AS COLIGAÇÕES PARTIDÁRIAS: como as revistas semanais CartaCapital e Veja tratam esta questão

8/7/2019 AS COLIGAÇÕES PARTIDÁRIAS: como as revistas semanais CartaCapital e Veja tratam esta questão

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lfnfcjhw gfczfcèykhw fb cowwo phâw# Fwwf ë, zhl}fq, o bozk}o pykcgkphl phyh vbh wëykf

pyoilfbhw co wkwzfbh phyzkjèyko iyhwklfkyo gobo1 kcgocwzécgkh jf kjfczkjhjf kjfol÷nkgh jhw

hnyfbkhîöfw f h py÷pykh mhlzh jf mkjflkjhjf phyzkjèykh#

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hlëb jkwwo, w÷ fyh pfybkzkjo, kckgkhlbfczf, cfwzf pfyâojo, o ikphyzkjhykwbo#

Ch pykbfkyh flfkîço pyfwkjfcgkhl, p÷w o Yfnkbf Bklkzhy, fb 8;4;, ow jk}fywow phyzkjow

polâzkgow ftkwzfczfw lhcîhyhb ghcjkjhzo py÷pyko phyh h jkwpvzh jo plfkzo# O ghcjkjhzo fb

xvfwzço “yfpyfwfczh}h‒ h kjfolonkh f o pyoafzo jf no}fyco jh lfnfcjh xvf o lhcîh}h#

Hzvhlbfczf, fwzh pyèzkgh zfb wkjo ghjh }fq bfcoy# O cñbfyo jf wknlh xvf lhcîh ghcjkjhzopy÷pyko, phyh jkwpvzhy ghynow co ftfgvzk}o, jkbkcvk, pykcgkphlbfczf, fb mvcîço jhw golknhîöfw

phyzkjèykhw ‗ oiafzo jf hcèlkwf jfwwh pfwxvkwh#

Cowwh pyopowzh jf pfwxvkwh ihwfov"wf fb kc}fwzknhy zftzow xvf zyhqfb o zfbh flfkîöfw 9080

chw pvilkghîöfw GhyzhGhpkzhl f ]fah, pvilkghjow chw wfîöfw “Wfv Phâw‒ f “Iyhwkl‒

yfwpfgzk}hbfczf# Xvfyfbow fczfcjfy gobo fwzhw yf}kwzhw hioyjhb ow zfbhw jhw flfkîöfw

pyfwkjfcgkhkw f jhw golknhîöfw phyzkjèykhw# Hlëb jkwwo, zfczhyfbow kjfczkmkghy jf xvf bhcfkyh hlkcdh fjkzoykhl jf ghjh }fâgvlo wf bhckmfwzh gob yflhîço h fwwfw hwwvczow#

Cowwh pykcgkphl xvfwzço ë whify gobo hgoczfgfb doaf, cvbh jfbogyhgkh bhkw fwzè}fl, hw

hlkhcîhw fb zoyco jow ghcjkjhzow à Pyfwkjácgkh jh Yfpñilkgh# Xvfyfbow fczfcjfy hkcjh gobo

h kbpyfcwh cozkgkh fwzfw hgoczfgkbfczow py÷pykow jo bvcjo polâzkgo# Gobo hw yf}kwzhw

GhyzhGhpkzhl f ]fah zyhzhb hw golknhîöfw polâzkgo"phyzkjèykhw iyhwklfkyhw fb hco jf flfkîço

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jfwjf o wfv wvynkbfczo hzë ow jkhw jf doaf# Hioyjhyfbow, gob hpoko jhw gocwkjfyhîöfw jf

hvzoyfw gobo Ghylow Mfychcjo Nhl}ço f Goykczo Bfmmf $9080+5 Yfchzo Ahckcf Ykifkyo $9008+5

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phyh kbplhczhîço jf co}hw moybhw jf no}fyco#

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jfbogyèzkgow gobo h jfbogyhgkh yfpyfwfczhzk}h ‗ bhkw hjfxvhjh, wfnvcjo ow zf÷ykgow, phyh

hw gocjkîöfw zfyykzoykhkw f popvlhgkochkw jh hzvhlkjhjf# Hkcjh hpyfwfczhyfbow h kbpoyzécgkhjf kcwzyvbfczow gobo h Jfglhyhîço jow Jkyfkzow Dvbhcow f o Wvmyènko Vck}fywhl phyh

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H phyzky jkwwo, cvb wfnvcjo bobfczo, }hbow zyhzhy jow phyzkjow# Hzyh}ëw jf vb iyf}f yflhzo

dkwz÷ykgo, }hbow hpyfwfczhy o xvf Yojykno Phzzo Wè Bozzh $8;;;+ gocwkjfyh wfbfldhczf f

pfgvlkhy cow jk}fywow pfyâojow jh dkwz÷ykh polâzkgh phyzkjèykh iyhwklfkyh# Wfnvcjo flf, hw

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Jfczyf ow hwwvczow yflf}hczfw co wkwzfbh phyzkjèyko iyhwklfkyo, Aowë Cfpobvgfco Wkl}h $9007+

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gocmlkzo phyh o jfwfc}ol}kbfczo f mlftkiklkqhîço jhw kjfkhw xvf havjhyhb h bhczfy h

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8#8 O wvynkbfczo jh jfbogyhgkh f h jfbogyhgkh yfpyfwfczhzk}h

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jfgkwöfw xvf poczvh}hb h }kjh fb Hzfchw $ghpkzhl jh Nyëgkh+# Hczfw jkwzo, o pojfy polâzkgo

fwzh}h woi o gobhcjo jf vbh bkcoykh, ow hykwzogyhzhw# Gob h kcwzhvyhîço jo wkwzfbh

jfbogyèzkgo, h phyzky jf fczço, o gkjhjço nyfno phwwov h jfihzfy f jfgkjky woiyf o jfwzkco jh

polkw $gkjhjf"fwzhjo+#

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jkmfyfczfw chîöfw f Fwzhjow, phwwhcjo poy bojkmkghîöfw f hjhpzhîöfw ho locno jo zfbpo,

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Jvyhczf h Yf}olvîço Myhcgfwh, poy ftfbplo, h jfbogyhgkh mok vb kbpoyzhczf kcwzyvbfczo

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jkwwogkhîço fczyf ow pojfyfw ftfgvzk}o, lfnkwlhzk}o ov avjkgkèyko# O no}fychczf, co

hiwolvzkwbo, ë xvfb yfpyfwfczh h lfk, h avwzkîh, f hkcjh gocjvq f ftfgvzh zojhw hw bfjkjhw jf

hjbkckwzyhîço f nfwzço jo Fwzhjo, ov wfah, bvkzo jkmfyfczf jo xvf yfpyfwfczh f pyfnh h

jfbogyhgkh#

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xvhcjo dov}fy o gocwfczkbfczo jf zojow $ov pflo bfcow jh bhkoykh+ fb jflfnè"lo h hlnvëb#

Fczyfzhczo, gocmoybf Nhl}ço f Bfmmf $9080+, wf fwzf pojfy cço moy kcwzkzvgkochlkqhjo, cço

wfyè lfnhl, hpfwhy jf wvh lfnkzkbkjhjf#

Poy ftfbplo, vb bochygh zkyhco ov vb jkzhjoy pojf hwwvbky f kcwzkzvgkochlkqhy wfv pojfy

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how bochyghw h wkzvhîço hkcjh pojf wfy pkoy, pokw dh}kh zhbiëb hpyopykhîço jo pojfy,

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jfbogyhgkh }fyjhjfkyh wfykh pfybkzky xvf zojow ow bfbiyow jf vbh wogkfjhjf powwhb wfy

lfnkzkbhbfczf yfpyfwfczhjow#

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Poy kwwo bfwbo ë xvf hlnvcw hvzoyfw hmkybhb xvf h jfbogyhgkh wvynkjh ch Nyëgkh Hczknh ë

wvpfykoy àw xvf wf jfwfc}ol}fyhb jfpokw, avwzhbfczf poyxvf dh}kh phyzkgkphîço jf zojow ow

nyfnow chw jfgkwöfw xvf kykhb jkzhy ow yvbow jh gkjhjf# Ov wfah, co wkwzfbh jfbogyèzkgo

hzfckfcwf o gkjhjço fyh woifyhco# Goczvjo, ë iob jfwzhghy, xvf fwzh hmkybhîço, hlëb jfwvbèykh, ë hzë gfyzo poczo fxvk}oghjh# Poyxvf cfb zojo dhikzhczf jh hczknh Hzfchw fyh

gocwkjfyhjo gkjhjço f, poyzhczo, o nyvpo jf “cço gkjhjçow‒ $bvldfyfw, fwgyh}ow, }kwkzhczfw,

fwzyhcnfkyow, fzg#+ cço zkcdh jkyfkzo jf myfxvfczhy hw hwwfbilfkhw ‗ xvf hgoczfgkhb chw ènoyhw

‗ phyh phyzkgkphy jhw jfgkwöfw hjbkckwzyhzk}hw jh gkjhjf#

Gob o phwwhy jo zfbpo moyhb jfwfc}ol}kjhw co}hw moybhw jf jfbogyhgkh, jfczyf flhw, h

jfbogyhgkh yfpyfwfczhzk}h# O bfghckwbo bhkw vzklkqhjo pflow Fwzhjow xvf hjozhb fwzfbojflo jfbogyèzkgo ë o jh yfpyfwfczhîço phyzkjèykh# H phyzky jkwzo, ë xvf wf jfwfc}ol}fb vbh

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hpfymfkîohbfczo f fmfzk}hîço jh py÷pykh jfbogyhgkh yfpyfwfczhzk}h#

Ovzyo h}hcîo, wfnvcjo Ykifkyo $9008+, wço ow jkyfkzow dvbhcow xvf zhbiëb wf zoychyhb vb

kbpoyzhczf kcwzyvbfczo phyh jfbogyhgkh bojfych# H phyzky jo jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jow jkyfkzow

dvbhcow co wëgvlo T]KK mok wfcjo flhioyhjo vb ghyjèpko coybhzk}o xvf knvhlh ow

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zoch h jkwgvwwço woiyf hw opoyzvckjhjfw phyh pfwwohw fb wkzvhîço jkmfyfcgkhjh, gobo hw

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vbh goc}k}ácgkh wogkhl# Hwwkb gobo h jfbogyhgkh ë vb wkwzfbh polâzkgo xvf pfybkzf

hpfymfkîohbfczo f bvjhcîhw, ow jkyfkzow dvbhcow zhbiëb }áb wf hpfymfkîohcjo f hlzfyhcjo

h bhcfkyh gobo h wogkfjhjf }k}f f gocwzy÷k h zolfyécgkh# H lvzh pflh lfnhlkqhîço jow jkyfkzow

dvbhcow gocmkh à jfbogyhgkh, hzyh}ëw jo Fwzhjo jf Jkyfkzo, h hplkghîço, o gvbpykbfczo f h

nhyhczkh jf zojow ow jkyfkzow f jf}fyfw gocxvkwzhjow f lfnhlkqhjow#

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phyzkgkphîço jf zojow w÷ pojfykh wfy hplkghjh fb gkjhjfw gob vbh popvlhîço ifb yfjvqkjh,

zfcjo fb }kwzh xvf wfykh kbpowwâ}fl yfvcky vb cñbfyo bvkzo nyhcjf jf pfwwohw cvb bfwbo

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kc}kè}fl yfvcky o po}o fb pyhîhw pñilkghw phyh jkwgvzky h gocjvîço jo Fwzhjo#

Fb mvcîço jkwwo, Ykifkyo $9008+ cow lfbiyh zhbiëb xvf, hzvhlbfczf, ovzyo nyhcjf pyoilfbh

xvf jkmkgvlzh h kcwzhvyhîço jf vbh jfbogyhgkh jkyfzh ‗ cow bfwbow boljfw jo wkwzfbh

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Hlëb jkwwo, dè hkcjh vbh bhkoy myhnbfczhîço jh wogkfjhjf fb nyvpow xvf jfmfcjfb vbcñbfyo ghjh }fq bhkw jk}fywkmkghjo jf kjfkhw#

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kcjkyfzh+, bhkw hpyopykhjh phyh hw gocjkîöfw hzvhkw# Ch jfbogyhgkh kcjkyfzh, ov jfbogyhgkh

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hlzfycécgkh# Wço flfw xvf zfyço h yfwpocwhiklkjhjf jf jfgkjky woiyf ow yvbow jh gkjhjf,

kczfymfykcjo jkyfzhbfczf fb xvfwzöfw fgocúbkghw, wogkhkw f pykcgkphlbfczf polâzkghw#

O ghpvz jo hyzkno 8: jh Gocwzkzvkîço Mfjfyhl $8;44, gkzhjo poy YOLLO, 9080, p# 8+ cow

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wfgyfzo, gob }hloy knvhl phyh zojow, f cow zfybow jh lfk‒, ov wfah, o }ozo jf}f wfy h ftpyfwwço

bètkbh jh knvhljhjf f jh lkifyjhjf, fb yfwvbo, h bhckmfwzhîço jh jfbogyhgkh# Fczyfzhczo,

wfnvcjo Wkl}h $9007+ hw pykbfkyhw gocwzkzvkîöfw fyhb jkwgykbkchz÷ykhw, }kwzo xvf, hpfchw h

flkzf zkcdh plfcow jkyfkzow polâzkgow, jfczyf flfw, o jkyfkzo jf }ozhy f jf wfy }ozhjo#

H kczfy}fcîço jkyfzh jh popvlhîço cow jkhw hzvhkw cço mok gobplfzhbfczf ftzkczo, hkcjh

ftkwzfb jkwpowkzk}ow gobo o plfikwgkzo f o yfmfyfcjo# Wfnvcjo [vyzwf}fy $9080+, co Iyhwkl f

fb ovzyow phâwfw gobfîhyhb h yfwwvynky h vzklkqhîço jf bfghckwbow jf phyzkgkphîço popvlhy

jkyfzh, jfbocwzyhcjo h powwkiklkjhjf f cfgfwwkjhjf jf goc}k}ácgkh jh jfbogyhgkh

yfpyfwfczhzk}h gob h jfbogyhgkh jkyfzh#

Goczvjo, phyh Wovwh $9080+, h popvlhîço f ow polâzkgow hkcjh pyfgkwhb jfwfc}ol}fy

kcwzyvbfczow jf phyzkgkphîço, phyh xvf o fc}ol}kbfczo jo gkjhjço fb xvfwzöfw polâzkghw cço

wf lkbkzf ho }ozo# Poy ftfbplo, hw lvzhw wogkhkw, jfczyf flhw hw nyf}fw, wço jkwpowkzk}ow jf

phyzkgkphîço jkyfzh, co xvhl vb nyvpo wogkhl jfbocwzyh wvh kcjknchîço f hpflh phyh bvjhcîhw

fwpfgâmkghw#

8#9 Phyzkjow Polâzkgow

Ow phyzkjow polâzkgow wço oynhckqhîöfw jf pfwwohw xvf gobphyzkldhb f jfmfcjfb ow bfwbow

kjfhkw f kczfyfwwfw# Wvynkyhb dè bvkzo zfbpo ch Fvyoph# Doaf mhqfb phyzf jh }kjh polâzkgh f

wogkhl jow phâwfw xvf hjozhyhb h jfbogyhgkh jf yfpyfwfczhîço# Ow phyzkjow wvynfb jf

hnyfbkhîöfw fbpyfwhykhkw, zyhihldkwzhw, yflknkowhw, kjfol÷nkghw, fzg#

Gobo hzvhlbfczf dè vb nyhcjf jfwkczfyfwwf jh bhkoykh jhw pfwwohw pflh polâzkgh, ow phyzkjow

hghihb hwwvbkcjo h mvcîço jf oykfczhjoy# Pojfbow hzë jkqfy, xvf kwzo wf zoycov vbh fwpëgkf

89



jf hgoyjo polâzkgo, vb goczyhzo, co xvhl nyhcjf phyzf jhw pfwwohw zyhcwmfyf wfv pojfy jf

phyzkgkphy f jfgkjky woiyf xvfwzöfw polâzkghw, fgocúbkghw f wogkhkw jo Fwzhjo, phyh vb nyvpo

bvkzo pfxvfco#

Phyh Wkl}h $9007+, ftkwzfb zyáw moybhw pykcgkphkw jf wkwzfbh phyzkjèyko1 o phyzkjo ñckgo5 o

ikphyzkjhykwbo f o plvykphyzkjhykwbo#

Jf hgoyjo gob Wkl}h $9007+ o ikphyzkjhykwbo ë vb wkwzfbh xvf zfb o oiafzk}o jf kbpfjky $ov

zfczhy f}kzhy+ xvf bhkw jf jokw phyzkjow zfcdhb powwkiklkjhjfw hlghcîhy o pojfy# Ov wfah, cço

wknckmkgh cfgfwwhykhbfczf xvf jfczyo jfwzf wkwzfbh ftkwzhb hpfchw jvhw oynhckqhîöfw

phyzkjèykhw, goczvjo, wobfczf jvhw záb gdhcgfw yfhkw jf gocxvkwzhyfb o pojfy# Jfczyf ovzyhwxvfwzöfw, o ikphyzkjhykwbo yfhlîh h jkwpvzh fczyf jkyfkzh f fwxvfyjh# Aè co plvykphyzkjhykwbo

zfb zyáw ov bhkw phyzkjow polâzkgow jkwpvzhcjo o pojfy# Hlnvcw hvzoyfw, kcglvwk}f, jfmfcjfb

xvf fwzf wkwzfbh phyzkjèyko ë o bhkw jfbogyèzkgo, avwzhbfczf poyxvf yfmlfzf h dfzfyonfcfkjhjf

kjfol÷nkgh jf vbh chîço#

Co Iyhwkl, ow phyzkjow polâzkgow aè ftkwzfb dè bhkw jf 8>0 hcow, kcglvwk}f, hw pykbfkyhw

oynhckqhîöfw hphyfgfyhb jvyhczf o pyogfwwo jh kcjfpfcjácgkh iyhwklfkyh# Hpfwhy jkwzo, cçoftkwzfb lfnfcjhw gfczfcèykhw fb cowwo phâw, hmkchl, ho locno jow hcow, hw hnyfbkhîöfw

phyzkjèykhw phwwhyhb poy jk}fywow yobpkbfczow, zyhcwmoybhîöfw, gfygfhbfczow f pyokikîöfw#

