of reducing emissions fromwhich they would then be synthesized in an envi-ronmentally friendly and economically viable solution.Subsequently, the main atmosphere pollutants fromslow speed diesel engines synopsis have been summari-zed in this paper, the sources and reason of their for-mation and the problems linked with the selective ca-talytic reaction (SCR) have been explained too. Thechemical reaction in a SC Reactor has been brieyexplained, as well as, in general, the methods for theNOx reduction.

Since the modern slow speed diesel engines run withvery low exhaust gas temperatures, on low engine loadsthe ammonium sulfate deposits formation problemhave appeared. The paper aims at presenting the revi-ew and researching results carried out in Japan in2009, which approved that the SCR application on bo-ard a ship is possible without signicantly reducing en-gine or reactor performances.The authors have also included their suggestions andconsiderations linked with new possibilities of SCRperformances in combination with modern, electroni-cally controlled, slow speed diesel engines.

ky wrd: nitric oxides (NOx), Selective CatalyticReduction (SCR), slow speed diesel engines, exhaustgas emission.


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D. Br, R. Rdo: PRiMjena SeleKTiVne KaTaliTiKe ReDUKcije na DVOTaKTne...

16 POMORSTVO ScienticJournal of Maritime Research 25/1(2011) str./pp. 15-28

1. uvoD

S obzrom vku stru sgu sporo-okrth dvotkth brodskh dzskh motor hov bro u kspot, mo s zkutd su to motor ko ukupo zgru vro vk

ko gorv, t ko produkt stu vkms rzh poutt. Uz dobro poztstkk pov, posto kmsk spovko mu roto tto dov ozo-sk omot. Pord v zbrh ho fr-o, v uk mu dukov oksd podzdkm zvom nOx spov.

Gv ov tmosfr, dobv zg-rm gorv u dzskm motorm su duoksd (nOx), sumpor oksd (SOx), ugmoooksd (cO), ug doksd (cO2), z-

gor ugkovod (Hc) krut st (PM).nOx fuk mksm tmprtur z-

gr ok kotr O2 u sms.Kotr O2s mo smt dovomm ko svg zrk kortm dko spuh pov prko tzv. sustv r-rku spuh pov (g. eGR exh-ust Gs Rruto). nOx mogu bt sm- prmrm skudrm mtodm. Popostom Tr ii ormm z sporookrtbrodsk dzsk motor, brz vrt m

od 130 m-1, gr 14,4 g/kWh. Po do-zm Tr iii stdrdm (2016. g.) gr ssput 3,4 g/kWh.

SOx fuk ko sumpor u gorvu, t sm postotk S u gorvu ukovt sm SOx-. jd od sp-r spuh pov morm, s tu pov-uu probm skdt utrzsumpor ks, tog, koroz s. norm-tv z kou sumpor u gorvu od 07. 2010.su 1% z eca (emso cotro ar), 4,5%

(3,5% bt od 1. 1 2012.) gobo. ndoz- props (2015. do 2020.) propsuu sm 0,1% u eca (1. 1. 2015.) 0,5% gobo(1. 1. 2020., smo ko rr mogu zdo-

vot zhtv to s provrt 2018., stup sgu 1. 1. 2025.).

cO produkt potpuog zgr. Fuk- prtk zrk tmprtur zgr, ovs o kvtt sms gorv zrk. Kod 2Tsporookrth motor udo cO u spumpovm vro zk zbog vkog pr-tk zrk (>2). Z s povu kodgh pov optr u vrmu ztTP (turbopuh).

1. intRoDuction

cosdrg th rg std pt ofsow spd two-strok mr ds gsd thr umbr srv, t b oud-d tht ths r gs tht bur vr rg

mouts of fu, rtg s produt hghmssos of vrous poutts.

Bsds th w kow grhous gss,thr r hm ompouds whh hv sp hrmfu fft o th ozo shd.

aprt from th rd prohbtd Hos dFros, th grtst dstrutv us oth ozo shd hv trog oxds, om-mo md nOx.

Th m rths tmosphr poutts,

produd b fu burg ds gs rtrog oxds (nOx), sufur oxds (SOx),rbo mooxd (cO), rbo doxd (cO2),uburd hdrorbos (Hc) d prtutmttr (PM).

nOx s futo of mxmum ombustotmprtur d o oxg otrto fu-r mxtur. Th O2 otrto brdud b brgg smr mout of frsh rto th g dr b usg th xhustgs rruto mthod (eGR). nOx o-trto b rdud b prmr or b s-odr mthods. aordg to th xstg Trii rgutos for sow spd ds gs, ro-tto spd ss th 130 rpm, th mt s14.4 g/kWh. aordg to w omg Triii stdrds (2016.), ths mt w go dow to3.4 g/kWh.

