A DESMITIFICAÇÃO DO ENTREVISTADO A interação entre jornalista e personagem na construção das entrevistas de Rolling Stone

8/4/2019 A DESMITIFICAÇÃO DO ENTREVISTADO A interação entre jornalista e personagem na construção das entrevistas de Rolling Stone

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dc}iqbcebpcêìk mc vcecqc |klbce .OQCGÊC% 322>% v' 363"' C vqã}blc `kqgceä|}blc clcac vkq |iq

ydc mc| qiecêùi| i|}caieilbmc| viek lbmcmìk id dibk æ |yc i~}ig|c qimi mi |klbcebmcmi'

1'3'3 Jàgiqk| mk ocpiq `kqgceä|}blk

C vqkmyêìk ̀ kqgceä|}blc% |ijygmk }bvboblcêìk mi|igkebmc vkq Diek .32>9"% vkmi |iq |ivcqcmc

id mkb| jàgiqk| vqbglbvcb|% vcq}bgmk mi lqb}âqbk| oyglbkgcb| i mc bg}iglbkgcebmcmi mk }i~}k0

`kqgceb|dk bgokqdc}bk ky `kqgceb|dk kvbgc}bk'

1'3'3'3 @kqgceb|dk bgokqdc}bk

K ̀ kqgceb|dk bgokqdc}bk â lcqcl}iqbpcmk vkq Diek lkdk c bg|}áglbc mc mi|lqbêìk kaì}bc mk|

oc}k|% |id idb||ìk mi kvbgbìk% `yäpk mi cekq ky dcgboi|}cêìk bmikeüjblc' C bg|}b}ybêìk

`kqgceä|}blc c||ydi k vcvie mi ka|iqcmkqc mc qicebmcmi i mi ―|ig}bgiec— mc |klbimcmi%



2

qijb|}qcgmk k| oc}k| i bgokqdcgmk$k| æ vkvyecêìk' \ijygmk Oqcgêc .322>"% k mb|lyq|k

`kqgceä|}blk% gi|}i lkg}i~}k% mi|lcqcl}iqbpc c vqi|igêc mi qiecêùi| i|viläoblc| i mbqi}c| ig}qi k

vqkob||bkgce i k oc}k ky okg}i% ocpigmk lkd syi k lkdygblcmkq mi|cvcqiêc id |iy vqüvqbk

igyglbcmk vkq dibk mi ydc eklyêìk bdvi||kce'

C vcecqc `kqgceä|}blc }kqgc$|i ydc vcecqc mi dimbcêìk% i c cêìk lkdygblc}bc%mi|idacqcêcmc mi |yìb}k| bgmbbmycb|% }kqgc$|i dcb| syi gyglc c vcecqc mc |klbimcmimbqbjbmc c |b vqüvqbc% c vqkvü|b}k miec di|dc' K `kqgceb|dk |i |ivcqc mc vcecqcviq|kgcebpcmc i lqbc yd }bvk mi ebjcêìk caiq}c i vcq}blyecq ig}qi k| bg}iqekly}kqi| i |iy}idvk' Gìk |i }qc}c dcb| mi |yìb}k| syi ocecd% dc|% cg}i|% mi |yìb}k| syi ka|iqcd'.OQCGÊC% 322>% v' 12"

Ig}qi k| }bvk| mi }i~}k bgleyämk| gi|}c lc}ijkqbc i|}ìk c gk}älbc% c gk}c% c qivkq}cjid i c

ig}qib|}c' Dcqsyi| .166<" lcqcl}iqbpc c gk}älbc lkdk k qiec}k bg}ijqce mi yd oc}k `ã ilekmbmk

gk dibk |klbce% igsycg}k c gk}c lydvqi c oygêìk mi aqii qiec}k mi yd vqkli||k id

lkgobjyqcêìk' C qivkq}cjid â k qi}qc}k cdvebcmk mi yd clkg}ilbdig}k% igsycg}k c ig}qib|}c

vqbbeijbc yd ky dcb| vqk}cjkgb|}c| mk oc}k% cvqk~bdcgmk$k| gk lkg}c}k lkd c lkei}bbmcmi'

1'3'3'1 @kqgceb|dk kvbgc}bk

C vqã}blc mk jàgiqk kvbgc}bk mboiqiglbc$|i mk `kqgceb|dk bgokqdc}bk viec bgley|ìk mc

cgãeb|i mk| oc}k| |ijygmk c kvbgbìk mk vqkob||bkgce i mk iälyek vcqc k syce }qcacenc' K }i~}k

okqgili k| mcmk| kaì}bk|% dc| }ig}c lkgigliq k eib}kq mi syi mi}iqdbgcmk vk|blbkgcdig}k

â k dcb| cmisycmk% vkq dibk mi cqjydig}k| syi vkmid |iq dcb| ky digk| vqã}blk| i mbqi}k|%

mivigmigmk mc vqkvk|}c lkdygblc}bc'

Diek .32>9" bmig}boblc% lkdk vqkmyêùi| }ävblc| mk `kqgceb|dk kvbgc}bk% k imb}kqbce% klkdig}ãqbk% k cq}bjk% c qi|ignc% c lkeygc% c lqýgblc% c lcqblc}yqc i c lcq}c' ]kmk| k| okqdc}k|

lb}cmk| gili||b}cd mi i|vcêk| cmisycmk| id |iy| iälyek|% |ka vigc mi syiaqc mk vcl}k mi

eib}yqc% lc|k c qijqc }ignc gìk }ignc |bmk ka|iqcmc'

Dcqsyi| .166<" qi||ce}c |idiencgêc| i|}qy}yqcb| ig}qi }cb| }bvk| mi }i~}k% lkdk c cy}kqbc

miobgbmc i i~veblb}cmc% lkd i~liêìk mk imb}kqbce% syi bgmblc c vk|bêìk mc idvqi|c mi

lkdygblcêìk viqcg}i mi}iqdbgcmk clkg}ilbdig}k' C||bd lkdk k lkdig}ãqbk% k imb}kqbce âmi}iqdbgcmk viec }idvkqcebmcmi% mi dkmk c i~bjbq lkg}bgybmcmi i bdimbc}b|dk' C i|}qy}yqc



36

}idvkqce â dcb| mioc|cmc gk| lc|k| mc lqýgblc i mc lcq}c% syi }cdaâd c||ydid c oygêìk mi

dimbcêìk ig}qi k iälyek i |iy vðaeblk'

1'3'1 Ieidig}k| mc vqã}blc `kqgceä|}blc

1'3'1'3 C cvyqcêìk

C| gk}älbc|% |ijygmk Ecji .166?"% ac|ibcd$|i gk clkdvcgncdig}k mk ocl}yce% mcsybek syi

klkqqi mi okqdc bdvqib|äie% ky gc qicebpcêìk mi vcy}c| mi clkqmk lkd iig}k| vqkjqcdcmk|

ky |cpkgcb|% mi|mkaqcdig}k| mi oc}k| jiqcmkqi| mi bg}iqi||i ky lkg|}c}cêùi| mbqi}c| mk

lk}bmbcgk' Gi|}i lkg}i~}k% â bdvqi|lbgmäie k bg|bjn} mk `kqgceb|}c id qiecêìk æ ay|lc mi

c||yg}k| syi lcv}id c c}igêìk mk vðaeblk% vkq dibk mi yd qilkq}i lkg|bmiqcmk bg}iqi||cg}i

|ijygmk k| lqb}âqbk| mi gk}blbcabebmcmi0 cdveb}ymi mk oc}k i |yc| lkg|isyàglbc|% |yc qcqbmcmi

ky oqisyàglbc% idvc}bc mc cymbàglbc vkq mi}iqdbgcmc gc}yqipc mi oc}k% ig}qi ky}qk|'

Ecji i~veblc syi c| vcy}c| miid lkg}iq k iig}k8 nkqc i eklce8 i~bjàglbc| vcqc c lkaiq}yqc%

}cb| lkdk }qcì ky lqimiglbcb|8 bgmblcêìk mi qilyq|k| ky isybvcdig}k|% lkdk lcv}cêìk mibdcjig|8 }iqdk| mi cvqkib}cdig}k imb}kqbce% lkdk }cdcgnk i caqcgjàglbc mc qivkq}cjid8 i%

lc|k gili||ãqbk% bgokqdcêùi| |kaqi k cebgncdig}k imb}kqbce i c bgmblcêìk mi okg}i|

lkdveidig}cqi|'

\lcepk .1662" qi||ce}c syi ydc bgokqdcêìk aid cvyqcmc% vkq dibk| eälb}k|% lkd akc| okg}i|%

lnilcmc% lkgoqkg}cmc% cgceb|cmc i aid i|lqb}c }igmi c |iq oqy}k mi yd vqkli||k syi qi|vib}ky

vcqádi}qk| â}blk|' C sycebmcmi mk mcmk gid |idvqi â ibmig}i vkq |b |ü i% vkq b||k% âgili||ãqbk syi k `kqgceb|}c bgmbsyi% mc okqdc dcb| lecqc vk||äie% c kqbjid mi |yc|

bgokqdcêùi|% vcqc syi k eib}kq ccebi |yc bdvkq}áglbc i lqimbabebmcmi'

1'3'1'1 C i|lqb}c

K }i~}k `kqgceä|}blk }id lkdk vqidb||c aã|blc k idac|cdig}k id mcmk| lkdvqkcmk| i

iqboblcmk|% id yd lkg}i~}k mi vqbkqbpcêìk mc| qi|vk|}c| kaì}bc| viqcg}i mi}iqdbgcmkclkg}ilbdig}k' Ig}qi}cg}k% \lcepk .1662" qc}boblc syi c okqdc lkd syi k }i~}k |i cvqi|ig}c



33

mivigmi mk iälyek id syi |iqã }qcg|db}bmk' Gk lc|k mc qib|}c% â vk||äie mcq i|vcêk vcqc

dc}âqbc| ekgjc|% dcb| iecakqcmc| i }qcacencmc|% ck lkg}qãqbk mk| `kqgcb|% id syi c gk}älbc â

}qcg|db}bmc mi okqdc dcb| |ylbg}c% |yviqoblbce i milecqc}üqbc8 ky mk| dibk| iei}qýgblk|%

dcqlcmk| vkq yd vqkli||k cbgmc dcb| ebjibqk mi lkg|ydk'

Gc lkg|}qyêìk mi gk}älbc|% gk}c| i ky}qk| cq}bjk| ocl}ycb|% nã vqimkdbgáglbc mk }i~}k

gcqqc}bk% igsycg}k% id ky}qc| vqã}blc| mk `kqgceb|dk% lkdk k viqobe% nã ydc vqbkqbpcêìk mc

mi|lqbêìk' Gk |ijdig}k kvbgc}bk% vqiceili c mb||iq}cêìk'

1'3'1'< Imbêìk i â}blc

K vqkli||k obgce mc vqã}blc `kqgceä|}blc% c imbêìk% ac|ibc$|i gc |ieiêìk mk| oc}k| i qiec}k| mi

clkqmk lkd liq}c kqmid lki|bc i lkiqig}i vcqc k }i~}k' C vqã}blc i|}ã bg}qbg|ilcdig}i ebjcmc

æ cgjyecêìk% `ã i|akêcmc gk vqkli||k mi vqkmyêìk i cvyqcêìk% i æ ebgnc imb}kqbce cmk}cmc viec

idvqi|c syi iblyec c bgokqdcêìk' ]cb| c|vil}k| qi}qkcebdig}cd c lqimbabebmcmi mk dibk mi

lkdygblcêìk% ac|icmc gydc }qcmbêìk mi lkg|b|}àglbc i lkdvqkdb||k lkd c qicebmcmi i lkd k

vðaeblk$cek'

\lcepk .1662" qi||ce}c syi% gk `kqgceb|dk% â}blc â bjyce æ sycebmcmi mc bgokqdcêìk% ydc ip

syi cdak| k| lkglib}k| lcdbgncd `yg}k|' K koälbk lkdygblc}bk }ilgblcdig}i aid$oib}k

qi|ye}c% jiqcedig}i% id vqkmy}k obgce syi qi|vib}c vqbglävbk| dkqcb|' Ig}qi}cg}k% gk lc|k mk

`kqgceb|dk bgi|}bjc}bk% gìk â qcqk sycgmk c i~ilyêìk i c imbêìk mc dc}âqbc i|acqqcd id

ebdb}i| â}blk| qiec}bk| æ gc}yqipc mc bgokqdcêìk “ |i`cd qiec}bk| ck| dibk| mi |yc ka}igêìk%

|i`cd qiec}bk| æ| lkg|isyàglbc| mi |yc mbyejcêìk' Sycgmk b||k klkqqi% k iälyek

qi|vkg|ãie mii vqklyqcq cqdcq$|i mi cqjydig}k| `yqämblk| vcqc vqk}iêìk% gk lc|k mi cêùi|

gc @y|}bêc% vqbglbvcedig}i vkq lceðgbc i mbocdcêìk' Ig}qi}cg}k% gìk |ìk qcqk| k| lc|k| id syik| vqüvqbk| dibk| mi lkdygblcêìk lkqqkakqcd vcqc ydc qiec}bbpcêìk mc dkqce% ac|icmk| id

bg}iqi||i| lkqvkqc}bk|'

Nã jqcgmi| bkecêùi| â}blc|% c}qbayämc| `y|}cdig}i æ| idvqi|c|% i syi% vkq i|}cqid iec|bg|iqbmc|id yd |b|}idc mi vkmiq% `cdcb| |ìk vygbmc|' .'''" oc}k| lkdk i||i| qivi}id$|i vkq}kmc c Cdâqblc Ec}bgc% jkiqgcmc vkq kebjcqsybc| c||klbcmc| ck lcvb}ce .vqbglbvcedig}ii~}iqgk" i syi lkg}qkecd k| vqbglbvcb| dibk| mi lkdygblcêìk' Nã vkylk syi ocpiq% gi||i|lc|k|% i~li}k vqkdkiq c migðglbc i c mboy|ìk mi bgokqdcêìk ce}iqgc}bc% k syi |idvqi |i}ig}c' .ECJI% 166?% v' 36<$36="



31

\ijygmk Ecji .166?"% c â}blc mk `kqgceb|}c vkmi |iq ig}igmbmc i lkaqcmc id myc| clivêùi|0 c

bgmbbmyce% lcqcl}iqbpcmc viec lkgmy}c vc||äie mi lkaqcgêc mc |klbimcmi i mcsyiei| syi |i

|ig}id ei|cmk| viqcg}i c eib% i c mk iälyek vcqc k syce k vqkob||bkgce }qcacenc' Gk vqbdibqk

lc|k% \lcepk .1662" qi||ce}c syi k `kqgceb|}c mii ay|lcq c vqi|iqcêìk% |ka }kmk| k|

lkg}i~}k|% mi |yc bgmivigmàglbc% qi|vib}cgmk k lkdvqkdb||k lkd k eib}kq' Gìk ac|}c ck

lkdygblcmkq |iq nkgi|}k8 â vqilb|k }cdaâd vcqiliq nkgi|}k'

1'1 K vcvie mc ig}qib|}c gk `kqgceb|dk

Mi clkqmk lkd Dimbgc .32>?"% c ig}qib|}c â ydc }âlgblc mi bg}iqvigi}qcêìk bg}iqc}bc% syi

ay|lc syiaqcq b|kecdig}k| jqyvcb|% bgmbbmycb| i |klbcb|% dc| syi vk||yb vc}cdcqi| }âlgblk| c

|iqid lydvqbmk|% mibmk ck qbjkq }âlgblk mk vqkli||k% vqi|ig}i id }kmc| c| Lbàglbc| \klbcb|

i id ky}qc| vqkob||ùi| syi i~bjid }ce bg}iqcêìk% lkdk igmc|% Mbqib}k i Dimblbgc' C

obgcebmcmi mc ig}qib|}c vkmi |iq mbbmbmc id }qà| di}c|0 i|lkeniq oc}k|% bgokqdcq i dk}bcq%

|ijybmc| viec mi|db}boblcêìk mk vqi}ig|k c|vil}k mi kaì}bbmcmi gk iglcdbgncdig}k mk

vqkli||k' K ig}qib|}cmkq }id lkdk oygêìk bgi|}bq gc vqüvqbc viq|kgcebmcmi% vcqc c}ycq gydc

bg}iq$qiecêìk lqbcmkqc'

Lkdk vk||babebmcmi| }âlgblc|% Dimbgc cvqi|ig}c c ig}qib|}c i~}ig|bc% syi lkg|b|}i gk }bvk

mi cveblcêìk mi igsyi}i| qiìb}cmk igsycg}k vqã}blc `kqgceä|}blc% i c bg}ig|bc ky gìk$mbqi}bc'

Gi|}i okqdc}k% k lig}qk mk mbãekjk mi|eklc$|i vcqc k ig}qib|}cmk% nã vk||babebmcmi| mi

ebaiqcêìk mi mi|aeksyibk gc |b}ycêìk bg}iq$nydcgc i |i vkmi c}bgjbq c cy}kieylbmcêìk' C

cy}kqc y}bebpc ydc lb}cêìk mi Imjcq Dkqbg vcqc lkglib}ycq c ig}qib|}c `kqgceä|}blc0 ―C

ig}qib|}c â ydc vqc~b|—'

1'1'3 ]bvboblcêìk mc ig}qib|}c

Dimbgc .32>?" bmig}boblc myc| lc}ijkqbc| mi ig}qib|}c|0 c" csyiec| syi vqi}igmid

i|vi}clyecqbpcq k |iq nydcgk i a" csyiec| syi vqi}igmid lkdvqiigmà$ek' Gi|}c ðe}bdc% c

}bvboblcêìk syi cvqi|ig}c â c |ijybg}i0 nã c ig}qib|}c$qb}k% gc syce cvigc| |yc okqdc â dcb|

`y|}boblcmc mk syi k lkg}iðmk .i~idvek0 ig}qib|}c| lkd `kjcmkqi| mi oy}iake æ aibqc mk

lcdvk"8 c ig}qib|}c cgimü}blc% ac|icmc id lkgiq|cêùi| oqäkec| i okoklc| lkg|bmiqcmc|



3<

―vblcg}i|—8 c ig}qib|}c$mbãekjk% gc syce c| myc| vcq}i| lkecakqcd vcqc }qcpiq æ }kgc ydc

iqmcmi syi vkmi mbpiq qi|vib}k æ vi||kc mk ig}qib|}cmk ky c yd vqkaeidc8 i c|

giklkgob||ùi|% gc| sycb| k ig}qib|}cmkq |i cvcjc mbcg}i mk ig}qib|}cmk% syi qicebpc yd

diqjyenk bg}iqbkq “ ky ―|}qbv$}ic|i mc cedc—% b|cgmk c c}qcbq c ebabmk v|blkeüjblc mk

i|vil}cmkq+eib}kq'

@ã k| |yajàgiqk| mc i|vi}clyecqbpcêìk |ìk k viqobe mk vb}kqi|lk% gc syce â qi||ce}cmc c okoklc%

k jqk}i|lk i k vblcg}i8 k viqobe mk bgy|b}cmk% vkq dibk mc lcqcl}iqbpcêìk .vk||biedig}i

okqêcmc" mk ig}qib|}cmk lkdk i~ü}blk i i~làg}qblk8 k viqobe mc lkgmigcêìk% ly`k

dcgbsyiä|dk i|}ã dcb| oqisyig}idig}i qieclbkgcmk æ imb}kqbc vkeblbce8 i k viqobe mc bqkgbc

bg}ieil}ycebpcmc% gc syce% mi okqdc yd vkylk dcb| |y}be% i~}qcb$|i mk ig}qib|}cmk cejydc

milecqcêìk ky lkdabgcêìk mi ocec| syi eicd æ dcgbvyecêìk% }qcg|okqdcgmk yd vk||äie

dklbgnk id acgmbmk'

Ky}qc| lc}ijkqbc| bgmblcmc| vkq Dimbgc .32>?" |ìk c ig}qib|}c lkglib}yce% gc syce |i y|c k

mbãekjk i~veälb}k i k ig}qib|}cmkq ay|lc acjcjid bgokqdc}bc% cvqi|ig}cgmk |yc lyqbk|bmcmi

qiec}bc c lkglib}k| qiec}bk| ck ig}qib|}cmk% id mi}qbdig}k mc ka|iqcêìk mk

lkdvkq}cdig}k8 c ig}qib|}c+igsyi}i% nkì vqi|ig}i gk lncdcmk ―vkk$ocec— mk qãmbk i mc}ieib|ìk% gc syce |i y}bebpc% mi okqdc ceic}üqbc% dcb| mi ydc okg}i vcqc mivkq |kaqi

mi}iqdbgcmk }idc8 c ig}qib|}c bgi|}bjc}bc% gc syce c bgokqdcêìk gìk i|}ã oclbedig}i

mb|vkgäie ck `kqgceb|}c i i~bji dcbkq i|okqêk mi cvyqcêìk8 c ig}qib|}c mi lkgoqkg}cêìk$

vkeidbpcêìk% qicebpcmc id miac}i|% di|c|$qimkgmc| i vcbgâb|% lkd c vqi|igêc mi yd

dimbcmkq i c vqbkqbpcêìk mk |ig|k lkdyd8 i k viqobe nydcgbpcmk% gk syce k ig}qib|}cmkq

diqjyenc gc nb|}üqbc mi |iy ig}qib|}cmk vcqc lkdvqiigmiq lkglib}k|% cekqi|%

lkdvkq}cdig}k| i bmc vqijqi||c'

1'1'1 K `kqgceb|}c i c lkgmyêìk mc ig}qib|}c

Dimbgc .32>?" mi|}clc c bdvkq}áglbc mc lkqqi}c qicebpcêìk mc ig}qib|}c% bgley|bi id |iy|

c|vil}k| }âlgblk|% vcqc ka}igêìk mi yd mbãekjk iqmcmibqk i lkd b|}c| æ |yviqcêìk mk|

ebdb}i| vqâ$i|}caieilbmk| gc vcy}c' C i|vkg}cgibmcmi mk c}k â viqliv}äie }cg}k vkq dibk mc

lkgmyêìk mk| c||yg}k|% oib}c viek `kqgceb|}c% sycg}k viek lcqã}iq cy}àg}blk mk mb|lyq|k mk

ig}qib|}cmk% mi okqdc syi c bàglbc â lkg|}qyämc vkq dibk mi }qà| ieidig}k|0 okg}i mi



3=

bgokqdcêìk% qivüq}iq i qiliv}kq' C vcq}bq mc dk}bcêìk mk ig}qib|}cmkq% c nb|}üqbc milkec mk

vk|blbkgcdig}k mk bgmbämyk syi c gcqqc i |i lkg|ya|}cglbc id mbiq|c| ky}qc| bg}iqvqi}cêùi|

vcqc k eib}kq' C gcqqc}bc lkg|}qüb% lkg|isyig}idig}i% yd mbãekjk bg}iqc}bk% c}bgjbgmk k

kaì}bk lkdygblc}bk% lkdk miobgbmk viec cy}kqc'

Ig}qi}cg}k% |i k ig}qib|}cmkq dcg}âd$|i vqi|k c yd syi|}bkgãqbk% c bmibc| i|}cgsyi| ky c yd

cy}kqb}cqb|dk bdvk|b}bk% k qi|ye}cmk oqy|}qc k qiliv}kq' Dimbgc .32>?" mioigmi c syiaqc mk

mbqbjb|dk imb}kqbce gc qicebpcêìk mi ig}qib|}c| i cvyqcêùi|% ieidig}k i|}i dcb| oclbedig}i

mi}il}cmk id }i~}k| gk| sycb| k bg}iqekly}kq â lkgmypbmk c mcq mi}iqdbgcmc qi|vk|}c' Vcqc k|

iälyek| syi |i vkq}cd mi||c okqdc% k dkmk mi |iq i mi mbpiq mk ig}qib|}cmk â k syi digk|

bdvkq}c% bg}iqi||cgmk c iei| cvigc| k lydvqbdig}k mc vcy}c' K| syi okjid æ qijqc vqkdkid

c nydcgbpcêìk mi||i lkg}c}k bg}iqc}bk% mi okqdc c ce}iqcq cdak| k| ieidig}k| .iy i }y" i

ieylbmcq mi}iqdbgcmk c|vil}k vi||kce ky ydc lkdvqiig|ìk mi dygmk% lkg|}qybgmk k syi

Dimbgc lncdc mi ―mbãekjk vk||äie—'

]qcdkg}bgc .322?" i~veblc syi yd mk| ieidig}k| vqbdkqmbcb| vcqc ydc ig}qib|}c aid

lkgmypbmc â c mi}igêìk mi bgokqdcêìk vkq vcq}i mk `kqgceb|}c' C ioblbàglbc mi }ce i|}qc}âjbc

i|}ã gc bglkg}i|}cabebmcmi mi ydc cvyqcêìk vqâbc% qicebpcmc mi okqdc lkqqi}c% di|dk sycgmkk ig}qib|}cmk â i~viqbig}i gi||i lkg}i~}k bg}iqclbkgce'

