BACHELARD: Uma aproximação entre a epistemologia e a Didátia na Educação Matemática

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  • 7/23/2019 BACHELARD: Uma aproximao entre a epistemologia e a Didtia na Educao Matemtica

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    O@LBCJ@_H4 SM@ @V_ARNM@A CIX_C @ CVN\XCMAJAKN@ C @

    HNHXNL@ I@ CHSL@A M@XCMXNL@

    QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

    @ihrc` _ahrnksc| \npscnr` "`ihrc`Frahrnksc||npscnr`)lam)or.

    C|vcln`jn|x` cm Hnrcnxa Cmvrc|`rn`j vcj` ESL@V)

    Kcocr Ocihcx \`ihrnin

    Bnjhck`r Daa hc \ci` "bd|ci`Fkm`nj)lam)or.

    Mc|xr`ha cm Chsl`a i` Sinucr|nh`hc ha \sj hc \`ix` L`x`rni` - SIN\SJ

    Jcun Larr` X`ilrcha"jcunFx`ilrcha)lam)or.

    C|vcln`jn|x` cm _chc| hc Lamvsx`harc| vcj` SIN\SJ

    Jsnt @ixaina \

    _c|sma

    @xs`jmcixc* ` Chsl`a M`xcmxnl` aodcxa hc vc|psn|` hc urna| vraen||nai`n|

    ciuajuciha vraec||arc|* vc|psn|`harc|* bn|xarn`harc| c cvn|xcmjaka|) C||c `rxnka xcm

    var aodcxnua `vrc|cix`r `jksm`| nhn`| vrava|x`|var K`|xai O`lbcj`rh* lai|nhcr`ha a

    enj|aea ha hc|laixnis|ma i` r`ta c i` bn|xrn` h` lniln`* a ps`j xr`t cm |s`| aor`|

    cjcmcixa| nmvarx`ixc| v`r` psc|xnai`mcixa| c hco`xc| `lcrl` hc hakm`xn|ma| c lailcvc|

    rcj`lnai`ha| `a laibclnmcixa lncixnenla) Vralsr`-|c cunhciln`r ` nmvarxiln` hc |s`|

    nhn`| ia l`mva h` M`xcmxnl`* `a c|x`ocjclcr sm` `vranm`a cixrc ` cvn|xcmajakn` hc

    O`lbcj`rh c ` Hnhxnl` h` M`xcmxnl`* cie`xnt`iha `| nhn`| vrava|x`| var Oras||c`s* `lcrl`

    ha| ao|xlsja| hnhxnla|)

    V`j`ur`|-lb`uc4 O`lbcj`rh* ao|xlsja cvn|xcmajknla* ao|xlsja hnhxnla* Chsl`a

    M`xcmxnl`)

    Nixrahsa

    A xr`o`jba ha enj|aea er`il|* K`|xai O`lbcj`rh "0228-0>5?.* sm m`rla

    nmvarx`ixc i` lai|xrsa hc sm` lailcva laixcmvaric` hc Lniln`) \s`|

    nhn`| |aorc a laibclnmcixa lncixenla |a rcjcu`ixc| i`| hn|ls||c| `lcrl` h`

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    lailcva hc lniln` c ha vralc||a hc ci|nia-`vrcihnt`kcm i` rc` lncixenl`*

    un|xa psc xr`xas hc psc|xc| cvn|xcmajknl`| i` Psmnl`* i` M`xcmxnl` c i`

    E|nl`) Sm` hc |s`| aor`| m`n| m`rl`ixc| @ Earm`a ha C|vrnxa Lncixenla

    "0>86 c `x |s` marxc* K`|xaiO`lbcj`rh ccrlcs iaxucj `xnunh`hc halcixc i` \aroaiic) Lama rc|sjx`ha |cs

    xr`o`jba enja|enla cirnpsclc ` hn|ls||a* hc lsiba cvn|xcmajknla* ` rc|vcnxa ha

    ci|nia hc Lniln`|)

    O`lbcj`rh unucs cm sm vcraha hc kr`ihc| laipsn|x`| i` lniln` c hc

    kr`ihc| msh`i`| h` r`lnai`jnh`hc bsm`i`) Ean laixcmvarica hc lai|xrsc|

    rcuajslnairn`| i` lniln`* lama a l`|a h` xcarn` h` rcj`xnunh`hc c h` mclinl`psixnl`) Ean sm lrxnla ha cmvnrn|ma* ha l`rxc|n`in|ma c ha va|nxnun|ma

    psc m`rl`u`m ` lailcva hc lniln`* ma|xr`iha-|c sm enj|aea ni|xnk`ixc c

    vajmnla)

    Ora||c`s "0>2

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    Lcrx`mcixc* hc|laixnisnh`hc a xcrma m`n| nmvarx`ixc i` enja|aen` hc O`lbcj`rh) Ia

    jnura @ Earm`a ha C|vrnxa Lncixenla* O`lbcj`rh "0>>5. vralsr` vrau`r psc ` `o|xr`a

    hc|ao|xrsn a c|vrnxa* xari`iha-a m`n| jcuc c m`n| hnimnla) Ic||c |cixnha* hc|x`l` xr|

    vcraha| i` bn|xrn` ha vci|`mcixa lncixenla4 c|x`ha vr-lncixenla "\lsja| RUN* RUNN c