SOx s futo of sufur qutts thburd fu, so th drsg sufur prt fu o s th most fftv ms of rdug

SOx xhust gss. Thr s so th SOx r-dug mthod b usg xhust gs srubbg

wth s wtr, but thr r probms of sufu-r d formto, ts utrzto or storg.itrto rgutos for sufur qutt hv fu r 1% (from ju 2010) emssocotro ar (eca) d 4.5% gob (3.5%

w b from jur 2012). Th w omgrgutos w om to ppto from2015 to 2020 wth mts of sufur fu o of0.1% (2015.) eca d 0.5% gob (fromjur 2020 but o f rrs omp

wth, whh shoud b hkd 2018. Th futr to for w b 2025.).


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D. Br, R. Rdo: THe SelecTiVe caTalyTic ReDUcTiOn (ScR) aPPlicaTiOn On TWO...


cO2 produkt potpuog zgr mo-v u zgru, t fuk potro gor-v. jd od vh mbk ko utu fkt stkk, bo mtod sm sm potro gorv.

Hc ovs o vrst gorv vrst drskog u,

zb su zto to u bom suum ko gorv u ostu zgor.

PM stu od domo zgorog gorv, ovs o ko pp ostm ktztorz rrskog pros u gorvu drskomuu, ko dovdog drskog u, tko skuth, pr toh st s po-

vr stk prostor zgr vovod s-puog sustv.

Budu d sporookrt brodsk dvotkt d-zsk motor rd s vkm prtkom zrk,ktztor ko s rb u utomobsko km-osko dustr su prmv. Tkor,sumpor z tkh gorv b vro brzo uto t-kv tp ktztor zbog sg ko s stvr-

u spm mok sumpor z gorv m tmprturm rk.

Sktv kttk rduk (ScR) s ko-rst u svrhu smv ms, z tmosfru

vro tth, dukovh oksd (nOx) ko s stv-ru zgrm gorv u motorm s uutrm

cO s produt ompt ombusto. it s futo of r fu rto (aFR) d ombus-to tmprtur but s so dpdt of r fu mxtur qut. i sow spd ds -gs, th cO ott to xhust gss susu vr ow or ggb du to hgh aFR

(>2). it our sgt durg sudd- g od hgg du to turbo bowrspd rtrdg.

cO2s produt of ompt ombusto, ts uvodb d t s drt otd wthfu o osumpto. it s o of th grtstftors ug th grhous fft dth bst rdug mthod s drsg th fuo osumpto.

Hc dpds o fu o d dr o tp.Th r so uvodb bus, v thbst ss, sm mouts of fu d dro rm uburd.

PM r produd from prt burd fud ub o d th dpd o sh quttsd tzg rsdus from fu d ub orr pross, o th dvr of drub o d o th qutt of th rmovd,bfor prpttd prts from th ombus-to sp w surf d xhust sstmpp.

s 1.Ovsost pov SPG- sm nox- ovso o zku ubrzgv [2]Fr 1SFC increasing and NOx reducing depending of combustion delay [2]


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zgrm. Stog, zbog smog pros zgr-, odoso rtvo dugog tr zgru odosu tvrotkt brzookrt dzskmotor, v ms nOx- stu u sporo-okrtm brodskm dzskm motorm.

ScR s korst z obrdu spuh pov

ko zz z dr motor, pr ho-vog zz u tmosfru. Sut u dodvupr mok u spu pov vsok tm-prtur ko s mor odrvt zbog sm k-msk rk u podruu zmu 300 do 4000c. Zbog potrb z tko vsokm tmprtur-m rk ov s sustv ugrvopr turbopuh (Sk 2).

ako tmprtur kmsk rk prv-sok (zd 490 0c), mok zgr sud-u u rk s nOx-m. U suu prsktmprtur (spod 250 0c), rz kmskhrk prsk, sm ktztor s mozprt ottt.

2. metoDe za smanjenjenox-

Mtod z sm nox- mogu s pod-t prmr skudr. U prmr m-

S th two-strok sow spd mr d-s gs ru wth hug aFR, th tstsusd r d truk dustrs r uusb.Bsds, th sufur from hv fus w dstrosuh tp of tst du to dposts produdb ombg mmo d sufur from fu o

owr rto tmprturs.Stv ctt Rduto (ScR) s usd

for rduto purpos of th, for th tmo-sphr vr hrmfu, nOx mssos produdb fu ombusto tr ombusto -gs. Thrfor, du to th ombusto pro-ss tsf d th rtv og ombustodurto s omprd to th four-strok hghspd ds gs, th grtst nOx ms-sos r produd two-strok ow spd m-r ds gs.