1'< @kqgceb|dk mi qib|}c

]ce lkdk id ky}qc| dämbc|% k `kqgceb|dk ke}cmk vcqc c vyaeblcêìk mi qib|}c| vk||yb

lcqcl}iqä|}blc| i|viläoblc|% syi mbpid qi|vib}k æ viqbkmblbmcmi% digkq mk syi c mk| `kqgcb|% i æqiecêìk lkg|}qyämc lkd k eib}kq' Igsycg}k k| `kqgcb| |yqjbqcd lkd okq}i cviek mi

vk|blbkgcdig}k vkeä}blk% c| qib|}c| |idvqi }biqcd% id |yc clivêìk% yd lybmcmk dcbkq lkd

k lkg}iðmk imylc}bk i lkd c |ijdig}cêìk mc| bgokqdcêùi|% mi dkmk c di|lecq

ig}qi}igbdig}k% |iqbêk i bg}iqvqi}cêìk mk| oc}k|'

1'<'3 I|vilboblbmcmi| i lkglib}k|

Vkq |iq iblyecmc% jiqcedig}i% mi okqdc |idcgce% sybgpigce ky dig|ce% c qib|}c }id c |iy



39

ockq yd dcbkq }idvk vcqc cvyqcêìk% vqkmyêìk i imbêìk mc| qivkq}cjig|% k syi `y|}boblc k

mi}cencdig}k mi cvyqcêìk i lkg}i~}ycebpcêìk mk oc}k id c||yg}k| `ã cakqmcmk| ocl}ycedig}i

vkq ky}qk| dibk|' Vcqc _bec| Akc| .32>?"% k vqbglbvce kaì}bk mc qib|}c â vqiiglniq k| cpbk|

bgokqdc}bk| mib~cmk| viec| lkaiq}yqc| mi `kqgcb|% qãmbk i }ieib|ìk' Lkd }ce kaì}bk% \lcepk

.1661" cobqdc syi k }i~}k vcqc i|}i iälyek vqilb|c }cdaâd ig}qi}iq% cvqi|ig}cq cgãeb|i|%

qioei~ùi|% lkglig}qcêìk mi bgokqdcêùi| i |i }kqgcq ydc cjqcmãie i~viqbàglbc mi eib}yqc'

Ky}qk lkdvqkdb||k mk `kqgceb|dk mi qib|}c â lkd k i|}caieilbdig}k mi ydc lkei}ágic mi

mklydig}k| lkg}i~}ycb| vcqc vk|}iqbkq y}bebpcêìk nb|}üqblc'

Igsycg}k dibk| mi lkdygblcêìk ke}cmk| vcqc k lkg|ydk bdimbc}k cmk}cd yd lcqã}iq

jigiqceb|}c vkq klcêìk% c qib|}c }cdaâd |i mboiqiglbc% ck }kqgcq i|viläoblc |yc cakqmcjid%

|ijygmk c| midcgmc| i cg|ibk| mk vðaeblk$cek' C| ebgnc| imb}kqbcb| mc| vyaeblcêùi|

mboiqiglbcd |yc| vcy}c| mi clkqmk lkd k lkg}i~}k |klbklye}yqce mk| eib}kqi| |ijygmk mbiq|c|

cqbcg}i| .bmcmi% |i~k% i}gbc% qigmc% i|lkecqbmcmi% i}l'"% id ay|lc mi ydc lkaiq}yqc

i|vilbcebpcmc i cvqk~bdcmc lkd }cb| ocb~c| mi vðaeblk% mi dkmk c jcqcg}bq obmiebpcêìk i

cobgbmcmi'

Vcqceiecdig}i% nã k lybmcmk lkd k i|}caieilbdig}k mi ydc sycebmcmi jqãoblc syi }kqgi cqib|}c b|ycedig}i c}qc}bc' Ig}qi }cb| qilyq|k| bgleyid$|i c }i~}yqc mk vcvie% c sycebmcmi

|yviqbkq mc| ok}kjqcobc| id qiecêìk ck `kqgce i c y}bebpcêìk dcb| cdvec mi bgokjqãoblk|%

bey|}qcêùi| i ak~i|' C vqc}blbmcmi mk okqdc}k% |ijygmk \lcepk .1661"% }kqgc c vyaeblcêìk dcb|

oãlbe mi |iq jycqmcmc i lkeilbkgcmc% ockqiligmk c myqcabebmcmi dc}iqbce i mi lkg}iðmk'

1'<'1 Ebgjycjid

Gk `kqgceb|dk mi qib|}c% nã i|vcêk vcqc k cvqkoygmcdig}k i c i~}qcvkecêìk mc| cgãeb|i|%

c||bd lkdk c caiq}yqc vcqc }i~}k| dcb| lqbc}bk|% ieijcg}i| i |imy}kqi|% lkd c y}bebpcêìk mi

qilyq|k| jiqcedig}i bglkdvc}äib| lkd k `kqgceb|dk mbãqbk'

Yd mk| vqbglbvcb| ieidig}k| }i~}ycb| mk `kqgceb|dk mi qib|}c% mi clkqmk lkd _bec| Akc|

.322?"% â c }kgcebmcmi cmk}cmc viek qivüq}iq' ]qc}c$|i mk i|}caieilbdig}k mi ydc |isyàglbc mi

qclbklägbk vkq dibk mi ieidig}k| lki|bk|% id syi |i cjqyvcd c||yg}k| i |ig}bmk|' Vcqc c

qicebpcêìk mi }ce iglcmicdig}k% â gili||ãqbk i|lkeniq% vqibcdig}i% c ebgjycjid c |iq cmk}cmc



3?

.nydkq% }qcjâmbc% mqcdc% }ig|ìk% i}l'"' C cvqi|ig}cêìk mc| bgokqdcêùi| mii lkdveidig}cq c

qicêìk `ã dcgboi|}cmc gc |klbimcmi lkd k| okqdc}k| dcb| ocl}ycb| mi dämbc' K }i~}k vcqc

qib|}c vqkdki ydc b|ìk mi}cencmc mc| lcy|c| i ioib}k| mk oc}k+clkg}ilbdig}k+}idc% vkq

dibk mi gcqqc}bc bg|}bjcg}i i c}qcig}i' Ig}qi}cg}k% c cgãeb|i i c bg}iqvqi}cêìk gìk vkmid

vqi|lbgmbq mk }idvk i mk i|vcêk% `ã syi c gcqqc}bc mi yd }i~}k mi qib|}c }cdaâd â yd

mklydig}k nb|}üqblk'

_bec| Akc| .322?" qi||ce}c syi k i|}bek â lcqcl}iqbpcmk viec i|lkenc mi yd ieidig}k }i~}yce%

id ip mi bgðdiqk| ky}qk| mb|vkgäib|' Mig}qi c| mbiq|c| mblc| igydiqcmc| viek cy}kq% yd

qilyq|k vcqc k `kqgceb|dk mi qib|}c â c cekqbpcêìk mk| iqak| mb|ligmb% lkdk okqdc mi oyjbq

mk| y|ycb| ―mbp— i ―cobqdc—% id mbqiêìk c ky}qk| dcb| |y}b|% mi clkqmk lkd k lkg}i~}k' C

bgokqdcêìk mii bq gc dimbmc i~c}c% bgley|bi cg}ilbvcgmk$|i æ| vk||äib| bgmcjcêùi| mk

eib}kq'

Gikekjb|dk|% lkeksybceb|dk| i jäqbc|% ieidig}k| cakdbgãib| id }i~}k| mi `kqgcb|% |ìk%

|ijygmk _bec| Akc|% qilyq|k| c |iqid ib}cmk|% dc| syi vkmid }iq akg| qi|ye}cmk| lc|k

y}bebpcmk| mi okqdc lkqqi}c' K }i~}k mi qib|}c cekqbpc c igydiqcêìk% c mi|lqbêìk mi}cencmc%

c| lkdvcqcêùi|% c qicebpcêìk mi cgcekjbc|% c lqbcêìk mi lkg}qc|}i|% k y|k mi i~idvek|% c|qi}kdcmc| nb|}üqblc| i ky}qk| }bvk| mi bey|}qcêìk lkg}i~}ycebpcmkqc' K c|vil}k }i|}idygnce mk

}qcacenk mk `kqgceb|}c }cdaâd â yd ieidig}k bdvkq}cg}i id }ce okqdc}k mi }i~}k lkdk okqdc

mi bglyecq k vqkmy}k ck }idvk% ck i|vcêk i æ bg}iqvqi}cêìk ac|icmc gc ka|iqcêìk

vcq}blbvcg}i'

Gc ay|lc viec bgokqdcêìk mboiqiglbcmc% \lcepk .1661" ka|iqc syi yd mk| qb|lk| mc

i|vilbcebpcêìk â c qivqkmyêìk mi }iqdk| i cqjydig}k| }âlgblk| gìk cli||äib| ck| eib}kqi|%mib~cgmk eclygc| mi lkdvqiig|ìk gk| }i~}k|' Ky}qk| mbeidc| bgiqig}i| æ vqã}blc syi |i

mi|}clcd |ìk c lkqqi}c cakqmcjid mk }idc vqbglbvce id qiecêìk æ |yc qieiáglbc gc

|klbimcmi% mi okqdc c gìk okqgiliq ck vðaeblk ydc b|ìk mi dygmk midc|bcmk i|}qib}c% i c

ay|lc mi yd gäie mi i~lieàglbc i~bjbmc viek eib}kq gc lkg}bgycêìk mk| miac}i| bgblbcmk| gc|

dämbc| dcb| ocl}ycb|'

1'<'< Qiecêìk lkd c eb}iqc}yqc



3:

C qib|}c }cdaâd â lkg|bmiqcmc% vkq _bec| Akc| .322?"% yd ieidig}k mi lkglbebcêìk ig}qi c|

}âlgblc| `kqgceä|}blc i eb}iqãqbc% ck koiqiliq lkg}iðmk dcb| bg}iqvqi}c}bk i mklydig}ce mk syi

c dcbkq vcq}i mc| midcb| dämbc|' Ig}qi}cg}k% c qib|}c gìk lnijc c ccgêcq }cg}k lkdk k ebqk$

qivkq}cjid “ jàgiqk eb}iqãqbk syi gcqqc ydc i~}ig|c qivkq}cjid i ly`c qieiáglbc viqdcgili

okqc mi |iy lkg}i~}k }idvkqce “ % id }iqdk| mi lkg}i~}ycebpcêìk i mi|lqbêìk nb|}üqblc' K syi k

}i~}k vcqc qib|}c }id c |iy ockq â k cvqkoygmcdig}k mc| }âlgblc| mi vi|syb|c i c qbsyipc

}i~}yce% ck lkg}iq qivkq}cjig|% cq}bjk| i midcb| vqkmy}k| `kqgceä|}blk| vqcpiqk|k| vcqc k eib}kq%

lcvcpi| mi qkdviq c| cdcqqc| mc vcmqkgbpcêìk lk}bmbcgc' Ig}qi}cg}k% k |iy dcbkq mi|cobk â

lkg|ijybq i|}igmiq c c}igêìk mk eib}kq c}â k obd mk| }i~}k|% gc}yqcedig}i dcb| ekgjk| mk syi

k| mk| midcb| iälyek|'

Lkgokqdi c ebgnc imb}kqbce mc qib|}c% k| ebdb}i| ig}qi `kqgceb|dk i eb}iqc}yqc vkmid |iq

}cgjiglbcmk|% cbgmc syi c bg}iqocli |i`c miebgicmc' Vcqc Digipi| .322:"% c eb}iqc}yqc â

lcqcl}iqbpcmc viec }qcg|vk|bêìk mk qice% qydk æ lkg|}qyêìk mi ydc kaqc lye}yqce gìk ebjcmc æ

ocl}ycebmcmi id |yc i||àglbc% igsycg}k k `kqgceb|dk â c qicebmcmi id |b% vqigmigmk$|i ck

lk}bmbcgk i æ ioidiqbmcmi' Ig}qi}cg}k% Midâ}qbk .166=" mioigmi syi% gk| mkb| lcdvk|% k

vkg}k dã~bdk syi k cy}kq lkg|ijyi c}bgjbq â k mc iqk||bdbencgêc% lkdvcq}bencmc viec

y}bebpcêìk mc ebgjycjid% ydc ip syi c qicebmcmi â bdvk||äie mi |iq lcv}cmc kaì}bcdig}i i|yc i~vqi||ìk |idvqi |iqã qicebpcmc vkq yd ágjyek vcq}blyecq'

Vcqc \c}k .1669"% c vqã}blc mk `kqgceb|dk i|}ã viqdicmc mi bgoeyàglbc eb}iqãqbc% ydc ip syi

y}bebpc |yc qivqi|ig}cêìk lkdk qilyq|k i||iglbce æ dkg}cjid mk }i~}k' Cvi|cq mi ke}cmc vcqc

k qice% c c}bbmcmi `kqgceä|}blc y|c lkg}kqgk| obllbkgcb| ck }ig}cq qidkg}cq k lyq|k qice mi ydc

}qcì}üqbc gìk }i|}idygncmc% vkq dibk mc lkei}ágic mi qiec}k|' ]qc}c$|i mc qilkg|}qyêìk mi

mcmk c||yg}k c vcq}bq mi mi qilyq|k| obllbkgcb| i mi }qc}cdig}k |yviqoblbce'



3>

< BGMÐ\]QBC LYE]YQCE I DB]K\ LKG]IDVKQÁGIK\

<'3 Lye}yqc0 lkglib}k|

C c}yce clivêìk mk }iqdk ―lye}yqc— “ qiec}bc æ| c}bbmcmi| cq}ä|}blc|% lkdygblclbkgcb|%

nãab}k| i lk|}ydi| mi yd vkk% aid lkdk |iy| ioib}k|% bgoeyàglbc| i cq}blyecêùi| “ â

qi|ye}cmk mi yd vqkli||k nb|}üqblk% }qcg|okqdcmk |ijygmk k| vcqcmbjdc| bjig}i| gc

|klbimcmi% id mboiqig}i| viqäkmk|' Mi clkqmk lkd \cg}k| .322?"% c lye}yqc vkmi |iq miobgbmc

mi myc| okqdc|0 lkdk }ymk csybek syi lcqcl}iqbpc c i~b|}àglbc |klbce mi yd vkk% gcêìk ky

|yajqyvk8 ky lkdk k lkgnilbdig}k% c| bmibc| i lqigêc| igkebmk| id mi}iqdbgcmc i|oiqc mc

bmc |klbce'

K vqbdibqk y|k mc vcecqc qioiqi$|i ck| lybmcmk| gc cjqblye}yqc% ydc ip syi k }iqdk

―lye}yqc— id mk iqak ec}bgk lkeiqi% syi syiq mbpiq lye}bcq' Vig|cmkqi| mc Qkdc Cg}bjc

cdvebcqcd k |bjgboblcmk vcqc |i qioiqbq ck qiobgcdig}k vi||kce% ky |i`c% k lye}bk mc dig}i i

mc cedc' \ijygmk ]nkdv|kg .3229"% k lkglib}k |ü |i }kqgky kaì}k i|viläoblk mi i|}ymk gk

obd mk |âlyek ^_BBB' Bgblbcedig}i% k }iqdk iqc y|cmk lkdk |bgýgbdk mi ―lbbebpcêìk—% miclkqmk lkd k |ig}bmk cmk}cmk viek Beydbgb|dk% qivqi|ig}cgmk vqkjqi||k% mi|igkebdig}k i

kqmid% id kvk|bêìk æ acqaãqbi' ]ce ccebcêìk mib~c i~veälb}k yd vqkli||k mi i}gklig}qb|dk%

i~veblb}cmk gc nbiqcqsybpcêìk mc| lye}yqc| mk vecgi}c |ijygmk k lqb}âqbk mi ―ikeyêìk—

lcvb}ceb|}c% lkdk qc}boblc \cg}k|' Vkqâd% gk lkg}i~}k lye}yqce mc qijbìk ceidì% lye}yqc i

lbbebpcêìk jcgncqcd |bjgboblcêùi| mboiqiglbcmc|% dcb| vqü~bdc| mk y|k c}yce'

Gc eägjyc ceidì% ig}qi}cg}k% i|}c| vcecqc| Xlye}yqc i lbbebpcêìkT iqcd% oqisyig}idig}i%lkg}qc|}cmc|% mi }ce okqdc syi Pbbeb|c}bkg cmsybqby ydc lkgk}cêìk gijc}bc i Hye}yq % ydc vk|b}bc' C vcecqc ―Pbbeb|c}bkg— okb c||klbcmc lkd vkebmip i qiobgcdig}k mc| dcgibqc|%igsycg}k ―Hye}yq— iqc y|cmc dcb| vcqc |i qioiqbq c vqkmy}k| bg}ieil}ycb|% cq}ä|}blk| ii|vbqb}ycb| gk| sycb| |i i~vqi||ccd c bgmbbmycebmcmi i c lqbc}bbmcmi mc| vi||kc|'.]NKDV\KG% 3229% v' 3?:$3?>"

Lkd k mi|igkebdig}k mc cg}qkvkekjbc gk |âlyek ^B^% c lkglivêìk leã||blc mi lye}yqc miy

eyjcq c ky}qc| okqdc| mi lkglib}ycêìk% lkdk c| lkglivêùi| mi|lqb}bc% |bdaüeblc i i|}qy}yqce

mi|lqb}c| vkq ]nkdv|kg' C clivêìk mi|lqb}bc qioiqi$|i c yd lkg`yg}k mi cekqi|% lqigêc|%

lk|}ydi|% lkgigêùi|% nãab}k| i vqã}blc| mi ydc |klbimcmi ky viqäkmk nb|}üqblk' @ã c

lkglivêìk |bdaüeblc ke}c$|i vcqc k i|}ymk mc lye}yqc lkdk lkei}ágic mi oigýdigk|

|bdaüeblk|% b|cgmk æ |yc bg}iqvqi}cêìk' C lkglivêìk i|}qy}yqce% dcb| lkdvei}c% eic id lkg}c



32

c| qiecêùi| |klbcb| igkebmc| gc lkg|}qyêìk mc lye}yqc% lkg}i~}ycebpcgmk bg}igêùi|%

lkgigêùi|% i|}qy}yqc| i qioiqàglbc| .]NKDV\KG% 3229% v' 3??"'

Vcqc Hieegiq .1663"% c lye}yqc â i||iglbcedig}i ydc c}bbmcmi gc syce |i ocp gili||ãqbk ce}k

jqcy mi vcq}blbvcêìk% i â vkq dibk miec syi c| vi||kc| lkg|}qkid |klbimcmi| i bmig}bmcmi|' C

lye}yqc dkmiec k| bgmbämyk|% ibmiglbcgmk i lye}bcgmk vk}iglbcebmcmi| i lcvclbmcmi| mi

ocec% cêìk i lqbc}bbmcmi' C lkg|}c}cêìk mi mboiqigêc| i cqbcêùi| mi dkmk| mi bmc `ã iqc

qicebpcmc vkq vig|cmkqi| mc Cg}bjc Jqâlbc' Ig}qi}cg}k% c ni}iqkjigibmcmi mc lye}yqc }id |bmk

lcmc ip digk| qivqi|ig}c}bc lkd k cmig}k mc bgmð|}qbc lye}yqce% c||yg}k syi |iqã }qc}cmk

dcb| æ oqig}i gi|}i lcvä}yek'

<'1' Lye}yqc i db}k

Dkqbg .32::" mi|lqii c lye}yqc lkdk yd lkqvk mi gkqdc|% |ädakek|% db}k| i bdcjig| syi

bg}iqcjid mbqi}cdig}i lkd k bgmbämyk% kqbig}cgmk |yc| idkêùi| i bg|}bg}k| vkq dibk mi

}qklc| dig}cb| mi vqkìêìk i bmig}boblcêìk' K| cekqi| |ìk iglcqgcmk| vkq objyqc| dä}blc| ky

qicb|% okqgiligmk vkg}k| mi cvkbk bdcjbgãqbk| æ bmc vqã}blc i ac|i| vqã}blc| ckmi|igkebdig}k mk bdcjbgãqbk'

C vqi|igêc mk db}k â bgiqig}i æ vqkmyêìk lye}yqce mi }kmc| c| âvklc|' Acq}ni| .166<"

lkglib}yc k oigýdigk lkdk ydc ocec bdviqc}bc i dk}bcmc% yd |b|}idc mi lkdygblcêìk

bg}iglbkgce syi igkei i koiqili lkglib}k|$ac|i c mi}iqdbgcmk kaì}k ky c}k b|cgmk ck y|k

|klbce' Lkg}ymk% k lkglib}k qivqi|ig}cmk gyglc lkaqi c }k}cebmcmi mk |bjgboblcmk% mi okqdc c

koiqiliq yd lkgnilbdig}k oqcjdig}ãqbk% gc}yqcebpcmk vkq dibk mi ydc bgoei~ìk'

C vqc~b| mk db}k â |idbkeüjblc% cmk}cgmk k |b|}idc }qbãmblk vcmqìk mi |bjgboblcg}i .ky

okqdc"% |bjgboblcmk .ky lkglib}k" i |bjgk .ky |bjgboblcêìk"% dc| i|}caieili% lkg}ymk%

mbgádblc| mboiqiglbcmc| ig}qi k| }qà| ieidig}k| sycgmk lkdvcqcmc c ky}qk| |b|}idc| eüjblk|'

\ijygmk Acq}ni|% c okqdc mk db}k â dk}bcmc0 |iy |bjgboblcg}i â veigk mi |ig}bmk gc |yc

clivêìk b|yce% koiqiligmk veã|}blc qblc i bgmb|ly}äie ck lkg|ydbmkq' Ig}qi}cg}k% }ce okqdc

|imy}kqc i qivqi|ig}c}bc i|cpbc k lkg}iðmk% syi% jiqcedig}i% vk||yb yd lkg}i~}k cg}iqbkq

syi `y|}boblc |iy y|k bmikeüjblk% dc| â c}qkobcmk i coc|}cmk% mi okqdc c gìk koiqiliq

cy}ki~veblcêìk bdimbc}c' K lkglib}k syi |i i|}caieili gìk â k di|dk syi okb |yvqbdbmk% mi



16

okqdc syi k db}k vkmi |iq mi|lqb}k lkdk ―ydc ocec qkyacmc i qi|}b}yämc— .ACQ]NI\% 166<%

v' 13:"'

K db}k â yd cekq % gìk }id c iqmcmi lkdk |cgêìk0 gcmc k bdvimi mi |iq yd viqvâ}ykãebab8 ac|}c syi k |iy |bjgboblcg}i }ignc myc| ocli| vcqc |idvqi mb|vkq mi yd ―ky}qk ecmk—0k |ig}bmk i~b|}i |idvqi vcqc cvqi|ig}cq c okqdc8 c okqdc i~b|}i |idvqi vcqc mb|}cglbcq k|ig}bmk' I gyglc nã lkg}qcmbêìk% lkgoeb}k% i~vek|ìk ig}qi k |ig}bmk i c okqdc% b|}k syigyglc i|}ìk gk di|dk vkg}k' .ACQ]NI\% 166<% v' 139"

K db}k vkmi |iq viqliabmk mi }qà| okqdc|0 lc|k k eib}kq lkeksyi k oklk mi |yc c}igêìk gk

|bjgboblcg}i cpbk% c cdabjybmcmi gìk |iqã viqliabmc i c bg}iqvqi}cêìk |iqã eb}iqce' ]ce dâ}kmk

â y|cmk viek vqkmy}kq mi db}k| i viek `kqgceb|}c syi ay|lc oilncq yd lkglib}k id mi}iqdbgcmc

okqdc }i~}yce% |ijygmk k| lqb}âqbk| mi gk}blbcabebmcmi' Sycgmk k cek mc c}igêìk â k|bjgboblcg}i veigk% mi okqdc c mb|}bgjybq |ig}bmk i okqdc i% lkg|isyig}idig}i% mi|}qybq c

|bjgboblcêìk% mi}il}c$|i k ãebab mk db}k% c |yc bdvk|}yqc' \ijygmk Acq}ni|% }ce }bvk mi

bg}iqvqi}cêìk â cmk}cmk viek db}üekjk% ly`k kaì}bk â milboqcq k db}k i lkdvqiigmiq |yc

miokqdcêìk' Dc| |i k oklk okq k |bjgboblcg}i mk |bjgk% lkdk }k}cebmcmi bgi~}qbglãie mi

|ig}bmk i okqdc% cvqiigmi$|i c cdabjybmcmi mi okqdc c qicjbq mi clkqmk lkd |yc mbgádblc i

dilcgb|dk lkg|}b}y}bk% mi dkmk c i|}caieiliq c vqi|igêc dä}blc' K eib}kq vc||c c biq k

db}k lkdk ydc nb|}üqbc |bdye}cgicdig}i iqmcmibqc i bqqice'