H Pyoglhbhîço jh Yfpñilkgh, fb 844;, ftzkcnvkv ow phyzkjow bochyxvkwzhw $jk}kjkjow fczyf ow

lkifyhkw Lvqkhw f ow gocwfy}hjoyfw Whxvhyfbhw+# H phyzky jkwwo, jvyhczf h Pykbfkyh Yfpñilkgh

‗ ov Yfpñilkgh ]fldh ‗ dov}f h moybhîço f gocwolkjhîço jo Phyzkjo Yfpvilkghco Bkcfkyo

$PYB+ f jo Phyzkjo Yfpvilkghco Phvlkwzh $PYP+# Gob h havjh jflfw, wfvw yfwpfgzk}ow fwzhjow,Bkchw Nfyhkw f Wço Phvlo, jfwfc}ol}fyhb h py÷pykh gocwzkzvkîço f gykhb goypoyhîöfw

bklkzhyfw#

Zojh}kh, fwzf “ihkyykwbo‒ jow phyzkjow yfpvilkghco mok wf zoychcjo vb pyoilfbh ghjh }fq

bhkw jkmâgkl jf wfy goczoychjo, pokw flfw hghih}hb wf pyfogvphcjo ihwkghbfczf gob ow

kczfyfwwfw yfnkochkw# H wkzvhîço wf hnyh}h}h pflo mhzo jf cço ftkwzkyfb, ch ëpogh,

oynhckqhîöfw phyzkjèykhw gob ébikzo chgkochl, phyh wf kbpoy, hjbkckwzyhy ov hzë bfwbo mhqfy

opowkîço# Bhw, wfnvcjo Bozzh $8;;;+, jf mhzo, o bhkoy pyoilfbh jow phyzkjow yfpvilkghcow

mok xvf flfw gocjvqkyhb o no}fyco, jvyhczf h Pykbfkyh Yfpñilkgh, gobo vbh }fyjhjfkyh

87



olknhyxvkh, ftglvkcjo h phyzkgkphîço jf ovzyhw moyîhw phyzkjèykhw, jkmkgvlzhcjo, jfwzh moybh, h

gobpfzkîço pflo pojfy#

Hcow bhkw zhyjf, h kczolfyécgkh gob fwzh wkzvhîço hvbfczov f, gob h Yf}olvîço jf 8;70, ow

phyzkjow yfpvilkghcow moyhb jfwhzk}hjow# Phyhjothlbfczf, fwzf pfyâojo mok mvcjhbfczhl phyh o

wvynkbfczo jf ovzyhw oynhckqhîöfw phyzkjèykhw, hlëb jkwzo, h popvlhîço phwwov h wf kczfyfwwhy f

phyzkgkphy bhkw jhw xvfwzöfw polâzkgh# Co fczhczo, zvjo kwzo jvyov bvkzo povgo zfbpo, pokw

gob o Fwzhjo Co}o $jkzhjvyh gk}kl kcwzhvyhjh poy Nfzñlko ]hynhw f xvf jvyov jf 8;7> h 8;:6+

mok pyokikjh h ftkwzácgkh jf xvhlxvfy hnyfbkhîço phyzkjèykh# Cfb o wkwzfbh jf phyzkjo ñckgo

mok vzklkqhjo cfwzf pfyâojo#

Ovzyo bobfczo jh dkwz÷ykh iyhwklfkyh fb xvf dov}f vb yfgvo jfbogyèzkgo mok jvyhczf

Yfnkbf Bklkzhy jf 8;=:# Vb jfgyfzo kbpfjkv hw oynhckqhîöfw jf vzklkqhyfb h phlh}yh phyzkjo,

hlëb jkwwo, mok kbplhczhjo o wkwzfbh ikphyzkjèyko, xvf w÷ pfybkzkh, cfwzf pfyâojo, h ftkwzácgkh

jf jvhw wknlhw# Wvynkyhb fczço h Hlkhcîh Yfco}hjoyh Chgkochl $HYFCH+, xvf hpokh}h o

bklkzhykwbo, f Bo}kbfczo Jfbogyèzkgo Iyhwklfkyo $BJI+ xvf mhqkh opowkîço# Kckgkhlbfczf, o

ikphyzkjhykwbo hghiov wfcjo h bfldoy opîço, aè xvf ow bklkzhyfw yfafkzhyhb hw kjfkhw jf

phyzkjo ñckgo f, pykcgkphlbfczf, o plvykphyzkjhykwbo, gocwkjfyhcjo hw jvhw moybhwkchjfxvhjhw phyh ow kczfyfwwfw jo yfnkbf#

Co fczhczo, o phwwhy jo zfbpo bowzyov xvf ikphyzkjhykwbo zhbiëb cço hzfcjfykh how

kczfyfwwfw jo yfnkbf bklkzhy# O BJI, phyzkjo jf opowkîço, yfvckh moyîhw xvf }kcdhb jf

jk}fywow nyvpow kjfol÷nkgow, f, poyzhczo, gobfîh}h h gyfwgfy bvkzo flfkzoyhlbfczf, hwwvwzhcjo

ow bklkzhyfw# Hmkchl, o gyfwgkbfczo }fyzknkcowo jo BJI pojfykh zoycè"low yhpkjhbfczf fb

bhkoykh co Gocnyfwwo, myhnklkqhcjo jf }fq o yfnkbf#

O gfcèyko fyh ghjh }fq bhkw jfwmh}oyè}fl phyh ow bklkzhyfw xvf wf jfwfwzhiklkqh}hb zhbiëb,

jf hgoyjo gob Aoço Yfno $9080+, gob hw nyf}fw jf 8;>4, 8;>; f 8;40 pyopoygkochjhw poy

vb bo}kbfczo wkcjkghl jf Wço Phvlo# Fwzhw bhckmfwzhîöfw hihlhyhb o Fwzhjo jf Wfnvyhcîh

Chgkochl, ftpocjo hkcjh bhkw h mhlzh jf fwzyvzvyh xvf wf jfwfc}ol}kh co bklkzhykwbo#

Ch yfzh mkchl jo pfyâojo jf hvzoykzhykwbo bklkzhy iyhwklfkyo, vbh yfmoybh phyzkjèykh jfgyfzov o

mkb jo ikphyzkjhykwbo ‗ kcwzhvyhjo pflow py÷pykow bklkzhyfw ‗, lfnhlkqhcjo, hwwkb, h moybhîço

jf }èykow phyzkjow# Phyh Bozzh $8;;;+, fwzh kckgkhzk}h zkcdh gobo pykcgkphl oiafzk}o jfwmhqfy f

8:



f}kzhy h hnlvzkchîço jf lkjfyhcîhw jf jk}fywow nyvpow wogkhkw $yflknkowow, opfyèykow, aoychlkwzhw,

fzg#+ xvf wf moybh}h fb zoyco jo BJI# Ch }fyjhjf, o Yfnkbf Bklkzhy fwzh}h wfcjo

jfwfwzyvzvyhjo pflo wkwzfbh ikphyzkjèyko# Poy kwwo, ow bklkzhyfw yfgoyyfyhb ho

plvykphyzkjhykwbo gobo hlzfychzk}h phyh wvpfyhy h gykwf#

H gykwf fgocúbkgh co kcâgko jow hcow jf 8;40 zhbiëb fwzh}h jfkthcjo o no}fyco bklkzhy

myhnklkqhjo, f, gocwfxvfczfbfczf, o hpoko polâzkgo jhjo h flfw gobfîh}h h jkbkcvky# H co}h

yfmoybvlhîço phyzkjèykh lfnhlkqov f zhbiëb moyzhlfgfv hw oynhckqhîöfw wogkhkw xvf, hzë fczço,

}khb co BJI o ñckgo ghchl jf opowkîço kcwzkzvâjo ho yfnkbf# O py÷pyko BJI ‗ xvf wf

zoycov PBJI, pokw phwwov h wfy oiyknhz÷yko o vwo jh phlh}yh phyzkjo, gob h kcwzhvyhîço jo

plvykphyzkjhykwbo ‗ cço fcmyhxvfgfv gob h myhnbfczhîço jhw moyîhw kjfol÷nkghw xvf wfgobpvcdhb fb co}hw lfnfcjhw phyzkjèykhw#

O plvykphyzkjhykwbo mok mvcjhbfczhl, hkcjh, phyh o wvynkbfczo jf vbh jhw gocwzyvîöfw bhkw

oyknkchkw jh polâzkgh iyhwklfkyh1 o Phyzkjo jow Zyhihldhjoyfw $PZ+#

Goczykivâyhb phyh wvh mvcjhîço hlnvcw phylhbfczhyfw flfkzow pflh lfnfcjh jo BJI fb8;>4, bhw hw moyîhw pykcgkphkw jo PZ }kfyhb jo vck}fywo ftzyhphylhbfczhy# Hw ihwfw

wogkhkw jo phyzkjo wf oyknkchyhb mvcjhbfczhlbfczf jf zyáw wfzoyfw1 lâjfyfw jo wkcjkghlkwbofb hwgfcwço, gob jfwzhxvf phyh Lvâw Kcègko “Lvlh‒ jh Wkl}h5 kczflfgzvhkw f pfxvfcownyvpow bhytkwzhw5 f bklkzhczfw popvlhyfw lknhjow ho zyhihldo phwzoyhl jh Knyfah Ghz÷lkgh# Hoyknkchlkjhjf hj}ëb fthzhbfczf jfwzh bkwzvyh ‗ poy wkchl cço kwfczh jf gocmlkzow ‗,yfwpocwè}fkw pflh vckço jf ghz÷lkgow, bhytkwzhw, kczflfgzvhkw f opfyèykow cvbh bfwbhfczkjhjf# Zyhzov"wf knvhlbfczf jf vb jow yhyow ghwow ch dkwz÷ykh iyhwklfkyh jf vb phyzkjogykhjo moyh jo vck}fywo jhw flkzfw f jo Fwzhjo# $BOZZH, 8;;;, p# 80> f 804+#

O PZ yfpyfwfczh vb gobpácjko jf moyîhw }kcjhw jf jkmfyfczfw }fyzfczfw wogkhkw, bhw gobo

oiwfy}ov Bozzh $8;;;+, o xvf wkcnvlhykqh jf mhzo h lfnfcjh ë wvh ihwf cço zfy wkjo hlkgfyîhjh

fb cfcdvb nyvpo jh flkzf polâzkgh# Jf wfbfldhczf ch dkwz÷ykh iyhwklfkyh pojfbow gkzhy oPhyzkjo Gobvckwzh jo Iyhwkl $PGI+# H wknlh wvynkv povgo jfpokw xvf ow phyzkjow jhw bhwwhw

gobfîhyhb h hphyfgfy phyh mhqfy myfczf how phyzkjow, xvf hzë o bobfczo, fyhb gobpowzow poy

bfbiyow jh flkzf# Phyh Wkl}h $9007+, hpfwhy zfy chwgkjo co mkchl jh Yfpñilkgh ]fldh fb 8;99,

mok wobfczf h phyzky jf 8;70 xvf ow gobvckwzhw gocwfnvkyhb vbh ftpyfwwço ch polâzkgh

chgkochl#

Wfnvcjo Wkl}h $9007+, jfczyf ow }èykow phyzkjow xvf wvynkyhb co mkchl jh jëghjh jf 8;40,

ovzyh oynhckqhîço phyzkjèykh bfyfgf jfwzhxvf ‗ hlëb jo aè gkzhjo PZ ‗, ë o Phyzkjo jh Wogkhl

Jfbogyhgkh Iyhwklfkyh $PWJI+# Moybhjo fczyf 8;4> f 8;44, poy vb nyvpo jf phylhbfczhyfw

86



jkwwkjfczfw jo PBIJ# H lfnfcjh hjxvkykv jfwzhxvf, h phyzky jh flfkîço jf Mfychcjo Dfcykxvf

Ghyjowo phyh h Pyfwkjácgkh jh Yfpñilkgh, ogvphcjo vbh powkîço gfczyhl ch polâzkgh chgkochl#

Ch wvh mhwf kckgkhl, o PWJI zkcdh vbh kjfolonkh fwxvfyjkwzh# Zojh}kh, o hvzoy jkq xvf, gob h

hwgfcwço jf MDG, o pfymkl jo phyzkjo phwwov poy bvjhcîhw f doaf yfpyfwfczh moyzf ftpyfwwço

jhw powzvyhw lkifyhkw#

8#9#8 H $yf+jfbogyhzkqhîço jo Iyhwkl f h ikpolhykqhîço jhw moyîhw

O Iyhwkl w÷ mok zfy wvh pykbfkyh ftpfykácgkh jfbogyèzkgh f bvlzkphyzkjèykh fb 8;:6, gob o mkb

jo Fwzhjo Co}o, bhw cfwzh ëpogh o }ozo hkcjh cço fyh vck}fywhl# Fczyfzhczo, povgo zfbpojfpokw, o nolpf jf 8;=: ‗ xvf jfv kckgko ho Yfnkbf Bklkzhy ‗ gologov vb poczo mkchl co

bvlzkphyzkjhykwbo f mfq jyèwzkghw bojkmkghîöfw ch gocwzkzvkîço#

Gob mkb jo Yfnkbf Bklkzhy, o pojfy mok co}hbfczf zyhcwmfykjo how gk}kw f o phâw zf}f wvh

wfnvcjh opoyzvckjhjf jf yfjfbogyhzkqhîço# Olh}o Iyhwkl Avckoy $9080+ lfbiyh xvf vbh jhw

bfjkjhw jfbogyèzkghw hjozhjhw cfwzf pfyâojo mok h kcglvwço flfkzoyhl jhw jk}fywhw }fyzfczfw

wogkhkw# Poy kwwo bfwbo, wfnvcjo o hvzoy, fwzh yfkczyojvîço jh jfbogyhgkh zyovtf h}hcîow fbyflhîço à ogoyykjh fb 8;:6# Phyh Yfno $9080+, zvjo kwzo mok fmfzk}hjo chw flfkîöfw

pyfwkjfcgkhkw jf 8;4;, xvhcjo hchlmhifzow f ao}fcw bhkoyfw jf 8= hcow zhbiëb pvjfyhb

}ozhy#

Zojh}kh, cço wço hpfchw hw co}kjhjfw xvf bhyghb vbh jfbogyhzkqhîço# Hlnvcw flfbfczow jh

dkwz÷ykh polâzkgo"phyzkjèykh zhbiëb wf mhqfb pyfwfczfw, pokw wço kcwzyvbfczow fwwfcgkhkw phyh

mhqfy jo bojflo jfbogyèzkgo, vb wkwzfbh jf no}fyco xvf pyobo}f hw zyhcwmoybhîöfw# Vbjfwzfw bfghckwbow, jf hgoyjo gob Wkl}h $9007+ ë avwzhbfczf o fbihzf fczyf jkyfkzh f

fwxvfyjh#

O gfyzo ë xvf h jkgozobkh jkyfkzh f fwxvfyjh pfybhcfgf }k}h ‗ f cço w÷ chw plhghw jfwkchlkqhîço, gobo hlnvëb fwpkykzvowhbfczf bfcgkocov ‗, pokw ë }kwâ}fl wvh pyfwfcîh cowbfkow jf gobvckghîço, chw jkwgvwwöfw polâzkghw, wogkol÷nkghw, cow lk}yow f yf}kwzhwfwpfgkhlkqhjhw f, pykcgkphlbfczf, co whify jo po}o ‗ mhzoy yfhl jf pojfy jf vb }fyjhjfkyoFwzhjo Jfbogyèzkgo jf Jkyfkzo# $WKL]H, 9007, p# 7>+#

]èykow bobfczow jh dkwz÷ykh polâzkgh phyzkjèykh iyhwklfkyh moyhb bhyghjow pflh jâhjf jkyfkzh f

fwxvfyjh# Co Iyhwkl Kbpëyko, poy ftfbplo, ow pyozhnockwzhw fyhb Lvqkhw f Whxvhyfbhw# Cow

8=



hcow jf 8;70 $Wfnvcjh Yfpñilkgh+ h Hîço Kczfnyhlkwzh Iyhwklfkyh $HKI+ yfpyfwfczov h jkyfkzh f

h Hlkhcîh Chgkochl Lkifyzhjoyh $HCL+ yfpyfwfczov ow kjfhkw fwxvfyjkwzhw# Ch Xvhyzh

Yfpñilkgh, o fbihzf fyh fczyf ow vjfckwzhw ‗ cobf jhjo how kczfnyhczfw jh Vckço

Jfbogyèzkgh Chgkochl $VJC+ ‗ f ow phyzkjow dfyjfkyow jo lfnhjo nfzvlkwzh1 Phyzkjo

Zyhihldkwzh Iyhwklfkyo $PZI+ f Phyzkjo Wogkhl Jfbogyèzkgo $PWJ+# Hlkèw, hw jvhw lfnfcjhw

gocwzyvâyhb vbh cozè}fl hlkhcîh, gocwkjfyhjh kbihzâ}fl phyh bvkzow hvzoyfw, aè xvf, ch ñckgh

}fq fb xvf mok jfyyozhjh fb vbh flfkîço pyfwkjfcgkhl, cço mkgov bvkzo zfbpo locnf jo pojfy,

hmkchl, o ghcjkjhzo flfkzo jh VJC, Aécko Xvhjyow, yfcvcgkov o bhcjhzo hp÷w wfzf bfwfw# F,

gobo chxvflh ëpogh, }ozh}h"wf co }kgf wfphyhjhbfczf, o no}fyco mok hwwvbkjo poy Aoço

Novlhyz, ghcjkjhzo jo PZI#

O bfwbo jklfbh fczyf jkyfkzh f fwxvfyjh cço mok }k}kjo pflow phyzkjow yfpvilkghcow PYB $jf

Bkchw Nfyhkw+ f PYW $jf Wço Phvlo+ ch Yfpñilkgh ]fldh# Hw jvhw lfnfcjhw phyzkjèykhw

bhczkcdhb vbh hlkhcîh xvf mkgov gocdfgkjh gobo1 polâzkgh Ghmë"gob"lfkzf# Cfwzf hgoyjo, h

hlzfycécgkh jo pojfy ogoyykh jh wfnvkczf moybh1 jvyhczf vb bhcjhzo, o phâw fyh no}fychjo poy

vb yfpyfwfczhczf jf Bkchw Nfyhkw f co ovzyo poy vb yfpyfwfczhczf jf Wço Phvlo# Wfnvcjo