ScR s usd for th xhust gss trtmtftr th g dr outt, d bforthr xt to th tmosphr. Th bottom s th ddto of th mmo gss to thhgh tmprtur xhust gss tht must bmtd bus of th hm rtosrgg from 300 to 400 0c. Bus of thd for suh hgh rto tmprturs, thssstm hs b usu orportd bforth turbohrgrs (gur 2).

s 2.Prkz sustv sktv kttk rduk [1]Fr 2Selective catalytic reduction system [1]


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tod spdu zgr (mogu smtnOx z 10 do 50%), pr.: sm mksm-og tk zgr, kotro kvtt zrk zzgr, prgodb sp rsprsk ubrzgv gorv, muz vod gorv,ubrzgv vod ovv zrk dr.

U skudr mtod spdu o ko sm-uu nOx zv prostor zgr, odosoko dr, r mu v ut prforms motor, stup smnOx s kr do 95% to su kod ScR-ko truto ukovt mtod sm- ms nOx-.

2.1. u g gr

Smm, mksmog tk zgr(pmx) smu s mksm tmprtur z-gr, t su m ok mksm tm-prtur pros ko su v u podrumoko mz gorv. Vsok tmprtur uzuvt dovoog vrm gv prduvt stv-r nox-, t s zm smm sm-u stvr nox-. ndosttk to ssmm tmprtur u podrum po-srdo z GMT- smu topsk skorst-

vost gorv, odoso povv potro gor-v. Ovsost sp potro gorv (SPG) sm nox- o zku ubrzgvprkz s 1 [2].

2.2. kr r gr

Pr tkov ksk duk u zrkumogu s promt koom dovdog zr-k u dr promom omr ksk du-k. Ko ovs o tku sprog zrk, od-oso brz vrt turbopuh. Omr smo mt rrkuom spuh pov,odoso eGR-om. Uz 15%-tu rrkuuspuh pov, kotr O2u sms zr-k spuog p ko uz u (pu) drpd s 21% prbo 18%, to m zut sm ms nOx-.

2.3. Prgdb p rpr brg gr

isptv su pokz z ut ob-k tp sp rsprsk ko ubrz-gv msu nox- [9]. n ubrzgv- odru pro zgr kom s mo

if th tmprtur of th hm rtos too hgh (bov 490 0c), mmo bursd dos ot prtpt th rto wthnOx. i s of too ow tmprturs (bow250 0c), th v of th hm rto stoo ow, d th tst otmt d

dmg.

2. tHe nox ReDucinGmetHoDs

Th mthods for rdug nOx b dvd-d to th prmr d sodr os. Prm-r mthods fft th ombusto (nOx brdud b 10 to 50%), d r for xmp:rdug th mxmum ombusto prssur,

otrog th ombusto r qut, th fuo ozz dustmt d fu to, fud wtr musos, wtr to or humd-to of r, t. Th sodr mthods rthos tht rdu nOx mssos bod thombusto sp, d ftr th dr. Thusu hv grtr mpt o th gprform, d th dgr of nOx rdutorgs up to 95% th s of ScR, whh surrt th most fftv mthod of rdugnOx mssos.

2.1. th ff f rdg h b prr

Rdug th mxmum ombusto prssur(pmx), th mxmum ombusto tmprturs rdud, d th o mxmum tmpr-turs of th pross, tht r th hghst sps surroudg th fu to, r ow-r. Hgh tmprtur, odtod wth suf-t tm, s mor prrqust to rtnOx, d b ts rduto drss th r-to of th nOx. Th dsdvtg s tht thrduto of th tmprtur sps rghtbhd th TDc rdus th thrm fu f- d rss th fu o osumpto.Th sp fu osumpto (SPG) d thnOx rduto dpdg o th to d- r show o Fgur 1 [2].

2.2. cb r qy r

Oxg d trog prt prssur thr b hgd b th qutt of r fdto th dr or b hgg th oxg dtrog rto. Th ombusto r mout d-


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zo smt ms nOx- uz zdrvpotro gorv u sdm grm. Zsput nOx- rzu kou propsuu -ov Tr iii orm ovkv strtg, bz -kog od dodth smv, do-

vo.

2.4. e d gr (FWe)

Ut vod sm stvr nOx-tkom zgr ovs o tpu vrst motor, opto s mo r d 1% vod u gorvusmu produku nOx- z 1% [2].

S obzrom voumtrsk kptt vsoko-t pump, u stdrdm zvdbm sporo-okrth brodskh dvotkth dzskh motordozvov s m do 20% vod u gorvo

puom optru motor. S obzrom zgr, strv su muz gorv vod somrm do 50:50% [2]. izgr ovko v-kh ko vod s gorvom zhtv dodtmodk motor, prvstvo sustv gor-

v prostor zgr, t tkv motor sp-du u stdrd zvdb. M gorv

vod zvod s pr rrkuskog krug (prtk m).