    RUNNN.* lncixenla "RNR c RR. c ` cr` ha iaua c|vrnxa lncixenla* ninln`h` cm 0>63* mamcixa

    cm psc ` _cj`xnunh`hc hc Cni|xcni hcearm` lailcnxa| vrnmarhn`n| psc cr`m xnha| lama

    en`ha| v`r` |cmvrc) Hc||c mamcixa cm hn`ixc* ` r`ta |cksc asxra| l`mniba|* hcn` v`r`

    xr`t iac| x cixa esih`mcix`n| c v`rxc v`r` `o|xr`c| m`n| sh`lna|`|)

    Cm |cs| xr`o`jba|* O`lbcj`rh "0>>5.* `i`jn|` `|vclxa| ciuajunha| ia| vralc||a| hc

    `vravrn`a hc laibclnmcixa| lncixenla| vcja| c|xsh`ixc|* m`| vrnilnv`jmcixc lama alarrc `

    vrahsa lncixenl ) Varx`ixa* |cs| c|xsha| |a nmvarx`ixc| x`ixa v`r` a c|xsha ha vralc||a hc`vrcihnt`kcm ps`ixa v`r` ` earm`a hc sm` lailcva hc lniln`)

    \cksiha Javc| "0>>5.* ia cixcihnmcixa hc O`lbcj`rh* ` rc`jnh`hc aodcxnu` v`r` a |ci|a

    lamsm `pscj` psc |c `vrc|cix` `a| |cixnha|* a rc`j `v`rcixc e`t v`rxc hc||c laibclnmcixa)

    Varx`ixa* |cr var mcna ha ramvnmcixa lam c||c laibclnmcixa hc |ci|a lamsm psc |c

    hc|ciuajucr a laibclnmcixa lncixenla)

    O`lbcj`rh "0>>5.* vravc psc i` earm`a nihnunhs`j* a vci|`mcixa lncixenla v`||`rn`

    iclc||`rn`mcixc vcja| |cksnixc| c|xkna|4

    0. A c|x`ha lailrcxa* cm psc a vci|`mcixa c|x`rn` earxcmcixc vrc|a `| nm`kci| vrnmcnr`|7

    ?. A c|x`ha lailrcxa-`o|xr`xa* cm psc a vci|`mcixa cilaixr`-|c ism` |nxs`a v`r`ha`j4

    a c|vrnxa |cixc-|c m`n| |cksra hc |s` `o|xr`a ps`ixa m`n| lj`r`mcixc c||` `o|xr`a earrcvrc|cix`h` var sm` nixsna |ci|ucj7

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    cixr`uc* i`| |s`| v`j`ur`| ism ucrh`hcnra ao|xlsja `a hc|ciuajunmcixa ha vci|`mcixa

    lncixenla) C||` hnenlsjh`hc hc xr`i|var a rc`j |s|xcix`h`* msnx`| uctc|* vcja s|a hc

    mcxear`| c `i`jakn`| ps`iha d ia m`n| va||ucj vci|`r cm xcrma| hc rc`jnh`hc e|nl` c

    nmchn`x`)

    @ lailcva hc O`lbcj`rh |aorc a vrakrc||a h` lniln` v`sx`-|c i` hc|laixnisnh`hc*

    `vrc|cix` ` nhn` hc psc ` rsvxsr` lam a laxnhn`ia c lam a vci|`mcixa cmvrnla e`t v`rxc

    ha hc|ciuajunmcixa ha vci|`mcixa lncixenla) I` lailcva hc O`lbcj`rh* a vci|`mcixa

    lncixenla hc|ciuajuc-|c var mcna hc rcuajsc| c ia hc cuajsc|) As |cd`* a `u`ia

    lncixenla c|x* i` un|a hc|xc enj|aea* `||aln`ha ` rsvxsr`|* ia b`uciha* varx`ixa*

    laixnisnh`hc cixrc a vci|`mcixa laxnhn`ia c a vci|`mcixa lncixenla* icm jnic`rnh`hc i`bn|xrn` h` lai|xrsa ha| lailcnxa| lncixenla|)

    N)

    NN) ? - Ao|xlsja Cvn|xcmajknla

    @ iaa hc ao|xlsja lama lai|xnxsnixc ha vci|`mcixa lncixenla `v`rclcs* vcj`

    vrnmcnr` uct* cm 0>>5 v)?6 .