Wkl}h $9007+, o yfnkochlkwbo jhw jvhw wknlhw pyo}ogov vb }fyjhjfkyo zfboy co kcâgko jh

Wfnvcjh Yfpñilkgh, mhqfcjo gob xvf hw co}hw moyîhw polâzkghw jo phâw pyogvyhwwfb moybhy phyzkjow chgkochkw# Fwzh bfjkjh f}kzhykh vbh powwâ}fl yffjkîço jh Yfpñilkgh ]fldh#

H phyzky jow hcow jf 8;;0, h jkwpvzh fczyf jkyfkzh f fwxvfyjh phwwov h wfy pyozhnockqhjh poy

PWJI f PZ# Fczyfzhczo, phyh hlnvcw hvzoyfw, o gfcèyko polâzkgo hzvhl fwzè zço dobonácfo xvf

mkgh jkmâgkl whify xvfb ë yfhlbfczf jf jkyfkzh ov jf fwxvfyjh# Phyh flfw, h jfmkckîço bhkw

hjfxvhjh doaf fb jkh wfykh wkzvhîço $phyh o phyzkjo xvf fwzè ogvphcjo pojfy, gobo ë o ghwo

jo PZ+ f opowkîço $phyh o phyzkjo xvf hlëb jf fwzhy moyh jo pojfy mfjfyhl, }k}f goczfwzhcjo hwhîöfw jh wkzvhîço, gobo ë o ghwo jo PWJI+#

Ftkwzf vbh wëykf jf xvfwzöfw f pyfbkwwhw xvf zoychb xvhlxvfy glhwwkmkghîço polâzkgo"phyzkjèykh

jkmâgkl# Vb ftfbplo ë PBJI f PWJI# Bfwbo Lfúcgko Bhyzkcw Yojyknvfw $9080+

gocwkjfyhcjo hbiow jf gfczyo, mkgh jkmâgkl fcxvhjyè"low fb vbh wvijk}kwço $gfczyo"jkyfkzh ov

gfczyo"fwxvfyjh+# Ov wfah, wf h lkcdh xvf wfphyh ow ilogow kjfol÷nkgow fczyf jkyfkzh, fwxvfyjh f

gfczyo aè ë bvkzo zácvf, h wkzvhîço mkgh pkoy jfczyo jf vbh wvighzfnoykqhîço#

8>



Yojyknvfw $9080+ mhq zhbiëb vbh goyyflhîço fczyf bfbiyow wogkofgocobkghbfczf

jk}fywkmkghjow f gocmlkzow kczfycow f, h phyzky jkwzo, gocglvk xvf, xvhczo bhkw dfzfyonácfh f

bhkoy moy h oynhckqhîço phyzkjèykh, bhkoy wfyço ow pyoilfbhw kczfycow f bhkw polábkghw }ço

wfy nfyhjhw, poyxvf, wfnvcjo o hvzoy, ow phyzkjow iyhwklfkyow wf jkmfyfcgkhb, pykcgkphlbfczf,

pflhw }fyzfczfw wogkhkw yfpyfwfczhjhw jfczyo jhw lfnfcjhw phyzkjèykhw#

8#7 Hw golknhîöfw phyzkjèykhw

O wkwzfbh flfkzoyhl iyhwklfkyo ë jk}kjkjo fb jvhw moybhw ièwkghw1 flfkîöfw bhaoykzèykhw f

flfkîöfw pyopoygkochkw# Chw flfkîöfw bhaoykzèykhw o ghcjkjhzo gocgoyyf h ghynow jo pojfy ftfgvzk}o gobo1 Pyfwkjfczf, No}fychjoy, Pyfmfkzo f yfwpfgzk}ow }kgfw# Poyëb, ftkwzf vbh

ftgfîço, bfwbo wfcjo vb ghyno jo pojfy lfnkwlhzk}o, h jkwpvzh phyh vb bhcjhzo jf Wfchjoy

$f wfv yfwpfgzk}o wvplfczf+ ogoyyf zhbiëb hzyh}ëw jf flfkîöfw bhaoykzèykhw#

Phyh hw }hnhw jf Jfpvzhjo Mfjfyhl, Jfpvzhjo Fwzhjvhl f ]fyfhjoyfw ë hjozhjo o wkwzfbh

pyopoygkochl jf }ozow# Fwwf pyogfjkbfczo ë bozk}o jf bvkzh polábkgh, pokw phyh gobpoy h

Gébhyh Mfjfyhl, poy ftfbplo, ghjh fwzhjo pojfyè flfnfy ‗ jf hgoyjo gob o zhbhcdo jf wvhpopvlhîço ‗ jf okzo h wfzfczh phylhbfczhyfw# Fb }kyzvjf jkwzo, jfczyo hlnvcw zfyykz÷ykow, o }ozo

jf vb gkjhjço }hk }hlfy bhkw xvf fb ovzyow#

Ogoyyf hkcjh, co pyogfwwo jf flfkîöfw pyopoygkochkw, jf vb ghcjkjhzo oizfy }ozhîço

ihktâwwkbh f gocwfnvky ogvphy vbh }hnh hzyh}ëw jh havjh jh oynhckqhîço phyzkjèykh jh xvhl

mhq phyzf, xvhcjo h wknlh fb xvfwzço hzkcnf vbh xvhczkjhjf jf }ozow bvkzo hgkbh jo

xvomkgkfczf flfkzoyhl fwzhiflfgkjo cvb plfkzo# Kwzo hgoczfgf, pykcgkphlbfczf, poyxvf co Iyhwklë pfybkzkjo o }ozo jf lfnfcjh $o flfkzoy pojf }ozhy w÷ co phyzkjo ov ch golknhîço, ghwo cço

zfcdh fwgoldkjo vb ghcjkjhzo fwpfgâmkgo+# Hlëb jkwzo, zojow ow }ozow oizkjow poy xvhlxvfy

ovzyo ghcjkjhzo, ifb }ozhjo ov cço, }ço phyh o wobhz÷yko jf }ozow jo phyzkjo ov jh golknhîço

jo xvhl pfyzfcîh# Poy ovzyo lhjo, cfwzf bfwbo wkwzfbh, xvfb zk}fy }ozhîço ftpyfwwk}h pojfyè

mkghy jf moyh, wf h xvhczkjhjf jf }ozow hjxvkykjow moy hihkto jo xvomkgkfczf flfkzoyhl#

W÷ phyh mkghy glhyo, o xvomkgkfczf flfkzoyhl ë fcgoczyhjo jh wfnvkczf moybh1 h xvhczkjhjf jf

}hnhw xvf wfyço ogvphjhw fb vbh ghwh lfnkwlhzk}h $Mfjfyhl, Fwzhjvhl ov Bvckgkphl+ wfyè

jk}kjo pflo zozhl jf }ozow }èlkjow hpvyhjow fb vb plfkzo# H phyzky jkwzo, wf oizáb o cñbfyo

84



cfgfwwèyko jf }ozow $xvomkgkfczf flfkzoyhl+ phyh ogvphy"wf vbh ghjfkyh ch gébhyh ov

hwwfbilfkh fb xvfwzço# Poyzhczo, xvhczo bhkw }ozhjo moy vb phyzkjo ov golknhîço, bhkoy wfyè

o cñbfyo jf }hnhw xvf h lfnfcjh f wfvw hlkhjow zfyço jkyfkzo h ogvphy f, jfwzh moybh,

jkwzykivky fczyf wfvw ghcjkjhzow gob bfldoy gologhîço jfczyo jh flfkîço# Poy kwwo, gobo aè mok

jkzo hczfykoybfczf, ë xvf vb ghcjkjhzo gob }ozhîço kcftpyfwwk}h pojf ogvphy vbh }hnh xvf

jkwpvzh phyh vbh ghwh lfnkwlhzk}h co lvnhy jf xvfb gocxvkwzov vbh ioh xvhczkjhjf jf }ozow#

Cço oiwzhczf, o wkwzfbh jf flfkîço bhaoykzèykh ë bhkw wkbplfw, pykcgkphlbfczf xvhcjo wf zyhzh

jf bhkoykh yflhzk}h, pokw, cfwzf pyogfjkbfczo, nhcdh o ghcjkjhzo xvf oizk}fy o bhkoy cñbfyo

jf }ozow fb yflhîço how ovzyow# Poyëb, xvhcjo wf hjozh o pyogfwwo jf bhkoykh hiwolvzh, ftknk"

wf xvf o ghcjkjhzo oizfcdh bfzhjf jow }ozow bhkw vb# Wf fwzh hxvkwkîço jf }ozow $bfzhjfbhkw vb, co bâckco+ cço ë hzkcnkjh, yfhlkqh"wf o wfnvcjo zvyco fczyf ow jokw ghcjkjhzow bhkw

}ozhjow#

Ykifkyo $9008+ hmkybh xvf, vchckbkjhjf fb jfbogyhgkh hgoczfgf hpfchw xvhcjo vb no}fyco

wf zoych kcwvpoyzè}fl $pyo}oghcjo, jfwzh moybh, h boiklkqhîço jf zojow phyh jfyyviè"lo+, fb

ovzyhw wkzvhîöfw, gobo cvb pyogfwwo flfkzoyhl, kwzo cço ogoyyf# Fb wvbh, whifbow xvf ë

kbpowwâ}fl $ov xvhwf kbpowwâ}fl+ cvbh flfkîço bhaoykzèykh o ghcjkjhzo oizfy zojow ow }ozow,ov hkcjh, vbh lfnfcjh phyzkjèykh gocxvkwzhy cvbh flfkîço pyopoygkochl zojhw hw }hnhw

jkwpocâ}fkw ch Gébhyh Mfjfyhl, Hwwfbilfkh Lfnkwlhzk}h ov Gébhyhw Bvckgkphkw# Zojh}kh,

xvfb hwwvbf o pojfy $bfwbo cço wfcjo cfgfwwèyko zfy o }ozo jf zojow phyh ogvphy o ghyno+

pyfgkwh zfy, pflo bfcow, o hpoko jh bhkoykh chw ghwhw lfnkwlhzk}hw phyh hpyo}hîço jf pyoafzow

wogkhkw, bfjkjhw hjbkckwzyhzk}hw f fgocúbkghw# Fb }kyzvjf jkwzo ë xvf chwgfb hw golknhîöfw

fczyf ow phyzkjow ov fczyf hw lkjfyhcîhw phyzkjèykhw#

H golknhîço ë vb hgoyjo fczyf ow phyzkjow gvao oiafzk}o ë ogvphy o bhkoy cñbfyo jf }hnhw

chw flfkîöfw pyopoygkochkw f phyh hvbfczhy o hpoko jf xvfb jkwpvzh hw flfkîöfw bhaoykzèykhw#

Ow pyogfjkbfczow jhw hlkhcîhw phyzkjèykhw wço pyf}kwzow f yfnvlhbfczhjow ch lfnkwlhîço

iyhwklfkyh, xvf fwzhiflfgf, kcglvwk}f, pyhqow phyh xvf ow phyzkjow hpyfwfczhyfb, pfyhczf h

Avwzkîh Flfkzoyhl, gob xvfb }ço wf golknhy f xvhkw wço ow ghcjkjhzow jh golknhîço#

Hw hlkhcîhw f hw gohlkqöfw, jkq Wkl}h $9007+, fwzço ch fwwácgkh jf vb wkwzfbh jfbogyèzkgo,

hmkchl, flhw pojfb wfy o yfmlfto jf vbh wogkfjhjf ghjh }fq bhkw phyzkgkphzk}h f kczfyfwwhjh

fb polâzkgh# Fwwh bhkoy phyzkgkphîço fc}ol}f yfpyfwfczhzk}kjhjfw bhkw dfzfyonácfhw,

8;



fcnloihcjo f zyhqfcjo phyh h fwmfyh polâzkgh ow nyvpow kjfol÷nkgow gobo1 wkcjkghzow, ocnw,

knyfahw, fwgolhw, fbpyfwhw, bo}kbfczow wogkhkw, hbikfczhlkwzhw, fzg#

Goczvjo, lfbiyh Hlifyzo Yollo $9080+, vbh golknhîço zfb }kjh gvyzh f pojf zfybkchy

avczhbfczf gob o mkb jo plfkzo, fcgfyyhcjo, jfwzh moybh, wvh yhqço jf ftkwzky# Hlëb jkwzo, ow

phyzkjow záb oiafzk}ow f kczfyfwwfw jkmfyfczfw# Ov wfah, vbh hlkhcîh fczyf phyzkjow gob

jkmfyfczfw kjfolonkhw pojf gykhy vbh golknhîço phyzkjèykh wfb kjfczkjhjf, jfkthcjo o flfkzoy

wfb yfmfyácgkh#

Hlëb jkwwo, jfwjf o mkb jo Fwzhjo Co}o fb 8;:6 xvf vbh lfk phwwov h jfzfybkchy xvf w÷ ë

pfybkzkjo h gykhîço jf phyzkjow polâzkgo gob ébikzo chgkochl# Ë hzyh}ëw jo hpoyzf jfwzh lfk xvfhlnvcw avykwzhw jfmfcjfb xvf ow hgoyjow mkybhjow fczyf ow phyzkjow phyh vbh jkwpvzh fwzhjvhl

jf}fb wfnvky hw bfwbhw hlkhcîhw mfkzhw, fczyf hw lfnfcjhw, phyh jkwpvzhy hw flfkîöfw chgkochkw,

f}kzhcjo, jfwzh moybh, o wvynkbfczo jf oynhckqhîöfw phyzkjèykhw yfnkochkw $gobo ogoyyfv ch

Yfpñilkgh ]fldh+# Fwzf pyogfjkbfczo ë gdhbhjo jf }fyzkghlkqhîço jhw golknhîöfw# Fczyfzhczo,

hlnvcw hvzoyfw gocwkjfyhb kwzo vbh kbpowkîço hczkjfbogyèzkgh, pokw pyk}h h lkifyjhjf jow

phyzkjow, jh bfwbh bhcfkyh xvf wf pyk}hykh h lkifyjhjf jo flfkzoy, ghwo flf mowwf oiyknhjo h

}ozhy fb ghcjkjhzow jo bfwbo phyzkjo ov golknhîço phyh1 Pyfwkjfczf, No}fychjoy, Wfchjoy,Jfpvzhjo Mfjfyhl f Jfpvzhjo Fwzhjvhl#

Ow hgoyjow phyzkjèykow havjhb }èykow ghcjkjhzow h wf flfnfyfb f ow phyzkjow ftknfb vbh

goczyhphyzkjh jfwzfw flfkzow1 xvf wknhb hw jfzfybkchîöfw jh lfnfcjh co ftfygâgko jo ghyno# Co

fczhczo, h kcmkjflkjhjf phyzkjèykh zfb wkjo vb jow nyhcjfw nhynhlow phyh polâzkgh iyhwklfkyh,

avwzhbfczf poyxvf cço ftkwzfb jkwpowkzk}ow fmkgkfczfw phyh pvcky ow polâzkgow kcmkëkw#

U###R Cço dè ch Gocwzkzvkîço, cfb fb xvhlxvfy lfk jf yfnácgkh jh fwpëgkf, jkwpowkzk}owpyf}fcjo whcîço jf pfyjh jf bhcjhzo phyh o phylhbfczhy kcmkfl# Ë lâgkzo ho phyzkjopolâzkgo jkwpoy woiyf }âcgvlo fwzhiflfgkjo gob wfv mklkhjo, bhw jf}f wfy"ldf hiwolvzhbfczfcfnhjo pojfy gocwzyhcnfy h yfpyfwfczhîço fwzhiflfgkjh pflo wvmyènko, poy bfko jh xvhl ozkzvlhy jf bhcjhzo polâzkgo ftfygf hw mvcîöfw phyh hw xvhkw mok flfkzo# Fb ovzyhw phlh}yhw1 ophyzkjo pojf ftpvlwhy wfvw mklkhjow jf wfvw xvhjyow hwwogkhzk}ow, bhw cço pojf ghwwhy"ldfwow bhcjhzow ovzoynhjo pflo }ozo popvlhy# $YOLLO, 9080, p# 9>8+#

Ë jkwzo xvf wvynf vb ovzyo pyoilfbh co wkwzfbh phyzkjèyko iyhwklfkyo, oykvcjo jhw pyèzkghw jf

golknhîöfw bhkw opoyzvckwzh, xvf Wkl}h $9007+ gdhbh jf “phyzkjow jow phlègkow‒#

90



U###R Vbh }fq kcwzhlhjo co pojfy, o Phyzkjo phwwh h wfy goyzfahjo, hiykcjo vbh }fyjhjfkyhzfbpoyhjh jf kcmkjflkjhjf, fcgoczyhcjo fgo fb hjfwkwzhw ov opoyzvckwzhw jf zojh doyh,pyoczow h bvjhy jf phyzkjo gobo wf bvjh jf yovph, wfb xvhlxvfy gobpyobkwwokjfol÷nkgo, gobo wf dov}fwwf vb Phyzkjo jow Phlègkow# U###R $WKL]H, 9007, p# 8:0 f 8:8+#

O kbpoyzhczf bfwbo, phyh h bhkoykh jow hvzoyfw, ë xvf hw golknhîöfw phyzkjèykhw yfpyfwfczhb

vb kcwzyvbfczo flfbfczhy jfczyo polâzkgh, fwwfcgkhl phyh fmfzk}hîço jh jfbogyhgkh

yfpyfwfczhzk}h# Xvhczo bhkw h}hcîhjh vbh jfbogyhgkh, bhkw gohlkqöfw wço cfgfwwèykhw phyh h

no}fychiklkjhjf, hmkchl, hw lfkw f wvhw hplkghîöfw jfpfcjfb jf hgoyjow phyzkjèykow phyh wvh

hpyo}hîço f fmfzk}hîço#

98



9 AOYCHLKWBO1 JH LKIFYJHJF HO LKBKZF CFGFWWÈYKO

Cfwzf ghpâzvlo, cowwh pfwxvkwh hioyjh mvcjhbfczow kbpoyzhczfw jh gobvckghîço wogkhl xvf

hvtklkhb ch fwzyvzvyhîço f bhzvyhîço jo aoychlkwbo goczfbpoyécfo# Hpyfwfczhyfbow

xvfwzöfw jo gocdfgkbfczo bkjkèzkgo jfwfc}ol}kjhw poy hvzoyfw gobo Aodc I# Zdobpwoc