Ko dod vod ovs o om sm-u ms nox-. Z brodov ko korstovkv sustv potrb posb ztt su-stv d u suu stk ktr rg(bk out) omogu poovo pokrt GM-.nm, ztt sustv trb omogut stvkstbog m gorv vod r b u suprot-om trbo prbt gorvo bz vod.

2.5. ubrg d r(DWi Hmi)

Drkto ubrzgv vod u dr moto-r vr s pomou posb sp pomousp z ubrzgv gorv. Rzutt stko kod FWe sustv s tm to muzk-

(FWe) dostv, t m potrovod (korst s st sp). ndosttk brzvo dov spu z kr

vk tr.

Kod ovv zrk potrbo gstd prv vod u sprom zrku mo pr-

vrmo utt dr. Stog s ko rs-hdk zrk ugruu odv kp,ko ovkv o o vu prm-u sporookrtm brodskm dzskm mo-torm.

pds o th svgg r prssur or turbo-hrgr spd. Th rto b modd b x-hust gs rruto (eGR). Wth 15%xhust gs rruto, th O2 otrto th mxtur of r d xhust gs whh -trs to th dr s fg from 21% to

bout 18%, thus hvg sgt mpt ordug th nOx mssos.

2.3. F d d f yp

Tsts hv show sgt u ofth fu o ozz shp d tp s w s ofth fu to tp o nOx mssos [9].Th fu o to mthod dtrms thombusto pro, whh sgt r-

du th nOx mssos wh mtg thfu o osumpto th urrt mts. Toowr th nOx to th v prsrbd b thtst Tr iii stdrds suh strtg, wth-out ddto rdug ws, s otough.

2.4. Frh Wr e

Th u of wtr o rdug th nOxformto durg th ombusto stg d-

pds o th g tp, but, gr spk-g, t b sd tht o pr t of wtr th fu rdus th produto of th nOx bo pr t [2]. Thks to th fu topump voumtr pt, th two-stroksow spd mr ds g stdrd vr-sos, th mxg of up to 20% of wtr thfu t fu g od s owd. as rgrdsombusto, fu d wtr muso wr -

vstgtd wth rto of up to 50:50% [2]. Thombusto of suh rg mouts of wtr

th fu rqurs ddto g mod-tos, prmr th fu o sstm d ombus-to sp, d suh gs r ot udd th stdrd vrso. Fu d wtr mxg sprformd bfor th fu rruto rut(bfor th mxg tk). Th mout of thddd wtr dpds o th dsrd rdutoof th nOx mssos. To b th Me r-strtg, for shps tht us ths sstm, spsft sstm s ompusor s of th pow-r fur (bk out). Howvr, th sft ss-tm shoud provd otuous d stbmxg of fu d wtr, othrws, th trs-fr to th fu o wthout wtr shoud b -ssr.


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2.6. k f

Kd s korst smosto, prthodo spo-mut sm nOx- mogu udovo-t Tr iii ormm, u komb muz fkt mogu smt nOx z v od

80% u odosu Tr ii orm. Trb gstd k od mtod, osm mtod smtmprtur zgr vodom smnOx- posbm spm, su u potpuostspt.

2.7. s rd (scR)

ScR sprob ukovt mtod zzo sm nOx- bz vg ut spu potrou gorv (SPG). n st-

orm postrom u uporb od 1980. Udzskm motorm z komr trt putk voz to d koomsk spt-

v, z oko prhvtv thoog ko sm-u ms nOx rzu vro bzu u.ScR thoog dzr d omoguurku nOx- u oksdrum okruu (uzprsustvo O2 ko ophodog kmskog -mt). Sktv , r smu smo rzunOx- korst mok (nH3) ko ophod- mt uutr sustv ktz. izvor

mok obo ur ko v u prmkod kmoskh motor utobus, poztpod zvom tku z spu sustv(g. Ds exhust Fud adBu).

U thoog sm nOx- kod kop-h voz rzutt su vro dobr. nOx s sm-uu do 90% uz pro smv Hc cO od 50 do 90%, t PM od 30 do 50%. Ukomb s trom z krut st PM smogu dodto smt.

amok u vod dobro rvomrootop, t s sprvm poovo odv potom oksdr uz pomo ksk vsok tmp-rtur spuh pov.

Osov kmsk rk ko s odv urktoru mo s opst sdm zrzm:

3 2 2 2

2 3 2 2

4 4 4 6

6 8 7 12

NO NH O N H O

NO NH N H O

+ + = +

+ = +

ScR smosto, bz drugh mtod, mosmt nOx z v od 90%. Kko z prosoksd ophod ksk, sporookrt dvo-tkt dzsk motor su pogod z ovkv su-stv, zbog vkog prtk zrk s kom rd.