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    Ps`ixa ` c||c `|vclxa rcj`xnua `a laibclnmcixa lncixenla* Ora||c`s "0>>2.* lai|nhcr`

    psc ` `ijn|c cvn|xcmajknl` vcrmnxc ` sm vc|psn|`har h` chsl`a ` nhcixnenl`a hc

    ao|xlsja|* cixrc `| hnenlsjh`hc| hcxclx`h`| ia vralc||a h` `vrcihnt`kcm) Varx`ixa* x`mom

    cixcihc psc ` iaa hc ao|xlsja cvn|xcmajknla hcuc c|x`r vrc|cixc i` hn|ls||a |aorc a

    ci|nia c `vrcihnt`kcm h`| lniln`| e|nl`| c m`xcmxnl`|)

    @ lailcva o`lbcj`rhn`i` "0>>5* v)??.* hn|xniksc ocm `| esic| ha bn|xarn`har h`| lniln`| c ha

    cvn|xcmjaka* `enrm`iha psc a bn|xarn`har xam` `| nhn`| lama e`xa| c a cvn|xcmjaka

    hcuc xam`r a| e`xa| lama nhn`| ni|crniha-a| ism |n|xcm` hc vci|`mcixa) Sm e`xa m`j

    nixcrvrcx`ha var sm` val` vcrm`iclc* v`r` a bn|xarn`har* sm e`xa) V`r` a cvn|xcmjaka* sm ao|xlsja* sm laixr` vci|`mcixa)

    \cksiha O`lbcj`rh* a vci|`mcixa lncixenla |srkc lama a rc|sjx`ha hc sm` hnenlsjh`hc

    ucilnh`* lama ao|xlsja |svcr`ha) C||c cvn|xcmjaka lrxnl` a |n|xcm` hnhxnla* `enrm`iha

    psc ` iaa hc ao|xlsja vch`kknla nkiar`h` var chsl`harc| c xlinla| h` chsl`a)

    Ic||c |cixnha* hc|x`l` psc4

    @lba |srvrccihcixc psc a| vraec||arc| hc lniln`|* m`n| ha psc a| asxra| |cva||ucj ea||c* ia lamvrccih`m psc `jksm ia lamvrccih`) Vasla| |a a| psc|c hcxnucr`m i` v|nlajakn` ha crra* h` nkiariln` c h` nrrcejca) "))). A| vraec||arc|

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    hc lniln`| nm`kni`m psc a c|vrnxa lamc` lama sm` `sj`* psc |cmvrc va||ucjrclai|xrsnr sm` lsjxsr` e`jb` vcj` rcvcxna h` jna* psc |c vahc e`tcr cixcihcr sm`hcmai|xr`a rcvcxniha-` vaixa var vaixa) "O@LBCJ@_H* v) ?>5* v)5>.* a laibclnmcixa kcr`j ccrlcs sm` earxc niejsiln` ick`xnu`

    |aorc a hc|ciuajunmcixa ha laibclnmcixa lncixenla) V`r` cjc cn|xc sm vcrnka|a vr`tcr

    nixcjclxs`j i` kcicr`jnt`a `vrc||`h` c elnj) @ os|l` `vrc||`h` h` kcicr`jnt`a jcu`

    msnx`| uctc| ` kcicr`jnh`hc| m`j lajal`h`|* |cm jnk`a lam `| esic| m`xcmxnl`|

    c||ciln`n| ha ecimcia)

    \cksiha O`lbcj`rh "0>>5.* ` vch`kakn` ` c|x v`r` vrau`r ` nirln` ha vci|`mcixa psc

    |c |`xn|e`t lam a `larha ucro`j h`| hceninc|)Ic|xc l`|a* ccmvjnenl` lam ` jcn7 ia ulsa*

    xaha| a| larva| l`cm mc|m` ucjalnh`hc) \cksiha cjc* c||c sm cisiln`ha xnj* varm

    vahc lai|xnxsnr-|c ism ao|xlsja `a vci|`mcixa) @ jcn xa lj`r`* lamvjcx` c eclb`h` psc

    ia c|xnmsj` ` |c c|xsh`r m`n| vraesih`mcixc a ecimcia h` psch`* as |cd`* nmaonjnt` avci|`mcixa) V`r` cjc* ` eclsihnh`hc hc sm lailcnxa lncixenla hcvcihc ha |cs vaxciln`j hc

    hcearm`a)

    Ic||c |cixnha* lajal` psc a laibclnmcixa kcr`j sm laibclnmcixa u`ka* psc cixr`u` `

    r`ta c a vrakrc||a ha vci|`mcixa lncixenla) Cm |s`| v`j`ur`|4

    Eariclc rc|va|x`| hcm`|n`ha u`k`|* en`|* |cksr`| c kcr`n| ` ps`jpscrpsc|xnai`mcixa) H laienrm`c| elcn| ` bnvxc|c| nmchn`x`|) Cm vch`kakn` a

    vraojcm` `kr`u`-|c* van| ` nhn` ha kcr`j `v`rclc nmchn`x`mcixc `h`vx`h` nhn`lamsm) "O@LBCJ@_H* v)?