$8;;6+ xvf zyhzh jf hwwvczow gobo h }kwkiklkjhjf pyopoygkochjh pflow bfkow jf gobvckghîço#

Ovzyo hvzoy xvf }hk hynvky woiyf h xvfwzço jh }kwkiklkjhjf ë ^klwoc Nobfw $900:+ xvf

zhbiëb cow zyhyè vb phcoyhbh woiyf hw zyhcwmoybhîöfw xvf ow bfkow jf gobvckghîço }áb

pyo}oghcjo ch polâzkgh f cow hzoyfw polâzkgow#

Gob ihwf cfwwhw hynvbfczhîöfw }hbow }fykmkghy xvf h bâjkh }fb hjxvkykcjo, gob o phwwhy jo zfbpo f gob ow h}hcîow zfgcol÷nkgow, ghjh }fq bhkw pojfy# Woiyf fwwf hwwvczo, xvfb }hk

cow hpyfwfczhy vb xvfwzkochbfczo woiyf h mhlzh jf goczyolf jo pojfy hlghcîhjo pflh bâjkh fb

nfyhl ë Cflwoc Zyhxvkch $9000+# Hzyh}ëw jhw oiwfy}hîöfw hpyfwfczhjhw poy fwwfw hvzoyfw,

bowzyhyfbow xvf h kbpyfcwh, phyh wfy vb kbpoyzhczf kcwzyvbfczo jf hvtklko ch fmfzk}hîço f

bhcvzfcîço jo wkwzfbh jfbogyèzkgo, jf}f zfy lkbkzfw f cço wobfczf lkifyjhjf#

Hpyfwfczhyfbow zhbiëb vb yflhzo woiyf h dkwz÷ykh jo aoychlkwbo f vbh ftplkghîço jf AowëBhyxvfw jf Bflo $8;46+ woiyf hw jkmfyfcîhw $f zhbiëb wfbfldhcîh+ fczyf aoychlkwbo

opkchzk}o f aoychlkwbo kcmoybhzk}o#

Ho mkchl, Bhyâlkh Wghlqo $9007+ cow hpyfwfczhyè vbh ftplkghîço woiyf o xvf hw yf}kwzhw záb jf

pfgvlkhy phyh omfyfgfy how wfvw lfkzoyfw f xvhl ë, wfnvcjo h hvzoyh, o jkmfyfcgkhl fb yflhîço

how jfbhkw bfkow jf gobvckghîço $fwpfgkhlbfczf how aoychkw kbpyfwwow+# Wghlqo $9007+ }hk

cow bowzyhy xvf hw yf}kwzhw wço pvilkghîöfw phyh vb pñilkgo fwpfgâmkgo f, fb mvcîço jkwwo, hlkcdh fjkzoykhl jf vbh yf}kwzh jf}fyè fwzhy wfbpyf fb gocwocécgkh gob o pfymkl kjfol÷nkgo

f/ov gobpoyzhbfczhl jo lfkzoy#

9#8 Xvhl ë o lvnhy jo aoychlkwbo ch jfbogyhgkh?

Hczfw jo hj}fczo jh bâjkh, hw moybhw jf kczfyhîço fczyf ow no}fychczfw f ow gkjhjçow wf

jh}hb ftglvwk}hbfczf, wfnvcjo Zdobpwoc $8;;6+, co bojflo mhgf h mhgf# Fczyfzhczo, ow

h}hcîow ogoyykjow cow bfkow jf gobvckghîço mkqfyhb yobpfy h ihyyfkyh jo zfbpo f fwphîo#

99



Hzvhlbfczf, h kcmoybhîço fwzè jkwpocâ}fl phyh o gkjhjço, kcjfpfcjfczf jo lvnhy fb xvf flf wf

fcgoczyh f jo bobfczo fb xvf flf hgfwwh hw kcmoybhîöfw#

Wovqh $9080+ ë wvbèyko ho hmkybhy xvf phyh o iob ftfygâgko jh jfbogyhgkh ë pyfgkwo xvf ow

gkjhjçow fwzfahb ifb kcmoybhjow phyh ftknky f goiyhy wfvw jkyfkzow, zojh }fq xvf h kbpyfcwh

jk}vlnhy hlno jf kbpoyzhczf xvf fwzfah ogoyyfcjo, poy ftfbplo, ch fwmfyh polâzkgh#

Poyzhczo, bhkw jo xvf wkbplfwbfczf vb omâgko, phyh Jhckfl Goycv $8;;4+ ë oiyknhîço jow

aoychlkwzhw $phyh xvf o aoychlkwbo jf bojo nfyhl zfcdh wvh jf}kjh kbpoyzécgkh phyh

jfbogyhgkh+ bhczfy o pñilkgo kcmoybhjo, kwzo, kcglvwk}f, fwzè pyf}kwzo ch Jfglhyhîço jf

Bvckxvf jf 8;>8# F phyh xvf zojh kcmoybhîço wfah gyfjâ}fl, o aoychlkwzh jf}f wfnvky ovzyhwyfgobfcjhîöfw jh Jfglhyhîço, gobo cço hgfkzhy pyopkch, wfah phyh mhlhy ov phyh ghlhy#

Whifbow xvf h jfbogyhgkh pyhzkghjh co Iyhwkl ë h yfpyfwfczhzk}h, ov wfah, flfnfbow

“pyogvyhjoyfw‒ phyh cow yfpyfwfczhy, phyh jfmfcjfy cowwow jkyfkzow, phyh ivwghy bfldoykhw phyh

wogkfjhjf jf bojo nfyhl# Fczyfzhczo, o mhzo jf cowwo wkwzfbh wfy o jf yfpyfwfczhzk}kjhjf cço

kbplkgh, jf moybh hlnvbh, xvf o gkjhjço jf}h zfy vb powkgkochbfczo phwwk}o hp÷w fwgoldfy

wfvw yfpyfwfczhczfw# Poy kwzo, ë kbpoyzhczf o aoychlkwbo lf}hy ho gocdfgkbfczo jo pñilkgohgoczfgkbfczow jh fwmfyh pñilkgh f polâzkgh, avwzhbfczf phyh gdhbhy h hzfcîço f kcgfczk}hy

vbh bhkoy phyzkgkphîço jo gkjhjço fb hwwvczow jf kczfyfwwf pñilkgo#

Xvhcjo h kbpyfcwh cço jk}vlnh cfcdvb hwwvczo woiyf vbh jfzfybkchjh fwmfyh, zfbow vbh

“mhlwh‒ wfcwhîço jf xvf zvjo fwzè ifb# Fb }kyzvjf jfwwh kbpoyzécgkh xvf h kbpyfcwh zfb ch

wogkfjhjf jfbogyèzkgh, hvbfczh o wfv jf}fy jf jk}vlnhy o xvf ë yflf}hczf phyh o pñilkgo,

gobo, poy ftfbplo, co ghwo jh polâzkgh, hw hzkzvjfw jf kbpyoikjhjf hjbkckwzyhzk}h, pfgvlhzo,goyyvpîço, pyèzkghw mkwkol÷nkghw fzg# O mhzo jf wfy yfwpocwè}fl fb pyobo}fy hw jfcñcgkhw

woiyf jfw}kow jf gocjvzh ogoyykjow ch polâzkgh zyhcwmoybh o aoychlkwbo fb vb pyoilfbh h wfy

goczoychjo pflow hzoyfw polâzkgow#

Wfnvcjo Nobfw $900:+, o aoychlkwbo mok yfwpocwè}fl poy vbh zyhcwmoybhîço ch fwmfyh

polâzkgh# Flf ftplkgh xvf h ftphcwço jow bfkow jf gobvckghîço pyopoygkocov vb nyhcjf

hvbfczo ch }kwkiklkjhjf, jfkthcjo fb mogo zvjo xvf ow kcjk}âjvow jf }kjh pñilkgh mhqfb ov

jfkthb jf mhqfy# Kwzo, kcglvwk}f, zoycov"wf bozk}o jf polábkgh, avwzhbfczf poyxvf, ow

pyomkwwkochkw jh kbpyfcwh, gobfîhyhb h kc}hjky h }kjh pyk}hjh jow polâzkgow# Phyh Zdobpwoc

97



$8;;6+, kwzo ogoyyf poyxvf cço fwzhbow gocwfnvkcjo bhkw jkwgfycky, wfphyhy o pñilkgo jo

pyk}hjo#

Zojh fwzh kcmlvácgkh pyobo}kjh pflo aoychlkwbo oiyknov ow hzoyfw polâzkgow h yfgoyyfyfb h

ovzyhw èyfhw jh Gobvckghîço Wogkhl, gobo h pvilkgkjhjf f hw yflhîöfw pñilkghw# H

pvilkgkjhjf, wfnvcjo Zdobpwoc $8;;6+, aè fyh, kcglvwk}f, vbh mfyyhbfczh vwhjh pflow

no}fychczfw hczknhbfczf, hczfw bfwbo jo hj}fczo jh kbpyfcwh# Bhw mok h f}olvîço

zfgcol÷nkgh jow bfkow jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh xvf zyovtf vbh wëykf jf bfghckwbow phyh

zyhihldhy h kbhnfb jf vb jfzfybkchjo hzoy polâzkgo# Phyh Nobfw $900:+, ow hnfczfw polâzkgow

phwwhyhb h zfy bhkw powwkiklkjhjfw phyh hjhpzhy wfv pfymkl f wfv jkwgvywo, gocmoybf ow boljfw

jh opkckço pñilkgh jobkchczf# Wovwh $9080+, poy ftfbplo, jkq xvf h bâjkh ë yfwpocwè}fl poy bhczfy ow polâzkgow fb gocwzhczf ghbphcdh flfkzoyhl#

Phyh Nobfw $900:+, zojo fwzf hphyhzo jfwfc}ol}kjo pflow polâzkgow fb ivwgh jh bfldoy

kbhnfb, zoycov"wf bhkw vb nhynhlo h wfy gobihzkjo pflh kbpyfcwh# Flf ftplkgh xvf ow

polâzkgow phwwhyhb h wf fwgocjfy hzyèw jf bèwghyh, fwgocjfcjo, jfwzh moybh, h yfhlkjhjf# Gob

kwzo, o gkjhjço ë fc}olzo poy vbh }fyjhjfkyh yfjf jf yfmfyácgkhw, xvf }hk jh kjfolonkh

phyzkjèykh jo xvhl o hnfczf polâzkgo mhq phyzf, hzë wvh yflhîço mhbklkhy# Zvjo ë gocjfcwhjo copfymkl, chw hzkzvjfw f co jkwgvywo jf zhl bhcfkyh xvf, o gkjhjço ho }fy ov ov}ky vb polâzkgo,

kbfjkhzhbfczf kjfczkmkxvf chxvflf kcjk}âjvo, h kbhnfb jo iob polâzkgo#

Jf hgoyjo gob Zdobpwoc $8;;6+, ftkwzf vbh yflhîço fczyf o pojfy f }kwkiklkjhjf, ov wfah, h

pykoyk, xvhczo bhkw }kwâ}fl moy vb hzoy polâzkgo, bhkoy wfyè o cñbfyo jf pfwwohw phyh o xvhl

flf }hk hphyfgfy f, gocwfxvfczfbfczf, bhkoy wfyè zhbiëb wfv pojfy jf kcmlvácgkh jfczyo jh

fwmfyh pñilkgh f polâzkgh# Hlëb jkwwo, wfnvcjo flf, o hzoy polâzkgo xvf wf fwgocjf jh bâjkh f,jfwzh moybh, f}kzh zyhihldhy h py÷pykh kbhnfb jfczyo jh kbpyfcwh, fwzhyè, jf gfyzo bojo,

jfgyfzhcjo o py÷pyko fczfyyo# Fczyfzhczo, Zdobpwoc $8;;6+ mhq vbh yfwwhl}h woiyf fwzhw

gocglvwöfw, hmkchl, xvhcjo h }kwkiklkjhjf pyopoygkochjh pflh bâjkh hjxvkyf ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jf

}knklécgkh, pojf zyhqfy gocwfxvácgkhw cfnhzk}hw à }kjh pñilkgh jf vb hnfczf polâzkgo# Fwzh

}knkh jfkthyè }kwâ}fl hw myhnklkjhjfw jo polâzkgo#

U###R O jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jh gobvckghîço bfjkhjh moycfgfv ow bfkow pflow xvhkw bvkzhw

pfwwohw pojfb yfvcky kcmoybhîço woiyf povgow f, ho bfwbo zfbpo, vcw povgow pojfbhphyfgfy jkhczf jf bvkzow5 nyhîhw à bâjkh, hxvflfw xvf ftfygfb o pojfy ë xvf wçowvibfzkjow hnoyh h vb gfyzo zkpo jf }kwkiklkjhjf, bhkw jo xvf hxvflfw woiyf xvfb o pojfy ë ftfygkjo U###R# $ZDOBPWOC, 8;;6, p# 898+#

9:



Fb wvbh, kwzo cow bowzyh xvf zojh f}olvîço, zyhcwmoybhîço, ov pyogfwwo jf jfwfc}ol}kbfczo

ë hbik}hlfczf# Ow bfkow jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh jfkthyhb bhkw ftpowzhw hw myhxvfqhw jow

hzoyfw polâzkgo# Goczvjo, fwzfw bfwbow bfkow wço zhbiëb vzklkqhjow phyh bfldoyhy h kbhnfb

jh polâzkgh f jow polâzkgow pfyhczf ow gkjhjçow#

F cço ë wobfczf cfwzf poczo xvf fczyh h xvfwzço jh hbik}hlácgkh, h bâjkh hgkyyov zhbiëb h

jkwpvzh, pykcgkphlbfczf cow pfyâojow flfkzoyhkw, fczyf ow hzoyfw polâzkgow# Phyh Nobfw $900:+

pvilkgkzèykow, yflhîöfw pñilkghw f hzë bfwbo aoychlkwzhw, fwgoldkjow phyh zyhihldhy gobo

gocwvlzoyfw polâzkgow, zk}fyhb xvf wf pyfogvphy zhbiëb fb jfwgocwzyvky h ioh kbhnfb

pñilkgh gykhjh fb zoyco jow hj}fywèykow, avwzhbfczf poyxvf, hw bfwbhw mfyyhbfczhw xvf vb

polâzkgo xvhlxvfy vzklkqh, pojf wfy vwhjh zhbiëb pflo wfv yk}hl#

Zvjo kwwo, wfnvcjo Nobfw $900:+, mhq phyzf jf vb nyhcjf fwpfzègvlo zfhzyhl jo xvhl o

aoychlkwbo ë zhbiëb vb jow pyozhnockwzhw, avwzhbfczf poyxvf ow aoychlkwzhw, bvkzhw }fqfw

jço how mhzow pyopoyîöfw bvkzo bhkoyfw jo xvf yfhlbfczf wço#

U###R Phyh hw moybhw ftzyfbhw jo aoychlkwbo zflf}kwk}o zojow ow mhzow jh yfhlkjhjf wçowdo~, fwpfzègvlo, jyhbh, pokw wf jfwzkchb ihwkghbfczf à ghpzvyh jh hzfcîço# Wf zojow záb

o bfwbo jfwzkco, zojow wf fxvk}hlfb woi fwzf hwpfgzo1 vb mhzo cço ë cfgfwwhykhbfczfbhkw kbpoyzhczf jo xvf ovzyo U###R $NOBFW, 900:, p# =6+#

O aoychlkwbo wf hmhwzh jf wfvw yfhkw gobpyobkwwow xvhcjo hzvh cfwzf zfhzyo pyojvqkjo pflh

fwmfyh polâzkgh, pyobo}kjo pflow pyomkwwkochkw jh gocwvlzoykh polâzkgh# Hmkchl, o gobpyobkwwo

pykbfkyo jo aoychlkwbo jf}f wfy gob h }fyjhjf# F zojo fwzf aono jf fcgfchîço f gocwzyvîço

jf kbhnfcw pñilkghw cço gocjkq cfgfwwhykhbfczf gob h yfhlkjhjf#

Ghifykh à kbpyfcwh, gobo phyzf jf wvhw oiyknhîöfw jfbogyèzkghw, jfwgocwzyvky zojo fwzfzfhzyo# Bhw, phyh xvf kwzo hgoczfîh jf mhzo, o aoychlkwbo jf}f omfyfgfy ow kcwzyvbfczow

hjfxvhjow phyh xvf o gkjhjço }fah o xvf fwzh poy zyèw, jfwwf gkygo, jfwwhw wkzvhîöfw, jf zojo

fwzf aono polâzkgo# Wço ow aoychlkwzhw, hzyh}ëw jf kcmoybhîço, jfcvcgkhw f zftzow opkchzk}ow xvf

}ço pyopoygkochy h opoyzvckjhjf phyh xvf o gkjhjço mhîh hw jf}kjhw kczfypyfzhîöfw, wvynkcjo,

h phyzky jkwwo, hw goiyhcîhw xvf mhyço wvwzfczhy o Fwzhjo Jfbogyèzkgo jf Jkyfkzo#

Zojh}kh, o xvf h kbpyfcwh kc}olvczhykhbfczf zfb mfkzo, jf hgoyjo gob Nobfw $900:+ ëphjyockqhy o jkwgvywo polâzkgo, hmkchl, ow bfkow jf gobvckghîço mvcgkochb jfczyo jf vbh

96



l÷nkgh, gob vbh lkcnvhnfb py÷pykh# F wfcjo ow }fâgvlow jf gobvckghîço flfzyúckgh ‗ gobo o

yèjko f h Z] ‗ vbh kbpoyzhczf mfyyhbfczh pykcgkphlbfczf fb pfyâojo flfkzoyhl, h hjhpzhîço

jo jkwgvywo polâzkgo phyh wfy hpyfwfczhjo jfczyo jfwzhw bâjkhw, hghih wfcjo kcf}kzè}fl#