2.5. Dr wr r gg rhd (DWi r Hmi)

a drt wtr to (DWi) to th -g dr b do wth sp ozzsor wth fu o ozzs. Th rsut s th sm

s b th FWe sstm, but th musto(FWe) s smpr d th wtr osumpto sss (th sm ozz s usd). Th dsdv-tg of ths mthod s th brsv fft to thozz d ts short ftm.

i th s of svgg r humdto,t shoud b otd tht too muh wtr thsvgg r prmtur dstro th -dr. Thrfor, th mst thrs shoud bstd ftr th svgg r oors, dths mthod hs ot foud grtr ppto

two-strok sow spd mr ds gs.

2.6. c ff

Th prvous mtod ws for th nOxrduto, wh usd o, ot mt thTr iii stdrds, but ombto hv sgt fft d rdu nOx b morth 80% omprd to th Tr ii stdrds. itshoud b otd tht som of th mthods, x-pt th mthod of rdug ombusto tm-

prtur b wtr d tht of rdug nOx bsp ozzs, hv ot b fu tstd

2.7. s y rd (scR)

ScR s w prov d ft mthodfor sgt nOx rduto wth o sg-t mpt o th sp fu osumpto(SFc). For sttor sttos t hs b us s 1980. i ds gs for ommr- truks d pssgr rs, t s th o o-

om vb d vromt frdthoog tht rdus th nOx mssos to v vr os to zro. Th ScR thoog sdsgd to ow th rto of nOx thoxdzg vromt ( th prs of O2s sst hm mt). it s stvbus t rdus o th v of th nOx us-g mmo (nH3) s ssr mt

wth th tss. Th mmo sour susu ur, whh s rd us trukd bus gs, d kow s Ds exhust

Fud or ad Bu.Th rsuts obtd th nOx rdug

thoog b d vhs r vr good. nOx


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ako tmprtur prvsok (> 490oc),nH3zgor pr go to stg rgrt s nO nO2. n m tmprturm (< 250

oc), rz- kmsk rk sb, ost odrko nH3 ko sudovo u rk(nH3sp), t doz do kodz mo-

vog suft ko utv ktztor tko to sto gov stk.

Ko nH3 ubrzg u spu p ko-tror s ruom Plc-m osov us-pordb zd vrdost, t optr mo-tor. Optr s uzm ko gvprmtr fuk ko opsu stvr nOx-. Fuk ko opsu kou stvorhnOx- ovso o optru motor odrus probom stou z vrm sptv mo-tor. T fuk uprogrmr u prosor

ko uprv dozrm ur otop. Dozr- ur otop s kostto podv osov stvr ko nOx- (ostk sm-t u spuom vodu pr zz spuh p-ov u tmosfru). Ovkv kotro skorst zbog tromost rk u rktoru ko bst kd b s dozr vro smo osov ovsost ko ur otop u ovso-st o ko nOx-. Td b s pov prko-mr odstup u kotrm nOx- b u spum povm ko zz u tmosfru

zosto mok. Ostk z mr nOx- tgr do oprm z dozr nH3(urotop), sv spoo kotroo-uprv-k p ko s z u kotroo kbstror. U skopu dzor z s z-tor ksk, ur z rm ko nH3,t ko-tro mmorsk zps o stu prforms-m sustv.

Stup sv nOx- ovs o ko do-dog mok (zrv s omrom nH3/nOx). n vm nH3/nOx omrm v s

ko nOx- smu, u sto vrm po-sto opsost od pov ko skor-tog mok (nH3sp). Poo d kotr skortog nH3 u spumpovm to m, r posto opsost d s stkm zmv top utztorstvor tog u obku mok-vodk suft(nH4HSO4), ko vro tvrd mo prdstv-t vk probm vzo uz zmu top,trost v s.

Sustv ScR s gvm dovm prkz

s 2. [1].

s rdud up to 90% wth pr rdutoof Hc d cO b 50 to 90% d PM b 30 to50%. i ombto wth prtut mttr(PM) tr, th PM b furthr rdud.

ammo s w d v dutd wtrd t s sprtd g b vporto dth t oxdzs b ms of oxg d hghtmprtur xhust gss.

Th bs hm rto tht tks p rtor b dsrbd b th foowgtrms:

3 2 2 2

2 3 2 2

4 4 4 6

6 8 7 12

NO NH O N H O

NO NH N H O

+ + = +

+ = +

ScR o, wthout othr mthods, r-du nOx b mor th 90%. as for th oxd-

to pross oxg s dd, sow spd two-strok ds gs r sutb for suh sstm, du to th rg r fu rto.

if th tmprtur s too hgh (> 490oc),nH3 burs out bfor t rhs to rt wthnO d nO2. at owr tmprturs ( 1,5 % S /Operating costs forHFO > 1,5 % S

Prom rktor svk 2,5 god. /Exchange of the reactor every 2,5 years.

