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Index

Abumere, 27 n. 5 Accion Popular, 218 n. 20 Achievement motivation model, 5 Adam, 44, 55 n. 27 Adarkwa,5 Adler, 52 n. 5 Agriculture, in Peru

agro-export, 77-91 p., 119, 125-7,154-6,164-5,183

arable to pasture, 117 capitalism and, 108 - 128,

Chapter4p. colonization of rural areas, 115 commercialization,

agribusiness, 98 n. 30, 113-16p., 190, 193, 198, 230

expansion of, 63, 64, 74-5, 97 modernization, 64, 78, 81 state investment in, 165-8 p.,

172,175-7 see also individual commodities

andlrrigation, Stock­raising, Tractors

Agrocommercial interests, 56 n.32

see also Peru, political power groups

Alberti and Sanchez, 96 n. 19 Alfageme, 59 Algeria,33 AIIies,16 Allor, 5 Althusser, 10, 103 Alvarez, 187nn.14and 18 Amat y Uon, 171, 188 n. 29 Anaya, 130, 132, 134

Ancash,87, 114, 120, 170, 175-6 Andean area, the, 116, 118, 208,

236 n. 4, 226 Anderson, 26 n. I Andreff, 37, 39, 46, 48 Arrighi, 31, 37, 38 'anti-Americanism', 145, 146 anti-centralism, 86, 92, 204, 213,

234 APRA, 78, 84, 87, 88, 92, 161,

202, 204, 217 n. 20, 224, 225 Apurimac, 79, 90, 97 n. 24,118,

121,122,172,174,175,212 Arequipa, 64, 80-92 p., 98 n. 29,

105, 117, 122, 136, 170, 172, 173,202,212,222,224

Argentina, 43, 47,152,192,231, 233

Armed forces in Peru, 83-92 p., 150,156,189

see also Military activity, Military regime

Assadourian et al., 97 n. 21 Auto industry, Peru, 132, 154,

182,194 Asia, 39,43, 55 n. 25 Ayacucho, 118-122p., 172-5p.,

198,212-4 p.

Bak,236n.4 Bahin, 28 n. 26

261

Ballon and Filomeno, 182 Banaji, 109, 140 n. 10 Bangladesh, 27 n. 6 Banks, 73, 75, 190

Peruvian banks, 82, 100 n. 52, 117,125,126,154,155,

262

177-8 Bardella, 89 Barnet and Mueller, 54 n. 25 Barrat Brown, 52 n. 4 Barrenechea, 204 Barrett and McIntosh, 26 n. I Basadre, 70, 73, 75 Bataillon, 16 Belaunde, 189-218,227,230 Benavides, 88-93, 97 n. 22, 227 Bergesen and Sahoo, 37 Berrios, 190 Billinghurst, 78 Blaut, 28 n. 12 Bobbio, 19 Boisier,27 Bolivia, 6, 27 n. 6, 204 Bonilla, 63, 67, 94 n. 2, 95 n. 5, 96

n. II, 97 n. 2 I Bourgeoisie, in Peru, 78, 80,

85-6,91,148,153-6,163, 165,200,224

Bourril;:aud, 98 n. 33 Bradby, 53 n. 6 Brandao, 236 n. 4 Brandt Report, 38 Bresani, 229 Brewer,30 British capital, in Peru, 61- 67 p. Brookfield, 8 Brundenius, 97 n. 20, 170 Buch-Hanson and Nielson, 29

n.22 Bukharin, 43, 53 n. 6, 66 Burga, 77 Bustamento, 197,217 n. 15

COFIDE,178 CORDES, 196

see also Peru, administration CTGP, 84, 99 n. 40

Index

Caballero, 108, 141 n. 24, 187 n.15

Cabiesesetal., 177, 179, 182, 187 n.22

Calder6n and Laserna, 16, 236 n.4

Camacho, 167, 180 Cammack, 236 n. 7 campesino, 141 n. 25, 216 n. 1

see also Peasants Canak, 236 n. 7 Capital, 19,20,32,34,36-48

and Peru, 72-6, 81, 82, 129-38,154,157,176,177,194

internationalization of, 3, 20, 23-4,34-6,48-51, Chapter 4, p.