Gk lc|k mc lye}yqc mi dc||c syi idiqjby gk |âlyek ^^% Dkqbg .32::" vkgmiqc syi k|

vqkmy}k| lye}yqcb| vc||cqcd c lkg}iq lcmc ip dcb| i|}iqiü}bvk| i qilib}c|$vcmqìk bmicebpcmc|

mi oieblbmcmi% cdkq% `yig}ymi% |bdvc}bc i ncvvr igm' ]ce lkdvkq}cdig}k b|c æ viqvi}ycêìk

mk db}k i æ nkdkjigibpcêìk mc| midcgmc| mi lkg}iðmk mc |klbimcmi'

<'< Kebdvbcgk| i db}k| lkg}idvkqágik|

Lkd k mi|cvijk æ gkqdc |klbce }iklàg}qblc% c syimc mc| dkgcqsybc|% c i~vcg|ìk mc

midklqc}bpcêìk i c }qcg|okqdcêìk mk lk}bmbcgk id diqlcmkqbc lye}yqce viek| iälyek| mi

lkdygblcêìk% k lye}k æ lieiaqbmcmi iglkg}qky yd cdabig}i vqkvälbk vcqc |i i|}caieiliq mi

okqdc jekace' C| qcpùi| vcqc syi yd bgmbämyk celcgli k }ä}yek mi lâeiaqi “ ky ―kebdvbcgk—%

lkdk miobgi Dkqbg .32::"% viek oc}k mi c| lieiaqbmcmi| biqid id yd Kebdvk bmikeüjblk æ

vcq}i mc nydcgbmcmi “ |ìk mbiq|c|0 kaqc| didkqãib| gc cq}i% oygêùi| vðaeblc| mi qieiáglbc

.qiceipc% vqi|bmàglbc"% c}b}ymi| niqkblc|% vqkipc| iqü}blc|% i}l' Gk lkg}i~}k mk obd mk |âlyek



13

^^ i bgälbk mk ^^B% Ebvki}|hr i \iqqkr .1633" qi||ce}cd syi c i~vcg|ìk mk lncdcmk |}cq

|r|}id% lkd c lkecakqcêìk mk| dibk| mi lkdygblcêìk% c}bgjby gäib| cg}iqbkqdig}i

bgbdcjbgãib|% caqcgjigmk gìk |kdig}i k| |ijdig}k| mc vkeä}blc i mc cq}i% dc| mc qiebjbìk% mc

lbàglbc% mk mi|bjg% mc bdvqig|c% mk i|vkq}i i mc lyebgãqbc% ig}qi ky}qk|'

Qkìh .166>" miobgi c lieiaqbmcmi lkdk ydc ocaqblcêìk lye}yqce syi bdvcl}c c lkg|lbàglbc

vðaeblc mi okqdc cvcqig}idig}i äg}bdc i i|vkg}ágic% dc| dimbcmc vkq ydc |âqbi mi

vqkob||bkgcb| qi|vkg|ãib| viec dcgy}igêìk mk iglcg}k0 cjig}i|% vyaeblb}ãqbk|% vi||kce mi

dcqhi}bgj% vqkdk}iq|% ok}üjqcok|% ob}gi|| }qcbgiq|% objyqbgb|}c| i}l' Lkd k mi|igkebdig}k mc

|klbimcmi dkmiqgc% k| kebdvbcgk| c||ydbqcd c oygêìk mi qivqi|ig}cq yd bmice mi bmc vcqc c

vkvyecêìk% jiqcgmk% id lkg}qcvcq}bmc% cejydc okqdc mi bmig}boblcêìk' Vcqc syi |i`c

eijb}bdcmc% c lieiaqbmcmi vqilb|c mk qilkgnilbdig}k mk vðaeblk'

Lieiaqbmcmi| |ya|}b}yäqcd c dkgcqsybc lkdk k| gkk| |ädakek| mi qilkgnilbdig}k iviq}iglbdig}k% i lkgokqdi c lqigêc id Miy| dbgjyky% c| lieiaqbmcmi| }kqgcqcd$|ibdkq}cb|' Â vkq b||k% vkq i~idvek% syi ]nkdc| @iooiq|kg% Jikqji Zc|nbgj}kg% Jcgmnb iZbg|}kg Lnyqlnbee lkg|iqcd ydc cyqc bdig|c gc lye}yqc lkg}idvkqágic' Â vkq b||k}cdaâd syi @kng Zcrgi% oceilbmk nã dcb| mi bg}i cgk|% cbgmc â k}cmk qijyecqdig}ilkdk yd mk| c|}qk| mk lbgidc dcb| vkvyecqi| gk| I|}cmk| Ygbmk|8 i vkqsyi Qkmkeok_ceig}bgk% Ieb| Vqi|eir% Dcqberg Dkgqki% @kng O' Higgimr% @cdi| Micg% @kng Eiggkg%

@bd Dkqqb|kg% ]yvcl \nchyq i Hyq} Lkacbg lkg}bgycd ämkek| mc cmkqcêìk lye}' .QK@IH%166>% v' 3?"

C nbviqb|babebmcmi mk| kebdvbcgk| vqkklc k ccgêk mk lye}k mk |yli||k gc |klbimcmi i c

viqvi}ycêìk mk oigýdigk mi nbviqbgmbbmycebpcêìk gk lkg}i~}k mk lcvb}ceb|dk i mk

lkg|ydb|dk' \ijygmk Ebvki}|hr i \iqqkr% k bg}iqi||i mc vkvyecêìk gc| lieiaqbmcmi| qiiec

c gili||bmcmi mi bgmbbmycebpcêìk id dibk æ bdvi||kcebmcmi mk ygbiq|k diqlcg}be%

dk}bcgmk c i~vcg|ìk mk lkg|ydk lkd k igkebdig}k mk db}k' Dc| k vcqcmbjdc }cdaâd

viqdb}i c qilqbcêìk mi ecêk| |klbcb| vkq dibk mk| ―i|}bek|— i i|lkenc| i|}â}blc| cmk}cmk|% syicvcqilid lkdk kaì}k| mi }qklc i lkgiq|cêìk'

Vcqc Dkqbg .32::"% c c}b}ymi mc bdvqig|c id qiecêìk æ| lieiaqbmcmi| }kqgc$|i syi|}bkgãie c

vcq}bq mk dkdig}k id syi }kmk oib}k lk}bmbcgk â ieicmk æ lkgmbêìk mi clkg}ilbdig}k

nb|}üqblk% |id gignydc qice |bjgboblcêìk |klbce ky vkeä}blc' C i~vekqcêìk i~li||bc mc

bdcjid mk| kebdvbcgk| â lkg|bmiqcmc k vqkmy}k dcb| kqbjbgce mc lye}yqc mi dc||c% vkq% ck

di|dk }idvk% nydcgbpcq csyiei| syi |ìk lkg|bmiqcmk| mbbgmcmi| bgcli||äib| i ieicq ck

i|}qiec}k vi||kc| syi gìk |i cmcv}cqbcd ck| lqb}âqbk| cg}iqbkqi| mi ka}igêìk mi gk}kqbimcmi' C

vkvyecêìk vc||c c clkdvcgncq c bmc lk}bmbcgc mk| kebdvbcgk|% lkd mbqib}k c }kmk| k|



11

mi}ceni| vqk|cblk|' C bdvqig|c mi dc||c% ck di|dk }idvk id syi mã lcqã}iq db}keüjblk æ|

lieiaqbmcmi|% diqjyenc id |yc| bmc| vqbcmc|% c obd mi i~}qcbq miec| k| }qcêk| mi nydcgbmcmi

syi viqdb}id c bmig}boblcêìk vkvyecq'

K lye}k æ| lieiaqbmcmi| }iqdbgc vkq }qcg|objyqã$ec| id bmicb| bgbdb}ãib| i dkmiek| bdb}ãib|%

|ijygmk Dkqbg .32::"' \iy lkdvkq}cdig}k jybc yd dkmiek jekace% ac|icmk gc |imyêìk% gk

cdkq i gk aid$i|}cq' Iec| vc||cd c lbqlyecq% viqdcgig}idig}i% ig}qi k| dygmk| mc vqkìêìk

i mc bmig}boblcêìk% }kqgcgmk$|i dkmiek| mi lye}yqc i lkgmy}c' K| gk}üqbk| qicebpcd k syi k|

dkq}cb| gìk vkmid% dc| mbbmid |yc| |ig|cêùi| lkd c vkvyecêìk lkdyd% lncdcgmk$k| vcqc

qicebpcq k bdcjbgãqbk' C| i|}qiec|% id |yc| bmc| mi ecpiq% mi `kjk% mi i|vi}ãlyek% mi cdkq% mi

ey~k% i gc |yc ay|lc bgli||cg}i mc oieblbmcmi% |bdakebpcd k| }bvk| bmicb| mc lye}yqc mi dc||c i

cgbdcd c bdcjid mc ―iqmcmibqc bmc—' Gk ig}cg}k% }ce db}kekjbpcêìk mk| vqkidbgig}i| â

c}qkobcmc% vkb| gìk jiqc iqmcmibqk| miy|i|% i k| niqkb| i |idbmiy|i| id syi|}ìk vcq}blbvcd

mc i~b|}àglbc idväqblc% igoiqdc i dkq}ce'

Vkq ky}qk vkg}k mi b|}c% c qivqi|ig}cêìk mc lieiaqbmcmi viqcg}i k vðaeblk }cdaâd bdveblc%

vcqc k kebdvbcgk% ydc mbb|ìk ig}qi k ―iy vðaeblk— i k ―iy vqbcmk—% |ijygmk c syce c

cvqi|ig}cêìk |klbce â |idvqi ydc c}bbmcmi igligcmc' ]ce |ivcqcêìk% |ijygmk Qkìh .166>"% âdk}bk oqisyig}i mi lkgoy|ìk i mcgk v|blkeüjblk æ lieiaqbmcmi% mi okqdc c vqkklcq c

lkekgbpcêìk mk iy vqbcmk viek iy vðaeblk ky c |ig|cêìk mi i~}bgêìk vi||kce viqcg}i k

qilkgnilbdig}k mk iy iqämblk lkdk bgcy}àg}blk'

C| bg}iqcêùi| ig}qi lieiaqbmcmi| i oì| }igmid c vqkmypbq }qà| }bvk| mi lkdvkq}cdig}k0 c

lkgobqdcêìk% gk syce k qk|}k vðaeblk mk kebdvbcgk â qilkgsyb|}cmk viek cmdbqcmkq8 c

gkqdcebpcêìk% syi |i i~vqi||c vkq dibk mc cq}blyecêìk i bmig}boblcêìk mi }qcêk| lkdyg| ig}qic| vcq}i|8 i c mb||kgáglbc lkjgb}bc% |ijygmk c syce k iglkg}qk lkgoeb}c qcmblcedig}i lkd c

bdcjid vðaeblc% cjkqc lkgmigcmc lkdk oclncmc ky |yvkq}i lcelyecmk' Gk lc|k mc ig}qib|}c%

|ijygmk Qkìh% c viqvi}ycêìk mk kebdvbcgk |ü oyglbkgc sycgmk â dcg}bmc c mb|}áglbc ig}qi

lieiaqbmcmi i oì% cbgmc syi nc`c c nydcgbpcêìk mk bgmbämyk gk vqkli||k' Lc|k }ce vqkli||k

|i`c qivi}bmk lkg}ägyc i qivi}bmcdig}i% k lcqb|dc mi objyqc i~ce}cmc i i~}qckqmbgãqbc â

giy}qcebpcmk'



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<'<'3 Cq}i kebdvbcgc

K lcqã}iq bmicebpcmk mk| kebdvbcgk| qieclbkgc$|i lkd c eüjblc mc cyqc mi|igkebmc vkq

Aig`cdbg .32:9"' \ijygmk }ce lkglib}k% cvü| k cmig}k mc qivqkmy}babebmcmi }âlgblc% c cq}i

vc||c c bdaybq |yc vqkmyêìk mi cekqi| i |ig}bmk| ca|}qc}k|% }qcg|ligmig}cb| i ygbokqdi| c

}kmk| k| i~idvecqi| mi mi}iqdbgcmk vqkmy}k lye}yqce' Gk}c$|i% gkcdig}i% c vqig|c mi

Jy}idaiqj lkdk ieidig}k vbkgibqk mi|}i oigýdigk% ydc ip syi k vqbdibqk cq}bjk eb}iqãqbk

qivqkmypbmk vkq dibk mk| }bvk| düib| â c Aäaebc' C kaqc mi cq}i vc||äie mi qivqkmyêìk

idcglbvc$|i mc gili||bmcmi mi äglyek qb}yceä|}blk i |i bdvùi lkdk vqkmy}k cy}àg}blk% ck

cvqi|ig}cq cekq mi lye}k id |b' C gkc clivêìk mi cq}i% ly`c mboy|ìk }qcg|okqdc$|i id

dkmiek y|yce% qi||bjgboblc k }iqdk vcqc ceâd mi |yc lcqcl}iqä|}blc cq}i|cgce% bgleybgmk

vqkli||k| bgmy|}qbcb| ig}qi k| qilyq|k| mi mi|igkebdig}k mc| bmibc|'

Mi clkqmk lkd |yc viqdicabebmcmi `yg}k æ vkvyecêìk% k lkg}iðmk mc vqkmyêìk cq}ä|}blc â

y}bebpcmk |klbcedig}i vcqc c miobgbêìk mi bmig}bmcmi% bgley|bi vkeä}blc i lye}yqce% |ijygmk

Hieegiq .1663"' Kqbig}cmc vkq eb}iqc}yqc% dð|blc% lbgidc i ky}qk| vqkmy}k| lye}yqcb|

mboygmbmk| id dc||c% c |klbimcmi iecakqc dkmiek| mi lkgmy}c% cy}kqqicebpcêìk% dkqcebmcmi i

viq}iglbdig}k c jqyvk| |klbcb|% mi okqdc c i|}caieiliq cekqi| lkdk k| mi lec||i% i}gbc% qcêc%gclbkgcebmcmi i |i~ycebmcmi' Ck y}bebpcq c }qcg|lkmboblcêìk mi mb|lyq|k| i dkabebpcêìk mi

idkêùi|% |ig}bdig}k| i bmibc|% c |klbimcmi lkg|}b}yb c b|ìk mi dygmk mk bgmbämyk i c

lkg|ydcêìk mi i|}bek| i dkmk| mi bmc' Vkq dibk mi|}c okqdc mi cvqilbcêìk+lkg|ydk

cq}ä|}blk% gìk cvigc| c kaqc â k kaì}k c |iq }qcg|ligmig}cebpcmk% dc| }cdaâd k| |ìk c|

vqbglbvcb| objyqc| nydcgc| vkq }qã| mk| vqkmy}k|0 c}kqi|% lcg}kqi|% dð|blk|% vbg}kqi|%

i|lqb}kqi| i ky}qk| cq}b|}c|'

Lkd k mi|igkebdig}k mc lye}yqc mi dc||c% k cq}b|}c% c}â ig}ìk ecqjcdig}i cenibk æ eüjblc

lcvb}ceb|}c% mibmk æ| vk||babebmcmi| mi lkqqyvêìk lqbc}bc% }cdaâd vc||c c |i bg|iqbq% lcmc ip

dcb|% lkdk c}kq mk vqkli||k vqkmy}bk% ly`c di}c â k eylqk' Lkdk i~veblcd Ebvki}|hr i

\iqqkr .1633"% k vcqcmbjdc mk |}cqbgj cq}b|} “ ky cq}b|}c ocdbg}k% syi ay|lcc yd bmice

lqbc}bk id mi}qbdig}k mk mbgnibqk “ % â |yvecg}cmk vkq c}b}ymi| lkg}qkiq|c|% lkdk c mk gkq}i$

cdiqblcgk Cgmr Zcqnke% syi% c vcq}bq mc mâlcmc mi 32?6% db|}yqc k| lkglib}k| mi cq}i i

vyaeblbmcmi% gk syi mbp qi|vib}k ck cviek `yg}k ck vðaeblk i æ| lkgmbêùi| mi qivqkmy}babebmcmi

lkdiqlbce% cvqi|ig}cgmk |iqbjqcobc| vqkmypbmc| id |âqbi i ec}c| mi |kvc lkdk cq}bjk| mi cq}i'

]ce qyv}yqc i|}caieiliy yd dkmiek mboiqiglbcmk mi bg|iqêìk mk cq}b|}c gc |klbimcmi'



1=

Ck digk| mi|mi syi Zcqnke milecqky0 ―\ky yd cq}b|}c lkdiqlbce—% ck lkgoygmbq c|oqkg}ibqc| mc cq}i% mc dkmc i mc vyaeblbmcmi% c |b}ycêìk dymky' Qiìb}cgmk c lcg}beigc mcvkaqipc lkdk lkgmbêìk mc vyqipc lqbcmkqc% bg}ijqcgmk$|i mi dcgibqc k|}ig|bc gk||b|}idc| dbmbã}blk$diqlcg}b|% k| cq}b|}c| lkg}idvkqágik| c|vbqcd c vcq}bq mi ig}ìk ydkaì}bk lecqcdig}i miobgbmk0 jcgncq mbgnibqk i |iq lâeiaqi|' K dkdig}k gìk â dcb| mc

jeüqbc bdkq}ce8 â k mc ay|lc mi ydc lieiaqbmcmi dbmbã}blc syi c||ijyqi |iq lkdvqcmk icvcgncmk gc| qimi| mi vqkdkêìk bg}iqgclbkgce' Obd mc âvklc mi _cg Jkjn i mc| }iec| micekq vü|}ydk mk jàgbk mi|lkgnilbmk myqcg}i |yc bmc0 k cekq mi ydc kaqc gìk i|}ã dcb|cvigc| gc jqc}ybmcmi mi |iy |yli||k i|}â}blk8 i|}ã vqbdibqk i cg}i| mi }ymk gk |iy vqiêk midiqlcmk' .EBVK_I]\HR8 \IQQKR% 1633% v' >:$>>"

K mi|i`k mk cq}b|}c% c vcq}bq mk vcqcmbjdc i|}caieilbmk gk |âlyek ^^% vc||c c gìk |iq cvigc| k

celcgli mi ydc b|ìk i|}â}blc% dc| c nbviqb|babebmcmi bgmbbmyce% ky lieiaqbmcmi' ]ce kaì}bk

â c}bgjbmk vkq dibk mc eijb}bdcêìk |klbce milkqqig}i mk |yli||k lkdiqlbce i mc c}igêìk mk|

dibk| mi lkdygblcêìk id dc||c'

<'=' Bgmð|}qbc lye}yqce0 bmikekjbc% lkdâqlbk i dc|| dimbc

K |yqjbdig}k mc bgmð|}qbc lye}yqce “ lkglib}k syi migkdbgc c oygêìk i c vqkmyêìk mc lye}yqc

|ijygmk c eüjblc lcvb}ceb|}c bgmy|}qbce% lkdiqlbcebpcmc b|cgmk ck eylqk i ck ig}qi}igbdig}k

oãlbe mk dcbkq gðdiqk mi bgmbämyk| vk||äie% lkdk mi|igkebmk viek| }iüqblk| mc I|lkec mi

Oqcghoyq} “ % â bgmb||klbãie mk lkg}i~}k |klbce id syi idiqji0 c kqjcgbpcêìk yqacgc vü|$

Qikeyêìk Bgmy|}qbce' \ijygmk \}qbgc}b .3222"% c okqdcêìk mc lncdcmc |klbimcmi mi dc||c â

milkqqig}i mc iqqcmblcêìk mk }qcacenk cjqãqbk% mc i~vcg|ìk mk }qcacenk ocaqbe% dkgü}kgk i

cebigcg}i% i mk vcmqìk mi bmc gc| di}qüvkei|% ncab}cmc| vkq dye}bmùi| cgýgbdc| i

c}kdbpcmc|% |id }qcêk| mi bg}ijqcêìk |klbce' K bgmbämyk% gi|}i lkg}i~}k% miqbc æ vqüvqbc

|kq}i i vk||yb lcmc ip digk| bg|}b}ybêùi| ky qioiqàglbc| dkqcb| gc| sycb| vk||c lkgobcq'

Cmkqgk i Nkqhnibdiq .32>9"% }iüqblk| mi|}c ebgnc% mioigmid syi k lbmcmìk }kqgc$|i

yegiqãie æ cêìk mk| dibk| mi lkdygblcêìk i mc lye}yqc mi dc||c% ydc ip syi â jybcmk

viek bgmbbmyceb|dk qclbkgce% viec cgkdbc |ilyecq i viek lqi|lbdig}k mk lkg|ydk' K lkecv|k

mc| }qcmbêùi| â qi|vkg|ãie vkq yd c}qkobcdig}k mk mb|liqgbdig}k viqcg}i k dägbdk

migkdbgcmkq lkdyd cvqi|ig}cmk viek| dibk| mi lkdygblcêìk'

C lye}yqc mc dämbc â lkg|}b}yämc% |ijygmk Hieegiq .1663"% vkq |b|}idc| mi qãmbk i qivqkmyêìk

mi |kd% obedi|% bdvqig|c i viek |b|}idc mi }ieib|ìk% mi okqdc c i|}bdyecq% lkg|}cg}idig}i% c

b|ìk i c cymbêìk% |ig|babebpcgmk yd ky cdak| k| |ig}bmk| |bdye}cgicdig}i' Â vcq}i mk

vqkli||k mi dkmiecjid i mi|igkebdig}k mi vk}iglbcebmcmi| mk| bgmbämyk|% dc|



19

dcgboi|}cmc mi okqdc nijidýgblc i kgbvqi|ig}i gc bmc lk}bmbcgc% vkmigmk% vkq dibk mi

dilcgb|dk| mi |imyêìk% dbgcq c vk}iglbcebmcmi i c lqbc}bbmcmi nydcgc|' ]ce mky}qbgcêìk

bmikeüjblc gìk |i ocp mi okqdc qäjbmc% b|cgmk æ lkglkqmáglbc% dc| vkq dibk mk| vqcpiqi|

vqkvblbcmk| viec dämbc i viek lkg|ydk% ydc ip syi k ig}qi}igbdig}k koiqilbmk â cjqcmãie i

mi|eydaqcg}i' C lye}yqc mc dämbc lkg|ijyby |kaqivkq bdcjig| i lieiaqbmcmi| c cekqi| lkdk

c ocdäebc% c i|lkec i c Bjqi`c% igsycg}k ãqab}qk| mi cekqi|% jk|}k| i vig|cdig}k|% vqkmypbgmk

gkk| dkmiek| mi bmig}boblcêìk i bdcjig| baqcg}i| mi i|}bek% dkmc i lkdvkq}cdig}k' ]kmc c

vqkmyêìk ac|ibc$|i id }bvboblcêùi| mi vðaeblk% |ijygmk oüqdyec|% lümbjk| i gkqdc|

lkgiglbkgcb|'

K i~iqlälbk mi vkmiq }cdaâd â vc}ig}i gc vqkmyêìk lye}yqce mi dc||c% mi clkqmk lkd

Hieegiq' K| i|vi}ãlyek| mqcdc}bpcd c| qiecêùi| mi mkdbgcêìk% bgley|bi vkq dibk mi

bkeàglbc% eijb}bdcgmk c| okqêc| bjig}i| i dk|}qcgmk ck| gìk vkmiqk|k| syi miid

lkgokqdcq$|i% |ka vigc mi vqb|ìk ky dkq}i' C lye}yqc mi dämbc }kqgc$|i ydc okg}i vqkoygmc i%

dyb}c| ipi|% |yaebdbgcq% mi vimcjkjbc lye}yqce% ig|bgcgmk k| i|vil}cmkqi|+eib}kqi|+kybg}i| c

|i lkdvkq}cq% k syi vig|cq i |ig}bq% id syi clqimb}cq i k syi }idiq i mi|i`cq' C ðgblc okqdc

mi qi|b|}àglbc bgmbbmyce viqcg}i c lye}yqc mkdbgcg}i â cvqigmiq lkdk eiq i lqb}blcq c dämbc%

aid lkdk dkabebpcq lkgnilbdig}k| gili||ãqbk| vcqc vqkmypbq gkc| okqdc| mi dcgboi|}cêìkcq}ä|}blc+bg}ieil}yce+mi ig}qi}igbdig}k'

K| vqkmy}k| lye}yqcb| vkmid lkg}iq dig|cjig| dðe}bvec| i lkgoeb}cg}i|% lkdk }ig}c}bc mi

igiqimcq% |bdye}cgicdig}i% viec| bc| lkg|iqcmkqc| i ebaiqcb|% b|cgmk c lc}bcq k dcbkq

vðaeblk vk||äie' \ijygmk Hieegiq% c gili||bmcmi mi igmiq k| vqkmy}k| mc lye}yqc mi dämbc

vqkklc c lqbcêìk mi cq}bjk| c}qcig}i|% syi vqbkqbpid }cdaâd k lnksyi% }qcg|jqbmcd

lkgigêùi| i lkg}igncd lqä}blc |klbce ky i~vqi||id bmibc| lkqqig}i|% vk||biedig}ikqbjbgcmc| vkq dkbdig}k| |klbcb| vqkjqi||b|}c|' Ig}qi}cg}k% viqdcgili k lqb}âqbk mc lqbcêìk

mi yd dägbdk migkdbgcmkq lkdyd lye}yqce% gk syce k vðaeblk gìk |i |bg}c cjqimbmk ky

koigmbmk' K cy}kq cvkg}c syi i||i }bvk mi dcgboi|}cêìk i|}ã vqi|ig}i id mbiq|k| lkg}i~}k|

lye}yqcb|% mi|mi vqkjqcdc| vkeblbcb| mi ]_% vqkvcjcgmc% gk}blbãqbk| i mb|ly||ùi| mc dämbc c}â

oigýdigk| lye}yqcb| lkdk c dð|blc qcv% obedi| qilkqmb|}c| mi abeni}iqbc% lkdk Qklhr i

Qcdak% i c lcqqibqc mi i|}qiec| vkv lkdk Dcmkggc' Vcqc Hieegiq% qcqcdig}i nã vk|bêìk

bmikeüjblc vyqc i lkiqig}i gc lye}yqc mi dämbc'



1?