Rgromrktortrokov su 60%ov vst.

/Regenerationreactor costs are60% of newinvestment.ido zgorvo s 1,5%S.

/Ideal for fuelswith 1.5 % S.

Oprtv trokovz HFO < 1,5 % S /Operating costs for

HFO < 1,5 % S

Prom rktor svkh 5 god. /Exchange of the reactor every 5 years.

Oprtv trokovz MDO / Operatingcosts for MDO

Prom rktor svkh 20 god. /Exchange of the reactor every 20 years.

Oprtv trokov /Operating costs

- nm dodt potro gorv. /No additional fuelconsumption.

- Potro ur = 7,5 % potro gorv (ur 0,3 /). /The consumption of urea = 7,5 % of fuel consumption (urea 0,3/lit).

Trokov odrv/Maintenance costs

6 u 1.000 rdh st (150 /u). /6 cleaning in 1.000 running hours (150 / cleaning).


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tur (Sk 2), m s smu skorstvostTP-, tm og motor (v potrogorv). U suvm mh sg (h tm-prtur) otvr s mmovod vt ko zo-bz rktor dovod spu p drkto TP m s tt rktor od sg ut.

Drugm rm upotrb ScR- ovkvmpogom mogu smo stbm, sto-rm vm optrm. Kod promoptr (pr. tkom mvr) prmScR- ops po trost smog rktor.Probm to s nOx stvr smo v-km optrm v m, pr.: kdbrod pov smom brzom uz obu, koddosk u odsk z uk, prosk kroz k,rku so.

jd od pov tmprtur po-trb z kmsku rku pr svunOx- prkz s 3. [5]. Shmtsk prkz ScR u ko s ugkovod (Hc) mok (nH3) dovod prko vovod zubrzgv. cvovod prforr u svrhursprv, sms s zgrvu pomouzgr. Zgr ugkovod doz u ko-tkt s kskom (O2) u spuom pu uzrokuusmozp, t formru zou zgr b-zu smh sp. izgrm vsoko tmp-rtur u zo zgr stvru s OH rdk

ko kmsk rgru s dukom (n2) z dov-dog mok (nH3). Rkom s stvrupov tzv. m rdk (nH2) ko mu r-duksk svostv s obzrom smnOx-. nOx s u kotktu s mo-rdkmsmu rzgm n2 vodu pru.

Dovom n2 () vod pr omoguu- s podv sms Hc nH3 u svkokotr. Tmprtur m nH3 Hc

do 600 0c v. Poo d bud 700

10000

c (o pogod 800 9000

c) [5]. To sutmprtur kom s stvru OH rdk(z Hc) t m rdk (z nH3).

Gotovo sv strv du u smru prkzog obog s 3., s drug-m m postz dovoo vsok tm-prtur.

n ovm grm sporookrth dvo-tkth brodskh dzskh motor povtmprtur spuh pov mo s provstdrugm proom ubrzgv u komb spromvm trutkom otvr spuog

vt. Rzutt sptv [4] pokz su d rgr rktor vr prvobt

3. FuRtHeR scR DeveloPment

i europ, most gs wth th dptdScR ru wth th xhust gs tmprturs of300 0c or mor, so th do ot hv probms

wth ow tmprturs. Two-strok sow spd

mr ds gs wr d hv rmdthrm mhs tht oprt wth th hghstdgr of thrm f. Tod, ths tpsof gs oprt t xhust gs tmprtursbow 300 0c, d w grtos of ths -gs, wth tro fu to otro dxhust vv tmg otro, m hv th x-hust tmprturs bow 250 0c. lowr x-hust gss tmprturs m ss ht oss,d ss fu osumpto. Thus, th cO2ms-sos r so owr.

i ordr to mt prforms d goododto of th tst, th shor ScR ptswork mor fvorb vromt, wthow sufur fus, d hgh tmprtur od-tos. Thr r ScR sstms std obord shps propuso pts wth two-stroksow spd mr ds gs. ScR hs sofr ws b pd bfor th Tc, thhghr xhust gs tmprtur r (Fg. 2),thus rdug th f of th Tc d ofth tr g s w (mor fu o o-

sumpto). i th s of ss powr (owrtmprtur), bpss vv s op whh b-psss th rtor d drts th xhust gsruto drt to th Tc whh prottsth rtor from th dbrs d dstruto. iothr words, th us of th ScR o ths ptss possb o o stb, sttor rgrods. Wh th od hgs (.g. durg thmuvr), th ScR ppto s thrtgth durbt of th rtor. Th probm stht th nOx rts ot o t hgh ods butt owr os too, for xmp, wh th shp soprtg t rdud spd og th ost,o trg d vg port, pssg throughth , rvr, t.