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    ?. @ cvcrniln` vrnmcnr`4

    @ xc|c hc O`lbcj`rh hc psc a c|vrnxa lncixenla hcuc earm`r-|c laixr` ` i`xsrct`*

    laixr` a| `|vclxa| lajarnha| c larrnpscnra|) V`r` cjc a vci|`mcixa lncixenla hcuc vcrlarrcr

    l`mniba| psc hc|uncm a c|vrnxa h`| nm`kci|* `i`jakn`| c mcxear`|)

    I`| lj`||c| ha lsr|a cjcmcix`r* a vnxarc|la c `| nm`kci| l`s|`m hc|`|xrc| hc||cxnva) O`|x` psc sm` cvcrniln` |cd` ecnx` lam sm `v`rcjba c|psn|nxa* c |aorcxshapsc cj` vraucib`* |ao hciamni`a hnecrcixc* h`| jaikips`| arnkci| h` lniln`*lama var ccmvja b`rminl` psmnl`* v`r` psc a| `jsia| vrc|xcm `xcia4 `vci`|hcncm hc ajb`r a| ecimcia| c||ciln`n|) "O@LBCJ@_H* v)82.)

    Ic||c |cixnha* O`lbcj`rh "0>>5* v)36.* `jcrx` v`r` a e`xa hc psc cvcrniln`|

    m`rl`ixc|* rcvjcx`| hc nm`kci|* |a lcixra| hc nixcrc||c cpsnual`ha| c* psc a

    nmvarx`ixc psc a vraec||ar cxr`vajc ` mcr` cvcrniln`* os|l`iha cxr`nr a

    `o|xr`xa ha lailrcxa* v`r` `xniknr sm` lai|xrsa r`lnai`j cvjlnx`) V`r` cjc

    u`jc m`n| ` nkiariln` xax`j ha psc sm laibclnmcixa c|u`tn`ha hc |cs l`rxcr

    lncixenla* hc |cs vrnilvna esih`mcix`j)

    V`r` O`lbcj`rh "0>>5* v)52.* a psc cn|xc hc m`n| nmchn`xa i` cvcrniln` vrnmcnr`

    |ama| i| mc|ma|* ia||`| |srh`| v`nc| c ia||a| hc|cda| nilai|lncixc|) V`r` hcmai|xr`r

    c|x` psc|xa* a `sxar hc|lrcucs `|vclxa| rcj`lnai`ha| `jpsnmn`* rc||`jx`iha `|vclxa|

    |sodcxnua|* nmchn`xa| c hnrcxa|) Vralsras cunhciln`r ` niejsiln` hc v`nc| v`rxnlsj`rc|

    |aorc a hc|ciuajunmcixa h` cvcrniln` `jpsmnl`) Ic||c vaixa* a enj|aea `hucrxc psc

    a| chsl`harc| hcucm hcecihcr |cs| `jsia| h` `ecxnunh`hc vrc|cixc cm lcrxa| ecimcia|)

    \cksiha cjc* `a c|vcxlsja ha| ecimcia| m`n| nixcrc||`ixc|* m`n| c|v`ixa|a|* a bamcm u`n

    i`xsr`jmcixc lam xaha| a| |cs| hc|cda|* lam xah`| `| |s`| v`nc|* lam xah` ` `jm`) Ia

    van| hc `hmnr r psc a vrnmcnra laibclnmcixa aodcxnua |cd` sm vrnmcnra crra)

    Cm rcj`a ` c|x` psc|xa lajal` psc ` cvcrniln` vrnmcnr` c|x earxcmcixc `||aln`h` `a

    nmchn`xa* `a |sodcxnua* vnxarc|la* elnj* nmchn`xa c `a cmvnrn|ma)

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    O`lbcj`rh l`r`lxcrnt` bonxa| hc i`xsrct` ucro`j lama ao|xlsja| `a

    vci|`mcixa lncixenla) L`|a| cm psc sm` inl` v`j`ur`* as inl` nm`kcm vahc

    |so|xnxsnr xah` sm` cvjnl`a) X`n| ao|xlsja| c|xa rcj`lnai`ha| `a s|a `os|nua

    c hc|`ds|x`ha hc nm`kci|* mcxear`| c `i`jakn`|) A vcrnka psc vahc* |cksiha*

    rcear`r lailcvc| jxcri`xnu`| r`hnl`n| ha nm`knirna ha c|xsh`ixc)

    V`r` a enj|aea er`il| "0>>5* v)>

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    |c psc ps`iha a| `jsia| |c rcecrcm ` `|vclxa| sxnjnxrna| ha| lailcnxa|* lama varccmvja4 ` eaxa||ixc|c ` esia psc vsrnenl` a `r psc i| rc|vnr`ma|* v`rclc pscn|xa |senlncixc v`r` hceninr a| lailcnxa|) "O@LBCJ@_H* v)?>5* v)0?0.

    5. A ao|xlsja `inmn|x`4

    Lai|n|xc i` `vjnl`a hc cvjnl`c| hc ecimcia| ha| rcnia| `inm`j c uckcx`j v`r`lamvrcci|a hc ecimcia| e|nla| c psmnla|* a psc i` ucrh`hc lai|n|xn` cm ao|xlsja

    lamvrcci|a hc x`n| ecimcia|* ocm lama ` l`v`lnh`hc hc `o|xr`a* e`xar c||ciln`j `a

    vci|`mcixa lncixenla) V`r` O`lbcj`rh "0>>5.* ia |c xr`x` `vci`| ha s|a hc `i`jakn`|* m`| `

    rc`j iclc||nh`hc hc vci|`r hc `larha lam a psc nm`kni`m |cr avj`ia i`xsr`j)