see also British capital, United States ca pi tal

Capitalism and the Third World, 5,18-19,

22-3, Chapter 2 p., Chapter 4 p., 229

in Peru, 35, 43, 51-2, 61-7, 73, 76,80,159,192

state capitalism in Peru, 80-4, 134-5,144,147-9,194, 231

Cajamarca, 80, 87 - 8, 97 n. 24, 141 Q.21 and23, 172, 174, 175,212

Caravedo, 59,60, 77, 78,81,85, 89,91,93,202,217 n. 16,224

Carby, 26 n. 1 Cardenas, 200 Carey, 75, 141 n. 26 Carmagnani, 236 n. 1 Carmago and Giraldo, 16 Carnoy, 236 n. 8 Castells, 48, 50, 103 Castro, 208

Index 263

Centralism, 85, 198, 204, 224, 227-8, Chapter 3, p.

Centralization of state power in Peru, 77, 81,

85,89-92,94, 136 of industry in Peru, Chapters 4

and 5 Cerro de Pasco Mining Co., 66,

69,77,97 n. 27,133 Cerutti, 236 n. 1 Cha, 126, 142 n. 30 Chaplin, 64, 101 n. 55 Chavez and Loayza, 217 n. 15 Chevalier, 109 Chile, 43, 49,54 n. 20, 55 n. 30,

152, 192, 233, 236 n. 9 Chirif, 205, 217 n. 14 Chisholm, 5 Church in Peru, the, 209 'classical' heuristic trinity, 59 Coastal regions ofPeru, 76, 77,

111,114,125-6,133-4, 161 ff,230

Cohen,48 Cohn, 29 n. 26 Colombia, 26 n. 2, 204, 236 n. 1 Colonialism, 32 Commerce, see Trade and

Commerce Commodities, 32, 34, 165

see also individual c0111modities Communist Party in Peru, 84, 212

see also Left, the Cooke, 14, 16 Co operatives, 164, 165 Copper, 65-7, 74, 89, 137, 170-5,

p. 186 n. 10, 193 Coraggio, 27 n. 11, 222 Corbridge, 8-9 Core and periphery, 12, 13, 14

see also Spatial issues

Corporatism, 151-2, 157 Costa Rica, 43 Cotler, 59,100 n. 48,153,186 n. 1 Cotton, 63, 65, 66, 74, 88, 89, 125,

142 n. 33,154 see also Textiles

Coup d'etat, 153, 154, 160 Cuba, 233, 235 Currie, 56 n. 31 Cuzco, 74, 79, 86, 90-1,117,118,

121,182,200,205,208-12p., 217 n. 20, 224

Debt in Peru, 43, 73, 159, 192 in Third W orld, 41- 3 p.

Decentralization, 37-8,43-8 in Peru, 85,91-2, 176, 179, 180,

185,194-9 p., 224, 228 Deconcentration, 197, 198 Degregori, 218 n. 25 Deindustrialization, 43,55 n. 29,

192 De Laubier Deler, 105 Delocalization, 50, 230 Democracy,6,18-19 Dependencia perspectives, 4, 25,

63,71,102-3 see also Third W orld, the

De Souza and Porter, 8, 27 n. 9 Deustua and Renique, 91 'developing countries' ,38,39-40

see also Third W orld, the Dew, 64, 74, 141 n. 20 Dicken, 48 Dickenson, 5 Diez-Canseco, 218 n. 28 Di Filippo, 139 n. 4 Docenio, Chapter 5,193,200,213,

230

264 Index

Dollar, United States d., 37, 42, 100 n. 53

DoreandWeeks, 153, 154, 155 Drake,5 Dual-economy model, 5, 9 Dualism,21 Dulong,16

