A Necessidade de uma Visão integralizada da Qualidade de Energia

1P. Ribeiro Outubro 2002

A Necessidade de uma Visão integralizada da Qualidade de Energia

Paulo F. Ribeiro, BSEE, MBA, PHD, PE

CALVIN COLLEGEEngineering DepartmentGrand Rapids, MI 49546

http://engr.calvin.edu/PRibeiro_WEBPAGE/[email protected]


Vision"Where there is no vision, the people perish"

Proverbs 29:18

Philosophy / StrategyNo aspect of reality should be viewed in isolation

Initiative


What is the Cost of Power Quality?

What is the Value of Power Quality (Future)?

How are Customers Addressing Power Quality Needs and Risks?


Outline

Power Quality RealityPower Quality - ChallengesPower Quality - Challenges - ExamplesPower Quality Technical Facts – DifferentiatingPower Quality Approach – IntegratedPower Quality Integrating PrinciplesAdvanced Power Quality SolutionsPower Electronics - Semiconductor DevicesThe PQ EquationStandardsPower Quality Evolving EnvironmentBenefits of a Power Quality ProgramPower Quality – Integrated SolutionsConclusions


Power Quality Reality

Power quality problems are expensive for both utilities and end users.

A recent survey conducted by Primen suggests that across all business sectors, the U.S. economy is losing between $104 billion and $165 billion a year to outages and another $15 billion to $24 billion to PQ phenomena.

EPRI


Power Quality Reality

Power Quality is a serious issue that touches almost all industrial,commercial andresidentialcustomers in some way.

f


Power Quality - Challenges

Flexible

Reliable

Comprehensive

Cost Effective (Micro and Macro)


Power Quality - Challenges - ExamplesAs the secure and reliable transmission of information has become increasingly critical to business operation, companies are increasing their spending on third party hosting services that can guarantee high levels of uptime for their critical business applications. Costs due to downtime can be very high.

Below are a few average costs for data center downtime on the operations of different businesses:

Telephone ticket sales $72K Airline Reservations $90K Credit Card operations $2,580K Brokerage operations $6,480K


Power Quality Technical Facts - Differentiating

Steady- State Issues.

Transient - Protection Issues

Electrical Noise - Issues

Wiring Guidelines - Issues


Power Quality Approach - IntegratedAll sectors need to understand the overall picture so that these decisions can be made in an intelligent way.

Power Quality Solutions should take into consideration:

Importance of Power Quality

Changing Nature of Customer Loads

Program Objectives (Service, Load Growth, Profit)

Customer Interface

Education and Training

Monitoring and Site Surveys


Power Quality Approach - Integrated

All sectors need to understand the overall picture so that these decisions can be made in an intelligent way.

Power Quality Solutions should take into consideration: Solutions to Power Quality Problems

Organizational Analysis

Customer Service Functions

Marketing Functions

Engineering Functions

Legal/Regulatory Considerations

Market Research - Market Size - Market Structure



Power Quality Solutions should take into consideration:Customer Characteristics

Competitive Position

Marketing Strategies

Developing a Business Plan

Need for the PQ Program

Program Objectives



Power Quality Solutions should take into consideration:Description of Products and Services

Financial Projections

Personnel Requirements

Equipment Requirements

Training Requirements

Advertising/Marketing

Program Review


Power Quality Technical AspectsBecause today's businesses depend upon keeping electronic systems up and running, they can no longer afford power interruptions that could shut them down.

Facility Power Audits Power Quality EnhancementsMotors and Controls ProtectionStandby and Emergency GeneratorsUninterruptible Power SystemsSurge SuppressorsPower Factor Correction


Power Quality Integrating Principles

What is power quality?Expectations, Specifications, Minimum Requirements

Why are we concerned about power quality?Consequences of power quality problemsThe cost of power quality problemsThe benefits of power quality design

What are the sensitive loads.

What is the life-cycle to power quality issue costs and benefitsFirst cost vs. problem costsWhose costs? Designs that set correct expectations throughout the life cycle


Power Quality Integrating Principles

1. Understand the problem

2. Find the real cause before you find the best solution

3. The solution must be always cost effective

4. Be open and work closely with the customer

5. Be Pro-Active, Not Reactive

6. Do not go after magic solutions

7. Educate utility and customers

8. Offer alternative PQ Services

9. Be aware of legal issues

10. Satisfy the customers - They are always right


Advanced Power Quality Solutions

Software

Wavelet Theory

Expert Systems

Fuzzy Logic

Genetic Algorithms

Neural Network



Hardware

Active Harmonic Filters

Micro SMES for Power Quality

Large SMES for Transmission / Distribution

PWM Based Higher Power Compensators

FACTS Controller, Custom Power Devices

Transfer Switches


Advanced Power Quality Solutions Measuring and Monitoring

Artificial Intelligence Instruments

Remote Access

Integrated Diagnostic

Comprehensive System Monitoring

Centralized Monitoring (GPS)