    Ia vci|`mcixa vr-lncixenla* vrnilnv`jmcixc ha |lsja RUNNN* a vrnilvna unx`jccrlcs

    earxc niejsiln`) Niljs|nuc* a jnura ha laihc Xrc||`i* |cksiha O`lbcj`rh "0>>5* v)0>0.*`vrc|cix` a ejsha cjxrnla lama m`xrn` unu` psc `inm` c mauc xaha a sinucr|a* a| `|xra|* `|

    vj`ix`|* a| lar`c| c a| kcrmc|) Cixrcx`ixa* |cksiha a enj|aea er`il|* ia cxci|a xr`o`jba

    hc Xrc||`i i`h` vrau` x`j `enrm`a* ia |a `vrc|cix`ha| `rksmcixa| psc jcknxnmc c||`

    |so|x`iln`jnt`a ha nmvsj|a unx`j)

    Cm rcj`a ` c|xc ao|xlsja* @ihr`hc* Ecrr`rn % T~jocr|tx`di lajal`m psc 4

    A ao|xlsja `inmn|x` xr`hst-|c ism` xcihiln` v`r`* hc sm maha nikisa* `inm`r*`xrnosnr unh` c msnx`| uctc| vravrnch`hc| `ixravamrenl`| ` aodcxa| ni`inm`ha|)Cm chsl`a cm lniln`* a ao|xlsja `inmn|x` lai|xnxsn kr`ihc hnenlsjh`hc

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    `vravrn`a ha lailcnxa lncixenla) @ lamvrcci|a h`| rcvrc|cix`c| lncixenl`|cnkc sm` rsvxsr` lam `| rcvrc|cix`c| `inmn|x`|)"@IH_@HC* v) ?;>.)

    A cvn|xcmjaka hcuc xnr`r a| halsmcixa| rclajbnha| vcja bn|xarn`har c dsjk-ja ha vaixa

    hc un|x` h` r`ta cuajsh`4 |amcixc ia| ia||a| hn`| psc vahcma| vjci`mcixc dsjk`r a| crra|

    ha v`||`ha c|vnrnxs`j)

    @ lailcva h` iaa hc ao|xlsja cvn|xcmajknla* |cksiha Ora||c`s "0>22

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    psc iclc||rna sm ejsa |senlncixc hc |nxs`c| iau`|* ni`||nmnjucn| var cjc ` enm hc

    hc|c|x`onjnt`-ja* xari`-ja nicenl`t* nixnj* e`j|a* maxnu`iha hc|x` earm` a |sdcnxa ` nhcixnenl`-

    ja* vcrlcociha |cs jnmnxc cvjnl`xnua c os|l`iha cixa |c jnur`r hc x`j crra)

    A psc l`r`lxcr|xnla ic||c xnva hc crra psc cjc c|x jnk`ha ` sm` m`icnr` hc laibclcr*

    ` sm` lailcva l`r`lxcr|xnl`* lacrcixc c mc|ma larrcx`* ` sm laibclnmcixa `ixnka psc

    xcuc |slc||a cm xaha sm hamina hc `a)

    \cksiha Ora||c`s "0>2>5* v) 02.)

    Cm rcj`a ` c|xc `|vclxa* O`lbcj`rh rc||`jx` psc4

    @ vcrksix` `o|xr`x` c er`il` |c hc|k`|x`4 ` rc|va|x` lailrcx` enl`) @ v`rxnr h`*` `xnunh`hc c|vnrnxs`j |c niucrxc c |c ojapscn`) Sm ao|xlsja cvn|xcmajknla |cnilrs|x` ia laibclnmcixa ia psc|xnai`ha) "O@LBCJ@_H*0>>5* v) 0>.)

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    @nih` ic||c |cixnha* a O`lbcj`rh lnx` Ork|ai* `a `enrm`r psc ia||a c|vrnxa xcihc

    ` lai|nhcr`r lam m`n| lj`rct` ` nhn` psc la|xsm` s|`r lam m`n| ercpiln`) As |cd`* a

    c|vrnxa lai|cru`xnua v`||` ` hamni`r* van| vrcecrc a psc laienrm` |cs |`ocr psnja psc alaixr`hnt) Cienm* ka|x` m`n| h`| rc|va|x`| ha psc h`| vcrksix`|) X`j `xnxshc xcihc ` cmvcrr`r

    a hc|ciuajunmcixa ha vci|`mcixa lncixenla)

    Asxr` nhn` hc O`lbcj`rh* psc v`rclc nixcrc||`ixc hc|x`l`r ic||` hn|ls||a* hnt rc|vcnxa

    c|laj`4

    axnmn|ma xaja vci|`r psc |`ocr |cruc* `sxam`xnl`mcixc* v`r` |`ocr* psc `

    lsjxsr` xari`-|c x`ixa m`n| elnj ps`ixa m`n| cxci|` ear* psc ` nixcjnkiln` cienm*|`ilnai`h` var nxa| vrclalc| as var |nmvjc| lailsr|a| sinucr|nxrna|* |c l`vnx`jnt`ps`j rnpsct` m`xcrn`j) "))). vahc-|c lam lcrxct` hntcr psc sm` l`oc` ocm ecnx` niecjntmcixc sm` l`oc` eclb`h`) sm vrahsxa h` c|laj`) "O@LBCJ@_H*0>>5*

    v) ?6.)