Econocentrism, 15-17,21,28 n. 21, 29 n. 26, 232

Economic crisis in Peru, 159, 162-3

'Economicpluralism', 157, 160 Economism, 28 n. 21 Ecuador, 43, 204 Education in Peru, 75, 89, 93, 123,

168,216 n. 2 Egypt, 33,40,41 Elizaga, 139 n. 1 El-Shakhs, 8 Elson and Pearson, 50, 55 n. 26 'Emergency Zone', 214 'Endogenous' development

factors, 24, 26, 59 Energy in Peru, 169, 170, 172,

175,193 'Enganche' system, 95 n. 7 Entreguista, 81, 190, 230 Espinoza and Malpica, 111, 140

n. 14, 141 n. 23 Escobar,5 Eurocentrism, 29 n. 4 Euro-Americanism, 3, 26 n. 1,

17-18 Europe, 36-7 Evers, 96 n. 9, 232 Exclusionary policies, 152 'Exogenous' development

policies, 24, 26, 59 Exports, 32, 33, 39-41, 50, 53

n. 6, 54n. 20

Peruvian e., 65, 66, 82, Chapter 5 p., 190, 193

see also individual commodities and countries

FUDIC, 209-10 Farmers in Peru, 111- 3, 126

see also Hacendados, Landowners, Peasants

Faron, 142 n. 33 Favre, 117-8,212-3,218 n. 25 Federalism, 78 Federico, 16,29,29 n. 26 Ferner, 133, 154, 155-6 Figueroa, 108 Fine and Harris, 34 Fioravanti, 121 Fishing industry in Peru, 168, 170,

171, 175, 183 Fitzgerald, 147-9, 155, 170, 187

n.21 Flores and Laserna, 236 n. 4 Forbes and Thrift, 27 n. 3 Foweraker,59 Fox, 124, 139 n. 4 Frank, 28 n. 17,52 n. 5 Frankel, 52 n. 2 Franko, 31, 36 Frieden, 42 Friedman, 53 n. 8 Friedmann and Weaver, 8, 28

n.14 Fröbel et al., 24, 45, 54 nn. 23 and

25 Fürst, 166

Gamonales, 78, 81, 99 n. 38, 228 Gang of Four, 47 Geisse, 49 Gereffi and Evans, 53 n. 9 Gilbert, D., 80 Gilbert and Gugler, 8, 9

Index 265

'Globalist' approach, 20;-26 Gold,67

see also Mining Gonzalez, 95 n. 7,154,218 n. 25 Gonzalez de Olarte, 28 n. 26 Goodsell, 68, 75, 96 n. 13 Gramsci, 28 n. 18, 32, 155, 156,

232 Green Revolution, 56 n. 32 Grenada, 6 Guano, 61, 63 Gutierrez, 158, 186 n. 9 Gwynne,5

llacendados, 79,116,118 see also Landowners

llaciendas, 77, 79, 87, 115-8p., 164

Hadjimichalis, 28 n. 3 Haiti, 54 n. 20 Hall,8 Harding, 187 nn. 12 and 17 Harris, 236 n. 5 Harrison,37 Harvey, 29 n. 22 Haworth, 186 n. 8 Haya de la Torre, 87, 99 n. 41 Health in Peru, 75, 89, 93, 114,

124,168,191 see also Public Works

Henderson, 48 Henriquez, 16,205, 211, 217 n. 18,

236 n. 4 Hilhorst, 166 Hilton, 120 Holloway and Picciotto, 232 Housing in Peru, 168, 191

see also Public Works Hong Kong, 39,41,47 Huancavelica, 97 n. 24, 117-

22p., 170, 174,212

Huanuco,67 Human rights in Peru, 209, 218

n.28 see also Protest

Humbert,46 Hunt, 95

IMF, 42, 46, 55 n. 29, 159 Ica, 63, 98 n. 29, 174-5 Iguiiiiz, 191 Imperialism, 28 n. 17,30-34,43,