Zhl}fq fwzf wfah vb jow nyhcjfw jfwhmkow phyh hw co}hw nfyhîöfw, jfwboczhy hw pfîhw jfwzf

gkygo f gologhy o aoychlkwbo co wfv }fyjhjfkyo ghbkcdo jf wfy}kjoy pñilkgo# Hpoczhy o mogo

phyh o xvf ë yfhlbfczf jf kczfyfwwf pñilkgo f cço wf fwpfgkhlkqhy fb zyhcwmoybhy hwwvczow

jk}fywow fb kcmoybhîço kbpoyzhczf# Fczyfzhczo, bfwbo xvf ow bfkow jf gobvckghîço

}fcdhb h omfyfgfy vbh kcmoybhîço hlzhbfczf xvhlkmkghjh, jf bojo xvf o gkjhjço wfah

yfhlbfczf ghphq jf lfy chw fczyflkcdhw hw powwâ}fkw hybhjkldhw ogvlzhw ch kbhnfb pñilkgh jow

hzoyfw polâzkgow, o pñilkgo }hk fwihyyh fb ovzyhw phyfjfw#

Vbh jfwwhw ihyyfkyhw ë h dkp÷zfwf jo eco~lfnf nhp $ov kczfy}hlo jf gocdfgkbfczo+# Gl÷}kw jf

Ihyyow Mkldo $9007+ cow ftplkgh xvf fwzf kczfy}hlo }hk hvbfczhy ov jkbkcvky gocmoybf o câ}fl

jf kcwzyvîço jo pñilkgo jf vb jfzfybkchjo }fâgvlo# Kwzo ë, xvhczo bhkoy moy o nyhv jf

gobplftkjhjf jo hwwvczo goczkjo fb vbh kcmoybhîço, bhkw ftzfcwo wfyè o kczfy}hlo#

Hpfwhy jfwzfw nhynhlow, o aoychlkwbo ë jf mhzo mvcjhbfczhl phyh xvhlxvfy jfbogyhgkh,pykboyjkhlbfczf poyxvf, jfczyo ovzyhw hzykivkîöfw, ë h kbpyfcwh xvf pyobo}f o jfihzf jf

xvfwzöfw yflf}hczfw# F o jfihzf ë, zhl}fq, h mfyyhbfczh bhkw kbpoyzhczf phyh o

jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jh jfbogyhgkh jfczyo jf vbh wogkfjhjf#

Wfnvcjo Zdobpwoc $8;;6, p# 88;+ “o jfihzf hzk}o fczyf gkjhjçow kcmoybhjow mok wviwzkzvâjo

pflh hpyopykhîço pyk}hzkqhjh jf vbh goc}fywhîço yfhlkqhjh fb cobf jflfw‒# Goczvjo, ë

hzyh}ëw jow jfihzfw xvf chwgfb hw xvfwzöfw polábkghw f hw wkzvhîöfw jf gocmlkzow, ë, fb wvbh,xvhcjo wvynfb co}hw pyopowzhw phyh bfldoyhy o no}fyco# O jfihzf polâzkgo hczfw jhw

flfkîöfw, poy ftfbplo, ë wfbpyf vb bobfczo gyvgkhl phyh o pñilkgo gocdfgfy bfldoy ow

ghcjkjhzow, ov wfah, o jfihzf hvtklkh o gkjhjço chw zobhjhw jf jfgkwço# Ë co jfihzf xvf wfyço

hpoczhjhw hw wolvîöfw xvf poczvhyhb o jfwfc}ol}kbfczo polâzkgo f wogkhl#

9=



9#8#8 H kbpoyzécgkh jo aoychlkwbo ch moybhîço jh “opkckço pñilkgh‒

Ë poy zojhw fwzhw yhqöfw aè gkzhjhw xvf o aoychlkwbo zhbiëb ftfygf phpfl flfbfczhy phyh

moybhîço jh “opkckço pñilkgh‒# ]hlf jfwzhghy xvf, jkmfyfczf jo xvf cow mhq pfcwhy o wfcwo

gobvb, h kbpyfcwh cço moybh h “opkckço pñilkgh‒, flh hvtklkh, gobo mok jkzo hczfw, ch

moybhîço jh “opkckço pñilkgh‒#

Ch “opkckço pñilkgh‒ fwzè kcwfykjo zojo vb xvhjyo yfmfyácgkhw jf vbh wogkfjhjf f xvf,

bvkzhw }fqfw, }hk gocjvqky h polâzkgh fjkzoykhl jf vbh fbpyfwh jf gobvckghîço# Fwzf xvhjyo

jf yfmfyácgkhw ë fcgoczyhjo hzyh}ëw jf pfwxvkwhw xvhczkzhzk}hw f zhbiëb xvhlkzhzk}hw# Ihyyow

Mkldo $9007+ hmkybh ‗ gob o hpoyzf jf hcèlkwf jfwfc}ol}kjh pflh pyomfwwoyh hlfbç FlkwhifzdCofllf Cfvbhcc, ihzkqhjh gobo o fmfkzo jh “fwpkyhl jo wklácgko‒ ‗ xvf o bfjo jf mkghy

kwolhjo kcjvq ow kcjk}âjvow h gocgoyjhyfb gob h “opkckço pñilkgh‒ jobkchczf, hkcjh xvf

fwzfw zfcdhb opkcköfw bvkzo goczyèykhw# Fwzf bfjo jo kwolhbfczo, dkpozfzkghbfczf, pojf

fwzfcjfy"wf how bfkow jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh# Hmkchl, gobo aè mok jkzo, h kbpyfcwh hlkbfczh

f havjh h moybhy h “opkckço pñilkgh‒ jobkchczf# Poyzhczo, h fbpyfwh jf gobvckghîço xvf cço

gobphgzvhy gob fwzf goypoyhzk}kwbo fb zoyco jh moybhîço jh “opkckço pñilkgh‒ f jfmfcjfy

hynvbfczow goczyèykow, wvpowzhbfczf wf zoychyè hl}o jfwzh goypoyhîço bkjkèzkgh $gocwzyvâjhkc}olvczhykhbfczf pflow jfbhkw }fâgvlow aoychlâwzkgow+#

Cço pojfbow gocmvcjky powkgkochbfczo goczyèyko fb yflhîço à opkckço pñilkgh, gob hw

jkmfyfcîhw jf kjfolonkh fjkzoykhl# H kjfolonkh jf vbh fbpyfwh aoychlâwzkgh jf}f wfy jkmfyfczf f

zfy wvhw pfgvlkhykjhjfw phyh ivwghy vb pñilkgo ftglvwk}o# Fczyfzhczo, fwzh kjfolonkh jf}f fwzhy

fb gocwocécgkh gob h “opkckço pñilkgh‒ jobkchczf#

Poy jk}fywow mhzoyfw vb }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço cço kyè wvwzfczhy woqkcdo vbh opkckço

jkmfyfczf, goczyèykh à “opkckço pñilkgh‒ jobkchczf# Pykbfkyo poyxvf hw }fcjhw $co ghwo jow

kbpyfwwow+ f h hvjkácgkh $co ghwo jo yèjko f jh zflf}kwço+ wfykhb yfjvqkjhw# Wfnvcjo, h

bhkoykh jow hcvcgkhczfw kykh fwgoldfy ovzyo }fâgvlo xvf gobvcnvf gob h “opkckço pñilkgh‒

jobkchczf phyh jk}vlnhy wfvw pyojvzow# Zfygfkyo, o }fâgvlo fb xvfwzço, powwk}flbfczf, wfykh

hl}o jf ovzyhw fbpyfwhw aoychlâwzkghw f jf ovzyow wfzoyfw jh wogkfjhjf kcjknchjow gob o

powkgkochbfczo goczyèyko à “opkckço pñilkgh‒ jobkchczf# Xvhyzo, zvjo kwwo gocwzyvkykh vb

fwzknbh cfnhzk}o jfczyo jh kbhnfb jo }fâgvlo aoychlâwzkgo, jfwpfyzhcjo hkcjh bhkw h h}fywço

f h kcwhzkwmhîço jo pñilkgo gob o powkgkochbfczo goczyèyko à “opkckço pñilkgh‒ jobkchczf#

9>



Zojo fwzf xvhjyo jf wkzvhîöfw mhq phyzf jo goczftzo jfbogyèzkgo co xvhl o aoychlkwbo ë bvkzo

bhkw jo xvf vb gohjav}hczf# Pflo goczyèyko, h bâjkh jf bojo nfyhl ë jfzfybkchczf phyh h

bhckmfwzhîço, h fmfzk}hîço f, hzë bfwbo, gykwzhlkqhîço jh jfbogyhgkh jfczyo jf vbh

wogkfjhjf# Phyh Wovwh $9080+, O aoychlkwzh jf}f hzvhy gobo vb wfy}kjoy pñilkgo, pyfwfy}hcjo,

jfwzh moybh, ow kczfyfwwfw jo bhkoy cñbfyo powwâ}fl jf gkjhjçow# Jf hgoyjo gob Zdobpwoc

$8;;6+, ow h}hcîow jh bâjkh flfzyúckgh moycfgfyhb kcwzyvbfczow hpyopykhjow phyh mhgklkzhy h

}knâlkh jh kbpyfcwh f, gocwfxvfczfbfczf, phyh bfldoy wfy}ky o pñilkgo#

U###R Jfwjf ow pykbfkyow wkwzfbhw jfbogyèzkgow bojfycow, h kbpyfcwh zf}f vb phpflkbpoyzhczf gobo vb m÷yvb pykcgkphl jfczyo jo xvhl fwzh gobpfzkîço wf yfhlkqh}h, vbphpfl xvf, cfwzh wfnvcjh bfzhjf jo wëgvlo TT, mok povgo h povgo wvplhczhjo pflhzflf}kwço# Doaf h gvkjhjowh hpyfwfczhîço pfwwohl jkhczf jow ovzyow gvah mkjflkjhjf jf}fwfy gocwzhczfbfczf wvwzfczhjh, f gvao hpoko ë }kzhlbfczf yfxvfykjo jf zfbpo fb zfbpo,bhkw xvf vbh opîço, ë vb kbpfyhzk}o phyh ow lâjfyfw polâzkgow f ow hwpkyhczfw à }kjhpolâzkgh# $ZDOBPWOC, 8;;6, p# 89:+#

Yfwvbkcjo, h kbpyfcwh ë vb nyhcjf oiwfy}hjoy, vb }fyjhjfkyo nvhyjkço h wfy}kîo jo

pñilkgo# Zyhihldhcjo gobo vb yhjhy xvf ghpzh f ghchlkqh zojow ow jfw}kow jf gocjvzhw

pyhzkghjow, pykcgkphlbfczf, pflow kcjk}âjvow xvf ogvphb ghynow pñilkgow jo hlzo fwghlço#

Zojhw hw kyyfnvlhykjhjfw kjfczkmkghjhw, jfcvcgkhjhw f, mkchlbfczf, jk}vlnhjhw mvcgkochb

gobo vbh fwpëgkf jf ghzhlkwhjoy xvf }hk kcgfcjkhy o jkwgvywo jh opowkîço xvf, jfwzh moybh,zfczh hihlhy h “kbhnfb pñilkgh‒ jow hj}fywèykow $xvf fwzk}fyfb à myfczf jo no}fyco+, pfyhczf

o gkjhjço# Ov wfah, o aoychlkwbo ë vb nyhcjf gykhjoy jf gocmlkzow#

Ë jfwzh moybh xvf h jfbogyhgkh mvcgkoch, hzyh}ëw jo gocmlkzo fczyf no}fychczfw, opowkîço f hw

goiyhcîhw jo gkjhjço# Kcgfczk}hcjo phyzkgkphîço jo gkjhjço ‗ gob o vwo jf zojhw hw

mfyyhbfczhw xvf powwvk ‗ ë xvf ow bfkow jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh jfwfbpfcdhb vb phpfl

kbpyfwgkcjâ}fl ch gocwzyvîço jhw wogkfjhjfw bojfychw#

9#9 Aoychlkwbo f o “Xvhyzo pojfy‒

O xvf mok ftpowzo co z÷pkgo hczfykoy wfy}f pykcgkphlbfczf phyh cow bowzyhy o pojfy xvf h

kbpyfcwh hjxvkykv, jfpokw jo hj}fczo jow bfkow jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh# Flh mok ghphq jf

oiyknhy, gobo hmkybh Nobfw $900:+, h fwmfyh polâzkgh f, gocwfxvfczfbfczf, ow hzoyfw polâzkgow

h flhioyhyfb f h pyobo}fyfb zyhcwmoybhîöfw# Mok cfgfwwèyko xvf ow polâzkgow fb nfyhl

94



ivwghwwfb hw mfyyhbfczhw hpyopykhjhw, phyh bfldoy hphyfgfyfb cfwzf bvcjo jf ftpowkîço

gykhjo jfpokw jo jfwfc}ol}kbfczo bkjkèzkgo#

O aoychlkwbo, ch jfbogyhgkh yfpyfwfczhzk}h, mvcgkoch gobo vb }knkh, pokw ë h phyzky jhw

oiwfy}hîöfw xvf ow aoychlkwzhw mhqfb ë xvf }ço wvynky hw jfcñcgkhw goczyh xvhlxvfy wkzvhîço,

hgoczfgkbfczo ov f}fczo xvf fwzfah moyh jow phjyöfw jh ioh gocjvzh, gobo, poy ftfbplo, ow

fwgécjhlow polâzkgow#

Jf mhzo, o nyhcjf pojfy jow bfkow jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh fwzè gocgfczyhjo ch

powwkiklkjhjf jf yf}flhy f jfcvcgkhy hxvklo xvf hw pfywochlkjhjfw pñilkghw zfczhb fwgocjfy# F

ë avwzhbfczf pflo mhzo jf ckcnvëb fwzhy lk}yf ov kbvcf ho oldhy hzfczo jh kbpyfcwh, xvfhzykivâbow h flh $wfnvkcjo h l÷nkgh jow zyáw pojfyfw1 Ftfgvzk}o, Lfnkwlhzk}o f Avjkgkèyko+ o

wzhzvw jf “xvhyzo pojfy‒# “Xvhyzo pojfy‒ cço kcwzkzvâjo gobo ow ovzyow zyáw, ë ifb }fyjhjf#

Fczyfzhczo, ë h kbpyfcwh xvf zfb o pojfy jf yf}flhy f jfcvcgkhy ow jfw}kow jf gocjvzh jhw

pfywochlkjhjfw pñilkghw, gologhcjo zhkw wkzvhîöfw co mogo phyh xvf o gkjhjço mhîh o

avlnhbfczo#

O pyoilfbh ë o xvf ow aoychlkwzhw, ch bhkoykh jhw }fqfw, pöfb vbh lvph woi ow mhzow, jhcjovbh pyopoyîço nknhczfwgh, hzë bfwbo phyh wkzvhîöfw jf fwgécjhlow wfb bvkzh yflf}écgkh#

Fwzfw fwgécjhlow pojfb hlkbfczhy, poy bvkzo zfbpo, pyonyhbhw jf jfihzf f zhbiëb jf gvcdo

dvboyâwzkgo, hnyh}hcjo hkcjh bhkw h wkzvhîço jow fc}ol}kjow# Hlëb jkwwo, wfnvcjo Nobfw

$900:+, h kbpyfcwh ë yfwpocwè}fl zhbiëb poy plhczhy wkzvhîöfw xvf cço hgoczfgfyhb, ov cço

ogoyyfyhb fthzhbfczf gobo moyhb ftpowzhw, ghvwhcjo, bvkzhw }fqfw, jhcow kyyfphyè}fkw h

kbhnfb jhw pfywochlkjhjfw pñilkghw# O pyoilfbh, ftplkgh Nobfw $900:+, ë xvf bfwbo xvf o

fxvk}ogo wfah goyyknkjo, o xvf xvhwf wfbpyf mkgh phyh o pñilkgo ë o fwzyhno xvf aè mok mfkzo#

Phyh Zdobpwoc $8;;6+, o pojfy jh kbpyfcwh fwzè bhckmfwzhjo co goczyolf xvf ow bfkow jf

gobvckghîço flfzyúckgh, gobo h Z], záb jf bowzyhy fthzhbfczf hxvklo xvf xvfyfb, jo

écnvlo xvf xvfyfb, woi wfv poczo jf }kwzh#

“Ow yfgfpzoyfw cço jfzáb o gobplfzo goczyolf jo py÷pyko ghbpo jf }kwço5 flfw cço wçolk}yfw phyh oldhy cfwzh ov chxvflh jkyfîço f phyh moghlkqhy jkmfyfczfw kcjk}âjvow ov oiafzow,gobo wfykhb chw wkzvhîöfw mhgf h mhgf# O ghbpo jf }kwço ë fwzyvzvyhjo pflhw oynhckqhîöfwjh bâjkh f pflow pyogfwwow jf mklbhnfb, yfpoyzhnfb, fjkîço, zyhcwbkwwço, fzg#, xvfgocwzkzvfb phyh jh hzk}kjhjf jf yozkch jfwzhw oynhckqhîöfw‒# $ZDOBPWOC, 8;;6, p# 879+#

9;



Jf hgoyjo gob Cflwoc Zyhxvkch $9000, p# 84>+, “ow bâjkhw cozkgkowow moyhb f wço jfmkckjow

gobo vb Xvhyzo Pojfy , xvf nvhyjh ow gkjhjçow jow f}fczvhkw hivwow jf pojfy poy phyzf jow

no}fychczfw‒#

O gocgfkzo jf vbh kbpyfcwh lk}yf gobo wfczkcflh xvf nvhyjh h jfbogyhgkh $vb XvhyzoPojfy + zfb yhâqfw pyomvcjhw ch dkwz÷ykh jh f}olvîço jh pyopowzh jfbogyèzkgh xvf fbfynfcow wëgvlow T]KK T]KKK, f yfgocdfgfbow wfb hbiknükjhjfw xvf, hpfwhy jf jkmfyfczfwzyhjkîöfw lfnhkw ch Fvyoph f cow Fwzhjow Vckjow, fwzf gocgfkzo jf}f gocwzkzvky vbh pfjyhhcnvlhy fb zojhw hw chîöfw $kcglvkcjo Poyzvnhl+ xvf hzkcnkyhb vb wkwzfbh wogkhl ihwfhjoco pykcgâpko “vb Dobfb, Vbh Pfwwoh, vb ]ozo‒# $ZYHXVKCH, 9000, p# 84>+#