    Ic||c |cixnha* ` l`oc` ocm ecnx` vrcln|` |cr cixa rcecnx`* as |cd`* iclc||rna psc

    alarr` sm` iau` ark`int`a nixcjclxs`j `xr`u| hc sm` rcuajsa nixcjclxs`j) @jksi| `sxarc|

    `vaix`m v`r` ` sxnjnt`a hc vraojcm`| lama sm` oa` c|xr`xkn` v`r` sm ci|nia hc lniln`|

    |nkinenl`xnua c l`v`t hc hc|ciuajucr a vci|`mcixa lncixenla)

    Cips`ixa O`lbcj`rh* hn|lsxc ` vrc|ci` ha ao|xlsja vch`kknla ia ci|nia hc

    lniln`|* Ora||c`s "0>2

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    A nixcrc||c hc Ora||c`s vcja lailcnxa hc ao|xlsja| cm hnhxnl` c|x rcj`lnai`ha

    psc|xa ha| vraojcm`| sxnjnt`ha| cm m`xcmxnl` lama c|xr`xkn` hnhxnl`) V`r` cjc* a|

    vraojcm`| m`n| nixcrc||`ixc| |cra `pscjc| psc vcrmnxc xr`i|var sm ucrh`hcnra ao|xlsja)

    Sm ao|xlsja lai|xnxsha hc laibclnmcixa|* lam rcj`c|* mxaha| hc `vrcci|a c hc

    vrcun|c|) Cjc xcihc ` rc|n|xnr rcdcna* xcix`iha `h`vx`r-|c jal`jmcixc* as |c mahnenl`r

    `a mciar vrca* |c axnmnt`iha |aorc sm l`mva rchstnha) V`r` Ora||c`s* var l`s|`

    hc|x` rc|n|xiln` rcdcna* psc |c e`t iclc||rna sm ejsa |senlncixc hc |nxs`c| nihnx`|*

    ni`||nmnjucn| var cjc* psc ua hc|c|x`onjnt`-ja* xari`iha-a nixnj* nicenl`t c e`j|a) E`tciha

    cmcrknr ` iclc||nh`hc hc rcdcna ha mc|ma)

    Hc||` earm`* ` |svcr`a hc sm ao|xlsja rcpscr sm xr`o`jba hc mc|m` i`xsrct` psc` `||nmnj`a hc sm laibclnmcixa* as |cd`* cnkc nixcr`c| rcvcxnh`| c hn`jxnl`| ha `jsia

    lam a aodcxa ha |cs laibclnmcixa) @||nm* v`r` Ora||c`s"0>22

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    ` |s` sxnjnh`hc* a| imcra| hclnm`n| c|xa |ciha ci|ni`ha| a m`n| lcha va||ucj* `||aln`ha|

    ` sm |n|xcm` hc mchnh`|) Hc||` earm`* badc a| hclnm`n| |a v`r` msnxa| `jsia| nixcnra|

    i`xsr`n| lam sm` msh`i` hc sinh`hc* varx`ixa* i`xsr`n| lam unrksj`) V`r` Ora||c`s* c|x`

    lailcva `van`h` vcj` mcl`int`a ha `jsia* u`n |c xari`r sm ao|xlsja `xc ` sinucr|nh`hc

    aihc |c vahc xcr sm` oa` lamvrcci|a ha| rc`n|)

    >>.* hcmai|xr` hc m`icnr`o`|x`ixc |nmvjnenl`h` psc ` cvn|xcmajakn` a r`ma ha |`ocr psc |c nixcrc||` var psc|xc|

    x`n| lama4 a psc a laibclnmcixa1 Lama |c vralc||` a laibclnmcixa1 Ps`j ` i`xsrct` ha|

    aodcxa| psc lamvcm sm` hcxcrmni`h` lniln` "` m`xcmxnl` var ccmvja.)

    Ia psc |c rcecrc cvn|xcmajakn` h` m`xcmxnl` Ucrki`sh "0>>6. hc|x`l` a| vrnilnv`n|

    `|vclxa| hn|lsxnha| ic||c l`mva) \a cjc|4

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    A c|xsha ha laibclnmcixa m`xcmxnla ` v`rxnr h`| rcejcc| c|vaixic`| ha| vrvrna|

    m`xcmxnla| |aorc ` i`xsrct` hc |cs laibclnmcixa c ha| vralc||a| hc niucia c hc

    hc|laocrx`7

    @ vcr|vclxnu` bn|xrnl`* v`r` cixcihcr a| `moncixc| |aln`n| c lncixenla| cm psc iaua|

    lailcnxa| c xlinl`| h` M`xcmxnl` cmcrknr`m c |c hc|ciuajucr`m7

    @ nilarvar`a ha cmo`xc m`xcmxnla-enja|enla |aorc a| esih`mcixa| h`

    M`xcmxnl`* psc niljscm a jaknln|ma* a nixsnlnain|ma* a earm`jn|ma* a

    lai|xrsxnun|ma cixrc asxra|)