O of th ws to rs th tmprturrqurd for th hm rto rdugth nOx s show Fgur 3 [5]. Th ScR,

whh th hdrorbos (Hc) d mmo(nH3) r dud b to pps, sshmt gv. Th pp s prfortd ordr to obt spr d th mxtur shtd b usg htr. Th htd hdror-bos om to ott wth oxg (O2) thxhust gs usg sf-gto d th om-busto zo s formd vr os to th ozz.


12/14



prforms mogu, t d rgru r-ktor mogu zvodt kd god to potrbo.Tkor, sptv s dv vrst gorv pokz-o d s kod MDO s mm postotkom S(0,07%) povvu prforms ktztor mm optrm to dokzo pov-

zost prforms s koom S u gorvu [4].

4. zakljuak

ndoz props vz z sm o-v tmosfr z dzskh motor g-rtor pr s brodov zhtvu vk tho-ok pomk ovm topskm strovm. Urdu zs krtk prgd mtod ko suds u uporb rzvou, s posbm osvrtom truto ukovt, to ScR. izo- su probm, t obr k od r.izt su rzm ko b mog prdo-

t rzumvu ov tm, t mod pomopr dm rvu probm.

Mo s zkut d buduost os vkthook prom u prm svh, p tko

vkh sporookrth brodskh dzskh motor.O s mfstrt u potpuom prvdv-u ktrok kotro ubrzgv kotro- uprv spum vtom uz prmu -

kh od prthodo spomuth thoog.

i th ombusto zo, b ombusto t hghtmprtur, th OH rds r produd

whh hm rt wth th trog (n2)from th fd mmo (nH3). Th gss rgrtd b rto, th so d m rd-s (nH2), hvg rduto proprts du to

th rduto of th nOx. Th nOx s rdud ott wth th m rds, dompos-tog to n2d wtr vpor.

B brgg n2 d (or) wtr vpor, t spossb to dust th mxtur of Hc d nH3 h otrto. Th mxg tmprturof nH3d Hc r up to 600

0c or mor. it sdsrb to b 700 1000 0c (mor fvorb800 900 0c) [5]. Ths r th tmprturst whh OH rds r formd (from Hc)d m rds (from nH3).

amost rsrhs hv go th dr-to of th prps prstd d xpd Fgur 3, but wth dffrt ws hvg suft hgh tmprtur. For w g-rto of th two-strok sow spd mrds gs, th xhust gs tmprtur -rs b hvd wth othr topro ombto wth vrb xhust

vv opg. Tst rsuts [4] hv show thtth rtor rgrto d th rtur to th

org prform r possb, d tht th

s 3.Shmtsk prkz d od zvdb ov gr ScR- [5]Fr 3Schematic example of a new SCR generation[5]


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Z okvt d s proom ubrzgv- u komb s eGR-om (prmrm mto-dm) stot post mksm skorst-

vost motor, ztm kom od skudrhmtod, od koh ukovt ScR poku-t udovot ovm ormm z nOx. Prob-

m s skm tmprturm su domo r-, rzvo d tko d ScR,prm sdm szm, thoog koz sd m zmu.

ipk, trb stkut d gorv mtz ut, z okvt d o pst v vroto kostto rst. Kd b gorv p, mog b s proporoosmt skorstvost motor podzm tm-prtur spuh pov kortm vkksbost ktrok kotro ubrzgv-

rm otvrm spuog vt. Tmb s proro podru prm ScR- vrd podru motor bz kort pr op-sh mtod. Produo b s rzdob - (rgr) ScR-, z prtpostvt d b s produo vrm trost vroskupog ScR-.

jdo od r z gorv s vm postot-kom sumpor ugrd prost (g.srubbr) pr ScR-, s td povuprobm sv tmprtur. Ov probm

mogu rt ugrdom ktrh zgr- sustv prkzog s 3 uz dobv- ktr rg skortvm otpdtop (turbo grtor, pskoturbsk g-rtor s.) to b povo SPG.

PoPis kRatica

ScR Sktv kttk rdukeGR Thoog rrku spuh

pov

FWe Thoog m gorv vodDWi Thoog drktog ubrzgv

vodHMi Thoog ovv zrkSPG Sp potro gorveca Podru s posbom kotroom

tth msPM Krut stTP Turbopuho

rtor rgrto b rrd out wh-vr t s ssr. O th othr hd, tstg

wth two fu o tps hs show tht th MDOwth smr prtg of S (0.07%) rs-s th prform of th tst t owrods, thus provg th prform orr-

to wth th mout of S th fu [4].