Zojh}kh, ë zhbiëb mvcîço jf zojo fwzf pojfy jf jfwzyvkîço xvf h kbpyfcwh hjxvkykv xvf o

py÷pyko Zyhxvkch $9000, p# 84>+ pfynvczh1 “xvfb }knkh o Xvhyzo Pojfy ?‒#

Ftkwzfb g÷jknow jf gocjvzh ëzkgh xvf poczvhb o iob ftfygâgko jh mvcîço jo aoychlkwzh,

hzfcjo phjyöfw jfoczol÷nkgow# Vb jflfw ë h Jfglhyhîço jf Bvckxvf jf 8;>8# Cfwzh

jfglhyhîço fwzè pyf}kwzo zojo vb yfgfkzvèyko coybhzk}o, gocmoybf ftplkgh Goycv $8;;4+,

woiyf ow jkyfkzow f jf}fyfw jo aoychlkwzh# O pyoilfbh ë xvf h Jfglhyhîço jf Bvckxvf mok

flhioyhjh bvkzo hczfw jo hj}fczo jh Kczfycfz, poy ftfbplo# Ov wfah, flh ‗ f zhbiëb ovzyow

g÷jknow jf gocjvzh pyomkwwkochl ‗ cço wço wvmkgkfczfw phyh goczyolhy ow ftgfwwow jo

aoychlkwbo, gobo h bè gocjvzh jh kbpyfcwh#

Fczço, xvfb pojf }knkhy o Xvhyzo pojfy ? Fb pykbfkyo lvnhy o aoychlkwzh ë xvfb zfb jf

polkgkhy wvhw hzkzvjfw f hnky jfczyo jf wvhw goc}kgîöfw# Co fczhczo, ch bhkoykh jhw }fqfw, kwzo

cço ë powwâ}fl, hmkchl o aoychlkwzh jf}f pyfwzhy goczhw à fbpyfwh fb xvf zyhihldh# Wfnvky h

kjfolonkh fjkzoykhl jo }fâgvlo ocjf zyhihldhbow ë vbh oiyknhîço pyf}kwzh zhbiëb, wfnvcjo

Goycv $8;;4+, ch Jfglhyhîço jf Bvckxvf#

Kwzo cow bowzyh xvf, poy bfldoyfw xvf wfahb hw kczfcîöfw, o aoychlkwzh fwzhyè fcnfwwhjo pflh

dkfyhyxvkh f pflhw coybhw jh fbpyfwh f xvf flf, kcglvwk}f, zfb oiyknhîço jf yfwpfkzhy#

Whifbow xvf cço ë powwâ}fl mhqfy vb iob aoychlkwbo wfb lkifyjhjf jf kbpyfcwh, bhkw jo

xvf kwzo, lkifyjhjf jf kbpyfcwh ë pyfbkwwh ièwkgh f fwwfcgkhl phyh wf mhqfy vb iob

aoychlkwbo# Co fczhczo, fwzh lkifyjhjf jf}f wfy bojfyhjh fxvklkiyhjh# Phyh Zyhxvkch $9000+, h

lkifyjhjf jf kbpyfcwh jf}f wfy wfbpyf powkzk}h#

70



U###R ow pyopykfzèykow f zyhihldhjoyfw pyomkwwkochkw jow bâjkhw cozkgkowow cço jf}fbfwxvfgfy, h lkifyjhjf powkzk}h jh kbpyfcwh ‗ h lkifyjhjf xvf ë zhbiëb vbh moczfmvcjhbfczhl jf lfnkzkbkjhjf ‗ jf wfy}ky o kczfyfwwf pñilkgo gob kcmoybhîço xvf wfah avwzhf wknckmkghzk}h U###R $ZYHXVKCH, 9000, p# 8;0+#

Goczvjo, o xvf pfygfifbow, wço aoychlkwzhw moyh jo wfv mogo pykcgkphl# H goiyhcîh jhw

fbpyfwhw jf gobvckghîço phyh gob wfvw mvcgkocèykow }fb jfw}khcjo o aoychlkwzh jo mogo

pykcgkphl jf wvh pyomkwwço ‗ xvf ë o jf wfy}kjoy pñilkgo# Ow }fâgvlow jf aoychlkwbo nhcdhyhb

jkbfcwöfw zço hwzyocúbkghw, fgocobkghbfczf mhlhcjo, xvf flfw aè cço záb bhkw xvf jhy

whzkwmhîöfw h wfv pñilkgo wobfczf# Hw fbpyfwhw jf gobvckghîço záb xvf pyfwzhy goczhw,

pykcgkphlbfczf, how hcvcgkhczfw f h zvjo xvf zyhq yfzoyco mkchcgfkyo phyh o }fâgvlo# Zhl}fq

fwzf wfah vb jow bozk}ow pykcgkphkw phyh dh}fy zhczhw cozâgkhw wfcwhgkochlkwzhw f/ ov moyh jow

“phjyöfw‒ xvf yfnfb hw bhzëykhw gvao goczfñjo ë jf kczfyfwwf jo pñilkgo#

Yfwvbkcjo, xvfb jf}f }knkhy o Xvhyzo Pojfy ë o pñilkgo f h bfldoy bhcfkyh jf ftfygfy fwzh

}knklécgkh ë pyogvyhcjo wfbpyf lfy, ov}ky, hwwkwzky cozâgkh fb jkmfyfczfw }fâgvlow aoychlâwzkgow,

ivwghcjo, jfwzh moybh, hw jkmfyfczfw bhcfkyhw jf wf jhy h bfwbh kcmoybhîço# Fwzf

pyogfjkbfczo cow havjhyè o gkjhjço h hvbfczhy wvhw powwkiklkjhjfw hchlâzkghw woiyf ow mhzow

jk}vlnhjow# Kwzo }hk zhbiëb pyopoygkochy, vbh kczfypyfzhîço bhkw py÷tkbh jow mhzow#

Zojh}kh, gob ihwf ch dkp÷zfwf jo eco~lfjnf nhp, h bhkoykh jhw pfwwohw cço powwvk vb nyhv

kcwzyvîço hjfxvhjo phyh yfgfify f kczfypyfzhy kcmoybhîöfw gobplfthw# Ov wfah, bhkw jkmâgkl

hkcjh phyh fwzf zkpo jf gkjhjço kjfczkmkghy hw jkmfyfczfw bhcfkyhw jf wf hpyfwfczhy h bfwbh

cozâgkh# Fb wvbh, h bhkoykh jow gkjhjçow, pflo bfcow dkpozfzkghbfczf, ë yfmëb jo Xvhyzo

Pojfy #

9#7 Aoychlkwbo kcmoybhzk}o t opkchzk}o

Hw pykbfkyhw bhckmfwzhîöfw jf pyèzkghw jo xvf phwwov h wfy gdhbhjo hcow jfpokw jf

aoychlkwbo zf}f kcâgko co wëgvlo T]# Wfv jfwfc}ol}kbfczo mok kcgfczk}hjo pflh cfgfwwkjhjf

dvbhch jf wf gobvckghy f wf bhczfy kcmoybhjo# Fczyfzhczo, cfwzh ëpogh, h jkmvwço jh

kcmoybhîço fyh lkbkzhjh poy vbh ihyyfkyh kbpowzh pflo Fwzhjo f pflh Knyfah, h “gfcwvyh

pyë}kh‒#

78



Fb yfwpowzh h fwzh kbpowkîço ë xvf zf}f kcâgko, hzyh}ëw jh ivynvfwkh, hw pykbfkyhw pyèzkghw

aoychlâwzkghw gobo gocdfgfbow doaf# O aoychlkwbo hghiov wf zoychcjo vbh fmkgkfczf

mfyyhbfczh ivynvfwh co gobihzf how ftgfwwow kbpowzow pflh mkjhlnvkh#

Cfwwf pfyâojo, fyh jkmvcjkjo, xvhwf xvf vckghbfczf, o aoychlkwbo opkchzk}o, avwzhbfczf

poyxvf o aoychlkwbo jf opkckço fyh bhkw hjfxvhjo how oiafzk}ow lkifyhkw, xvf }kwh}hb

jfyyvihy h dfnfbockh hykwzogyèzkgh# Poyzhczo, pojfbow gocglvky xvf o aoychlkwbo opkchzk}o

wvynkv hczfw jo aoychlkwbo kcmoybhzk}o#

H ivynvfwkh mok yfwpocwè}fl, hzyh}ëw jo aoychlkwbo jf opkckço, poy gocxvkwzhw xvf hkcjh

ghvwhb yfmlftow ch wogkfjhjf goczfbpoyécfh, jfczyf fwzhw gocxvkwzhw fwzè, gob zojh gfyzfqh,h “lkifyjhjf jf kbpyfcwh‒# Zojh}kh, zhbiëb mok h py÷pykh ivynvfwkh, ho hwwvbky o pojfy

jvyhczf h Yf}olvîço Myhcgfwh, xvf kbpúw yfwzykîöfw xvf jkbkcvâyhb h “lkifyjhjf jf

kbpyfcwh‒ jfczyo jfwzf pfyâojo# Fwzh bfjkjh zyovtf gocwfxvácgkhw, jfczyf flhw, vbh co}h

moybh jf wf mhqfy aoychlkwbo# Ov wfah, mok h phyzky jh kckgkhzk}h jow ivynvfwfw jf lkbkzhy h

“lkifyjhjf jf kbpyfcwh‒, xvf o aoychlkwbo kcmoybhzk}o zobov o lvnhy ogvphjo pflo

aoychlkwbo opkchzk}o#

Hzvhlbfczf, hw fbpyfwhw aoychlâwzkghw vzklkqhb hw jvhw moybhw co goczfñjo jf wfvw pyojvzow,

wfahb flfw1 aoychkw kbpyfwwow5 yf}kwzhw5 pyonyhbhw jf yèjko ov Z]# Pojfbow oiwfy}hy, hzyh}ëw

jkwzo, xvf o fwphîo ogvphjo pflo aoychlkwbo kcmoybhzk}o, jfpokw jh Yf}olvîço Myhcgfwh, cço

jfgyfzov o mkb jo aoychlkwbo jf opkckço, pokw, gobo pojfbow gocwzhzhy, hw jvhw ghzfnoykhw

goczkcvhb wfcjo jkmvcjkjhw pflow }fâgvlow jf gobvckghîço goczfbpoyécfow#

Hlnvcw hvzoyfw jfmfcjfb h ftkwzácgkh jf ovzyhw ghzfnoykhw jf aoychlkwbo, gobo1 kczfypyfzhzk}of jf fczyfzfckbfczo $ov jk}fywkochl+# Bhw }hbow moghy cowwh hcèlkwf hpfchw co aoychlkwbo

kcmoybhzk}o f co aoychlkwbo opkchzk}o, xvf wço hw jvhw ghzfnoykhw xvf dkwzoykghbfczf

pyfjobkchb#

Wfnvcjo Bhyxvfw jf Bflo $8;46+, aoychlkwbo kcmoybhzk}o ë hxvflf xvf yfnkwzyh ow mhzow f

hgoczfgkbfczow phyh wfyfb pvilkghjow f jk}vlnhjow à wogkfjhjf# Ë jk}kjo ihwkghbfczf fb

xvhzyo nácfyow1 cozh5 cozâgkh5 fczyf}kwzh f yfpoyzhnfb#

79



Jfczyf fwzfw nácfyow h yfpoyzhnfb ë xvf fc}ol}f zyhihldo jf pfwxvkwh f jf hpvyhîço bhkw

bkcvgkowo, wfcjo cfgfwwèyko, phyh fwzh zhyfmh, vb zfbpo bhkoy phyh h wvh flhioyhîço, hlëb jf

zfy jf goczhy gob moczfw gobpfzfczfw phyh hynvky woiyf o hwwvczo hioyjhjo# H yfpoyzhnfb cço

mkgh yfwzykzh hpfchw fb jfwgyf}fy ow hgoczfgkbfczow, jf}f dh}fy zhbiëb vbh ftployhîço jhw

ghvwhw f gocwfxvácgkh, hpoczhjo, xvhcjo powwâ}fl, ow kbphgzow f hw kcmlvácgkhw jo hwwvczo

gfczyhl jh yfpoyzhnfb#

Wço zojow fwwfw pyfjkghjow xvf mhqfb jh yfpoyzhnfb vb nácfyo kjfhl, jo aoychlkwbo

kcmoybhzk}o, phyh kczfnyhy hw pènkchw jhw yf}kwzhw, avwzhbfczf pflo zfbpo bhkoy xvf flhw

powwvfb fczyf vbh fjkîço f ovzyh#

O aoychlkwbo opkchzk}o wfy}f phyh o pñilkgo gocdfgfy f hzë bfwbo hpyfcjfy gob h opkckço

jow aoychlkwzhw ov hvzoykjhjfw fb hwwvczow fwpfgâmkgow pvilkghjhw cvb }fâgvlo jf

gobvckghîço# O aoychlkwbo jf opkckço zhbiëb wf jk}kjf cow wfnvkczfw nácfyow1 fjkzoykhl,

hyzkno, gobfczèyko, golvch, yfwfcdh, gyúckgh, ghyzh, ghykghzvyh#

Jow nácfyow opkchzk}ow gkzhjow, jokw bfyfgfb jfwzhxvf#

• Fjkzoykhl1 ë vb zkpo jf zftzo opkchzk}o xvf pfyzfcgf, xvhwf xvf ftglvwk}hbfczf, how

aoychkw kbpyfwwow f hw yf}kwzhw# Ë gocwkjfyhjo h phyzf bhkw coiyf jo aoychl poy bvkzow

zf÷ykgow jh gobvckghîço, avwzhbfczf poyxvf co fjkzoykhl fwzè goczkjh h opkckço jh

fbpyfwh aoychlâwzkgh# O fjkzoykhl, ch nyhcjf bhkoykh jhw }fqfw, cço ë hwwkchjo#

• Hyzkno1 zhbiëb ë vb zftzo opkchzk}o gob ghyhgzfyâwzkghw bhkw ov bfcow phyfgkjhw

gob h jf vb fjkzoykhl, w÷ xvf ë hwwkchjo, ov wfah, yfpyfwfczh h opkckço kcjk}kjvhl#Nfyhlbfczf ë fwgykzo poy vbh hvzoykjhjf co hwwvczo xvf fwzè fb mogo# Jkmfyfcgkh"wf

jo gobfczèyko poy wfy hlkgfyîhjo fb hynvbfczow bhkw gocwkwzfczfw xvf }ço poczvhy f

mvcjhbfczhy h opkckço xvf fwzè wfcjo zyhcwbkzkjh ho locno jo zftzo#

Fczyfzhczo, jf hgoyjo gob Bhyxvfw jf Bflo $8;46+, o aoychlkwbo kcmoybhzk}o cço wf lkbkzh

hpfchw fb kcmoybhy, pokw co zyhihldo jf ghbpo, jvyhczf o gvbpykbfczo jh phvzh, h fwgoldh

jf xvfb }hk mhlhy woiyf o mhzo ogoyykjo aè fc}ol}f ‗ hkcjh xvf kcjkyfzhbfczf ‗, h opkckço joyfp÷yzfy# Ov wfah, cvb zftzo kcmoybhzk}o, kcjfpfcjfczf jo nácfyo jflf, fwzè kcwfykjo, cfb xvf

wfah chw fczyflkcdhw, h opkckço jo yfp÷yzfy# Poy ftfbplo, vb aoychlkwzh xvf nowzh jf hckbhkw

77



cço mhyè vbh bhzëykh woiyf lfkwdbhckowf $xvf ë vbh jofcîh yfwpocwè}fl pflo whgykmâgko jf

bvkzow gçfw, fb yhqço jf cço dh}fy gvyh phyh ow hckbhkw kcmfgzhjow+, gob ow bfwbow poczow

jf }kwzh jf vb aoychlkwzh xvf zyhzf ow hckbhkw gob kcjkmfyfcîh#

Jo bfwbo bojo, phyh Bhyxvfw Bflo $8;46+, o aoychlkwbo opkchzk}o cço wf yfwzykcnf

wobfczf fb fbkzky h opkckço jf hlnvëb $ov jf vb nyvpo, co ghwo jow fjkzoykhkw+, hmkchl, fb h

zojh hynvbfczhîço jfwfc}ol}kjh woiyf vb zfbh f hpyfwfczhjh, poy ftfbplo, cvb hyzkno,

fwzhyè goczkjh h opkckço jo hyzkgvlkwzh, bhw zhbiëb vbh nhbh gocwkjfyè}fl jf kcmoybhîço jf

zfygfkyow#

O aoychlkwbo opkchzk}o wfy}f, fb bvkzow ghwow, gobo vbh fwpëgkf jf wvplfbfczhîço joaoychlkwbo kcmoybhzk}o# Poy ftfbplo, vbh yf}kwzh zyhyè hyzknow, gobfczèykow f gyúckghw xvf

wfy}kyço phyhy gobplfbfczhy h bhzëykh pykcgkphl, hbplkhcjo, jfwzh moybh, h kcmoybhîço woiyf

vb mhzo#

Fb wvbh, hw kcmoybhîöfw xvf hw yf}kwzhw jkwpockiklkqhb ho lfkzoy wço ifb bhkw gocwkwzfczfw

jo xvf hw fcgoczyhjhw fb ovzyow }fâgvlow jf gobvckghîço# ]fyfbow hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jhw

yf}kwzhw, bhkw jfzhldhjhbfczf, co py÷tkbo z÷pkgo#

9#: Aoychlkwbo jf yf}kwzh

Mhlh"wf co mkb jow aoychkw kbpyfwwow jfwjf o wvynkbfczo f h gocwfxvfczf f}olvîço jow bâjkhw

flfzyúckgow, gob jfwzhxvf phyh o bhkw yfgfczf jflfw, h Kczfycfz# Bhw cço wf jkq o bfwbo woiyf

hw yf}kwzhw, avwzhbfczf poyxvf, wfnvcjo Bhyâlkh Wghlqo $9007+, h yflhîço fczyf o pñilkgo f hwyf}kwzhw ë bvkzo bhkw py÷tkbh, jkyfgkochjh f poczvhjh, hzë gfyzo poczo, pflh phwwkochlkjhjf

fczyf ow lfkzoyfw f hw yf}kwzhw#

Fb }kyzvjf jkwwo, hw yf}kwzhw jf}fb fwzhy gocwzhczfbfczf kc}fwzkcjo fb wfnbfczhîöfw f

ivwghcjo pfgvlkhykjhjfw phyh hzkcnky f gocxvkwzhy wfv lfkzoy# Wghlqo $9007+ hmkybh xvf o lfkzoy