    V`r` Nkjnarn "0>>>. nmvarx`ixc hc|x`l`r psc ` Chsl`a M`xcmxnl` c|x cm e`|c

    hc lai|xnxsna* van| xm `vci`| xr| hl`h`| hc cn|xiln`) @||nm* ` nmvarxiln` harcj`lnai`mcixa cixrc ` Cvn|xcmajakn` c ` Hnhxnl` h` M`xcmxnl`* lai|n|xc cm c|x`ocjclcr a|

    esih`mcixa| |cksnha|) A laibclnmcixa hc|x` rcj`a c||ciln`j v`r` a| vc|psn|`harc| cm

    Chsl`a M`xcmxnl` c chsl`harc| psc os|l`m `jxcri`xnu`| v`r` mninmnt`r `| hnenlsjh`hc|

    ciercix`h`| ia `xa hc ci|ni`r c hc `vrcihcr lailcnxa| m`xcmxnla|)

    V`r` \ncrvni|g` "0>2>.* ` `ijn|c cvn|xcmajknl` |cruc `ixc| hc m`n| i`h` v`r`

    lamvrccihcr a| lailcnxa| m`xcmxnla| lsda ci|nia ia| nixcrc||`) Lamvrccihcr pscr hntcrx`mom lbck`r ` laibclcr ia |amcixc a `moncixc jknla hc|xc| lailcnxa| i` |s` c|xrsxsr`

    cm iucj xlinla h` lsjxsr` m`xcmxnl` "hceninc|* rcj`c| lam asxra| lailcnxa|* cxl))).*

    m`| x`mom a| |nkinenl`ha| va||ucn| psc vahcm jbc laiecrnr hnucr|`| enja|aen`|* lrci`|

    as ni|xnxsnc| "iucj earm`j.* lama x`mom* a |cs esilnai`mcixa ia ps`hra hc hnecrcixc|

    c|pscm`| ha vci|`mcixa c lamvarx`mcixa) Lamvrccihcr sm lailcnxa x`mom |`ocr

    varpsc c ps`iha cjc |c xarias nmvarx`ixc as esih`mcix`j cm m`xcmxnl`)

    @ cvn|xcmajakn` h` chsl`a M`xcmxnl`* vrakrnhc cm lai|aiiln` lam rc`| hn|xnix`|*

    x`n| lama ` Enja|aen`* ` Bn|xrn` ` V|nlajakn`* ` vrvrn` M`xcmxnl` c asxr`|) N|xa varpsc `

    Chsl`a M`xcmxnl * `vjnl`-|c cm sm` hcxcrmni`h` ni|xnxsna* |alnch`hc as |`j` hc `sj`* c

    lam vrava|x`| c aodcxnua| u`rn`ha|) Lama var ccmvja* vahc hc|xni`r-|c ` chsl`r sm esxsra

    m`xcmxnla ` earm`r sm lnh`ha v`r` a ps`j ` M`xcmxnl` sm ni|xrsmcixa)

    @ iclc||nh`hc hc sm` iau` `mvjn`a h` cvn|xcmajakn` h` M`xcmxnl` hcecihnh`

    var K`|li ni Nkjnarn "0>>>.) Ha j`ha h` Hnhxnl` cjc vravski` x`mom ` iclc||nh`hc

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    hc sm` `mvjn`a r`hnl`j h` m`xcmxnl` hnhxnl` psc niljs`* lama aodcxa hc c|xsha* `|

    xr`i|earm`c| |aernh`| vcja| laibclnmcixa| m`xcmxnla| ` |crcm ci|ni`ha| c a| mahcja|

    m`n| as mcia| cvjlnxa| ha |`ocr m`xcmxnla psc |a lai|xrsha| nicunx`jmcixc `ixc| hc

    |crcm niljsha| cm sm vralc||a hnhxnla c psc laixnis`m cuajsniha `a j`rka hc|xc vralc||a)

    V`r` Oras||c`s "0>22>>.* `jcrx` psc ` sxnjnt`a h` iaa hc ao|xlsja cvn|xcmajknla xcm lrn`ha

    laixraur|n`| cixrc a| vc|psn|`harc| hc Chsl`a M`xcmxnl`* lai|nhcr`iha-|c ` hnenlsjh`hc

    `vrc|cix`h` ia rclaibclnmcixa hc x`n| ao|xlsja| c* cm lai|cpiln`* `| hnecrcixc|

    lailcnxs`c| psc |c vahc ` cj` `xrnosnr)

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    Nkjnarn c \nju` "0>>>.* lamcix`m psc ism` vc|psn|` hn`kia|xnl`* c rc`jnt`h` lam `jsia|

    ha xcrlcnra kr`s* cilaixr ra `jksi| `|vclxa| `vaix`ha| var Oras||c`s lama* var ccmvja*

    ` nil`v`lnh`hc hc cilaixr`r sm ismcra hclnm`j cixrc

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    r`lnai`j) Cm rcj`a ` c|xc `|vclxa Javc| "0>>