Advanced Power Quality Solutions Systems and Concepts

PQ Parks

Custom Power / FACTS / Transfer Switches

Higher Immunity

Special Contracts

Power Management Companies


The PQ Equation

PowerQuality A B C dPd ( ) $

A - Electric parametersB - Economic ParametersC - Structure of the Sector

PQ $

PQ Level



Computer Modeling and Simulation

Graphical Environment

Inclusion of Artificial Intelligence (fuzzy / neural, wavelets)

Integrated Economic Analysis


VSI CSI

Natural Forced

Synchronous PWM

Hard Soft

Two-Level Multi-Level

SCR GTO IGBT MCT MTO

System

CommutationApproach

SwitchingTechnology

TransitionApproach

CircuitTopology

DeviceType

Power Electronics - Semiconductor DevicesDecision-Making Matrix


Compatibility: A Key Componente

Standards


kUrefkUrefkUkRTL ,0max

Relative Trespass Level (RTL)

Uk - measured or calculated harmonic voltage

Uref - harmonic voltage limit (standard or particular equipment)

k - harmonic order

2 4 6 8 10 12 140

2

4

6

88

0

RTL k

132 k

0 0.05 0.10

2

4

6

88

0

RTL k

.10 Uk

StandardsCompatibility: A Key Componente


Possible Problems

Caution SevereDistortions

DangerousLevels

NormalLevels

A B C D E F G RTL0

1

Norm

alB

elowN

ormal

Over

Heating

Very

Hot

Below

Norm

alab

cd

e

Equ i

pmen

t M

alfu

n ctio

n

Mag

nit u

de $

Ph

a se

Ang

le

Individual Harmonics (Vh)Equipment Malfunction

Fuzzy - Color Code CriteriaNo Problem

Caution

Possible Problems

Imminent Problems

Harmonic Distortion Diagnostic Index Applying Fuzzy Logic Comparisons

Alternative Approach

Standards Flexibility: A Key Componente


Limits for Continuous PQ Variations – Not a problem

Difficulty in apportioning limits to individual customers (harmonics)

Limits for disturbances – More difficult

Standards - Issues


Power Quality Evolving Environment

How To Interpret This?


Power Quality Evolving Environment

How To Interpret This?


Generation Delivery Conversion Processing

CentralStation

T&D AC-ACSupplies

Motion

Environmental Maintainability Availability Safety Efficiency Reliability Performance PricePower Quality

Power System Value Chain

Power Electronics Systems and Components

SMESBatteries

FACTSSMESPQ Parks

UPS Appliances

INPUTS OUTPUTS

Valu

e Di

men

sions

Energy Power Communication

Light / Motion

Utility User

The Integrated Quality Environment


Benefits of a Power Quality Program

• Offer options to customers with PQ concerns

• Attract new business to area (regional development)

• Facilitate load retention of current customers

• Meet changing needs of customer's new technology

• Discourage co-generation or self-generation as solutions of PQ Problems

• Enhance and public image - as customers hold company accountable • for both PQ and reliability

• Add value to service

• Serve customers' best interests and save customers money

• Support company mission


Power Quality Cost Analysis Should Include

Lost production

Scrap

Restart costs

Labor

Repair and replacement costs

Process inefficiency


Power Quality Cost Analysis Should Include

Purchase cost

Installation costs

Operations costs

Maintenance costs

Costs due to impact on losses

Reliability considerations


Power Quality – Integrated Solutions

• Matching Customer Needs with Utility Services.

• Establish An Open Environment

• Optimize Economics


Conclusions

PQ Will continue to grow in importance as the electric sector operates

within a truly free economy.

Utilities, customers and manufacturers will have to cooperate to establish a stable model for the power quality industry sector

Differentiated Premium Power will Become a reality

Reliability and Quality will become as important as Price

An integrated Approach Is EssentialVision, Philosophy/Strategy and Initiative



SCOPEThe conference covers all aspects of power quality including the

following topics:

Network Modeling, Simulation, and Analysis; Flexible, Reliable, and Intelligent Electrical Energy Delivery Systems; Measuring and Monitoring Techniques; Sources of Disturbances;

Power Converters; Traction Systems; Harmonics; Voltage Quality; Power Conditioning; Active and Passive Filters; VAR Compensation; UPS; Surge Protection Devices; Grounding Systems;

Phase Balancing; Standards and Recommended Practices; Diagnostic and Expect Systems Applications; Electromagnetic Compatibility; Power Quality in Distribution Systems; Quality

Aspects of Industrial, Commercial, and Residential Consumers; Power Quality in a Deregulated Electricity Market; Energy Conservation and PQ Compatibility.

..

http://www.ieee.org/organizations/society/power/

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.ieee.org/organizations/society/power/

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A Necessidade de uma Visão integralizada da Qualidade de Energia