“mkfl‒ hjoyh ftkiky wvh yf}kwzh pyfjklfzh gobo vb }fyjhjfkyo zyomëv xvf o jkmfyfcgkh jow

jfbhkw kcjk}âjvow# Fwpfgkhlbfczf poyxvf, ch bhkoykh jhw }fqfw, gfyzhw wfnbfczhîöfw fb xvf

hw yf}kwzhw hpowzhb hzyhfb }fyjhjfkyhw zykiow jf pfwwohw gob ghyhgzfyâwzkghw py÷pykhw jf

7:



gobpoyzhbfczo f powkgkochbfczo, gykhcjo vbh kjfczkmkghîço fczyf fwzf pñilkgo f h pvilkghîço

fb xvfwzço#

Kwzo hgoczfgf poyxvf ow jocow jf yf}kwzhw fwzço bvkzo bhkw pyfogvphjow fb ghchlkqhy hw

xvfwzöfw polâzkghw, wogkhkw, fgocúbkghw f gvlzvyhkw phyh zyhihldhy jh bhcfkyh bhkw hpyopykhjh h

kcmoybhîço }kcjh jf ghjh vb jfwzfw wfnvkbfczow, xvf wço fwwfcgkhkw, wfnvcjo Zdobpwoc

$8;;6+, phyh o jfwfc}ol}kbfczo f jh moybhîço jo wflm $jo “fv‒+#

U###R wflm ë vb pyoafzo wkbi÷lkgo xvf o kcjk}âjvo gocwzy÷k hzk}hbfczf# Ë vb pyoafzo xvf okcjk}âjvo gocwzy÷k gob ow bhzfykhkw wkbi÷lkgow xvf ldf wço jkwpocâ}fkw, bhzfykhkw gob xvfflf }hk zfgfcjo vbh chyyhzk}h gofyfczf jh py÷pykh kjfczkjhjf# Fwzh ë vbh chyyhzk}h xvf wfbojkmkghcjo gob o zfbpo, à bfjkjh xvf co}ow bhzfykhkw, co}hw ftpfykácgkhw }çofczyhcjo fb gfch f nyhjvhlbfczf yfjfmkckcjo h wvh kjfczkjhjf co gvywo jh zyhafz÷ykh jfwvh }kjh# U###R $ZDOBPWOC, 8;;6, p# 847+#

Kwzo ë, hw yf}kwzhw wço vb kbpoyzhczf bfghckwbo xvf ow lfkzoyfw záb h jkwpowkîço phyh mklzyhy o

iobihyjfko jf kcmoybhîço xvf wço jkwpockiklkqhjhw zojow ow jkhw pflow jk}fywow bfkow jf

gobvckghîço jf bhwwh# Kcmoybhîöfw xvf, jf hgoyjo gob Zdobpwoc $8;;6+ kcmlvfcgkhb

ihwzhczf ch gocwzyvîço jo wflm # Jf gfyzh moybh, hlnvbhw yf}kwzhw ho opzhyfb poy vb

jfzfybkchjo wfnbfczo ‗ hzkcnkcjo hwwkb, o lfkzoy xvf wf fcxvhjyh cfwzf pfymkl ‗ omfyfgfb à

wfv pñilkgo vb hnyvphbfczo jf cozâgkhw, lk}yhcjo"o, dkpozfzkghbfczf, jo zyhihldo jf bfcwvyh

f fwgoldh jf kcmoybhîöfw xvf cço jfwfah lfy# Hmkchl, h yf}kwzh hpyfwfczhyè, wvpowzhbfczf, ow

hwwvczow xvf o wfv pñilkgo bhkw wf kczfyfwwh f, gocwfxvfczfbfczf, jfwfah gocdfgfy f

gobpyffcjfy bfldoy#

Poy kwzo, jf hgoyjo gob Wghlqo $9007+, hw yf}kwzhw chwgfb gob oiafzk}ow xvhczkzhzk}ow jf

pfwwohw h wfyfb hzkcnkjhw f jf pñilkgo hl}o ifb jfmkckjo# F ë fb }kyzvjf jkwzo xvf h hvzoyh

gocwkjfyh xvf h popvlhykqhîço jfwfcmyfhjh f o gocwfxvfczf gyfwgkbfczo chw }fcjhw,yfpyfwfczhb vb bhl phyh hw yf}kwzhw# Hmkchl, o gvwzo jf vbh fjkîço ë hlzâwwkbo, f fwzf gvwzo

flf}hjo bvkzhw }fqfw cço ë gobpfcwhjo hzyh}ëw jhw }fcjhw#

H gocwfxvácgkh xvf kwzo hghih zyhqfcjo wço ow mfgdhbfczow jh bhkoy phyzf jhw yf}kwzhw,

xvhcjo flhw nhcdhb jkbfcwöfw nknhczfwghw fb zfybow jf pñilkgo# Vb iob ftfbplo phyh

fwzh gocwzhzhîço wço hw yf}kwzhw “Gyvqfkyo‒ f “Yfhlkjhjf‒, hbihw mfgdhjhw co hvnf, xvhcjo hw

}fcjhw hzkcnkhb vb }olvbf bvkzo hlzo, kcglvwk}f, phyh ow jkhw jf doaf#

76



Ovzyo bozk}o phyh mfgdhbfczo yfpfczkco jhw yf}kwzhw fb plfco èpkgf pojf fwzhy,

wvpowzhbfczf, chw ftplkghîöfw jf Zdobpwoc $8;;6+, gob yflhîço à moybhîço jo wfml #

Wfnvcjo o hvzoy, o wflm ë hlno xvf fwzè wfbpyf fb jfwfc}ol}kbfczo, fwpfgkhlbfczf poyxvf ow

kcjk}âjvow ch bojfyckjhjf fwzço gocwzhczfbfczf fb bfko h vbh yfjf jf kcmoybhîöfw, xvf h

zojo kcwzhczf pojfb hlzfyhy wfv wflm , pyo}oghcjo o jfwkczfyfwwf yfpfczkco, dkpozfzkghbfczf,

poy jfzfybkchjow wfnbfczow#

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bhkoy jf gocjkîöfw phyh xvf o lfkzoy whkih bhkw woiyf ow mhzow#

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Ow kcwzyvbfczow xvf hw yf}kwzhw omfyfgfb ho lfkzoy, phyh kczfypyfzhyfb bfldoy ow hwwvczow, wçobvkzo bhkw gocwkwzfczfw, hw bhzëykhw wço bhkw hchlâzkghw f ftkwzf bhkw ykxvfqh jf jfzhldfw chw

yfpoyzhnfcw, pokw cço dè vbh fwwfcgkhl pyfogvphîço gob mvyow# Zvjo kwwo ë myvzo jo bhkoy

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chw yf}kwzhw záb hkcjh o hvtâlko jo mozoaoychlkwbo, xvf ë zyhzhjo gob gfyzo pyfgkowkwbo,

zoychcjo"wf bhkw vbh mfyyhbfczh fmkgkfczf phyh hzyhky o pñilkgo, hlëb jf wfy bhkw vb

kbpoyzhczf jkwpowkzk}o phyh h gobpyffcwço jf zojo o goczftzo jhw yfpoyzhnfcw#

7=



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fjkzoyhw yfwpocwè}fkw f zhbiëb hlnvbhw gvykowkjhjfw#

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xvf ]fah f GhyzhGhpkzhl hioyjhyhb f jkwgvzkyhb woiyf polâzkgh, flfkîöfw, ow ghcjkjhzow h

pyfwkjfczf, phyzkjow f, pykcgkphlbfczf, golknhîöfw phyzkjèykh, phyh bhkw à myfczf mhqfybow vbh

hcèlkwf jow zftzow f h gobphyhîço fczyf hw jvhw yf}kwzhw#

Vbh oiwfy}hîço jf}f mkghy glhyh, pokw zyhzhyfbow f hchlkwhyfbow hpfchw hw yfpoyzhnfcw

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GhyzhGhpkzhl +, jfczyo jf vb pfyâojo xvf wf kckgkh fb ahcfkyo jf 9080 $hco jf flfkîöfw

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flfkzoyhl+#

Yfwwhlzhbow xvf hpyfwfczhyfbow wobfczf o yflhz÷yko hchlâzkgo jhw fjkîöfw 98:45 98695 98675

98665 986>5 986;5 98=05 98=85 98=95 98==, jh ]fah f 6>;5 6495 64:5 64=5 6;85 6;95 6;>5 6;45

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9080 f golknhîöfw phyzkjèykhw#

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pvilkghîöfw phyh chyyhy o hwwvczo1 flfkîöfw pyfwkjfcgkhkw f golknhîöfw phyzkjèykhw#

7#8 ]fah

H yf}kwzh ]fah ë vbh pvilkghîço wfbhchl gykhjh pflh Fjkzoyh Hiykl, fb 8;=4, gvao pyop÷wkzo

kckgkhl mok o jf wviwzkzvky h yf}kwzh Yfhlkjhjf $pvilkghîço xvf cço gocwfnvkv woiyf}k}fy how

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7>



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Co gobfîo, h pykcgkphl yk}hl jh ]fah mok h yf}kwzh Bhcgdfzf# Hzvhlbfczf h pvilkghîço

wfbhchl zfb gobo gocgoyyfczfw hw yf}kwzhw1 KwzoË 5 Ëpogh f GhyzhGhpkzhl # Poyëb, h yf}kwzh

]fah, bfwbo dh}fcjo bhkw gocgoyyfczfw, goczkcvh h wfy h pvilkghîço wfbhchl bhkw }fcjkjh

jo Iyhwkl#

O jfwzhxvf pykcgkphl jh pvilkghîço wço hw yfpoyzhnfcw yflhgkochjhw à polâzkgh pvilkghjhw ch

wfîço “Iyhwkl‒# Cfwwh wfîço ë xvf h yf}kwzh cow bowzyh wfv poczo }kwzh polâzkgo, mhqfcjo

hcèlkwfw f kczfypyfzhcjo hw pykcgkphkw xvfwzöfw polâzkghw xvf moyhb bhcgdfzf cow aoychkwjvyhczf h wfbhch, jfkthcjo glhyo phyh o lfkzoy o powkgkochbfczo polâzkgo hjozhjo poy flh#

7#9 O ghbkcdo zyhîhjo poy PZ f PWJI fb wvhw gowzvyhw polâzkghw, wfnvcjo ]fah

Lono co kcâgko jf 9080 vbh polábkgh gykhjh fb zoyco jo Pyonyhbh Chgkochl jf Jkyfkzow

Dvbhcow ogvpov ow cozkgkèykow# Ow gocmlkzow wvynkjow jfczyo jo no}fyco Lvlh fb mvcîço joPCJD wfy}kyhb phyh xvf h yf}kwzh ]fah kckgkhwwf $ch fjkîço jo jkh 90 jf ahcfkyo jf 9080+

vbh wëykf jf xvfwzkochbfczow woiyf h polâzkgh jf gohlkqço hjozhjh pflo pyfwkjfczf Lvlh#

Gohlkqço, xvf ch }fyjhjf, ë myvzo jhw yfgoyyfczfw golknhîöfw phyzkjèykhw xvf hczfgfjfb ow

plfkzow# Ow pyoilfbhw xvf h ]fah hpoczh co no}fyco jf gohlkqço jf Lvlh wço ow lozfhbfczow

jf ghynow f hw pyèzkghw mkwkolonkwzhw, bfjkjhw hjozhjhw phyh hbfckqhy ow gocmlkzow jh ihwf

hlkhjh no}fyckwzh#

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o Phyzkjo jow Zyhihldhjoyfw $PZ+, o xvf avwzkmkgh, jf hgoyjo gob h yf}kwzh, ow gocwzhczfw

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Jkyfkzow Dvbhcow ë hpfchw vb ftfbplo jow fbihzfw ftkwzfczfw cvb no}fyco gob }èykow

74





Wfykh pyfgkwo xvf h ft"bkckwzyh jfwfc}ol}fwwf wfv ghyèzfy jf gocgklkhjoyh ch bhyyh, phyh

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Jf hgoyjo gob ]fah, vbh jhw bhcoiyhw jfwfc}ol}kjhw pflo no}fyco, phyh moybhy vbh ihwf

hlkhjh phyh Jklbh Yovwwfmm, gocwkwzkv fb zfczhy oiwzyvky h ghcjkjhzvyh phyh pyfwkjfczf jo

jfpvzhjo Gkyo Nobfw# Jfwzh moybh, ow pfzkwzhw zyhykhb o PWI $phyzkjo jf Gkyo+ phyh yfmoyîhy

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gocmkybhjow hpfchw ow hpokow jo JFB f jo PPW#

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xvf hkcjh }k}kh gob h dkp÷zfwf jf Hëgko Cf}fw pojfy wfy o ghcjkjhzo jo PWJI, wf

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bhkw jo xvf fb moybhy hlkhcîhw#

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:0





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zfb hbplh hpyo}hîço jow flfkzoyfw#

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ghbphcdh pyfwkjfcgkhl, fwpfgkhlbfczf poyxvf, Jklbh f o PZ, hzë fczço, fwzh}hb fcgoczyhcjo

mhgklkjhjfw phyh gobpoy wvhw hlkhcîhw# Fczyfzhczo, o bfwbo cço ogoyykh gob o PWJI jf

Wfyyh#

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}kgf jf Wfyyh, o xvf, wfnvcjo ow pffwwfjfikwzhw, pojfykh hzyhky vb cñbfyo bhkoy jf }ozow fb

Bkchw Nfyhkw#

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pflh hlkhcîh gob vbh lfnfcjh jf vb pyë"ghcjkjhzo xvf zfcdh bhkw gdhcgfw jf }kz÷ykh#

:9



Vb iob ftfbplo hpyfwfczhjo pflh ]fah ë h wkzvhîço jf Gkyo Nobfw# H ghcjkjhzvyh jf Gkyo

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Fwwh mok h ñlzkbh bfjkjh ftployhjh poy ]fah#

7#7 GhyzhGhpkzhl

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h gykhîço jf ovzyhw pvilkghîöfw kbpyfwwhw#

:7



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gyfwgkbfczo jf Jklbh Yovwwfmm chw pfwxvkwhw#

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O gyfwgkbfczo jh ft"bkckwzyh chw pfwxvkwhw zyhq ovzyo ifcfmâgko phyh flh, hmkchl, à bfjkjh xvf

Jklbh gyfwgf, hvbfczh zhbiëb o pojfy jflh phyh mhqfy hgoyjow gob ow hlkhjow, fwpfgkhlbfczf

o PBJI# Kwzo ë, h dhiklkjhjf jf vb iob cfnogkhjoy jvyhczf vbh flfkîço, hvbfczh gocmoybfo gyfwgkbfczo jflf chw pfwxvkwhw jf kczfcîço jf }ozo#

7#6 Hcèlkwf gobphyhzk}h

Pojfbow hmkybhy xvf ow bfkow jf gobvckghîço goczykivâyhb phyh xvf ow gkjhjçow phwwhwwfb

zfy bhkoy kczfyfwwf cow hwwvczow polâzkgow, fb mvcîço jh }kwkiklkjhjf pyopoygkochjh pflhbâjkh# Phyh Zdobpwoc $8;;6+, ftkwzf vbh yflhîço fczyf o pojfy f h }kwkiklkjhjf, ov wfah, h

pykoyk, xvhczo bhkw }kwâ}fl moy vb hzoy polâzkgo, bhkoy wfyè o cñbfyo jf pfwwohw phyh o xvhl

flf }hk hphyfgfy f, gocwfxvfczfbfczf, bhkoy wfyè zhbiëb wfv pojfy jf kcmlvácgkh jfczyo jh

fwmfyh pñilkgh f polâzkgh#

Xvhcjo vb }fâgvlo jfgkjf hjozhy vbh lkcdh fjkzoykhl polâzkgh gocwfy}hjoyh, cfolkifyhl,

yf}olvgkocèykh ov jf fwxvfyjh gobfîhb h hphyfgfy zhbiëb, cfwzh fbpyfwh aoychlâwzkgh, ow

phyzkjow f ow hzoyfw polâzkgow xvf powwvfb vb poczo jf }kwzh wfbfldhczf ho hjozhjo pflo

}fâgvlo fb xvfwzço# Gocwfxvfczfbfczf, fwzf bfwbo }fâgvlo gobfîhyè h hioyjhy jf moybh

jfpyfgkhzk}h hw hîöfw jow phyzkjow f jow hzoyfw polâzkgow xvf powwvhb powkgkochbfczow

kjfol÷nkgow goczyèykow à wvh lkcdh fjkzoykhl#

Gob yflhîço àw yf}kwzhw, fwwf powkgkochbfczo mkgh hkcjh bhkw f}kjfczf# Zvjo kwzo poyxvf, o

pfymkl kjfol÷nkgo xvf hw yf}kwzhw hjozhb jf}f wfy bvkzo ifb yfgoyzhjo f glhyo, phyh xvf o

lfkzoy kjfczkmkxvf"wf gob h lkcdh fjkzoykhl jh pvilkghîço# Jf hgoyjo gob Wghlqo $9007+, o

68



fwzklo fjkzoykhl jhw yf}kwzhw ë plhcfahjo f fwzyvzvyhjo jvyhczf o pyogfwwo jf gykhîço, jf

bhcfkyh xvf wvhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw wf fcghktfb pfymfkzhbfczf ho fwzklo jf wfv pñilkgo hl}o#

Co ghwo jh yf}kwzh ]fah, pfygfifbow xvf o lfkzoy xvf flh pyogvyh hwwfnvyhy ë o xvf wkbphzkqh

gob ow PWJI# Fb mvcîço jkwwo, h hioyjhnfb jh pvilkghîço ë mfkzh yfhlîhcjo hw

ghyhgzfyâwzkghw powkzk}hw jow zvghcow, wfb jfkthy jf jfpyfgkhy ow hzow jow opowkzoyfw pfzkwzhw#