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    `jsia|) Ic||c |cixnha* Ucrki`sh "0>2>.* hc|x`l` ` nmvarxiln` hc |c `i`jn|`r hcx`jb`h`mcixc

    `| hnecrcixc| hnenlsjh`hc| `vrc|cix`h`| vcja| `jsia| hsr`ixc a vralc||a hc `vrcihnt`kcm

    m`xcmxnl`) Laixsha* icm xah`| `| hnenlsjh`hc| lai|n|xcm cm ao|xlsja| cvn|xcmajknla|)

    M`| `pscj`| hnenlsjh`hc| psc cixr`m unajcix`mcixc cm laixr`hna lam lailcvc| c

    lamvcxiln | `ixcrnarmcixc earm`h`|* ao|xlsja| cvn|xcmajknla|* ia hcucm |cr hc|un`h`|)

    Ia l`|a ha| ucrh`hcnra| ao|xlsja| cvn|xcmajknla|* psc |a l`r`lxcrnt`ha| vcj`

    laixr`hna lam lailcvc| `ixcrnarc| esilnai`n|* vcj` |s` l`r`lxcr|xnl` hsrucj c vcj`

    va||nonjnh`hc hc ucr rc||srknr ` xaha mamcixa `| lailcvc| `ixnk`| |c `| lnrlsi|x`iln`|

    |c vrc|x`m* a vraec||ar hcucr` "))). c|x`ocjclcr sm` unknjiln` vcrm`icixc c d`m`n| xcix`r

    cunx`r ` lai|lncixnt`a c ` `i`jn|c) "UC_KI@SH4 0>2>* v)3 .) V`r` Ucrki`sh* ` m`icnr`

    lama ` m`xcmxnl` ci|ni`h` vahc xari`r m`n| |nmvjc| as m`n| lamvjnl`h` ` |svcr`a ha|ao|xlsja|* un|xa psc cn|xcm |nxs`c| hnhxnl`| psc rcear`m a| ao|xlsja| cvn|xcmajknla|

    ia jsk`r hc e`lnjnx`r ` |svcr`a) ic|xc vaixa psc Ucrk`i`sh |c rcecrc `a ao|xlsja

    hnhxnla* lnx`iha lama ccmvja ` xcarnt`a ecnx` var msnxa| vraec||arc|* `lcrl` ha| imcra|

    i`xsr`n|* ps`iha vraocm ` va||nonjnh`hc hc |soxr`nr sm imcra m`nar hc sm ismcra mciar)

    @enrm`a c|x` psc lamvramcxc `vrcihnt`kcm ha| imcra| nixcnra| ick`xnua|)

    @||nm* `| iac| hc ao|xlsja cvn|xcmajknla c ao|xlsja hnhxnla vahcm laixrnosnrv`r` sm` `i`jn|c ha| crra| lamcxnha| vcja| c|xsh`ixc| hc M`xcmxnl` c h`| hnenlsjh`hc|

    unuciln`h`| ia vralc||a hc `vrcihnt`kcm) Cunhcixcmcixc ` rcj`a cixrc ` cvn|xcmajakn` c

    ` chsl`a m`xcmxnl` ia c|x c|kax`h`* un|xa psc a `||sixa hcm`|n`h`mcixc vraesiha c

    vajmnla* xari`iha hnelnj ` `or`ikiln` h`| hnucr|`| un|c| cn|xcixc|) M`| c|vcr`ma| psc

    ` hn|ls||a `psn c|x`ocjclnh` ucib` ` laixrnosnr lam vc|psn|`harc| c vraec||arc| h` rc`

    h` M`xcmxnl`* ia vj`icd`mcixa hc |nxs`c| hnhxnl`| psc va||nonjnxcm ` |svcr`a ha|

    ao|xlsja| c* lai|cpcixcmcixc* i` cecxnu`a h` `vrcihnt`kcm hc lailcnxa| m`xcmxnla|)

    _CEC_ILN@\ ONOJNAK_ENL@\

    @ihr`hc* O) j)* Ecrr`rn* I)* T~jocr|tx`di* @)* @i`jakn`| c Mcxear`| ia Ci|nia hc Lniln`|)

    Ci|`na- Vc|p) Chsl) Lnil)* ?666* uaj) ?*I ?* v) ?

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    O`lbcj`rh* K)* @ Earm`a ha C|vrnxa Lncixenla) _na hc D`icnra4Laixr`vaixa* 0>>5)

    Ocrk|ai) J` Vci|c cx j Masu`ix) V`rn|* 0>2-00>

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    UC_KI@SH* K) Cvn|xcmajak~ `ih V|nlbajak~ ae M`xbcm`xnl| Chsl`xnai) M`xbcm`xnl|

    `ih laikinxnai4 @ rc|c`rlb |~ixbc|n| o~ xbc nixcri`xnai`j krasv ear xbc v|~lbajak~ ae

    M`xbcm`xnl| Chsl`xnai) NLMN \xsh~ \crnc|* vv 08->6)

    Unciiax* J)J r`n|aiicmcix |vaix`i ci h~i`mnpscjmcix`nrc) V`rn|4 Bcrm`ii) 0>;>)