4. conclusion

Th upomg rgutos rtd to th r-duto of tmosphr poutts from dsgs d bors from shps rqur th-oog shft o ths thrm gs. Thsppr ms t prstg brf ovrvw of thmthods tht r ow us d udr dv-opmt, wth sp rfr to th urrt- most fftv mthod md th ScR. Thprobms hv b xposd d som of thsoutos dsussd ovr. Opos tht oudotrbut to th udrstdg of ths topd, mb, hp to rsov som of th furthrprobms hv b prstd.

it b oudd tht th futur s brg-g grt thoog hg th pp-to of gs, th rg two-strok sowspd mr ds gs udd. Th w

b mfstd ompt ovromg of thfu to tro otro d xhustvv tmg otro wth th us of som of thprvous mtod thoogs.

it s to b xptd tht, wth th topro ombto wth th eGR (prmrmthods) w w tr to hv th mxmumg utzto d th, b usg o of thsodr mthods, of whh th most fftvs th ScR, w w tr to mt w stdrdsfor th nOx. Probms wth ow tmprturs

hv b prt rsovd, d th dvop-mt w go furthr o, so tht th ScR, -ordg to th rd xstg kowdg, rp-rsts th thoog tht hs o rpmt.

Howvr, t shoud b otd tht fu prshv vr mportt u, d t s to x-pt tht th w ot f, but probb growostt. Shoud fu prs f, g f- oud b proporto rdud b rs-g th tmprtur of th xhust gss b us-g th hgh xbt of th fu totro otro d b rr tmg ofth xhust vv opg. Ths woud brodth ScR ppto r t hghr g op-


14/14


28

rtg rgs, b ot usg th prvous d-srbd mthods. Th ScR g (rgr-to) prod woud b xtdd d ths mstht th shf f of th othrws vr xp-sv ScR shoud b xtdd too.

O of th soutos for fus wth hghr su-

fur ott s to st sp tp of srub-br pror to th ScR, but th th tmpr-turs rduto probm pprs. But thprobm b s sovd b stg -tr htrs or th sstm prstd gur 3,d produg tr powr b xpotg

wst ht (turbo grtor, gs turb gr-tor, t.) whh woud ot rs th SFc..

liteRatuRa /ReFeRenCeS

[1] Kosbrg eg Room Smutor, eRS-l11 Man B&W 5l50 Mc-Vlcc, Vr. Mc90-iV R. 1.32.1.0004 [2] D-e Mtu, Fz Mmt, Mthods of rdug mssos from two-strok ow-spd ds g-

s, eftm Murgu Rst, 2, 2010. [3] nto c Ds cmpg, 2005 Progrss Rport (http://www.p.gov/ds/pubtos.htm) [4] Dvopmt of stv tt rduto for ow-spd mr ds gs, supr- mr ds

R&D prot for iMO nOx Tr iii Rgutos, Mtsubsh Hv idustrs Th Rvw, 47 (2010),3.

[5] Tkhsk, t ., Mthod of dtrto of xhust gs d pprtus thrfor, Pt. o. US 7,842,266 B2,2010.

[6] a. Kohr: SinOxScR Sstm Trg argo, Grm, 2008. [7] emsso otro, two-strok ow-spd ds gs, ppr pubshd b Man B&W Ds a/S, cop-

hg, Dmbr 1996. [8] Bhk, impmtto of agd 21 europ ports t th xmp of lbk-Trvmd, 2004.

[9] lvdr, Oskr, nov mhr opts for Ro-Ro vsss, Wrts Mr nws, 1-2003 Gssegrg, 2003., 10-14.

[10] Gss egrg d lvto egrg, no-Rod ds msso rduto stud, 2003.[11] corbtt d Fshbk, Ds rtrot thoog fftvss, nv egrs jour, Wtr 2002 (

Bhk, 2004).[12] enTec, Shp mssos, ssgmt, btmt d mrkt-bsd strumts, Tsk 2b nOx abtmt,

2005.[13] Whstrm j., t ., Shp mssos d th msso rduto pott th northr Bt S,

Rport of th Fsh evromt isttut, 2006.[14] Wrts (G. Wssr), Prstto t Shps cofr, Fbrur 2007.[15] eftg egrg H., Oudm, Prstto o th hgs Mrpo, ax Vi, 2009.[16] Man B&W, Mtg of ss augsburg, 2002.[17] Hsk commsso, Mrtm group eoom tvs s ompmt to xstg rgutos for m-

provmt of th vromt prform of shppg, 2006.[18] argo, ScR t Motor shp mr propuso ofr, 2003.

[19] EPA, Proposal to designate an Emission Control Area for nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and particulate matter, te-chnical support document Chapter 5, 2009.

[20] http://.urop.u/vromt/r/trsport/pdf/abtmt%20thoog.xs

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004 198 Bernecic Radonja