K lkg}i~}k |klbklye}yqce mk obd mk |âlyek ^^ i bgälbk mk ^^B% lcqcl}iqbpcmk viec

jekacebpcêìk i viec lqi|lig}i bgoeyàglbc mk| vqkmy}k| lye}yqcb| cdiqblcgk| i iyqkviy|% okb

qi|vkg|ãie viec dcb| qilig}i }qcg|okqdcêìk lye}yqce' Ebvki}|hr i \iqqkr .1633" migkdbgcd

k c}yce vcqcmbjdc lkdk ―lye}yqc$dygmk—% dcqlcmk viec ni}iqkjigibmcmi% lcmc ip digkq%

mc| lye}yqc| dygmbcb|% id aigioälbk mi vqkmyêùi| id i|lcec bgmy|}qbce% milkqqig}i| mk

}ilgklcvb}ceb|dk i mc i~ce}cêìk ck lkg|ydb|dk'

Lye}yqc$dygmk |bjgboblc k obd mc ni}iqkjigibmcmi }qcmblbkgce mc i|oiqc lye}yqce i cygbiq|cebpcêìk mc lye}yqc diqlcg}be% cvkmiqcgmk$|i mc| i|oiqc| mc bmc |klbce% mk| dkmk|mi i~b|}àglbc mc syc|i }k}cebmcmi mc| c}bbmcmi| nydcgc|' Lkd c lye}yqc$dygmk%mb||idbgc$|i id }kmk k jekak c lye}yqc mc }ilgklbàglbc% mk diqlcmk% mk bgmbämyk% mc|dämbc|% mk lkg|ydk8 i% lkd iec% ydc bgobgbmcmi mi gkk| vqkaeidc| syi vùid id `kjk

syi|}ùi| gìk |ü jekacb| .ilkekjbc% bdbjqcêìk% lqb|i ilkgýdblc% db|âqbc mk ]iqlibqk Dygmk%}iqqkqb|dk'''" dc| }cdaâd i~b|}iglbcb| .bmig}bmcmi% lqigêc|% lqb|i mk| |ig}bmk|% mb|}ðqabk|mc viq|kgcebmcmi'''"' C lye}yqc jekaceb}ãqbc gìk â cvigc| yd oc}k8 â% ck di|dk }idvk% ydsyi|}bkgcdig}k }ìk bg}ig|k sycg}k bgsybi}k mi |b di|dc' Dygmk syi |i }kqgc lye}yqc%lye}yqc syi |i }kqgc dygmk0 ydc lye}yqc$dygmk' .EBVK_I]\HR8 \IQQKR% 1633% v' 2"

]ce qilkgobjyqcêìk% |ijygmk Ebvki}|hr i \iqqkr% lkgoygmi cg}bjc| mblk}kdbc| bgiqig}i| æ|

lye}yqc| dygmbcb| i bgoeyiglbcqã% bgib}ciedig}i% c| |klbimcmi| bgmkyqc|' Viec vqbdibqc ip%

nã ydc lye}yqc vqkmypbmc vcqc }kmk|% i gìk cvigc| vcqc |ijdig}k| mc |klbimcmi% mi okqdc syi

vc||cd c gìk dcb| |iqid eicmc| id lkg}c mboiqigêc| qiec}bc| c vcä| ky lec||i' ]ce oigýdigk

qieclbkgc$|i mbqi}cdig}i ck |yqjbdig}k i i~vcg|ìk mc bgmð|}qbc lye}yqce'

<'9 K `kqgceb|dk lye}yqce i |yc nb|}üqbc

K aiqêk nb|}üqblk mk `kqgceb|dk lye}yqce â mb|vy}cmk' \ijygmk Vbpc .166<"% k jàgiqk kqbjbgky$

|i gk| vqbdüqmbk| mk mi|igkebdig}k mc bdvqig|c% gk lkg}i~}k vü|$qigc|lig}b|}c% dc|

Lygnc% Dcjcenìi| i Oiqqibqc .1661" mi|lqiid$gk lkdk }ävblk mc bgmð|}qbc lye}yqce% mi okqdc

c dk}bcq c lqbcêìk% mig}qk mc i|}qy}yqc lcvb}ceb|}c% mi ydc |âqbi mi vqkmy}k| syi |ijyid c

di|dc eüjblc mc vqkmyêìk gìk lye}yqce% }qcg|okqdcgmk id diqlcmkqbc i ig}qi}igbdig}k c|

dcgboi|}cêùi| cq}ä|}blc|'

K dcqlk bgblbce mk jàgiqk% |ijygmk Vbpc .166<"% okb c lqbcêìk mc qib|}c mbãqbc bgjei|c ]ni

\vil}c}kq % id 3:33' C vyaeblcêìk okb bmicebpcmc viek| ig|cä|}c| bgjei|i| Qblncqm \}iiei i

@k|ivn Cmmb|kg% syi }cdaâd lqbcqcd k `kqgce ]ni Jycqmbcg% id lbqlyecêìk gk Qibgk Ygbmkc}â k vqi|ig}i cgk' C obgcebmcmi mc qib|}c |iqbc mb|ly}bq c obek|kobc id cdabig}i| syi cbgmc eni



1:

iqcd bglkdyg|% lkdk leyai|% c||idaeibc|% lc|c| mi lnã i lcoâ|% lkdig}cgmk ebqk|% üviqc|%

lk|}ydi|% oi|}bcb| mi dð|blc i }ic}qk i vkeä}blc gyd }kd mi lkgiq|cêìk i|vbqb}yk|c% lye}c%

dc| cli||äie' K jàgiqk% id |iy lkg}i~}k idaqbkgãqbk% vqkvkqlbkgky k |yqjbdig}k mi jqcgmi|

gkdi| mk ig|cbk i mc eb}iqc}yqc id jiqce% lkdk @kgc}ncg \zbo} i Mcgbie Mioki' Ky}qk|

jqcgmi| cy}kqi| mk| |âlyek| ^B^ i ^^ mi|}clcqcd$|i% vqbdibqcdig}i% gk `kqgceb|dk lye}yqce%

lkdk Vqky|}% Mbmiqk}% Acymiecbqi% Pkec% Jikqji Aiqgcqm \ncz i Dclncmk mi C||b|' K

i|lqb}kq bgjeà| K|lcq Zbemi lnijky c miobgbq c lqä}blc lye}yqce lkdk ydc okqdc mi cq}i

cy}ýgkdc% bgmivigmig}i mc| midcb|'

Vbpc viqliai gk jàgiqk ydc lqb|i mi bmig}bmcmi lkdyd ck| dibk| mi lkdygblcêìk mi dc||c%

ac|icmc gc vkecqbpcêìk ig}qi k ieb}b|dk% syi cekqbpc c i~viqbàglbc cq}ä|}blc vcqc vqbbeijbcmk|%

i gk syce c lye}yqc â cejk bgc}bgjäie% i k vkvyeb|dk% gk syce |i vqi|ydi syi }ymk k syi ocp

|yli||k }id sycebmcmi' Gk vqbdibqk lkdvkq}cdig}k% gìk â qcqk mivcqcq$|i lkd qi|ignc| syi

y}bebpcd }iqdk| syi |i mb|}cglbcd mk eibjk' \ìk bjycedig}i iqqýgik| k| vk|blbkgcdig}k| mi

ig}qkgbpcêìk i acgcebpcêìk mk vkv% c||bd lkdk c |yvk|bêìk syi i||i }bvk mi cq}i gìk i~b`c

lkgnilbdig}k vqâbk “ mc di|dc okqdc syi c vqi|ygêìk mi syi c dð|blc iqymb}c gìk }ignc

cviek bdimbc}k% lcaigmk cvigc| ck lkg|ydk mk| bgblbcmk|'

]ce mblk}kdbc â i~idveboblcmc viec mb|}áglbc ig}qi k| lcmiqgk| mi cqbimcmi| mk| `kqgcb| i k|

|yveidig}k| eb}iqãqbk|' Vbpc cqjydig}c syi k lbmcmìk lkdyd% lkd vkylk }idvk i c}igêìk

mb|vkgäib|% vqilb|c qiliaiq bgokqdcêùi| lyqcmc| i |ieilbkgcmc| |kaqi c ãqic mi |iy bg}iqi||i%

k syi gìk }id clkg}ilbmk gc dcbkq vcq}i mc| vyaeblcêùi|' Lcmc dibk }id yd qilkq}i mc

bgokqdcêìk c ocpiq% ebdb}cmk vkq mbiq|c| syi|}ùi| i~}qc$cq}ä|}blc|% lkdk jàgiqk| i `yäpk|

vqâbk|% eüjblc mc ocdc% acbqqb|dk|% syi|}ùi| vkeä}blc| i}l' Ig}qi}cg}k% vyaeblcêùi| vcqc

|ijdig}k| i|viläoblk| gìk vqilb|cd ebdb}cq$|i c igmk||cq ky bjgkqcq vqkmy}k| okqc mkygbiq|k mk eib}kq ky mc ebgnc imb}kqbce' Lygnc% Dcjcenìi| i Oiqqibqc .1661"% }kmcbc%

syi|}bkgcd c vk||äie cebigcêìk syi vk||c milkqqiq mi||i oigýdigk% ydc ip syi gìk nã

vkmiq bebdb}cmk mi dcgbvyecêìk'

<'9'3 C qiecêìk lkd c qib|}c

Ceâd mc bdvkq}áglbc mi |iy vbkgibqb|dk gk lcdvk mk `kqgceb|dk lye}yqce% gk |âlyek ^^% c|

qib|}c| vc||cqcd c }iq vcvie oygmcdig}ce gk mi|igkebdig}k mk jàgiqk% vqbglbvcedig}i lkd



1>

c| miebgicêùi| mk| dkbdig}k| mi cgjycqmc' C i~vcg|ìk mi }cb| dkbdig}k| cq}ä|}blk|% mk

oy}yqb|dk qy||k ck dkmiqgb|dk aqc|beibqk% i|}ã ebjcmc ck| miac}i| vqkdkbmk| id }cb|

vyaeblcêùi|% k| gkk| qilyq|k| jqãoblk| y}bebpcmk| i c cbmip mk vðaeblk yqacgk vkq

gkbmcmi|% mi clkqmk lkd Vbpc .166<"' Gc| mâlcmc| vü|$cgjycqmb|}c|% k `kqgceb|dk lye}yqce

cmsybqby lcqã}iq dcb| bglb|bk i bgokqdc}bk% mib~cgmk mi ecmk k dkqceb|dk i c lkg}idvecêìk

lcqcl}iqä|}blc| c}â k dkdig}k' Gi||i lkg}i~}k% |yqjbqcd vyaeblcêùi| lkd vqkvk|}c| gkc|%

lkdk c _cgb}r Ocbq % ]ni Giz Rkqhiq i I|sybqi% gk| I|}cmk| Ygbmk|% i c Vcqb|bcg Qibiz% gc

Oqcgêc' Gc Cdâqblc% caqby$|i i|vcêk vcqc k mi|igkebdig}k mk `kqgceb|dk eb}iqãqbk .giz

`kyqgceb|d"% lkd c akc qilivêìk mk| }i~}k| mi ]qydcg Lcvk}i% Jcr ]cei|i% Gkqdcg Dcbeiq i

ky}qk|'

Gc| mâlcmc| |ijybg}i|% k lkg}iðmk mk| viqbümblk| vc||ky c }kdcq lcqã}iq dcb| bglb|bk i

bgokqdc}bk% vc||cgmk c vqkdkiq% |ijygmk Dkqbg .32::"% c db}boblcêìk mc| lieiaqbmcmi|' K|

cq}b|}c| vc||cqcd c |iq }qc}cmk| lkdk |iqi| viq}iglig}i| c yd Kebdvk bmikeüjblk æ vcq}i mc

nydcgbmcmi% dc| }igmk |yc| bmc| äg}bdc| i|dbyêcmc| gydc |âqbi mi vyaeblcêùi|% lkdk

okqdc mi bmig}boblcêìk lkd k vðaeblk' C mb|ly||ìk |klbce mi }cb| c|vil}k| mc lieiaqbmcmi

lkgiq}i$|i id ocli}c mi idac|cdig}k mk db}k dkmiqgk'

<'9'1 Qkeebgj \}kgi i |iy lkg}i~}k gk `kqgceb|dk lye}yqce

Oygmcmc gk| I|}cmk| Ygbmk| id 32?:% c qib|}c Qkeebgj \}kgi lkg|}qyby |iy gblnk mi vðaeblk

ck }qc}cq mi dð|blc i lye}yqc vkv gk| dkemi| mk `kqgceb|dk }qcmblbkgce% id lkg}qcvkg}k ck

i~viqbdig}ceb|dk i æ vqkvqbimcmi cq}i|cgce mc| qib|}c| bgmivigmig}i| mc âvklc' @ã gc|

vqbdibqc| imbêùi|% Qkeebgj \}kgi iblyec ekgjc| ig}qib|}c| i~}ig|bc| gk okqdc}k viqjyg}c$i$qi|vk|}c% lkd lieiaqbmcmi| mk| lcdvk| mc dð|blc% lbgidc% lye}yqc vkv i vkeä}blc% bg|vbqcmc|

gc| qicebpcmc| viec qib|}c Vecrakr i viec Vcqb| Dc}ln' C |iêìk% gkdicmc ]ni Qkeebgj \}kgi

Bg}iqbiz% }kqgky$|i yd qivy}cmk i|vcêk mi i~vk|bêìk vi||kce i vqkob||bkgce vcqc k|

igkebmk|'

K obk lkgmy}kq mc| ig}qib|}c| â k i|väqb}k caiq}k mk `kqgceb|}c% syi cji mi okqdc c

vqkvkqlbkgcq æ lieiaqbmcmi yd diqjyenk bg}iqbkq% mi|gymcgmk |yc cedc id vqke mc ebabmk

v|blkeüjblc mk eib}kq' Lkg}ymk% c qib|}c vqbkqbpc c mb|ly||ìk mk vqkli||k mi }qcacenk mk

ig}qib|}cmk% c||bd lkdk |yc| bgoeyàglbc| i c|vbqcêùi|'



12

K okqdc}k mc ig}qib|}c }cdaâd koiqili vk||babebmcmi vcqc c mi|lkg|}qyêìk mc bdcjid

vðaeblc mk ig}qib|}cmk% syi vkmi |i qicebpcq vkq dibk mi milecqcêùi| bgi|viqcmc|% lc|k nc`c

caiq}yqc gk vcl}k i|}caieilbmk ig}qi k| bg}iqcl}cg}i|' C klkqqàglbc mi }ce oigýdigk â vk||äie

viek oc}k mi k mbãekjk |iq i|}caieilbmk mi okqdc cvqkoygmcmc i }iq }qcg|lqbêìk eb}iqce% |id

cgãeb|i bgmbqi}c mk ig}qib|}cmkq c vk|}iqbkqb'

Yd mk| vqbglbvcb| i~idvek| â c ig}qib|}c qicebpcmc vkq Ziggiq .1669" lkd k dð|blk bgjeà|

@kng Eiggkg id 32:6' Eiggkg ncbc bgblbcmk |yc lcqqibqc$|kek gcsyiei cgk% cvü| jqcgmi|

|yli||k| lkgsyb|}cmk| lkd k| Aic}ei| ig}qi 32?1 i 32?2% i mimblky$|i% gk }i~}k% c mi|ocpiq

db}k| syi liqlccd k }qcacenk mc acgmc% c cy}kqbc mi mbiq|c| lcgêùi|% vkeàdblc| lqbcmc| gk

viqäkmk% |yc qiecêìk lkd k| midcb| bg}ijqcg}i|% lkd c cq}b|}c lkglib}yce Rkhk Kgk i lkd c|

mqkjc|' K dð|blk }cdaâd qi|iqky lqä}blc| ck bmiãqbk nbvvbi% vqimkdbgcg}i gc `yig}ymi

gkq}i$cdiqblcgc i iyqkvibc mc âvklc% i qilncêky c| bdvy}cêùi| mi jqcgmi bdvkq}áglbc mi |iy

}qcacenk cg}iqbkq% mi dkmk c cvqi|ig}cq$|i lkdk cq}b|}c idiqjig}i mc lec||i }qcacencmkqc' C

oqcgsyipc gc cakqmcjid jcqcg}by æ Qkeebgj \}kgi ydc mc| ig}qib|}c| mi dcbkq mi|}csyi gk

|âlyek ^^% }igmk |bmk qivyaeblcmc mbiq|c| ipi| id lkei}ágic| eb}iqãqbc| i id vyaeblcêùi|

b|kecmc|% id mbiq|k| bmbkdc|'

Ky}qc ncabebmcmi syi k `kqgceb|}c mii vk||ybq gk dkdig}k mc ig}qib|}c% |ijygmk Dimbgc

.32>9"% â c lcvclbmcmi mi bdvqkb|cêìk% vqklyqcgmk cjbq mi okqdc gc}yqce ck bgi|viqcmk i

jcqcg}bq syi k mbãekjk |bjc |iy lyq|k' Gk lc|k mc| ig}qib|}c| mi Qkeebgj \}kgi% k oklk mk|

}i~}k| â k ig}qib|}cmk% syi }id bg}iqi||i id lkg|}qybq bdcjid vðaeblc lkgmbpig}i lkd |iy

lkg}i~}k gc bgmð|}qbc lye}yqce' Ig}qi}cg}k% c bg}iqcêìk vkmi qi|ye}cq id cejyd }bvk mi |yqvqi|c

vcqc yd ky dcb| mk| ―c}kqi|— igkebmk| gc lkg|}qyêìk mk }i~}k “ qivüq}iq% ig}qib|}cmk ieib}kq “ % |i`c vkq qi|vk|}c| bgi|viqcmc| mk ig}qib|}cmk ky viec vk|}yqc mk| bg}iqcl}cg}i|%

qi|ye}cgmk id yd vqkli||k mi mi|db}boblcêìk mc lieiaqbmcmi' K cq}b|}c i~vùi |iy|

vig|cdig}k|% bq}ymi| i ocenc|% }kqgcgmk$|i dcb| nydcgk i digk| bmicebpcmk% lkgokqdi k

kaì}bk bgblbce mc qib|}c' K| qi|ye}cmk| vkmid |iq vk|b}bk| ky gijc}bk| vcqc k ig}qib|}cmk

i |iy| cmdbqcmkqi|% c mivigmiq mc vqib|babebmcmi mc| milecqcêùi| i mi |iy bdvcl}k id

qiecêìk æ bdcjid vðaeblc vqibcdig}i lkg|}qyämc'



<6

= C IG]QI_B\]C GC I\]QY]YQC DÄ]BLC MK KEBDVBCGK

='3 Di}kmkekjbc

K vqi|ig}i vqkì}k }id lkdk kaì}bk cgceb|cq c lkgmyêìk mk `kqgceb|}c ck ekgjk mk vqkli||k

mi ig}qib|}c lkd lbglk bdvkq}cg}i| viq|kgcjig|$cq}b|}c|% syi% ig}qi c| mâlcmc| mi 32?6 i

1666% lkglimiqcd ig}qib|}c| æ vqi|}bjbcmc qib|}c Qkeebgj \}kgi' K| }i~}k| vqkvk|}k| vcqc

cgãeb|i }àd lkdk ig}qib|}cmk| k dð|blk bgjeà| @kng Eiggkg8 c lcg}kqc gkq}i$cdiqblcgc ]bgc

]yqgiq8 k lbgic|}c gkq}i$cdiqblcgk \vbhi Eii8 k dð|blk gkq}i$cdiqblcgk Hyq} Lkacbg% eämiq

mc acgmc Gbqcgc% i k lcg}kq i lkdvk|b}kq gkq}i$cdiqblcgk Aka Mrecg' C| ig}qib|}c| i|}ìk

lkg}bmc| gk ebqk Qkeebgj \}kgi0 c| dienkqi| ig}qib|}c| mc qib|}c Qkeebgj \}kgi% imb}cmk viek

oygmcmkq mc vyaeblcêìk% @cgg \' Ziggiq% `yg}k c @ki Eir% i vyaeblcmk id 166>' K vqi|ig}i

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k| oì|% eicgmk$|i id lkg}c c vqib|babebmcmi mc| qi|vk|}c| mk| ig}qib|}cmk|% c i~ley|bbmcmi

mc bgokqdcêìk i k lkg}i~}k bg}iqc}bk lkd k `kqgceb|}c'

C i|lkenc mi }cb| ig}qib|}cmk| `y|}boblc$|i viek jqcgmi bdvcl}k mi }cb| viq|kgcjig|$cq}b|}c| gc

lye}yqc vkvyecq mk |âlyek ^^% gk| lcdvk| mc dð|blc i mk lbgidc' Eiggkg c}yky lkdk

dð|blk i lkdvk|b}kq mk| Aic}ei| ig}qi 32?1 i 32:6% bg}ijqcgmk ydc mc| acgmc| dcb|

lkdiqlbcedig}i aid$|ylimbmc| i lqb}blcdig}i clecdcmc| mc nb|}üqbc mc dð|blc vkv' Gk}üqbk



<3

vkq |yc| milecqcêùi| vkeàdblc|% k viq|kgcjid$cq}b|}c â ig}qib|}cmk ekjk cvü| k obd mk jqyvk

i bgälbk mi |yc lcqqibqc$|kek% i mimblc$|i% gk milkqqiq mc dc}âqbc% c mi|db}boblcq mbiq|k|

ieidig}k| lkg}bmk| gk lye}k æ acgmc'

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@ã \vbhi Eii â yd clecdcmk lbgic|}c gkq}i$cdiqblcgk syi% id |yc| kaqc|% cakqmc c| qiecêùi|

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myqcg}i |iy viqäkmk mi |yli||k'

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klc|bìk mi |iy clecdcmk mb|lk Eki cgm }nio} ' Gk }i~}k% Mrecg mi|lkg|}qüb liq}c| clivêùi|



<1

bmicebpcmc| |kaqi c lkg|}qyêìk mi |yc kaqc i c lcqjc |klbce gk mb|lyq|k mi |yc| ei}qc|% mi

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='3'3 Lqb}âqbk| mi cgãeb|i

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cq}b|}c% lkdk i~veblb}cmk gk sycmqk cacb~k'



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<9

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Ig}ìk% k E\M lkdiêky vcqc klà id 32?=0 lkdk okb syi lkg}bgyky;Lkg}bgyky vkq cgk|% iy mik }iq }bmk yd dbenìk mi bcjig|' .ZIGGIQ% 166?% v' 9=$9?"