Poy ftfbplo, h yfpoyzhnfb, Gob h ghwh fb oyjfb, Wfyyh }hk à lvzh, jh fjkîço jf 98 jf hiykl

jf 9080, jkq o wfnvkczf1 o ghcjkjhzo xvf }fcgfy $Jklbh ov Wfyyh+ goldfyè ow myvzow jow 96

hcow jf yfjfbogyhzkqhîço# Poyëb, h }kz÷ykh jf Aowë Wfyyh }kyè gob hlno fwwfcgkhl phyh

bhcvzfcîço jh jfbogyhgkh, h hlzfycécgkh jf pojfy#

Wf poy vb lhjo ]fah poczvh}h hw }kyzvjfw jf Wfyyh $PWJI+, poy ovzyo h yf}kwzh jfwzhgov hwwvpowzhw myhxvfqhw f hw jkmkgvljhjfw xvf Jklbh Yovwwfm $PZ+ zfykh, ghwo gdfnhwwf ho pojfy#

Poy ftfbplo, ch fjkîço jf 9: jf mf}fyfkyo jf 9080, ch yfpoyzhnfb, H ghcjkjhzh gocxvkwzh o

ckcdo, ]fah xvfwzkoch h mhlzh jf jobâcko jh ghcjkjhzh jfczyo jo PZ f mhq vb hlfyzh woiyf ow

ykwgow jf vbh no}fychczf “kcftpfykfczf‒ zfy vb hlkhjo ghlgvlkwzh gobo o PBJI#

Phyh mkghy bhkw glhyo o powkgkochbfczo jh ]fah, f zhbiëb o jh GhyzhGhpkzhl , }hbow

yfghpkzvlhy phyzf jh nácfwf jo PWJI f jo PZ1

O PWJI mok moybhjo h phyzky jf vb nyvpo jf jkwwkjfczfw jo PBJI, phyzkjo xvf, hlkèw,

hgowzvbov"wf h goc}k}fy gob ow hlkhjow ch bhyyh, jvyhczf o Yfnkbf Bklkzhy $pfyâojo fb xvf

jk}fywhw }fyzfczfw jh wogkfjhjf wf hlkh}hb o BJI, jf bojo h wf moyzhlfgfyfb goczyh o

bklkzhykwbo+# Fb zojhw hw jkwpvzhw pyfwkjfcgkhkw ogoyykjhw jfpokw jh yfjfbogyhzkqhîço, ow

ghcjkjhzow pffwwfjfikwzhw wfbpyf moyhb jf Wço Phvlo ov gob }kjh polâzkgh gocwzyvâjh co

fwzhjo $gobo ë o ghwo jo ghykogh Mfychcjo Dfcykxvf Ghyjowo+#

Yflfbiyhcjo, wfnvcjo Bozzh $8;;;+, o bhkoy pyoilfbh jow phyzkjow yfpvilkghcow mok xvf flfw

gocjvqkyhb o no}fyco, jvyhczf h Pykbfkyh Yfpñilkgh $ov Yfpñilkgh ]fldh+, gobo vbh

}fyjhjfkyh olknhyxvkh, ftglvkcjo h phyzkgkphîço jf ovzyhw moyîhw phyzkjèykhw, jkmkgvlzhcjo, jfwzh

moybh, h gobpfzkîço pflo pojfy#

Aè o PZ, jf hgoyjo gob Bozzh $8;;;+, ë vbh jhw gocwzyvîöfw phyzkjèykhw bhkw oyknkchkw, pokw

wvh gobpowkîço mok jfwfc}ol}kjh poy kcjk}âjvow xvf cço mhqkhb phyzf jh flkzf polâzkgh

iyhwklfkyh# Pflo goczyèyko, o phyzkjo fyh gobpowzo poy bfbiyow jh knyfah, pyomfwwoyfw,

69





Aè h yf}kwzh GhyzhGhpkzhl bowzyov xvf h yfgvwh jf Hëgko fb wfy }kgf mok hzë yhgkochl, hmkchl, o

ft"no}fychjoy jf Bkchw wf ihwfov chw pfwxvkwhw phyh avwzkmkghy wvh yfafkîço, ov wfah, h fczyhjh

jf Hëgko gobo }kgf jf Wfyyh cço hcnhykhykh zhczow }ozow, gocmoybf fyh fwpfyhjo pflo PWJI#

Poyëb, wf gobphyhybow fwzf fpkw÷jko gob h wkzvhîço no}fyckwzh, }fyfbow xvf, gobo h

py÷pykh GhyzhGhpkzhl jk}vlnov, h fwgoldh jf Bkgdfl Zfbfy jo PBJI phyh wfy o }kgf jf

Jklbh zf}f gobo oiafzk}o $bvkzo bhkw jo xvf wobhy }ozow+ h zhyfmh jf bhczfy ow

pffbfjfikwzhw vckjow# Kwzo ë, wf Hëgko hgfkzhwwf o goc}kzf jo ft"no}fychjoy jf Wço Phvlo,

bowzyhykh, gocmoybf mok jk}vlnhjo poy ]fah, xvf ow zvghcow fwzh}hb yfhlbfczf vckjow fb

zoyco jo oiafzk}o jf flfnfy Aowë Wfyyh# GhyzhGhpkzhl , jf gfyzh moybh, bowzyov xvf o PWJI

cço fwzh}h zço vckmkghjo xvhczo hpoczh}h h yf}kwzh ]fah#

Gob yflhîço à dhiklkjhjf jf gocgklkhjoyh jf Jklbh, GhyzhGhpkzhl bowzyov xvf h }oghîço phyh

cfnogkhy jh ft"bkckwzyh hvbfczh}h ch bfwbh pyopoyço fb xvf flh gyfwgkh chw pfwxvkwhw jf

kczfcîço jf }ozo# Ë glhyo, xvf fwzh fyh vbh ghyzhjh phyh wfy vzklkqhjh hpfchw jvyhczf h

ghbphcdh flfkzoyhl, fwpfgkhlbfczf hczfw jhw goc}fcîöfw, xvhcjo hkcjh fwzh}hb wfcjo

moybhjhw hw golknhîöfw# Zojh}kh, ghwo flfkzh, hw fwzyhzënkhw jf Jklbh phyh pyobo}fy hgoyjow

gob wfvw hlkhjow jf}fykhb wfy hlkgfyîhjhw fb ovzyow poczow, wfb o hpoyzf jhw pfwxvkwhw, ë

oi}ko#

Vbh jhw kckgkhzk}hw bhkw yfgoyyfczfw jf ]fah fyh bowzyhy xvf h hlkhcîh fczyf PZ f PBJI,

hlëb jf fwjyñtvlh, fwzhykh wfcjo gocwzyvâjh, wvpowzhbfczf, poy bfko jf pyèzkghw klâgkzhw#

Wfnvcjo Wkl}h $9007+ gfyzhw golknhîöfw pojfb yfhlbfczf pyo}oghy pfyjh jh kjfczkjhjf jf

vbh lfnfcjh phyzkjèykh, xvhcjo wfv hlkhjo zfb vb pfymkl kjfol÷nkgo bvkzo jkmfyfczf# Jfwzh

moybh, o flfkzoy mkgh wfb yfmfyácgkh#

6:



GOCGLVWÇO

Golknhîço ë vb hgoyjo fczyf ow phyzkjow gvao oiafzk}o ë ogvphy o bhkoy cñbfyo jf }hnhw chw

flfkîöfw pyopoygkochkw f hvbfczhy o hpoko jf xvfb jkwpvzh hw flfkîöfw bhaoykzèykhw# Ow

pyogfjkbfczow jhw hlkhcîhw phyzkjèykhw wço pyf}kwzow f yfnvlhbfczhjow ch lfnkwlhîço iyhwklfkyh,

xvf fwzhiflfgf, kcglvwk}f, pyhqow phyh xvf ow phyzkjow hpyfwfczhyfb, pfyhczf h Avwzkîh

Flfkzoyhl, gob xvfb }ço wf golknhy f xvhkw wço ow ghcjkjhzow jh golknhîço#

Hw hlkhcîhw f hw gohlkqöfw, jkq Wkl}h $9007+, fwzço ch fwwácgkh jf vb wkwzfbh jfbogyèzkgo,

hmkchl, flhw pojfb wfy o yfmlfto jf vbh wogkfjhjf ghjh }fq bhkw phyzkgkphzk}h f kczfyfwwhjh

fb polâzkgh# Fwwh bhkoy phyzkgkphîço fc}ol}f yfpyfwfczhzk}kjhjfw bhkw dfzfyonácfhw,fcnloihcjo f zyhqfcjo phyh h fwmfyh polâzkgh nyvpow gobo wkcjkghzow, ocnw, knyfahw, fwgolhw,

fbpyfwhw, bo}kbfczow wogkhkw, hbikfczhlkwzhw, fzg#

Ë mhzo xvf hw hlkhcîhw cço wf fcgfyyhb ho mkb jo plfkzo, pflo goczyèyko, flhw goczkcvhb

jvyhczf xvhwf zojo bhcjhzo# Hlëb jkwzo, ovzyow phyzkjow, xvf cço moybhlkqhyhb hgoyjow hczfw

jf vbh flfkîço, }ço à pyogvyh jo phyzkjo xvf fwzè à myfczf jo ftfgvzk}o omfyfgfy hpoko fb

zyogh jf hlnvb mh}oy# Ë o xvf Wkl}h $9007+ gdhbh jf “phyzkjow jo phlègko‒# Fb wvbh, vbhgolknhîço phyzkjèykh wf ihwfkh ch zyogh jf kczfyfwwfw, poy bfko jf ihynhcdhw#

Cço oiwzhczf, xvhczo bhkoy o cñbfyo jf jkmfyfczfw phyzkjow ogvphcjo bkckwzëykow, wfgyfzhykhw,

÷ynçow, pyfwkjácgkhw jf fwzhzhkw, bhkw jkmâgkl wf zoychyè h gocjvîço jo no}fyco, pokw fb bfko

h fwzf ghljfkyço fmfy}fwgfczf jf jkmfyfczfw kjfolonkhw phyzkjèykhw ë xvf }ço wvynky vb cñbfyo

bhkoy jf gocmlkzow, jkwpvzhw f goczyhjkîöfw# Fczyfzhczo, fwwfw pyoilfbhw wço pfyzkcfczfw fb

xvhlxvfy no}fyco f zvjo kwzo pojf wfy goczoychjo f gocjvqkjo, ghwo fwzfah à myfczf joftfgvzk}o vb iob gocgklkhjoy# Mok fthzhbfczf kwzo xvf GhyzhGhpkzhl phwwov h bowzyhy jkhczf

jhw gyâzkghw yflhgkochjhw h gohlkqço jo no}fyco Lvlh# H phyzky jkwzo, ]fah zfczov xvfwzkochy h

mhlzh jf }oghîço jh ft"bkckwzyh f ghcjkjhzh Jklbh Yovwwfmm phyh gocgklkhy gocmlkzow wvynkjow

fb wvh golknhîço#

Jkhczf jkwzo, }fykmkghbow xvf o zyhzhbfczo xvf ]fah jfv àw golknhîöfw phyzkjèykhw mok gobo wf

fwzf mowwf vb pyoilfbh jo PZ# GhyzhGhpkzhl zf}f vb jfwfbpfcdo bhkw yhgkochl ftployhcjo h

ioh gocjkîço jow pfzkwzh, jvyhczf o pfyâojo xvf hczfgfjfyhb hw goc}fcîöfw#

66



O aoychlkwbo jf yf}kwzh hwwvbf co Iyhwkl, pflo bfcow cow jokw }fâgvlow hchlkwhjow, vbh

powkîço opkchzk}h moyzf f zobh phyzkjo jf vb ov ovzyo ghcjkjhzo# Mkgov glhyo fb cowwh

pfwxvkwh, xvf h yf}kwzh ]fah ë goczyh hw golknhîöfw, avwzhbfczf phyh havjhy h gobpoy vbh

kbhnfb jo ghcjkjhzo Wfyyh# H yf}kwzh Ghyzh Ghpkzhl ftplkgh xvf hw golknhîöfw mhqfb phyzf jo

pyogfwwo polâzkgo f jfwzhgh xvf fwzf wfyè o zyvcmo jh gécjkjh Jklbh Yovwwfmm# H lkcdh fjkzoykhl

jhw yf}kwzhw mhq gob xvf, zhczo vbh gobo h ovzyh, wfahb phygkhkw co zyhzhbfczo jo zfbh#

6=



YFMFYÁCGKHW IKILKONYÈMKGHW

HYHCDH, Bhykh Lñgkh jf Hyyvjh5 BHYZKCW, Bhykh Dflfch Pkyfw# Mklowomhcjo1kczyojvîço à mklowomkh# 9¡ fj#, yf}# f hzvhl# Wço Phvlo1 Bojfych, 8;;7#

IHYYOW MKLDO, Gl÷}kw jf# Ëzkgh ch Gobvckghîço# Kc_____ Kbpoy o xvf mhlhy woiyf $hdkp÷zfwf jh “fwpkyhl jo wklácgko‒+# Wço Phvlo1 Wvbbvw, 9007# ghp# =# p# 90>"99>#

GOYCV, Jhckfl# Ëzkgh jh kcmoybhîço# Kc_____ Ow pykcgâpkow jh jfoczolonkh jo aoychlkwboWço Phvlo, FJVWG, 8;;4# ghp# 9# p# :7">4#

NHL]ÇO, Ghylow Mfychcjo5 BFMMF, Goykczo# Jfbogyhgkh ‗ Jo gocgfkzo à pyèzkgh5 jhyfpyfwfczhîço à phyzkgkphîço# Wço Phvlo1 Glhykjhjf, 9080#

NOBFW, ^klwoc# Zyhcwmoybhîöfw jh polâzkgh ch fyh jh gobvckghîço jf bhwwh# Wço Phvlo1

Phvlvw, 900:#

LKBH AVCKOY, Olh}o Iyhwkl jf# Flfkîöfw Pyfwkjfcgkhkw1 Gfczyhlkjhjf, Goczftzo fKbplkghîöfw# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 dzzp1//~~~#wgkflo#iy/pjm/yigwog/}8:c:0/8>06#pjm # Hgfwwo fb194/09/9080#

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BOZZH, Yojykno Phzzo Wè# Kczyojvîço H Dkwzoykh jow Phyzkjow Polâzkgow Iyhwklfkyow# IfloDoykqoczf1 VMBN, 8;;;#

YÁNO, Aoço# Hw Ihwfw W÷gko"fgocúbkghw jow Phyzkjow Polâzkgow co Iyhwkl1 8;49/;0#Jkwpocâ}fl fb1dzzp1//~~~#mvcjha#no}#iy/jogw/kcpwo/gpolk/AYfno/ZftzowGPolkzkgh/Bfwzyhjo/Hpyfwfczhgho/hp

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YOLLO, Hlifyzo# Flfkîöfw co jkyfkzo iyhwklfkyo1 Hzvhlkqhjo gob h Lfk C± 89,07:/0;# WçoPhvlo1 Hzlhw, 9080#

WHCZOW, Aowë Bhcvfl# O zfbpo jow bfjkh f h nfcfyhlkqhîço jo fwzëzkgo# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1dzzp1//~~~#iogg#vmm#iy/phn/whczow"aowf"bhcvfl"zfbpo"bfjkh"nfcfyhlkqhgho"fwzfzkgo#pjm #Hgfwwo fb1 90/0:/9080#

6>

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbcsoc/v14n40/1705.pdf


http://www.facom.ufba.br/pex/2008_1/Matheus%20Magenta%20e%20Michele%20Louvores_RECONSTRU%C3%87%C3%83O%20NARRATIVA%20DO%20ESC%C3%82NDALO%20DO%20MENSAL%C3%83O....pdf



http://www.fundaj.gov.br/docs/inpso/cpoli/JRego/TextosCPolitica/Mestrado/Apresentacao/apresentacao_As%20Bases_Socioeconomicas.htm


http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0102-69092002000100004&script=sci_arttext&tlng=in#astback


http://www.bocc.uff.br/pag/santos-jose-manuel-tempo-media-generalizacao-estetico.pdf









http://www.bocc.uff.br/pag/santos-jose-manuel-tempo-media-generalizacao-estetico.pdf



WGHLQO, Bhyâlkh# Aoychlkwbo jf yf}kwzh# 7¡ fjkîço# 9¡ yfkbpyfwwço# Wço Phvlo1 Goczftzo,9007#

WKL]H, Aowë Cfpobvgfco# Hw hlkhcîhw f golknhîöfw phyzkjèykhw# Wço Phvlo1 Jfl Yf{, 9007#

WOVWH, Aoynf Pfjyo# O aoychlkwbo ch jfbogyhgkh yfpyfwfczhzk}h1 Vb fcwhko# Jkwpocâ}flfb1 dzzp1//~~~#iogg#vik#pz/phn/iogg"o"aoychlkwbo"wovwh#pjm # Hgfwwo fb1 70/0=/9080#

ZDOBPWOC, Aodc I# H bâjkh f h bojfyckjhjf ‗ Vbh zfoykh wogkhl jh bâjkh# 9¡ fjkîço#Pfzy÷polkw1 ]oqfw, 8;;6#

ZYHXVKCH, Cflwoc# O pojfy jo Aoychlkwbo ‗ hcèlkwf f zftzow jh Zfoykh jo Hnfcjhbfczo#Gokbiyh1 Bkcfy}h, 9000#

[VYZWF]FY, Lf{lh# Ow Phyzkjow Polâzkgow f h Jfbogyhgkh Yfpyfwfczhzk}h# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1

dzzp1//~~~#~fihyzknow#gob/hyzkglfw/84>67/8/OW"PHYZKJOW"POLKZKGOW"F"H"JFBOGYHGKH"YFPYFWFCZHZK]H/phnkch8#dzbl# Hgfwwo fb1 98/07/9080#

Yf}kwzh GhyzhGhpkzhl , fjkzoyh Gocmkhcîh# Cñbfyow1 6>;, 649, 64:, 64=, 6;8, 6;9, 6;>, 6;4,6;;#

Yf}kwzh ]fah, fjkzoyh Hiykl# Cñbfyow1 98:4, 9869, 9867, 9866, 986>, 986;, 98=0, 98=8, 98=9,98==#

http://www.bocc.ubi.pt/pag/bocc-o-jornalismo-sousa.pdf

http://www.webartigos.com/articles/18753/1/OS-PARTIDOS-POLITICOS-E-A-DEMOCRACIA-REPRESENTATIVA/pagina1.html


http://www.bocc.ubi.pt/pag/bocc-o-jornalismo-sousa.pdf



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