C| viqjyg}c| cliqlc mi cgãeb|i |klbce jigâqblc qioiqid$|i æ ay|lc mc kvbgbìk mk viq|kgcjid$

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bg}iqcêìk mivigmi mk qiviq}üqbk mi lkgnilbdig}k| jiqcb| mk ig}qib|}cmkq'



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K syi klà clnc syi k lcy|ky Xqclb|dkT;Iei| syiqbcd i~vekqcq vi||kc|' Lkekgbpcêìk' Vkq syi klà clnc syi gìk i~b|}id gc}bk|cdiqblcgk|; Vkq syi klà clnc syi iei| i|}ìk id qi|iqc|;

_klà clnc syi okb cä k bgälbk mk qclb|dk; Id 3?66;

Gìk% cg}i| mb||k'

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mb||k% okb k syi c Iyqkvc bg}ibqc oip sycgmk mbbmby c Ãoqblc id lkeýgbc|' Syiqk mbpiq%.vcy|c" }ceip k| aqcglk| gìk bgig}cqcd c vc}ig}i mk qclb|dk% dc| iei| lkd liq}ipccviqoibêkcqcd i||c mi|jqcêc# Iei| lkg|ijybqcd `kjã$ek vcqc ydc lbàglbc syi i|}ã |igmkbdveidig}cmc cjkqc' .AQI\HBG% 166?% v' 1::$1:>"

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k ig}qib|}cmkq gc }ig}c}bc mi mcq lkg}bgybmcmi æ lkgiq|c% mibmk c ydc qi|vk|}c ic|bc mk

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viqjyg}c% i }cdaâd vkmid |iq ydc cobqdcêìk æ syce k viq|kgcjid$cq}b|}c liq}cdig}i qicjbqã'

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|b}ycêìk lkdygblc}bc syi |i bdvùi' Gk lc|k mi Hyq} Lkacbg% k ig}qib|}cmkq Mcbm Oqblhi

y}bebpky dðe}bvec| qioiqàglbc| c yd di|dk c||yg}k gc }ig}c}bc mi syiaqcq c qi}blàglbc mk

ig}qib|}cmk i ay|lcq ydc cobqdcêìk nkgi|}c |kaqi k oy}yqk mk Gbqcgc'

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B||k gìk |kc dyb}k aid }cdaâd'Gìk .qb|k|"' Dc|% |bd% iy jk|}cqbc mi }qcacencq lkd vi||kc| syi |ìk }k}cedig}i%lkdvei}cdig}i k kvk|}k mk syi i|}ky ocpigmk cjkqc' Yd }qkêk mboiqig}i% lcqc'

B||k gìk â yd vqkjgü|}blk akd vcqc k oy}yqk mk Gbqcgc i mk }bvk mi dð|blc syi klà| ocpid `yg}k|'Â vkq b||k syi i|}ky mcgmk i||c| mblc| myqcg}i }kmc i||c ig}qib|}c' K oc}k mi i|}cqdk|i~cy|}k|' Lnijcdk| gyd vkg}k kgmi c| lkb|c| i|}ìk oblcgmk qivi}b}bc|' Gìk i~b|}i cejksyi klà lkg|bjc dkiq vqc oqig}i% gìk i~b|}i cejk syi klà vk||c vqklyqcq' .OQBLHI%166?% v' <<?$<<:"



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Gkcdig}i% c| viqjyg}c| bg}iqqkdvbmc| viek ig}qib|}cmk% mi|}c ip |kaqi syi|}ùi|

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ig}qib|}cmkq' Vkq syi|}ùi| i|}â}blc|% }cb| bg}iqqyvêùi| vkmid |iq iebdbgcmc| gc imbêìk |id

lkdvqkdi}iq k qi|ye}cmk% dc| c qib|}c Qkeebgj \}kgi kv}c vkq mib~ã$ec| gk vqkmy}k obgce

lkdk okqdc mi i~vqi||ìk eijä}bdc i jigyägc mc bg}iqcêìk' Gc cdk|}qcjid% @kng Eiggkg i

\vbhi Eii |ìk k| ðgblk| syi bg}iqqkdvid k mbãekjk gk syi|b}k vi||kce% id cdak| k| lc|k|

id cg}ilbvcêìk ck| |iy| bg}iqekly}kqi|' Eiggkg qi|vkgmi ydc syi|}ìk |kaqi jigbcebmcmi lkd

yd ekgjk mi|cacok'

Sycgmk klà viqliaiy syi i|}cc ocpigmk lkb|c| syi }qcg|ligmbcd'''Vi||kc| lkdk iy oblcd lbig}i| mi |yc jigbcebmcmi ck| 36% >% 2 cgk| mi bmcmi''' iy |idvqidi viqjyg}ib0 ―Vkq syi gbgjyâd gyglc di mi|lkaqby;—' Gc i|lkec% |iqã syi gbgjyâdviqliabc syi iy iqc dcb| i|viq}k syi k| ky}qk|; Syi k| vqkoi||kqi| iqcd yg| i|}ðvbmk|}cdaâd; Syi }ymk k syi vk||yäcd iqc bgokqdcêìk syi gìk di bg}iqi||cc;Iy obsyib lkdvei}cdig}i viqmbmk sycgmk i|}cc gk lkeijbce' Lk|}ydcc mbpiq vcqc dbgnc}bc0 ―_klà `kjky dbgnc vki|bc okqc# _cb |i cqqivigmiq mb||k sycgmk iy okq ocdk|k#—% iygyglc c viqmkib vkq gìk di }qc}cq lkdk c v''' mk jàgbk syi iy iqc% ky sycesyiq lkb|c c||bd%sycgmk iy iqc lqbcgêc'Iqc üabk vcqc dbd' Vkq syi iei| gìk di lkeklcqcd gc i|lkec mi cq}i; Vkq syi gìk di}qibgcqcd; Vkq syi oblccd di okqêcgmk c |iq yd v''' mi lcyaüb lkdk k qi|}k mk| ky}qk|;

Iy iqc mboiqig}i% |idvqi oyb mboiqig}i% vkq syi gbgjyâd gyglc di gk}ky; .ZIGGIQ%166?% v' ?>$?2"

='1'3 \bjgboblcg}i i |bjgboblcmk0 cgãeb|i mc i|}qy}yqc dä}blc mk| viq|kgcjig|$cq}b|}c|

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vqkdkêìk mc| ac|i| dä}blc| mk ig}qib|}cmk i c |bdye}ágic cvqk~bdcêìk mk viq|kgcjid$

cq}b|}c `yg}k c |iy vðaeblk% vkq dibk mc| i|}qc}âjbc| mi bmig}boblcêìk bg|iqbmc| gc mb|ly||ìk mc

bmc vi||kce' Ig}qi}cg}k% }cb| okqdc}k| mi ig}qib|}c }cdaâd vkmid mimblcq$|i c vqkdkiq

dkmboblcêùi|% mi dcjgb}ymi| mbiq|c|% gc i|}qy}yqc dä}blc mk| |iy| viq|kgcjig|$cq}b|}c|'

K db}k lkg}idvkqágik mk| kebdvbcgk| â ac|icmk% lkdk Acq}ni| .166<" i~veblc% gc

i~cliqacêìk mk |bjgboblcg}i% lkdvk|}k mi veã|}blc qblc i |imy}kqc% dc| lkd lkg}iðmk ky

|bjgboblcmk ebdb}cmk% miebaiqcmcdig}i idvkaqilbmk i i|lqcbpcmk viec bdcjid c iei

c||klbcmc' Yd dð|blk ky lbgic|}c â cek mi cmkqcêìk vðaeblc gìk mibmk c |iy lcqã}iq% |yc

viq|kgcebmcmi ky |yc lkgmy}c lk}bmbcgc% dc|% |bd% viek bdvcl}k |klbce mi |yc kaqc i viec

bdcjid vðaeblc db}boblcmc “ lkg|}b}yämc vkq dibk mc b|ìk mk cq}b|}c lkdk |iq lqbc}bk |kaqi$



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nydcgk gk bdcjbgãqbk vkvyecq% lcvcp mi kqbjbgcq aiec| kaqc| vcqc k mieib}i mk nkdid

lkdyd' ]ce qi}qc}k â miobgbmk viec ca|kqêìk myce mc qicebmcmi i mc ocg}c|bc bglkqvkqcmk| gk

db}k% cvqiig|äib| vkq dibk mc c}igêìk ck |bjgboblcg}i lkdk }k}cebmcmi cdaäjyc mi |ig}bmk i

okqdc'

Ig}qi}cg}k% lc|k k| mkb| ieidig}k| lkg}bmk| gk |bjgboblcg}i |i`cd |ivcqcmk| gk vqkli||k mi

cvqiig|ìk% c |bjgboblcêìk â mi|}qyämc i mi}il}cd$|i c| bglkgjqyàglbc| gk mb|lyq|k db}keüjblk'

Migk}cd$|i k| i|}iqiü}bvk|% c| mblk}kdbc| i k| oce|ibk| y}bebpcmk|% mi okqdc c mi|gymcq k |iq

nydcgk vkq }qã| mc i|}qy}yqc dä}blc' Lkg|lbig}i mi||c viqlivêìk i|}qy}yqce% k ig}qib|}cmkq

lkg|ijyi midkebq k cqlcakyêk bdcjâ}blk bdayämk æ lieiaqbmcmi i syi|}bkgã$ec c qi|vib}k mk|

ieidig}k| syi okjid æ eüjblc'

Lkdk k db}k â miobgbmk viek i|}cmk kqce i viec cvqkvqbcêìk mc ocec viec |klbimcmi% c

qiviqly||ìk mi ydc qivkq}cjid “ ieidig}k id |b ac|icmk gc kqcebmcmi “ vkmi miobgbq

}qcg|okqdcêùi| mbiq|c| id qiecêìk æ bdcjid vðaeblc mi mi}iqdbgcmk bgmbämyk' Syiaqcmc c

lkglivêìk lkdyd bgblbce ebjcmc ck viq|kgcjid$cq}b|}c% |yc viqdcgàglbc igsycg}k db}k

mivigmi mk `yejcdig}k vðaeblk c qi|vib}k mc bdvkq}áglbc mk| ieidig}k| mi|db|}boblcmkqi|

cvqi|ig}cmk|% i c lkg|isyig}i okqdcêìk mi yd gkk cqsyâ}bvk syi vk||c |iq c||ydbmk% ebjcmkc i|}iqiü}bvk| mc lye}yqc lkg}idvkqágic lkdk k| bmig}boblcmk| vkq Dkqbg .32::" “ vkq

i~idvek% æ| b|ùi| bmicebpcmc| mi |bdvc}bc% ncvvr igm % oieblbmcmi% cdkq% `yig}ymi i

vqkdkêìk mk| cekqi| bjig}i|' C lye}yqc mi dc||c â cgbdcmc viec mbgádblc ig}qi k qice% k

i|}iqiü}bvk i k bdcjbgãqbk kgäqblk% mi okqdc syi k| }qà| ieidig}k| |i }kqgcd bgmb|}bg}k|'





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|iy| ioib}k| id ydc lkdygbmcmi mi acb~k vkmiq csyb|b}bk% aid lkdk c lkglecdcêìk æ

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bg}qcg|vkgäib|'

C mi|db}boblcêìk mi Hyq} Lkacbg gk }i~}k mi Qkeebgj \}kgi gìk i|}ã gk |iy vk|blbkgcdig}k

igsycg}k vqkob||bkgce mc cq}i% gid gc cakqmcjid mi |iy| nãab}k| mi|}qy}bk| okqc mk vcelk%

syi bqbcd c ly|}cq |yc bmc gcsyiei di|dk cgk' K lkg}i~}k mi qkdvbdig}k mc i|}qy}yqc

dä}blc â c milecqcêìk mi Lkacbg c qi|vib}k mi k Gbqcgc i|}cq id }ce vkg}k mi i~cy|}ìk i

qivi}bêìk lqbc}bc% mig}qk mk okqdc}k vkv$jqygji mi mbgádblc| syi lkg|}qyby vcqc |b% syi |iy

vqüvqbk eämiq gìk lkg|ijyi ig~iqjcq ekgjibmcmi gk jqyvk' K dð|blk cmdb}i c| ebdb}cêùi| mc

acgmc i |yc }igmàglbc c |ijybq id vqkli||k lqbc}bk kvk|}k% syi% lkdk |caidk|% gìk lnijky c

lkglqi}bpcq$|i mi oc}k'

Gk lc|k mi Aka Mrecg% c syiaqc mc i~vil}c}bc i mc i|}qy}yqc dä}blc qioiqi$|i æ nkgi|}bmcmi i

æ dkmâ|}bc mk lcg}kq i lkdvk|b}kq gc bg}iqcêìk lkd Dbhce Jbedkqi' K dð|blk cebdig}cc%

mi|mi c mâlcmc mi 32?6% gk}üqbc cgbdk|bmcmi id qiecêìk æ bdvqig|c% gìk qcqk ocpigmk y|k

cdvek mc bqkgbc i mk lkg|}qcgjbdig}k `yg}k c |iy| bg}iqekly}kqi|' Id 1663% Mrecg qi|vkgmi

æ| syi|}ùi| mi okqdc vkebmc i }qc}c |iy vqkli||k lqbc}bk lkdk cejk okqdc}cmk% gk |ig}bmk mcy}bebpcêìk mi }idc| lkqqbsyibqk| gc lqbcêìk cq}ä|}blc% i |id jqcgmi bdvkq}áglbc% aid lkdk

i~vùi |yc| mi|bey|ùi| lkd c bgmð|}qbc dy|blce' K nkdid vkq }qã| mk db}k dk|}qc |yc|

yegiqcabebmcmi| i mi|vi |yc bmicebpcêìk |id lkg|}qcgjbdig}k|% mi okqdc bgbdcjbgãie gk|

}qbg}c cgk| cg}iqbkqi|'

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ac|i dä}blc mk| ig}qib|}cmk|% Qkeebgj \}kgi jcqcg}i |yc vk|bêìk imb}kqbce mboiqiglbcmc% cvcq}bq mc iecakqcêìk mi yd dkmiek mi }idã}blc i sycebmcmi `kqgceä|}blc syi jybc c vyaeblcêìk

gk| |iy| dcb| mi sycqig}c cgk| mi i~b|}àglbc' K| viq|kgcjig|$cq}b|}c| lkdvqiigmid k

lkg}qc}k mi lkdygblcêìk igkebmk gc qicebpcêìk mi ydc ig}qib|}c mi }ce lcqã}iq i |caid k

syi i|viqcq mk vqkmy}k obgce' Ydc ip syi c }idã}blc }cdaâd vkmi |iq miobgbmc% â oclbeb}cmk

ck ig}qib|}cmk i |yc c||i||kqbc k vecgi`cdig}k i|}qc}âjblk mi }ce bg}iqcêìk lkdygblclbkgce%

vkq dibk mi dimbc }qcbgbgj' Ig}qi}cg}k% cdak| miid i|}cq lbig}i| mi syi k qi|ye}cmk mc

ig}qib|}c gìk vkmiqã |iq lkg|}qyämk vqibcdig}i% mivigmigmk bg}ibqcdig}i mk lkg}i~}k

bg}iqclbkgce ig}qi `kqgceb|}c i cq}b|}c'



=:

QIOIQÀGLBC\

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ACQ]NI\% Qkecgm' Db}kekjbc|' ]qcmyêìk mi Qb}c Aykgjiqdbgk% Vimqk mi \kypc i Qi`cgi@cgkzb}piq' Qbk mi @cgibqk0 Mboie% 166<'

AQI\HBG% Mcbm' \vbhi Eii' Bg0 ZIGGIQ% @igg \'8 EI_R% @ki .im'"' Qkeebgj \}kgi0 C|dienkqi| ig}qib|}c| mc qib|}c Qkeebgj \}kgi' ]qcmyêìk mi Idcgyie Digmi| Qkmqbjyi|' \ìkVcyek0 Ecqky||i% 166>'

LKIENK% ]ib~ibqc' K syi â bgmð|}qbc lye}yqce' \ìk Vcyek0 Aqc|bebig|i% 32>6' LkeiêìkVqbdibqk| Vc||k|'

LKEEBG\% Gcglr' ]bgc ]yqgiq' Bg0 ZIGGIQ% @igg \'8 EI_R% @ki .im'"' Qkeebgj \}kgi0 C|dienkqi| ig}qib|}c| mc qib|}c Qkeebgj \}kgi' ]qcmyêìk mi Idcgyie Digmi| Qkmqbjyi|' \ìkVcyek0 Ecqky||i% 166>'

LKGGKQ% \}iig' Lye}yqc vü|$dkmiqgc0 Bg}qkmyêìk æ| ]ikqbc| mk Lkg}idvkqágik']qcmyêìk mi Cmcbe Yabqc`cqc \kaqce i Dcqbc \}iec Jkgêcei|' \ìk Vcyek0 Ekrkec% 322<'

LYGNC% Eikgcqmk Cg}ygi|8 DCJCENÌI\% Eybp Nigqbsyi _bibqc mi8 OIQQIBQC% Gä|bkCg}ýgbk ]ib~ibqc' Mbeidc| mk `kqgceb|dk lye}yqce aqc|beibqk' ]idc|0 ig|cbk| mi lkdygblcêìk%Aiek Nkqbpkg}i% v':<$><% '3% g'3% cjk'$mip' 1661'

OQBLHI% Mcbm' Hyq} Lkacbg' Bg0 ZIGGIQ% @igg \'8 EI_R% @ki .im'"' Qkeebgj \}kgi0 C|dienkqi| ig}qib|}c| mc qib|}c Qkeebgj \}kgi' ]qcmyêìk mi Idcgyie Digmi| Qkmqbjyi|' \ìkVcyek0 Ecqky||i% 166>'

OQBIMECGMIQ% Vcye' Qklh cgm qkee0 ydc nb|}üqbc |klbce' ]qcmyêìk mi C' Lk|}c' Qbk mi@cgibqk0 Imb}kqc Qilkqm% 166?'

JBEDKQI% Dbhce' Aka Mrecg' Bg0 ZIGGIQ% @igg \'8 EI_R% @ki .im'"' Qkeebgj \}kgi0 C|dienkqi| ig}qib|}c| mc qib|}c Qkeebgj \}kgi' ]qcmyêìk mi Idcgyie Digmi| Qkmqbjyi|' \ìkVcyek0 Ecqky||i% 166>'

NBQ\LNAIQJ% Ergg' \}qcgji Eki' _cgb}r Ocbq % Ek| Cgjiei|% cgk 36% im' 326% |i}' 3221'Mb|vkgäie id0 5zzz'nkdivcji'dcl'lkd+hbc+dcjblh+lkyq}gir'n}de7' Cli||k id 3? dcb'1633

HIEEGIQ% Mkyjec|' C lye}yqc mc dämbc $ i|}ymk| lye}yqcb|0 bmig}bmcmi i vkeä}blc ig}qi kdkmiqgk i k vü|$dkmiqgk' ]qcmyêìk mi Bkgi Lc|}benk Aigimi}}b' Acyqy% \V0 IMY\L% 1663'

ECJI% Gbe|kg' C qivkq}cjid0 }ikqbc i }âlgblc mi ig}qib|}c i vi|syb|c `kqgceä|}blc' Qbk mi@cgibqk0 Qilkqm% 166>'



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EBVK_I]\HR% Jbeei|8 \IQQKR% @icg' C lye}yqc$dygmk0 qi|vk|}c c ydc |klbimcmimi|kqbig}cmc' ]qcmyêìk mi Dcqbc Eðlbc Dclncmk' \ìk Vcyek0 Lkdvcgnbc mc| Ei}qc|% 1633'

DIMBGC% Lqidbemc mi Cqcy`k' Ig}qib|}c0 K mbãekjk vk||äie' \âqbi Vqbglävbk|' \ìk Vcyek0

Ã}blc% 32>?'

DIGIPI\% Ocjygmi|' @kqgceb|dk i eb}iqc}yqc' Qbk mi @cgibqk0 Imb}kqc Qcpìk Lye}yqce% 322:'

DKQBG% Imjcq' Lye}yqc mi dc||c| gk |âlyek ^^0 giyqk|i' ]qcmyêìk mi Dcyqc Qbaibqk\cqmbgnc' Qbk mi @cgibqk0 Okqig|i Ygbiq|b}ãqbc% 32::'

KRCDC% ]ncb|' C cq}i mi ig}qib|}cq aid' \ìk Vcyek0 Lkg}i~}k% 166>'

VBPC% Mcgbie' @kqgceb|dk lye}yqce' \ìk Vcyek0 Lkg}i~}k% 166<'

QKLNC% Iiqcqmk' K syi â db}k' \ìk Vcyek0 Aqc|bebig|i% 322?' Lkeiêìk Vqbdibqk| Vc||k|'

QK@IH% Lnqb|' Lieiaqbmcmi' ]qcmyêìk mi ]ceb}c D' Qkmqbjyi|' Qbk mi @cgibqk0 Qkllk% 166>'

\C]K% Gcgcdb' @kqgceb|dk% eb}iqc}yqc i qivqi|ig}cêìk' Bg0 LC\]QK% Jy|}ck mi8 JCEIGK%Cei~' @kqgceb|dk i eb}iqc}yqc0 c |imyêìk mc vcecqc' \ìk Vcyek0 I|lqb}yqc|% 1669' LkeiêìkIg|cbk| ]qcg|iq|cb|'

\LCEPK% Dcqäebc' @kqgceb|dk mi qib|}c' \ìk Vcyek0 Lkg}i~}k% 166<'

\]QBGC]B% Mkdbgbl' Lye}yqc Vkvyecq0 ydc bg}qkmyêìk' ]qcmyêìk mi Lcqek| \pecl' \ìk

Vcyek0 Nimqc% 3222'

]NKDV\KG% @kng A' Bmikekjbc i lye}yqc dkmiqgc' ]qcmyêìk mk Jqyvk mi I|}ymk| |kaqiBmikekjbc% Lkdygblcêìk i Qivqi|ig}cêùi| \klbcb| mc Vü|$jqcmycêìk mk Bg|}b}y}k miV|blkekjbc mc VYLQ\' Vi}qüvkeb| .Q@"0 _kpi|% 3229'

]QCDKG]BGC% Lcqek|' Ig}qib|}c' Qbk mi @cgibqk0 Jekak% 322?'

_BEC\ AKC\% \âqjbk' K i|}bek dcjcpbgi0 k }i~}k id qib|}c' \ìk Vcyek0 \yddy|% 322?'

ZIGGIQ% @igg \' @kng Eiggkg' Bg0 ZIGGIQ% @igg \'8 EI_R% @ki .im'"' Qkeebgj \}kgi0 C|dienkqi| ig}qib|}c| mc qib|}c Qkeebgj \}kgi' ]qcmyêìk mi Idcgyie Digmi| Qkmqbjyi|' \ìkVcyek0 Ecqky||i% 166>'

ZKEO% Dcyqk' ]ikqbc| mc| lkdygblcêùi| mi dc||c' ]qcmyêìk mi Dcqbc @kqji _becq miObjyibqimk' <' Im' \ìk Vcyek0 Dcq}bg| Okg}i|% 166<'



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96

CGI^K B

]qcg|lqbêìk0 LKEEBG\% Gcglr' ]bgc ]yqgiq' Bg0 ZIGGIQ% @igg \'8 EI_R% @ki .im'"' Qkeebgj \}kgi0 C| dienkqi| ig}qib|}c| mc qib|}c Qkeebgj \}kgi' ]qcmyêìk mi IdcgyieDigmi| Qkmqbjyi|' \ìk Vcyek0 Ecqky||i% 166>% v' 1<2$196'

]BGC ]YQGIQVkq Gcglr Lkeebg|

1< mi ky}yaqk mi 32>?

_klà id mi yd ekgjk lcdbgnk gc bmc% ]bgc' _klà mii |i |ig}bq ac|}cg}i |c}b|oib}c viek

dkmk lkdk lkgmypby }ymk |kpbgnc gk| ðe}bdk| mip cgk| mi|mi syi mib~ky Bhi'

Gìk }ignk ydc mäbmc gk dkdig}k' Vk||yk ydc lc|c vqüvqbc' \idvqi syb| yd ecq% dc| gyglck }bi vkqsyi diy| vcb| |i |ivcqcqcd' Iy i|}cc mi}iqdbgcmc c }iq i||c ac|i' Ig}ìk lkdvqibydc lc|c vcqc dbgnc dìi% i cjkqc gü| }kmk| cdk| vcqc eã “ diy| obenk|% dbgnc bqdì% c obencmiec' I|}ky qibigmk cejk syi syiqbc sycgmk iqc lqbcgêc' C| obenc| vqbglbvcb| }bgnc ydc lc|c%i cjkqc iy }ignk ydc lc|c' Obp mi||i |kgnk ydc qicebmcmi'

\ky cy}kmbmc}c' \idvqi syb| di }qcg|okqdcq gydc vi||kc dienkq% vkqsyi gyglc }biydc imylcêìk' Dc| i||i iqc diy |kgnk “ |iq ceygc' Diy dkmiek |idvqi okb @clhiebgiHiggimr Kgc||b|' Aid% cjkqc klà i|}ã ocecgmk mi ce}c| lkb|c|% gìk â di|dk; .Qb|k|" Diyjk|}k iqc ce}k' Vkq}cg}k% c qi|vib}k mi vcmqìk mi dkmiek|% iy kencc c| i|vk|c| mk|

vqi|bmig}i|' Â lecqk% klà i|}ã ocecgmk mi||c jcqk}c mi ocpigmc% syi oblcc gk| lcdvk||kgncgmk% cgk| c}qã|% syiqigmk |iq i||i }bvk mi vi||kc' Dc|% |i iy }bi||i |bmk i||i }bvk mivi||kc% klà clnc syi iy lkg|ijybqbc lcg}cq lkd c| idkêùi| syi lkeklk; _klà lcg}c lkdi||c idkêìk vkq lcy|c mc| mkqi| syi vc||ky' K |cgjyi mi dbgnc ocdäebc gìk ibk mi||cqiceipc' Vkq syi iy di qiobqk c b||k% iy gìk |ib' I||c iqc c lec||i id syi iy syiqbc i|}cq'

Ac|blcdig}i% |yc ocdäebc cqqigmcc }iqqc|' _klà clnc syi iqc mi lec||i dâmbc;

Âqcdk| ocpigmibqk| “ â k dienkq syi vk||k ocpiq vcqc }i i~veblcq' Vcqc dbd% vcqilbc syibäcdk| aid' Dbgnc bqdì i iy }ägncdk| gk||k| vqüvqbk| sycq}k|' C lcmc gkc i|}cêìk%lkdvqãcdk| qkyvc| gkc|% i iy i|}cc |idvqi ebdvc i cqqydcmc% i|vilbcedig}i |i

lkdvcqcmk c dyb}c| ky}qc| vi||kc| ck gk||k qimkq' Gyglc vc||cdk| okdi' Â lecqk% |caäcdk|c mboiqigêc ig}qi gk||c ocdäebc i% mbjcdk|% c| obenc| mk| vqkoi||kqi| mc| i|lkec| “ i||c| iqcdvi||kc| lkd imylcêìk' Diy| vcb| gìk }bgncd% |cai; Dc| vk||yäcd dyb}k mi |ig|k lkdyd ioceccd aid' Gìk âqcdk| vi||kc| mi lec||i acb~c' Gc iqmcmi% diy| vcb| iqcd mc bjqi`c8diy vcb iqc mbãlkgk gc bjqi`c'

\iy| vcb| }i cacgmkgcqcd id mboiqig}i| vkg}k| id |yc bgoáglbc' Iei| gìk }biqcd ydlc|cdig}k }ydye}ycmk;

Dbgnc dìi i diy vcb gìk |i cdccd% vkq}cg}k% oblccd aqbjcgmk k }idvk bg}ibqk'

\yc dìi }i mib~ky sycgmk klà }bgnc mip cgk|' _klà }bgnc cejydc bmibc mi syi iec bqbc }icacgmkgcq;



93

Gìk% dc| sycgmk iec okb idakqc% iy |cabc syi iec }bgnc bmk idakqc' Iec }bgnc |cämk cg}i|% dc||idvqi gk| eicc lkd iec% vkqsyi bqbc vcqc c lc|c mc dìi miec' Vcvcb bc eã i c lkgiglbc cke}cq vcqc lc|c' Dc| mi||c ip iei |cabc syi iec i|}cc bgmk vcqc |idvqi' Iei |cabc syi iqc kobd' Iy vig|ib syi iec ok||i di ay|lcq% dc| iec gyglc oip b||k' Gìk }bgnc k mbgnibqk

gili||ãqbk vcqc eicq c dbd ky c dbgnc bqdì% vkqsyi iec i|}cc bgmk vcqc \}' Ekyb|% kgmi }iqbcmi biq |kpbgnc'

Sycg}k| cgk| klà }bgnc sycgmk |iy vcb }i cacgmkgky;

]qipi' Dc| diy vcb i iy gìk âqcdk| }ìk vqü~bdk|% ig}ìk csybek okb }qcgsybek' Gìk dibdvkq}ib' Iy }bgnc yd vkylk mi dimk miei' Gìk iqc dyb}k cdbjãie' Iqc cdbjãie lkd }kmkdygmk% dc| gìk lkdbjk' Diy| vcb| gìk iqcd diy|% i iy gìk viq}iglbc c iei|% qicedig}i%ig}ìk% sycgmk iei| okqcd idakqc% iqc lkdk |i gyglc }bi||id i|}cmk eã'

Idakqc }ignc mb}k syi iqc qkmicmc vkq vi||kc| aqcglc|% klà oqisyig}ky i|lkec| vcqc

gijqk|' _klà |i eidaqc mi cejydc ip syi |koqiy vqilkglib}k vkq lcy|c mi |yc lkq;

Gìk' C ðgblc lkb|c syi di eidaqk okb c vqbdibqc ip syi |ig}b syi syiqbc |iq aqcglc' Ncbci||c jcqk}bgnc aqcglc ly`k gkdi iqc Vymmbg' Iec }bgnc yd lcaiek ekbqk i y|cc ydc |cbc miacbecqbgc i |cvc}k|' Iy i|}cc gc sycq}c |âqbi i iqc ydc digbgc eicmc' Mi qivig}i% id i||c

visyigc ocmc mkyqcmc% acecgêcgmk% ebgmbgnc% i iy vig|ib0 ―Â c||bd syi syiqk |iq—' Okb cvqbdibqc ip syi di eidaqk mi vig|cq c qi|vib}k mi qcêc' Â lecqk% sycgmk okdk| vcqc clbmcmi% }ägncdk| syi y|cq c| vkq}c| mk| oygmk| k }idvk bg}ibqk% dc| klà gìk syiqbc bq ck|eyjcqi| kgmi }bgnc syi ig}qcq viec vkq}c mk| oygmk|% vkqsyi vcqilbc syi gìk iqc syb|}k ceb'

Müb |iq dbgkqbc' \ky kencmc mi lbdc vkqsyi |ky gijqc' Â vcqc |idvqi' Â lkdk ydcdcembêìk |kaqi klà' I|}cdk| clcacgmk lkd b||k% â lecqk' Vkmidk| |yvkq}cq cjkqc% dc| cbgmci|}ã eã “ â ydc eidaqcgêc% vkqsyi klà â dcqlcmk' Â yd mi|i`k mi% lkdk gijqk|% }iqdk| clncgli mi |iq vi||kc| }ìk ocg}ã|}blc| lkdk okdk| cg}i| mi |iqdk| vijk| i }qcg|okqdcmk| idi|lqck|' _id eã mi }qã|% i||c lkb|c mi syiqiq |iq clib}k% mi gìk |iq |ijygmc lec||i'

Mivkb| syi |iy| vcb| }i cacgmkgcqcd% klà lkdiêky c }qcacencq vcqc ydc ocdäebc miaqcglk|% k| Nigmiq|kg|% |igmk acaã i mkdâ|}blc% gìk okb;

\bd% obgcedig}i i|}ccd di ig|bgcgmk' Iy di |ig}cc lkd iei|% i di ig|bgccd akc|dcgibqc|' Iec iqc `kid% dc| |i vcqilbc dyb}k lkd dbgnc dìi' I iy bc cdkq gc lc|c mk|Nigmiq|kg|' Iei| iqcd dyb}k coi}yk|k|' Iqcd lkdk yd lc|ce qicedig}i cvcb~kgcmk' Iqc ydc

ligc viqoib}c mi lc|cdig}k0 c lc|c% k aiaà% k lcqqk' I iei| gyglc aqbjccd' C |ignkqcNigmiq|kg iqc diy dkmiek' Vijyib mbiq|k| dcgibqb|dk| miec'Dc| ncbc cejydc| nkqc| id syi di lkeklccd id diy eyjcq' Ydc ip “ sycgmk

i|}cc dyb}k syig}i “ % eiib c lqbcgêc vcqc yd vc||ibk' Vcqib% ac}b gydc vkq}c i vimb yd lkvkmi ãjyc vcqc ydc dyeniq syi cigmiy' Iec ac}iy c vkq}c id dbgnc lcqc' Mi qivig}i% dieidaqib0 ―Gìk |i |bg}c c||bd }ìk lkgokq}ãie' _klà gìk vkmi vcqcq gc vkq}c mi cejyâd i vimbq ãjyc—' Dc|% gc lc|c mk| Nigmiq|kg|% gìk |ig}bc gignyd }bvk mi mb|lqbdbgcêìk'

_klà okb cacgmkgcmc gìk |ü vkq |iy vcb% dc| vkq |yc dìi }cdaâd' I|}ky |yqvqi|c syi b||kgìk }ignc }i mib~cmk mi|beymbmc% c}â di|dk cdcqjc'

Gyglc mib~ib b||k clkg}iliq' Gyglc oyb i||c vi||kc' Obp yd dygmk vcqc dbd di|dc'Vqklyqib vkq csybek syi syiqbc% i% sycgmk iglkg}qib% iy |ijyb k i~idvek' Sycgmk oyb vcqc ci|lkec% gìk ka|iqcc k| mi|cokq}ygcmk|% ka|iqcc k| cokq}ygcmk|% vi||kc| lkd akc|



91

dcgibqc|% vi||kc| imylcmc|' Ig}ìk gyglc di }kqgib k syi iy iqc' Okb c di|dc lkb|c syi obplkd Bhi' Gyglc }kdib mqkjc|% gyglc aiab% gyglc obsyib gk gäie miei' Gbgjyâd% c}â di|dkcjkqc% vkmi di kaqbjcq c ocpiq k syi iy gìk syiqk' \idvqi }bi c lcaiêc gk eyjcq' Vk||k gìk}iq di i|}bmk lkdk c| obenc| mk| vqkoi||kqi|% dc| |idvqi di dcg}bi ebdvc i cqqydcmc'

Ydc ip gc i|lkec% iy i|}cc cvqkg}cgmk% i k mbqi}kq dcgmky di lncdcq' Iei mb||i0 ―I|}ky|yqvqi|k lkd klà' _klà â mboiqig}i' _klà miiqbc |caiq dienkq— ' Gìk ig}igmb k syi iei syb|mbpiq% dc| b csybek lkdk yd lydvqbdig}k' Obsyib oiebp syi iei by cejk mi mboiqig}i'

_klà iqc akc ceygc;

Gìk% iy iqc ydc i|}ðvbmc' Gìk i|}cc bg}iqi||cmc gc i|lkec' ]ignk liq}ipc mi syi ncbccejyd oc}kq v|blkeüjblk c qi|vib}k mi dbgnc bmc vi||kce' \id |caiq |kaqi b||k% iy i|}cc lkddimk i lkg|}qcgjbmc% syi â k vkqsyà mi iy gìk |iq }ìk akc gc i|lkec lkdk jk|}cqbc mi |iq'Dc| iy iqc |idvqi vqkdkbmc% vkqsyi }bgnc akc| dcgibqc| i liq}c viq|kgcebmcmi% i iy dii|okqêcc }cdaâd' Ocpbc dbgnc ebêìk mi lc|c% idakqc dyb}c| ipi| i|}bi||i iqqcmc' Obp

lkb|c| vi|cmc|% lkdk oqcglà| “ sycesyiq lkb|c syi di }kqgc||i ydc vi||kc dienkq' Dc| k syigc iqmcmi obp okb c lkb|c mi |ig|k lkdyd “ syi â |kaqibiq .qb|k|"' I|}cc |idvqivqiklyvcmc |i vc||cqbc ky gìk% dc| |ig}bc syi }bgnc mi di okqdcq% vkqsyi iqc c lkb|c dcb|qi|vib}ãie c |i ocpiq'

B||k â dyb}k cmdbqãie% `ã syi klà mibc |caiq syi% |i mi||i k okqc% gbgjyâd bqbc |ibdvkq}cq'

I~li}k iy' Iy iqc c ðgblc syi bc diy| akei}bg|' \cabc mc mboiqigêc ig}qi c| digbgc| syilkg|ijybcd gk}c akc i c| syi }bqccd gk}c| acb~c|' I csybek mkäc' Iy lkg|ijyb ydc klc|bkgcegk}c akc id jbgã|}blc i mqcdc% i iec| okqcd dcqcbenk|c|# Iy }cdaâd }qcacenib myqcg}i klkeijbce% vcqc k| Nigmiq|kg|' Iy }bgnc vecgi`cmk di dymcq vcqc c lbmcmi% `ã }bgnc iglkg}qcmkydc lc|c% dc| ig}ìk oyb vcqc \}' Ekyb| biq lkd dbgnc dìi'

K syi iec i|}cc ocpigmk gi||i vkg}k;

Iec ocpbc }qcacenk mkdâ|}blk “ ocpbc ebdvipc' Iec ibk vqc lc|c vcqc k ig}iqqk mc dìi miec% iiy milbmb ke}cq lkd iec' Dbgnc dìi i iy gìk gk| mãcdk| id% dc| iy syb| bq vkqsyi iqcydc dcgibqc mi oyjbq mk |ye'

Sycgmk lnijyib c \}' Ekyb|% iy cbgmc }bgnc syi dcg}iq mb|}áglbc mi lc|c vkqsyi gü|mb|ly}äcdk| dyb}k' Iy }bgnc di }kqgcmk dyb}k qiaiemi' Ceâd mb||k% iec i|}cc lybmcgmk mi

dbd% i iy gìk jk|}cc dyb}k mcsybek vkqsyi }bgnc di clk|}ydcmk c }kdcq lkg}c mi dbddi|dc'

Okb id \}' Ekyb|% igsycg}k klà cbgmc i|}cc gk lkeijbce% syi klà lkgniliy Bhi ]yqgiq% gìk okb;

\bd' Lkdilib c oqisyig}cq leyai| lkd dbgnc bqdì% Ceebgi' Iec iqc acqdcbm % i ydc mc|dienkqi|' Dbgnc bqdì iqc dyb}k akgb}c' Iy iqc dyb}k dcjqc% lkd viqgc| dyb}k lkdvqbmc|% igìk gili||cqbcdig}i c}qcig}i' Vcqc |iq c}qcig}i% vcqc nkdig| gijqk|% klà }bgnc syi vk||ybqyd b|yce dcb|''' vi|cmk' Ceebgi }bgnc |ibk| jqcgmi|% gijqk|% viei dyb}k i|lyqc% i c| di|dc|lcqcl}iqä|}blc| syi c| dbgnc|% dc| iqc digkq' Iec vk||yäc dyb}k i|}bek' Iec |idvqi y|cc

|ce}k| ce}k|% dibc|$lceêc| gijqc|''' k lcaiek iqc dclbk% igsycg}k k diy iqc dyb}k myqk ii|vi||k midcb|' Ceebgi iqc qicedig}i |i~r'



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_klà |i eidaqc mc vqbdibqc id syi lkeklky k| kenk| id Bhi;

Iy k clnib }iqqbiedig}i oibk' Ncbc }cg}c lkgiq|c c qi|vib}k miei vkqsyi iei }bgnc ydcacgmc syig}ä||bdc gc qijbìk' Sycgmk k b viec vqbdibqc ip di eidaqk mi vig|cq syi gyglc

}bgnc b|}k cejyâd }ìk dcjqk c||bd' Iei i|}cc |yviq aid i|}bmk% qicedig}i ebdvä||bdk i}kmk cqqydcmk i i|lyevbmk “ mk| k||k| ck lcaiek' Iei y|cc k lcaiek }kmk lkd dilnc|' Iygìk jk|}cc mcsybek% gìk jk|}cc mk vig}icmk miei' Dc| sycgmk iei ig}qcc% }bgnc qicedig}iydc vqi|igêc okq}i''' idakqc klà mic lkg|bmiqcq syi iy iqc ydc jcqk}bgnc mi lkeijbcekencgmk vcqc yd nkdid' Iy i|}cc clk|}ydcmc lkd jcqk}k| y|cgmk ìcg| i lcdb|i}c|' Dc|%diy Miy|% lkdk |cabc }klcq csyiec dð|blc' K eyjcq }kmk lkdiêky c acecgêcq' Iy syiqbc |yabqeã i lcg}cq dyyyyb}k' Dc| b||k eicqbc yd cgk'

Yd mbc .myqcg}i ydc mc| okejc| mc acgmc"% k ac}iqb|}c |i cvqk~bdky% cqqydky kdblqkokgi viq}k mi dbd% i iy lkdilib c lcg}cq' Aid% sycgmk iei di kyby% lkqqiy vcqc k lcqci mb||i0 ―Digbgc% iy gìk |cabc syi klà lcg}cc#—' C acgmc ke}ky% i iy lkg}bgyib lcg}cgmk% i}kmk dygmk |i cvqk~bdky vcqc iq syid iqc' ]kmk dygmk oblky oiebp vkq dbd% vkqsyi |cabc

syi iy iqc c bqdì mi Ceebgi i syi syiqbc mi|i|viqcmcdig}i lcg}cq' Iy iqc c i|}qiec' Bhi |cbylkdbjk i di lkdvqky yd dkg}i mi qkyvc|' Iy }bgnc lc|clk mi viei% cgâb| i eyc| .dki kaqcêk"' Iy mbqbjbc yd Lcmbeecl i cbgmc i|}cc gc i|lkec' Lkdilib c gcdkqcq yd mk| qcvcpi|mc acgmc% lncdcmk Qcrdkgm' Gü| gìk }qcg|cdk| c||bd mi lcqc% vkqsyi iy cbgmc iqc dyb}k|id |kob|}blcêìk'

Dc| iig}ycedig}i klà oblky jqãbmc' Klkqqiy c klà ocpiq yd cakq}k;

Iy gìk |cabc gcmc |kaqi cakq}k% i iy syiqbc k aiaà' Mivkb| syi dbgnc dìi mi|lkaqby% oybdkqcq lkd Qcrdkgm' Obsyib mi oc}k lkd iqjkgnc i lkd dimk% vkqsyi gìk vig|ib syidbgnc dìi ok||i di c`ymcq' Dc| iec c`ymky' Qcrdkgm syiaqky k vâ sycgmk iy dkqcc lkdiei% i }ii syi bq vcqc |yc ocdäebc% ig}ìk iec mb||i syi iy vkmiqbc ke}cq vcqc lc|c% vcqc oblcqlkd iec' Ig}ìk mivkb| lkdilib c }kdcq lkg}c mc lc|c miec% ocpbc c ebdvipc% eccc c qkyvc ilkpbgncc vcqc c ocdäebc'

Lkdk klà vecgi`ky lybmcq mi |iy aiaà;

Aid% oyb c yd nk|vb}ce syi lybmcc mi dìi| |ke}ibqc|% vkq}cg}k gìk iqc vcjk' Dbgnc dìi idbgnc bqdì gk| c`ymcqcd vkq yd }idvk% ig}ìk iy vymi lybmcq mk| i|}ãjbk| bgblbcb|' Dc| iygìk vecgi`cc oblcq |kpbgnc8 vecgi`cc iglkg}qcq yd idvqijk “ syi okb k syi obp% gydnk|vb}ce' Iglkg}qib ydc acaã% i di bqib aid' Gc âvklc% iy gìk iqc ydc vi||kc mk |nkz

ay|bgi||' Iy vecgi`cc bq vcqc ydc i|lkec vcqc |iq igoiqdibqc% vkqsyi k gijülbk lkd k leyaicbgmc i|}cc ekgji mi qkecq' Ig}ìk Bhi viqmiy |iy lcg}kq i ekjk di viqjyg}ky |i iy gìk syiqbcig}qcq gc acgmc'

Sycgmk okb c jqcgmi bqcmc% vqkob||bkgcedig}i ocecgmk;

Bhi jqcky ydc midk% i iy lcg}ib giec' Iei gìk i|}cc }ig}cgmk igmiq dbgnc kp8 iei i|}cc}ig}cgmk igmiq c| lkb|c| lkdk vqkmy}kq' C jqccmkqc mb||i0 ―Vkq syi klà gìk jqcc lkd ckp mc jcqk}c;—' Lkdk qi|ye}cmk% iy di }kqgib% koblbcedig}i% ydc lcg}kqc vqkob||bkgce' Iy}bgnc bg}i cgk|% i diy obenk }bgnc vkq ke}c mi mkb|' Bhi mb||i0 ―Cjkqc vqilb|cdk| lqbcq ydgkdi—' I okb c||bd syi Bhi i ]bgc lkdiêcqcd' Iei syiqbc k gkdi miei eã vkqsyi iei |idvqi

}bgnc vqkmypbmk c| vi||kc|% cvigc| vcqc syi iec| lkg|ijyb||id clkqmk| mi jqccêìk i mivkb||cä||id'



9=

Sycgmk lkdiêky |yc qiecêìk |i~yce lkd Bhi;

Iei }bgnc }iqdbgcmk lkd c dìi mi |iy| mkb| obenk|% syi iy clcaib lqbcgmk' Iei i|}cc |id ydcgcdkqcmc' Yd mk| dð|blk| mb||i syi bqbc ck diy sycq}k i ocpiq |i~k lkdbjk' Gìk lkg|ijyb

}qcglcq c vkq}c% ig}ìk oyb mkqdbq lkd Bhi% vig|cgmk syi iei di vqk}ijiqbc' Syi d'''# . Qb|k|"Clkg}iliy ig}ìk% dc| iy vig|ib0 ―Aid% kh% ky ocpiq |ü ydc ip—' . Qb|k|" Iy qicedig}i gìk|cabc k syi ocpiq vkqsyi gìk i|}cc ebjcmc giei% dc| di|dk c||bd .qb|k|" okb akd' Jk|}ib mcvcq}i oä|blc% dc| iy gìk k cdcc% i gìk jk|}cc vkq lcy|c `y|}cdig}i mb||k' Dc| iy gìk |cabclkdk ebmcq lkd csybek vkqsyi }cdaâd gìk syiqbc viqmiy diy idvqijk' \cabc syi iei gìk iqck lcqc liq}k vqc dbd' Iei iqc yd nkdid% ocpbc }qcacenk |âqbk% lkdk bq }klcq gk| leyai| ilkgiq|cq |kaqi gijülbk|' Iy cbgmc bc ck lbgidc i `kjcc ac|syi}i' ]bgnc yd obenk% dc|cbgmc |cäc lkd c| cdbjc| mk lkeijbce'

Syid okb k Bhi ]yqgiq syi klà lkgniliy;

Bhi iqc k obenk mi yd vc|}kq lkd ydc lk|}yqibqc' Iei gìk jk|}cc mi i|}ymcq% vkq}cg}k gìk iqcydc vi||kc lkd akc imylcêìk% aid bg|}qyämc' Clnk syi iei gid di|dk }iqdbgky k lkeijbce']bgnc lkdvei~k viek dkmk lkdk ocecc' Dyb}c| mi |yc| aqbjc| gc|liqcd mk oc}k mi iei oblcqlkg|}qcgjbmk vkq lcy|c mi |yc| dcgibqc| i vkq gìk |iq i~c}cdig}i imylcmk' Ig}ìk Bhi }bgncyd ümbk mig}qk mi |b' I c| mqkjc| cvigc| cydig}cqcd b||k'

Iy |idvqi |kyai syi Bhi }bgnc dyb}k }ceig}k% i iqc yd ü}bdk dð|blk' Iei gìk iqc ydjqcgmi lkdvk|b}kq% gk ig}cg}k% vkqsyi }kmc| c| |yc| lcgêùi| oceccd mi mkq i dyeniqi|'V|blkekjblcdig}i% klà }id mi }ig}cq i ocpiq lkd syi klà jk|}i mi ydc lcgêìk igsycg}k clcg}c' Sycgmk iei |ig}bc syi iy i|}cc lcg}cgmk dce% di lyevcc vkq gìk di igkeiq gk}qcacenk' Iei mbpbc syi gìk lkg|ijybc ecgêcq mb|lk| mi |yli||k vkq lcy|c mi dbgnc oce}c milkdvqkdi}bdig}k' ]kmc c lyevc iqc `kjcmc id dbd' Iqc }kmk i||i ümbk jycqmcmk syi ieivk||yäc mig}qk miei'

Bhi }ii dyb}c| ky}qc| dyeniqi|;

\idvqi }ii8 iei gyglc vcqk lkd b||k' Iy gìk jk|}cc% dc| obsyib vqi|c gydc cqdcmbenc']bidk| yd mb|lk mi |yli||k . C Okke Eki% 32?6"% i iy iqc c i|}qiec% ig}ìk iei |i igkeiydcb| gc qicebpcêìk vkqsyi }bgnc dimk mi di viqmiq' K |yli||k i k dimk biqcd syc|i midìk| mcmc|' Sycgmk iy obgcedig}i lnijyib giei vcqc eni mbpiq syi gìk syiqbc dcb|lkg}bgycq''' okb cä syi iei viqmiy k lkg}qkei mc| lkb|c|'

I }i ac}iy viec vqbdibqc ip;

\bd' Iy mb||i0 ―Gìk vk||k bc`cq lkd klà% gìk lkg|bjk lcg}cq i||c| dð|blc|—' Ig}ìk ieimb||i0 ―Kh% cdk| ocpiq cejydc| akgboblcêùi|% }i mcq yd vkylk mi mbgnibqk—% i iy oceib syi}ymk aid' I|}i okb k }qysyi' Ig}ìk lkdiêcdk| c bc`cq% i okb ig}ìk syi lkdilib c diigkeiq' Gìk vecgiìb csybek% vkqsyi iei mb||i syi bqbc di vcjcq% i sycgmk iei gìk k oip%obsyib lkd dimk mi vimbq k mbgnibqk vkqsyi i|}cc dkqcgmk lkd iei' Di igkeb cg}i| mi|caiq k syi ocpiq c qi|vib}k'

Csybek% â lecqk% bgblbky liqlc mi mipi||ib| cgk| mi i|vcglcdig}k' _klà iqc ydc i|vk|cjkevicmc lkg|}cg}idig}i% lkg}qkecmc viek dimk'

Iqc ydc |b}ycêìk lkdvei}cdig}i bgoiebp csyiec id syi iy di igkeb% dc| iy i|}cc mb|}cg}imidcb|' Obsyib vqi|c gcsybek mi di bdvkq}cq lkd Bhi' \i iy k mib~c||i% k syi iei bqbc ocpiq;





9?

gkb}i' Iy ceyjcc dkaäebc' Iy }bgnc cêùi| syi obp c| lqbcgêc| }qcpiqid% i iy }cdaâd eccc vqc}k|' Ig}ìk dbgnc bqdì lkdiêky c c`ymcq lkd c lkdbmc' ]cdaâd y|ãcdk| ―|iek| milkdbmc— “ |bd% ―|iek| mi lkdbmc— mk jkiqgk' Iy ocpbc k Nkeerzkkm \sycqi| i cejydc|lkb|c| mi||i| vqkjqcdc| vqc }ià'

Sycgmk okb c ðe}bdc ip syi klà by Bhi;

Gìk k i`k mi|mi diy mbüqlbk' Okb gk `yejcdig}k'

Kgmi iei i|}ã cjkqc;

Id cejyd eyjcq gc Lceboüqgbc' Iei cbgmc dcgmc yg| }ieijqcdc| vimbgmk mbgnibqk'

Lkdk klà |i |ig}i id qiecêìk ck| nkdig| cjkqc; I||c i~viqbàglbc lkd Bhi c mib~kycdcqjyqcmc;

Â dyb}k mboälbe vcqc dbd mbpiq k syi vig|k |kaqi k| nkdig|' Gìk }ignk vqilkglib}k lkg}qc k|nkdig|' I i|}ky i|viqcgmk vkq yd jqcgmi qieclbkgcdig}k% dc| gìk |ky bmbk}c k ac|}cg}i vcqc|cbq vkq cä di c}bqcgmk ck| aqcêk| mi sycesyiq ]kd% Mblh ky Ncqqr% |bdvei|dig}i vkqsyi%gi|}i dkdig}k% gìk }ignk yd nkdid gc dbgnc bmc' Gid }kmk| k| nkdig| |ìk bkeig}k|'Gid }kmk| k| nkdig| aqbjcd' C syi|}ìk â0 klà vqilb|c iglkg}qcq |iy vcq'

_klà â ydc dyeniq bglqbiedig}i akgb}c' _klà gìk |i clnc akgb}c;

Gìk |ky gid yd vkylk akgb}c' C| dyeniqi| mc I}büvbc |ìk akgb}c|0 |iy| qk|}k| i|lyevbmk|%|iy| gcqbpi|% |iy| lcaiek|' I c| dyeniqi| i|lcgmbgcc| |ìk akgb}c|' Iy cdk i||i lcaiek ekbqkmiec|' Iec| syc|i aqbencd% |ìk }ìk aqcglc|' Iy gìk }ignk ydc cvcqàglbc dyb}k akc% dc| iy |ibdi i|}bq aid' Dbgnc| viqgc| |ìk eijcb|% i iy |ib syibc| |ìk k| |cvc}k| liq}k| vcqc y|cq% c obdmi ocpiq dbgnc| viqgc| vcqilid dcb| akgb}c|' Iy |ib lkdk di vqkmypbq% dc| gìk |ky ydcdyeniq akgb}c' I|}ky gc di|dc ebgnc mc| vi||kc| syi |ìk ―kh—'

_klà ig}igmi syi dbencqi| mi nkdig| oblcd mi liq}c dcgibqc bg}bdbmcmk| viec ]bgc ]yqgiq syi iei| iid gk vcelk “ i||c dyeniq |i~r % dkemcmc% mi viei i|lyqc% y|cgmk lkecqi| idbgb||cbc'

B||k â }ìk igjqcêcmk% vkqsyi }ymk k syi obp vkq diy |nkz }id |bmk }ìk vqã}blk' Lkdilib c

y|cq lkecqi| vkqsyi k| ky}qk| clcacqcd' Gyglc vcqib vcqc vig|cq |i k| nkdig| jk|}cqbcdmiei| ky gìk' Gìk clnk syi iy di b|}c vcqc k| lcqc|' K| i|}bmk| lyq}k| oyglbkgcd vcqc dbdgk vcelk vkqsyi iy }ignk yd }kq|k digkq% i }cdaâd vkqsyi nã dyb}c mcgêc i dyb}k |ykq'Dbgnc| viqgc| |ìk akgb}c|% dc| klà à dyb}k miec| vkqsyi diy lkqvk â visyigk' Gìk â syiiy c| lkeklk eã id i~babêìk vkqsyi i|}ky }ig}cgmk ocpiq cejyd }bvk mi vqkvcjcgmc' Gyglcocêk vqkvcjcgmc c diy qi|vib}k vcqc k| nkdig|' \idvqi }qcacenk vcqc c| dyeniqi|% vkqsyi%|i klà }id c| digbgc| ck |iy ecmk% klà }id k| lcqc|' C| dyeniqi| gijqc| vkmid oblcq lkdbgi`c dyb}k oclbedig}i' I iy gìk syiqk syi iec| gìk jk|}id mi dbd gk vcelk% ig}ìk lkdilibc }qcacencq vkq iec| cgk| c}qã|' Iy |cabc syi vk||yäc i||c bdcjid |i~r' Gìk syiqbc syi k|lcqc| vig|c||id syi iy i|}cc bg}iqvqi}cgmk vcqc iei|% ig}ìk iy ka|iqcc c| dyeniqi|%vkqsyi di |ig}bc digk| lkg|}qcgjbmc' Ydc dyeniq |cai syi iy i|}ky di mbiq}bgmk i gìk

}ig}cgmk cjcqqcq yd lcqc' I|}ky eã vcqc yd |nkz' K lkyqk |yqjby vkqsyi iy i|}ccvqklyqcgmk vkq yd dc}iqbce syi gìk dk|}qcc c }qcg|vbqcêìk' Iy oblk ig|kvcmc gk vcelk% i |iy|c||i k ìcg| gkqdce% k |ykq bqbc cvcqiliq' \yìbqc gìk cvcqili gk lkyqk% i â akd vcqc bc`cq'



9:

Gìk cdcqqk}c% i â ac|}cg}i myqãie' Sycgmk iy k y|k% gìk clnk syi c| vi||kc| oblcdbdcjbgcgmk |i |ky syig}i ky gìk'

Gk vcelk% }cdaâd% klà gyglc di à dce$nydkqcmc' Iy |kqqbk' Dbgnc| lcgêùi| |ìk|idvqi yd vkylk c qi|vib}k mc bmc mc| vi||kc| syi di c||b|}id' _klà vqilb|c lcg}cq |kaqi

csybek syi c| vi||kc| vkmid |i bmig}boblcq' I i~b|}id cejydc| vi||kc| yd }cg}k lkdveblcmc|eã }cdaâd' K dygmk gìk â viqoib}k' I b||k }ymk i|}ã id dbgnc viqokqdcgli8 iy }klk b||k' Âvkq b||k syi vqiobqk bg}iqvqi}cêìk ck lcg}k% vkqsyi gc c}ycêìk klà â viqmkcmc vkq bg}iqvqi}cqliq}k }bvk mi vcvie' Sycgmk klà bg}iqvqi}c k di|dk vcvie }kmc gkb}i% c| vi||kc| vig|cd syiklà â csybek' Iec| gìk clncd syi klà i|}ã bg}iqvqi}cgmk'

I||c â c lblc}qbp syi iy jcgnib lkd dbgnc lcqqibqc' I iy c clib}ib' Gìk di kmibk dcb|'Iy lk|}ydcc kmbcq diy }qcacenk% kmbcq i||c dbgnc bdcjid |i~r% kmbcq i||c dbgnc bdcjidgk vcelk% kmbcq i||c vi||kc syi iy iqc' Gk vcelk% i|}ky bg}iqvqi}cgmk k }idvk bg}ibqk syii|}ky eã' ]ìk ekjk iy }iqdbgk csyiec| lcgêùi|% ke}k c |iq ]bgc ky}qc ip'



9>

CGI^K BB

]qcg|lqbêìk0 AQI\HBG% Mcbm' \vbhi Eii' Bg0 ZIGGIQ% @igg \'8 EI_R% @ki .im'"' Qkeebgj\}kgi0 C| dienkqi| ig}qib|}c| mc qib|}c Qkeebgj \}kgi' ]qcmyêìk mi Idcgyie Digmi|

Qkmqbjyi|' \ìk Vcyek0 Ecqky||i% 166>% v' 1?2$1>3'

\VBHI EIIVkq Mcbm Aqi|hbg

36 mi `yenk mi 3223

Lkd qiecêìk æ |yc bdcjid% c| vi||kc| vig|cd c |iy qi|vib}k lkdk ydc vqk|}b}y}c' Cjkqc%}kmk dygmk |cai syi â vqilb|k liq}c mk|i mi vqk|}b}ybêìk vcqc lkg|ijybq |iq yd cq}b|}c'''

\iqã syi c| vi||kc| cly|cd Dcmkggc mi |iq ydc vqk|}b}y}c; I|}ky viqjyg}cgmk'

]ignk ydc qk}cêìk mboiqig}i id qiecêìk c klà' Id ky}qk| lc|k|% â ―dcb|$ky$digk|}qcacenk myqk—% dc| lkd klà }qc}c$|i mi'''

Cy}kvqkdkêìk'

_klà }id lkg|lbàglbc mb||k;

Keni% iy |ib syi i~b|}id mkb| }bvk| mi qijqc|' Ig}ìk% â c||bd syi oyglbkgc' Iy cvigc| vqilb|klkg}bgycq c ocpiq csybek syi ocêk dienkq “ i iy |ib k syi }ignk mi ocpiq “ i viq|ijybq b||k'Gìk vk||k mib~cq k| ky}qk| mb}cqid k lqkgkjqcdc'

_klà cbgmc à |yc oygêìk mi lbgic|}c lkdk ydc mc| ―eypi| id lbdc mk| vqkaeidc|—% vcqcsyi iei| vk||cd |iq mb|ly}bmk| i lkdvqiigmbmk|;

Gìk id }kmk obedi' Mivigmi mk c||yg}k' Clnk syi lkdiêcdk| c }iq vqkaeidc| |i i|viqcdk|syi k cq}b|}c }ignc qi|vk|}c| k }idvk bg}ibqk' Vkq i~idvek% Ey}i viec lkb|c liq}c okb ci~cdbgcêìk X|blT mc| mboiqigêc| |yviqoblbcb| syi cbgmc dcg}àd k| gijqk| æ dcqjid' Vcqcdbd% gü|% gijqk|% |kdk| k vkk dcb| ygboblcmk mk dygmk bg}ibqk'

C| di|dc| mboiqiglbcêùi| i~b|}id mig}qk mi dyb}c| lye}yqc|'

\bd% dc| iec| gìk i|}ìk gk vcqádi}qk id syi gk| iglkg}qcdk|' Gü| gìk }idk| c| di|dc|ebaiqmcmi| syi c| ky}qc| vi||kc|'

Nã ydc }ig|ìk% }ceip ydc lkg}qcmbêìk oygmcdig}ce cg}i ygboblcêìk i mbiq|bmcmi' Lkdkklà ebmc lkd b||k;

Iy clnk syi k| `ymiy| |ìk dyb}k mbiq|k|% dc| |ìk ac|}cg}i ygboblcmk|% gydc |âqbi mi lkb|c|'_klà ocec |kaqi B|qcie0 k| `ymiy| |ìk ygboblcmk| gk i|}cmk mi B|qcie'

_klà gyglc kyi c| vi||kc| mb|ly}bqid lkdk k| `ymiy| mb|ly}id |kaqi k syi ocpiq c qi|vib}kmb||k% ky lkdk ebmcq lkd B|qcie'



92

Iy |ib syi k| `ymiy| |ìk dcb| ygboblcmk| mk syi k| gijqk|' Â |ü k syi |ib'

Vkq syi klà clnc syi â c||bd% nb|}kqblcdig}i;

Gìk syiqk ig}qcq gi||c mb|ly||ìk ig}qi gijqk| i `ymiy|'

Gìk i|}ky viqjyg}cgmk |kaqi c qiecêìk ig}qi gijqk| i `ymiy|% i|}ky viqjyg}cgmk vkq syiklà clnc syi k| `ymiy| |ìk dcb| ygboblcmk| mk syi k| gijqk|;

Mig}qk mk| IYC; Vkqsyi gìk clqimb}k syi k| `ymiy| okqcd ig|bgcmk| c |i kmbcq mk dkmklkdk k| gijqk| k okqcd' I|}c â c lnci0 ümbk vcqc |b di|dk' Gìk â syi k| `ymiy| gìk okqcdviq|ijybmk|' Gìk i|}ky mbpigmk b||k' Dc| iei| gìk okqcd ig|bgcmk| c |i kmbcqid mk ìb}k syik| gijqk| okqcd' Sycgmk klà â viq|ijybmk% â gc}yqce c| vi||kc| |i ygbqid8 dc| sycgmk klà}cdaâd â ig|bgcmk ck di|dk }idvk id syi klà â c vbkq okqdc mi bmc gk vecgi}c ]iqqc%

syi klà â |yaydcgk% ig}ìk% vkq syi mbcak| klà cb syiqiq oblcq `yg}k mi vi||kc| c||bd;Syid klà kmibc; _klà di|dk'

@ki‒| Aim$\}yr Acqaiq|nkv0 Zi Ly} Nicm| % |iy obedi mi }i|i% }qcp æ }kgc k vqkaeidc mc vqiklyvcêìk ilkgýdblc' Syi }bvk mi'''

Iy gìk |bjk yd vqkjqcdc' ]ymk k syi i|}ky mbpigmk â syi k| gijqk|% vkq dyb}k }idvk% gìkvig|cqcd qicedig}i id }iq k| vqüvqbk| gijülbk|' I|}c â c syi|}ìk' Vkqsyi% sycgmk klà }idyd gijülbk vqüvqbk% klà }id dcb| lkg}qkei i vkmi ocpiq k syi syb|iq' I|}c okb ydc mc|syi|}ùi| id Ocêc c lkb|c liq}c “ c lkb|c }kmc |kaqi c vbppcqbc mi \ce% ig}qi \ce i k Ayjjbg‒Ky}' Ayjjbg‒ Ky} vig|ky |ig|c}cdig}i syi \ce miiqbc }iq c milàglbc mi ck digk| }iq cejyg|gijqk| gc Lceêcmc mc Ocdc% `ã syi }kmc |yc qigmc id mc| vi||kc| gc lkdygbmcmi syi |ìkgijqc| ky nb|vágblc|' \ce vk||yäc% vcqc dbd% yd vkg}k dcb| ãebmk0 I|}c â c vkqqc mi dbgncvbppcqbc% i iy vk||k ocpiq k syi syb|iq' Sycgmk klà caqi |iy vqüvqbk qi|}cyqcg}i% vkmi ocpiqk syi syb|iq' Â lecqk% cjkqc Ayjjbg‒ Ky} }ig}ky kq jcgbpcq yd akblk}i c \ce% syi |idvqi okbydc mc| gk||c| dcgibqc| mi ey}cq vkq i|}i }bvk mi vig|cdig}k' Dc| gk lc|k mi Ayjjbg‒ Ky}gìk oyglbkgky'

Yd akblk}i i~bji vclbàglbc% kqjcgbpcêìk% mi}iqdbgcêìk'''

I dcb| mk syi qi}üqblc% i b||k iqc cejk syi Ayjjbg‒ Ky} gìk vk||yäc'

Â |cabmk syi ydc aqbjc i|}ã vkq lbdc mi yd |ädakek sycgmk c| qicebmcmi| ilkgýdblc| |ìkdyb}k dcb| |bjgboblcg}i|' _klà vkmi jc|}cq }kmk k |iy }idvk }ig}cgmk akblk}cq ydqi|}cyqcg}i lkqicgk gk Aqkkherg'''

K| gijqk| miiqbcd }iq |yc| vqüvqbc| acqqcsybgnc| mi oqy}c| i iqmyqc| id Oec}ay|n' Iyoblcqbc ekylk mi vc||cq yd cgk ceb akblk}cgmk csyiei eyjcq lkqicgk# B||k gìk ocp gignyd|ig}bmk vcqc dbd'

Sycg}c| vi||kc| `ã }i viqjyg}cqcd0 ―K Dkkhbi oip c lkb|c liq}c;—

I sycg}c| vi||kc| i~b|}id gc lbmcmi mi Gkc Rkqh;

I syce |yc qi|vk|}c vcqc iec|;



?6

K| gijqk| gyglc viqjyg}cd b||k' Cvigc| k| aqcglk|'

Vkq syà;

Vkqsyi k| gijqk| ig}igmid viqoib}cdig}i vkqsyi Dkkhbi `kjky c ec}c mi eb~k c}qcâ| mc `cgiec' Gignyd gijqk `cdcb| di viqjyg}ky0 ―K Dkkhbi oip c lkb|c liq}c;— Gyglc' Cvigc| k| aqcglk|' K| aqcglk| |ìk c||bd0 ―Kn% iy jk|}cc dyb}k mk Dkkhbi c}â csyiei dkdig}k' Iei âyd akd viq|kgcjid' Vkq syi iei }ii mi `kjcq c ec}c mi eb~k vqc okqc mc `cgiec;—' K| gijqk|gìk }àd gignydc mðbmc id |yc lcaiêc mk vkqsyà mcsybek'

\bd% dc| vkqsyi klà ocp ydc lkb|c i |i k syi klà ocp â c lkb|c liq}c |ìk lkb|c| dyb}kmboiqig}i|' Iy |ib vkqsyi iei oip csybek% dc|'''

Dc| cvigc| k| aqcglk| syiqid |caiq vkq syi iei oip csybek' Vcei|}qib id 19 ygbiq|bmcmi| gk

cgk vc||cmk% i b||k okb }ymk k syi di viqjyg}cqcd0 ―K Dkkhbi oip c lkb|c liq}c;—

K syi klà mb||i c iei|;

Dkkhbi i|}ã ocpigmk csybek id qi|vk|}c ck c||c||bgc}k viec vkeälbc mk Qcmbk Qcniid% lkd kbgocdi Dblncie \}izcq} |i igjc|jcgmk% id oqig}i mi |iy qk|}k “ }cdaâd |caigmk syi gìk okbc vqbdibqc ip syi cejk c||bd clkg}iliy% gid c ðe}bdc' K syi c| vi||kc| vqilb|cd ig}igmiq âsyi sycesyiq acmiqgc syi `ã clkg}iliy csyb gk| IYC% igkeigmk gijqk|% clkg}iliy vkqlcy|c mi yd visyigk bglbmig}i lkdk i||i0 }bqc| dc}cgmk cejyâd% }bqc| ac}igmk gydc dyeniqgijqc jqãbmc' \ìk bglbmig}i| c||bd syi i|vcencd k }ydye}k vkq }kmk k vcä|' I }ymk k syii|}ãcdk| ocpigmk iqc y|cq c Nb|}üqbc' Dkkhbi gìk vkmi cêkb}cq c vkeälbc% vkqsyi c vkeälbc `ã}bgnc bmk idakqc' ]ìk ekjk Qcmbk Qcniid i|}bi||i dkq}k% iei| `kjcqcd |iy }qc|ibqk gk|oygmk| mk lcqqk i miqcd k okqc mi eã vcqc ig}qcq gc |yc vqüvqbc nb|}üqbc'

I k c}csyi c \ce;

Iy clnk syi iei jk|}c dyb}k mi \ce' Vcqc Dkkhbi% id dbgnc lcaiêc% c vbppcqbc mi \ceqivqi|ig}c }ymk “ i â vkq b||k syi iei c c}clky' Okb k vqioib}k Hkln% okqcd k| }bqc| “ }ymk'

I|}i â ―k vkmiq— vcqc iei;

Â k vkmiq gk bg|}cg}i% gk dkdig}k' Dc| sycgmk c| lkb|c| mi|cacd% iei ke}c vcqc c vk|bêìkyd% c}â vbkq' _i`c }kmk| i|}i| }ydye}k|0 k| gijqk| gìk i|}ccd }klcgmk okjk gk lig}qk mclbmcmi8 iei| i|}ccd syibdcgmk |yc| vqüvqbc| bpbgncgêc|'

_klà }iqdbgc lkd gignyd eyjcq vcqc lkdiq vbppc8 i|}i â k ioib}k mi qimi mi }kmc c cêìk'_klà gìk vcqky c vkeälbc% klà'''

Â i|}c c bqkgbc' Vkqsyi i|}i â k ðgblk ìb}k syi iei| vkmid ey}cq' Iei| |i |ig}bqcd dyb}kvkmiqk|k| gcsyiei dkdig}k% dc| okb vc||cjibqk'

Cjkqc Dcelked ^ mb||i syi% i|}i`c klà y|cgmk aceùi| ky acec|% |iy kaì}bk }id mi |iq

iqmcmibqk% i klà gìk dbqc gc dcqbkgi}i% |iy kaì}bk â k dcgbvyecmkq miec' ]kmk dygmkceb% id Ocêc c lkb|c liq}c % gìk }id k kaì}bk mi dbqcq gc dcqbkgi}i% i gìk ydc dcqbkgi}idyb}k vkmiqk|c ocpiq k lkg}qãqbk;



?3

Â iqmcmi' Dc| k vqioib}k Hkln gìk i|}ã gc oqig}i miei|' Qcqcdig}i klà }id c lncgli mic}bcdig}i }kdcq k bgbdbjk% i k dcb| vqü~bdk mb||k okb c vbppcqbc mi \ce'

Ydc mc| lkb|c| dcb| viq}yqacmkqc|% vcqc dbd% id qiecêìk æ qicêìk c i||i obedi â syi c| vi||kc| |i oklcqcd gc syibdc mc vbppcqbc i gìk gc dkq}i mi Qcmbk Qcniid% i syi mii nciq ydc qcpìk vcqc b||k ceâd mi diqk qclb|dk'

K syi iy jk|}k id qiecêìk ck Ocêc c lkb|c liq}c% i|vilbcedig}i vcqc c| lqä}blc|% â syi okb yd}i|}i mi }kqgc||ke' Iy clnk syi klà vkmi qicedig}i mbpiq lkdk c| vi||kc| vig|cqcd% i syidiec| iqcd' I |i iy eibk ydc qi|ignc% i }ymk k syi iec ocec â |kaqi c i|}yvbmip mi syibdcq ydcvbppcqbc% c i|}yvbmip mc bkeàglbc% k |csyi% c syibdc% i gbgjyâd diglbkgc k c||c||bgc}k miQcmbk Qcniid% iy |caiqbc i~c}cdig}i mi kgmi i||c| vi||kc| biqcd' Vkqsyi jig}i syi vig|cc||bd gìk vùi gignyd cekq gc bmc mi yd gijqk% i|vilbcedig}i c bmc mi `kig| gijqk|'Iei| mìk dcb| bdvkq}áglbc vcqc c vqkvqbimcmi% c vqkvqbimcmi mi aqcglk|'

_ky c||ydbq syi b||k |i`c iqmcmi% syi i||c| vi||kc| gìk lkeklcd cekq gc bmc mi gijqk|' Dc| mib~i$di |yjiqbq ky}qc qcpìk viec syce c syibdc mc vbppcqbc â k lig}qk mk obedi i gìk cdkq}i mi Qcniid' Iy clnk syi nã qcpùi| i|}â}blc|% id kvk|bêìk æ| qclbcb|' Myc| qcpùi|0Vqbdibqc% Qcmbk Qcniid gìk â yd viq|kgcjid lkdvei}cdig}i aid miebgicmk “ iei â ydclcqblc}yqc' Iei â yd }bvk% |i aid syi yd gkk }bvk vcqc dyb}c| vi||kc|' Dc| k vðaeblk gìkmi|igkei ydc idvc}bc vcqc lkd iei'

Gìk |ib |i lkglkqmk lkd b||k' Iy clnk syi ydc bmc â ydc bmc'

\bd% â% dc| c bmc mi Dkkhbi ocqbc dcb| |ig}bmk vcqc k vðaeblk% vkqsyi iei lkgnili dienkq Dkkhbi' C |ijygmc qcpìk â syi c syibdc â k leädc~ mk obedi% id }iqdk| mi obedcjid i mkdkmk lkdk okb i|}qy}yqcmc'

K syi klà i|}ã mbpigmk |ìk mkb| vkg}k| bg}iqi||cg}i|' Dc| i|}ky ocecgmk mi vi||kc| syi giddi|dk vig|cd gc dkq}i mi Qcmbk Qcniid' K syi â bdvkq}cg}i vcqc iec| â syi c vbppcqbc okbsyibdcmc' Vcqc iec|% \ce â c lccecqbc' Okq}i Cvclni ig}qi k| |iecjig|' Â gb||k syi i|}ã kbg}iqi||i miec|'

Ydc mc| lb}cêùi| ockqb}c| mi Dcelked ^ iqc mi Jki}ni0 ―Gcmc vkmi |iq dcb| }iqqäie mk

syi c bjgkqáglbc id cêìk—' \i Dcelked i|}bi||i igmk csyiec ligc% |iqã syi iei }iqbc |i

c||y|}cmk ck viqliaiq syi iqc ydc bjgkqáglbc id cêìk;

.Vcy|c" ]iqbc' Dc| iei }iqbc lkdvqiigmbmk lkdvei}cdig}i vkqsyi iei| obpiqcd csybek' _i`c|ü% Dcelked gyglc lkgmigky c ä}bdc' I c| vi||kc| syi i|}ccd syibdcgmk c vbppcqbc iqcdc| ä}bdc|'

_cdk| ocecq yd vkylk dcb| mi obedi| |kaqi gijqk|' _klà mb||i% gk mklydig}ãqbk |kaqi c obedcjid mi Ocêc c lkb|c liq}c0 ―C vqiklyvcêìk gðdiqk 3 â }ig}cq |iq k dienkq lbgic|}c syi vymiq i gìk oblcq ceb mbpigmk ai|}ibqc% ocecgmk syi klà â yd lbgic|}c gijqk—'

Iy clnk syi }id dyb}k dcb| iqmcmi cjkqc% gi|}i dkdig}k% mk syi sycgmk iy mb||i b||k'

I~b|}id vi||kc| ceb% ocecgmk ai|}ibqc| lkdk ―\ky yd lbgic|}c gijqk% vkq ockq% di cdi#—;



?1

Gìk ―Di cdi—% dc| dyb}c| vi||kc| i|}ìk ocpigmk clkqmk| cjkqc% vcqc qicebpcq obedi|% i iygìk i|}ky bgi`cgmk gbgjyâd% dc| cdk| |caiq mboiqiglbcq k| aqbjyig}k| mk| obgjbmk|'

_klà cbgmc syiq |iq b|}k lkdk yd lbgic|}c ―gijqk—% ky vqbdibqcdig}i yd lbgic|}c% syi vkq

clc|k â gijqk; Â dyb}k |y}be% dc| ydc mb|}bgêìk bdvkq}cg}i'

Vcqc dbd% gìk clnk syi cb lnijcq ydc âvklc gk| IYC id syi ydc vi||kc aqcglc ã |icvqk~bdcq mi yd gijqk i gìk viqliaiq syi iei â gijqk' I||i mbc gìk i|}ã gid yd vkylkvqü~bdk' Gìk |ijyqi |yc qi|vbqcêìk' B|}k â oc}k' Ig}ìk% vkq syi iy ky oblcq }qb|}i% divqiklyvcgmk lkd b||k; Vcqc dbd% i|}c okb ydc mc| lkb|c| dcb| bdvkq}cg}i| mb}c| vkqDcelked ^0 ―Lkdk |i lncdc yd gijqk lkd yd Vn'M'; Vqi}k—' I â b||k' Vkq}cg}k% vkq syiky jc|}cq diy }idvk i igiqjbc mbpigmk0 ―Gìk di lncdi mi lbgic|}c gijqk' Iy |ky ydlbgic|}c#—; Gìk ky ig}qcq gi||c mb|ly||ìk' _ky mib~cq i||c vcqc k| ky}qk| Vqi}k|' . Qb|k|" K|ky}qk| c||bd lncdcmk| mi Vqi}k|'

_klà cbgmc clnc syi i|}ã i|lqiigmk vcqc yd vðaeblk gijqk; Cjkqc di|dk klà mb||i0―Keni |ü% Zkkmr Ceeig i|lqii vcqc k| `ymiy| bg}ieil}ycb| mi Gkc Rkqh% i iy i|lqik vcqcgijqk|—'

Â% dc| b||k gìk i~leyb “ |i klà k ocp aid “ }kmk| k| ky}qk|' Iy jk|}k mk| obedi| mi ZkkmrCeeig% dc| nã lkb|c| ceb syi iy gìk ig}igmk% i c vi||kc ck diy ecmk gk lbgidc i|}ã dkqqigmkmi qbq # Iy gìk ig}igmk' Dc| b||k gìk c}qcvcenc diy mbiq}bdig}k lkd k obedi' Clnk syi cdi|dc lkb|c |i cveblc c dbd' K| gijqk| qkecgmk mi qbq gk lkqqimkq% i k| aqcglk| |ig}cmk|%|id ig}igmiq gcmc' Iei| vkmid gìk ig}igmiq }ymk “ }kmc| c| gycgli| “ dc| cgmc c||bdjk|}cd mk| obedi|' Vkq}cg}k% gìk clnk syi i~b|}c cejyd lqbdi ck |i i|lqiiq vcqc yd vðaeblki|viläoblk'

Iy clnk syi c| vi||kc| oblcqcd |yqvqi|c|% }ceip vkq lcy|c mi |yc| vqüvqbc| bgjigybmcmi|%mi syi klà ocqbc b||k% mi syi klà bqbc syiqiq'''

_i`c |ü% b||k â cvigc| c d''' mi vc||cjid gc syce i||i| d''' lcid' Â vkq b||k syi% c sycesyiqnkqc id syi iei| iid c vcecqc ―gijqk—% iei| mìk ydc lkgk}cêìk gijc}bc' Iy gìk oyb lqbcmki||c okqdc' Gìk okb i||c dbgnc lqbcêìk' Vkq}cg}k% iy `cdcb| ky lkqqiq mc vcecqc ―gijqk—'

Id 32>:% ck i|lqiiq |kaqi qclb|dk% klà mb||i0 ―I|}cdk| dyb}k lcg|cmk| mi||i gijülbk mi

aqcglk| csyb% aqcglk| ceb' O'''$ |i b||k# I|}ã }ymk id gü|—' \id dcb| mi|lyevc|' Dc| |i klà

viqjyg}cq ck| aqcglk| i }bgnc mb}k b||k% mcmc c |yc viq|kgc% iei| oblcqbcd |yqvqi|k|'

Â% dc| mi kgmi iei| i|}ìk }bqcgmk c| viqlivêùi| miei|; . Qb|k|" Mc }ià% mc| qib|}c|% mk| `kqgcb|'

I klà i|}ã vkq clc|k vc||cgmk vkq ydc oc|i id syi gìk â iqmcmibqk c |b di|dk;

Â% vkqsyi k ìb}k syi c dämbc di dk|}qc â lkdk i||i lcqc gijqk i qike}cmk' C lkb|c dcb|igjqcêcmc vqc dbd â syi sycgmk k| aqcglk| cly|cd gijqk|% sycgmk iei| iid cejyâd gijqksyi i|}ã qike}cmk% mbpid0 ―Vkq syi i|}ã }ìk qike}cmk;— . Qb|k|" \i iei| gìk |caid vkq syi k|gijqk| |ìk qike}cmk|% ig}ìk gìk nã i|viqcgêc' Iy mbjk% â yd dbecjqi syi k| gijqk|

cdiqblcgk| |i`cd }ìk lkdveclig}i| lkdk |kdk|' Gìk clnk syi iy vk||yc }cg}c qike}c c||bd'Gìk clqimb}k syi |i`c dcb| qike}cmk mk syi diy mbqib}k mi |iq' _i`c |ü% i||c oqc|i c diyqi|vib}k gìk â lkdvei}c' Mi yd ecmk% klà gìk vkmi gijcq c| bg`y|}bêc| syi okqcd lkdi}bmc|



?<

lkg}qc klà lkdk vi||kc' Vkq ky}qk ecmk% klà gìk vkmi y|cq lkdk mi|lyevc0 ―Aid% iqicedig}i jk|}cqbc mi }iq oib}k b||k% dc| k |ignkq Lncqebi oblcc di bdvimbgmk }kmc| c|ipi|—' Clnk syi i|}c â c oqc|i dcb| lkdvei}c'

_klà mb||i syi gìk clqimb}c syi k| gijqk| vk||cd |iq qclb|}c|;

Liq}k'

_klà i|}ã ocecgmk mk| gijqk| cdiqblcgk|;

Gi|}i lc|k% i|}ky ocecgmk mk| gijqk| cdiqblcgk|' I ig}ìk% k syi |idvqi mbjk% i c| vi||kc|gyglc vyaeblcd% â syi% vcqc dbd% i~b|}i ydc mboiqigêc ig}qi qclb|dk i vqilkglib}k' K|gijqk| vkmid |iq vqilkglib}yk|k|' Dc| vcqc dbd% k qclb|dk â c bg|}b}ybêìk' K| gijqk| gyglcobpiqcd eib| mbpigmk syi k| aqcglk| gìk vkmid }iq vqbkqbmcmi|% k| aqcglk| gìk vkmid lc|cqig}qi |b% gìk vkmid k}cq' _klà vqilb|c mi}iq k vkmiq vcqc ocpiq b||k' Â b||k k syi â k qclb|dk

“ ydc bg|}b}ybêìk'

Bg|}b}ylbkgcedig}i bdvimbgmk yd vkk bg}ibqk;

Â' Iy }i lncdcgmk mi ―aqcglk obenk mi ydc v'''—% gìk clnk syi b||k |i`c qclb|dk% b||k âvqilkglib}k' B||k |ìk i|}bjdc| qclbcb|' B||k gìk cb dclnylcq cejyâd' Sycesyiq yd vkmi }iqvqilkglib}k' I|}c â c oqc|i lkdvei}c' Dc| b||k gyglc â vyaeblcmk'

Iy i`k qclb|dk gk dygmk bg}ibqk0 mi ydc }qbak vcqc ky}qc }qbak% k| `cvkgi|i| lkd k|lnbgi|i|% i c||bd vkq mbcg}i' Â bglqbiedig}i lkdveblcmk i i~}qidcdig}i }qb|}i% ig}ìk gìklkg|bjk igjkebq |yc oqc|i0 ―K| aqcglk| bgig}cqcd k qclb|dk—'

Kgmi lkdiêky ig}ìk;

Gìk |ib kgmi lkdiêky' K syi klà clnc syi k lcy|ky;

Iei| syiqbcd i~vekqcq vi||kc|' Lkekgbpcêìk' Vkq syi klà clnc syi gìk i~b|}id gc}bk|cdiqblcgk|; Vkq syi klà clnc syi iei| i|}ìk id qi|iqc|;

_klà clnc syi okb cä k bgälbk mk qclb|dk; Id 3?66;

Gìk% cg}i| mb||k'I|}cdk| ocecgmk |kaqi Nb|}üqbc cjkqc% i i|}ky lyqbk|k mk vkqsyà mi klà vig|cq |kaqi c|kqbjig| mk vqilkglib}k% sycb| |ìk c| kqbjig| mk qclb|dk' ―K| aqcglk| bgig}cqcd k

qclb|dk— ocp vcqiliq syi klà clqimb}cq }iq ncbmk ydc jqcgmi lkg|vbqcêìk vcqc gijcq k| oqy}k| mk vecgi}c c }kmk dygmk vkq yd jqyvk mi vi||kc| |ig}cmc| gydc |cec id Cd|}iqmìid 3?32'

_klà gìk clnc syi nkyi yd vecgk vcqc mbpbdcq k| ägmbk|;

Iy clnk syi okb b||k k syi clkg}iliy liq}cdig}i% dc| gìk clqimb}k syi okb lqbcmk mi||i ìb}k%

lkdk c Lcq}c Dcjgc'



?=

Keni% i||c d''' }ii syi |iq vecgi`cmc' Gìk nã ky}qk dkmk''' iei| bqcd c| qbsyipc| syi i|}c}iqqc vk||yäc i c| }kdcqcd' I okb b||k k syi k| coqblcgk| obpiqcd gc Ãoqblc mk \ye' I cg}i|mb||k% okb k syi c Iyqkvc bg}ibqc oip sycgmk mbbmby c Ãoqblc id lkeýgbc|' Syiqk mbpiq%. vcy|c" }ceip k| aqcglk| gìk bgig}cqcd c vc}ig}i mk qclb|dk% dc| iei| lkd liq}ipc

cviqoibêkcqcd i||c mi|jqcêc# Iei| lkg|ijybqcd `kjã$ek vcqc ydc lbàglbc syi i|}ã |igmkbdveidig}cmc cjkqc'

_klà gìk à gignyd mileägbk gb||k% gìk â di|dk;

K syà% gk qclb|dk; Gìk' Iy gìk oydk lqclh ' . Qb|k|" \i dyb}k% i|}ã cä gi||c }qklc “ lkd k|kb}k cgk| mi Qicjcg% i cjkqc Ay|n' I cjkqc i|}c jyiqqc% k| IYC i|}ìk gydc oiaqi vc}qbü}blc'Iy oyb ck \yviq Akze% lcqc% syiqbc gìk }iq bmk' \ig}b gãy|ic| lkd }kmc| csyiec| acgmibqbgnc|i cbùi| kcgmk' Miy| caigêki k| IYC'

Â oc|lb|}c'

Okb lkdk i|}cq gc Ceidcgnc gcpb|}c gyd `kjk mk \yviq Akze# Ck bgâ| mi EigbQbioig|}cne'''

Ncbc c GOE Obed|#

Ncbc c GOE Obed| XG' mk I'0 vqkmy}kqc lbgidc}kjqãoblc mc ebjc mi oy}iake cdiqblcgk mk|IYCT i k ―Yv zb}n Vikvei—' . Qb|cmc| mi|lkg}qkecmc|" I Znb}gir Nky|}kg ocpigmk cmyaecjid mk nbgk gclbkgce' Csybek mi|}qyby k `kjk vcqc dbd'

_klà |i bdvkq}c syi cejydc| vi||kc| |ig}id syi klà |i i|lkgmi vkq }qã| mi yd i|lymk miqclb|dk% syi klà vkmi lncdã$ec| mi qclb|}c| vcqc mi|bcq c lqä}blc mi |b di|dk;

Gìk' . Akli`c" B||k gìk di bglkdkmc% gid yd vkylk'

Mib~i$di }qcpiq æ }kgc myc| lkb|c|% aid i|vilboblcdig}i' Sycgmk klà caqby |yc ek`c gk Aqkkherg% cejyd lcqc mc D]_ }i viqjyg}ky0 ―\vbhi% k syi klà cb ocpiq lkd k| eylqk| mi||cek`c;—' I% gi||c% klà mb||i syi gìk viqjyg}c c Qkaiq} Mi Gbqk k syi iei ocp lkd k| eylqk|mi |iy qi|}cyqcg}i' Vkq}cg}k% klà i|}cc vqi|ydbgmk syi k qcvcp }i viqjyg}ky csybek kqsyiklà iqc gijqk i i|}cc caqbgmk |iy vqüvqbk gijülbk' Gìk ky mioigmà$ek “ vkqsyi gìk |ib ksyi |i vc||cc gc lcaiêc miei% ck ocpiq csyiec viqjyg}c “ dc| i`c |ü% Qkaiq} Mi Gbqk gìk â

mi ìb}k gignyd yd lcqc vkeä}blk% dc| nã cq}b|}c| aqcglk| syi'''

B||k â ydc ai|}ibqc' Ydc ai|}ibqc lkdvei}c' Gignyd aqcglk syi `cdcb| caqby yd gijülbk vqüvqbk `ã okb syi|}bkgcmk |kaqi ―k syi ocpiq lkd k| eylqk|;—'

Dc| vi||kc| lkdk \}bgj i Akgk% syi |ìk vkeb}b'''

B||k â ydc ai|}ibqc' B||k â ydc ai|}ibqc' _klà di mbp syi c| vi||kc| viqjyg}cd ck \}bgj |i k|ãeayg| miei ìk |iq Vec}bgc% ―K syi klà cb ocpiq lkd k| eylqk|;— B||k â c vkqqc mk| IY C'Sycgmk k| gijqk| lkdiêcd c ocpiq cejyd mbgnibqk% ig}ìk b||k |i }kqgc ydc mqkjc mivqkaeidc' . Giqk|k% syc|i jqb}cgmk" Di lkg}c cä ydc ip id syi yd cq}b|}c aqcglk okb

syi|}bkgcmk0 ―K syi klà cb ocpiq lkd |iy| eylqk|;—

Iy viqjyg}ib aqcglk|'''



?9

B||k â ai|}ibqc# Gbgjyâd cb æ caiq}yqc mi yd qi|}cyqcg}i mi ydc vi||kc% ky c yd ecgêcdig}kmi ebqk i mbp0 ―\ignkq Aqcglk% k syi klà cb ocpiq lkd |iy| eylqk|;— Iy gìk ebjk vcqc k syiklà mbp% i||c d''' gìk qkec lkdbjk'

I|}ky }i mbpigmk% viqjyg}ib |kaqi cq}b|}c| aqcglk| syi }àd vkg}k| mi b|}c vkeä}blk|% kh% syi|i`c |kaqi c Cdcpýgbc ky k vqkaeidc lkd c Bqecgmc% |i iei| i|}ìk ocpigmk cejydc lkb|c vkq b||k% iy viqjyg}ib |kaqi iei|'

B|}k gìk â c di|dc lkb|c% Mcbm' I|}ky ocecgmk mk vqbdibqk mbc syi c ek`c caqby% i ig}ìk i||ilcqc vùi yd dblqkokgi gc dbgnc lcqc0 ―K syi klà cb ocpiq lkd |iy| eylqk|;— Okb ydcviqjyg}c qclb|}c' C gkb}i id syi c v''' mk ]qbailc Jqbee caqby% iei| gìk viqjyg}cqcd c Qkaiq}Mi Gbqk0 ―K syi klà cb ocpiq lkd |iy| eylqk|;—' Â dyb}k lecq k i |bdvei|'

Ig}igmb' C ky}qc lkg}qkâq|bc igkeiy lqbcgêc| |igmk dkq}c| vkq lcy|c mi }àgb| lcqk|% lkdk

k| Cbq @kqmcg|' Ig}ìk klà i|lqiiy gk ]ni Gc}bkgce syi c lqä}blc id klà okb dk}bcmc viekqclb|dk' _klà clnc |iq vk||äie |i vqiklyvcq lkd k syi clkg}ili “ lqbcgêc| |igmk dkq}c|

vkq lcy|c mi }àgb| “ i gìk }iq mi |iq qclb|}c'

Iy gìk clqimb}k gi|}c d''' . Mã yd vyek% lkdiêc c c}ycq " _klà cgmc vkq Lnblcjk i vqklyqcvkq cejyd obenk mc v''' syi y|c k di|dk gðdiqk mk |iy |cvc}k i ig}ìk klà ayd'''

Vcqili beüjblk vcqc dbd }cdaâd% dc| Dblncie @kqmcg qicjby mi ydc okqdc dyb}k mboiqig}imk syi klà oip' ]ceip vkqsyi iei }ignc yd vqkjqcdc mboiqig}i mk |iy' Dc| iy |ib syi nkyicejyg| jqyvk| mi gijqk| syi bgcmbqcd k Lnblcjk \}cmbyd i eicg}cqcd vcgoei}k|'''

I c Kviqc}bkg VY\N X|bjec mi Vikvei Ygb}im }k \ci Nydcgb}r .Vkk Ygbmk vcqc \cecq c Nydcgbmcmi"% ig}bmcmi syi ey}c viec `y|}bêc |klbce i viek| mbqib}k| lbb| oygmcmc vkq @i||i @clh|kgT i|}ã vkq }qã| mb||k'

''' |kaqi Dblncie i c Gbhi% i c lqbcêìk mi |ädakek| mi |}c}y| gc lkdygbmcmi' \yc qicêìk cb||k okb dyb}k mioig|bc' Gìk i|}ky }i lyevcgmk' _klà }id k mbqib}k mi |i mioigmiq% dc|'''

_klà gìk clnc syi iy miiqbc di mioigmiq sycgmk mbpid syi k |cgjyi mi yd `kid gijqkcdiqblcgk i|}ã id dbgnc| dìk| i \vbhi Eii â qi|vkg|ãie vkq lqbcgêc| gijqc| |i dc}cqid;

Gìk% i|viqk syi klà |i mioigmc' Okb c dcgibqc viec syce klà |i mioigmiy% syi |yjiqby syisycesyiq yd syi |i bdvkq}cc lkd k| vqkaeidc| iqc qclb|}c% vkqsyi iei| gìk |i bdvkq}cdlkd c| lqbcgêc| gijqc| mi sycesyiq okqdc' Vcqc dbd% |i ok||i lqbcgêc| aqcglc| |igmkdkq}c| i cejyâd jqb}c||i% syi mbcak|% b||k klà vkmiqbc mbpiq syi iqc qclb|dk “ c ðblc qcpìk

viec syce iei| |i bdvkq}cd â vkqsyi |ìk lqbcgêc| aqcglc| |igmk dkq}c|8 |i ok||id c| gijqc|gc lbmcmi% gbgjyâd |i bdvkq}cqbc'

Iqqcmk' Iqqcmk' C àgoc|i i|}ã iqqcmc' C àgoc|i gìk mii |iq gk| }àgb|' Gìk mii |iq gk| }àgb|gid gc| `csyi}c| \}cq}iq' Iec gù mii |iq gk| lc|clk| mi viei mi lcqgibqk% ky gc| lkqqig}i|mkyqcmc|' C àgoc|i mii |iq id0 sycb| c| lkgmbêùi| ig}qi k| nkdig| gijqk| syi k| ocpidlkeklcq }cg}c àgoc|i id lkb|c| dc}iqbcb|; K syi â b||k syi ocp mc csyb|bêìk mi yd vcq mi

}àgb|% ky ydc lkqqig}i mkyqcmc% syi mã c iei| k mbqib}k æ bmc% syi k| ocp |i |ig}bqid lkdk |iok||id |iqi| nydcgk|; Â gb||k k syi c v''' mc àgoc|i miiqbc |iq'



??

C| lcy|c|% gìk k| |bg}kdc|'

I~c}cdig}i'

Iy ig}igmk b||k' Dc| klà gìk clnc% ck lqbcq i|}i| cgðglbk|% syi klà cydig}ky k gäie mi|}c}y| ebjcmk c yd vqkmy}k id vcq}blyecq% k| Cbq @kqmcg|% vcqc syi |i }kqgc||id cejk dcb|mi|i`ãie; _klà gìk clnc syi cydig}ky k mi|i`k mc| vi||kc| vkq i|}i vqkmy}k; Gìk â b||k ksyi yd akd lkdiqlbce ocp; Ocpà$ek| |cebcq% ocpà$ek| syiqiq lkdvqcq;

\bd% dc| ck di|dk }idvk i clqimb}k syi k| `kig| gijqk| cdiqblcgk| gìk ìk dc}cq yg| ck|ky}qk| vkq lcy|c mi yd vcq mi }àgb|' Iy clqimb}k gb||k' Gìk clnk syi yd v''' ekylc cb dc}cqky}qk vkq lcy|c mi yd vcq mi }àgb|' I% |i okq i|}i k lc|k% ig}ìk''' ig}ìk gìk cdk| igmiqlcqqk|' _cdk| gk| ebqcq mk |b|}idc lcvb}ceb|}c lkdk yd }kmk# Iy mbjk% klà gìk vkmi|bdvei|dig}i lyevcq k| }àgb|' \i c| vi||kc| syiqid |iq `y|}c|% cdk| ocpiq }ymk mbqib}k'Cvigc| gìk di lyevi% ky c @kqmcg i @kng ]nkdv|kg .k }qibgcmkq mi ac|syi}i mk

Jikqji}kzg"'

_klà |i |ig}i lkgokq}ãie ck mbpiq syi â yd lcvb}ceb|}c;

.Vcy|c" Iy% yd lcvb}ceb|}c; .Vcy|c" Gü| }kmk| |kdk| csyb' I iy i|}ky cvigc| }ig}cgmk ka}iqk vkmiq vcqc lkg|ijybq ocpiq k syi }ignk mi ocpiq' Vcqc lkg|ijybq i|}i vkmiq% klà vqilb|cclydyecq yd }cg}k mi mbgnibqk gc |yc lkg}c' I â b||k k syi iy }ignk oib}k' \idvqi vig|ib miyd dkmk idvqiigmimkq' Vc}qbdýgbk â k syi â vqilb|k ig}qi k| coqk$cdiqblcgk|' Vc}qbdýgbk']iq lkb|c|'

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