102,155 Inclusionary policies, 152 Income, 191, 196

see also Wages India, 27 n. 6, 33,47 Indians in Peru, 79,117,118,185,

208 see also Peasants

Industrialization in Peru, 157, 192,229

see also Modernization 'Industrialization, indebted', 42 Industry in Peru, 76-9 p., 89,

134-8,155 spatial distribution of, 130-8,

Chapter 5 export-oriented, 133 -4, 150 state investment in, 168, 170,

174-5,194 Inflation, 160 'Informal economy', 191 Insurrection, see Protest Investment, 31, 37-9p., 41

bonds, 61,187 n. 16 credit, 160, 166, 177-8, 192 Peru: foreign investment in,

190, 198; state investment in, 114, 124, 134-5, 138, 166-7,167-80,193

see also Capital, Debt

266 Index

Iran, 55 n. 28 Ireland, 34 Iron and Steel, in Peru, 170-6 p.,

194 see also Mining

Irrigation, 170-3 p., 192, 193 see also Agriculture

Jameson, 135, 136, 143 n. 41, 236 n.2

Japan, 37, 39, 55 n. 27, 182 Jay, 19 Jenkins, 45, 47 Jessop,72 Jim{mez and NeU, 217 n. 9 Junin, 67,69, 77,90-1,114,119-

20,122,137 Junta, 86-7,92

see also Military Regime

Kalecki, 149 Kalmanovitz,18 Kaplinsky, 48, 54 n. 24 Kapsoli, 80 Kautsky, 108-9 Kay, 187 n. 12 Kemp,52n.l Klare, 186 n. 3 Klaren, 77,95 n. 7, 98 n. 36 Kosacoff, 43 Krebs, 8 Kruijt and Vellinga, 68, 69, 97

n.20, 186 n. 4

La Libertad, 67, 75, 96 n. 11,98 n.29,90-1, 120, 174-5,212, 217n.20

Labarca,42 Labour

in Peru, 64, 76, 83-4, 87, 103-39 p., 111-14, 116, 121,

126 in Third W orld, 15, 18, Chapter

2p. Laissez-jaire policy, 77, 190, 198,

230 Laclau, 28,162-3 Lacoste,16 Lajo, 159 Lambayeque, 74, 75, 90-1, 98

n.29, 120, 134, 172,207 n.20,212

Lamicq, 55 n. 30 Landowners, 76, 77, 83, 84,126,

150,165 see also Hacendados

Landsberg, 47 Läpple, 15, 48, 103 Latifundist systems, 100 n. 50,

111,116-9 Latin America, Chapter 1 p., 33-

6 p., 48-51, 96 n. 9, 102-3, 128,192,229,231-8 p.

see also individual countries, Third World

Lead-zinc industry, 67, 89 see also Mining

Lee, 53 n. 6 Lefebvre, 100 n. 55 Left, the, in Peru, 190, 195,202,

204,215,217 n. 20 see also Socialism, Communism

Leguia, 70-83 p., 86, 227, 230 see also Oncenio

Leinbach, 5 Lenin, 11,26 n. 1,31-2,61-3,

109 'Less-developed countries' , 31,46

see also Third W orld Leucate,34 Levin, 63, 95 n. 5 Levy,27 n.4

Index 267

Liga Autonomista, 81, 85 Lima, 63, 67, 73-8 p., 81-9 p., 96

n. 11,97 n. 24,114,117, 136, 202,212

Lima-Callao, 77, 90-3 p., 98 n.29, 104-8p., 130, 134-8, 161,167, 172-80p., 230

Lipietz, 43, 53 n. 13, 55 n. 26 Lizarraga, 174, 196, 200 Lojkine, 103, 106 Lopez, 142 n. 33 Loreto, 168, 170, 173,205,217

n.14 Lowenthal, 186 n. 4 Lungo,16 Luporini, 10 Luxemburg, 31, 32-3, 43

Mabogunje, 8,9-10 Macisco, 142 n. 35 Madre de Dios, 172, 174, 217

n.14 Malaysia, 40 Mallon, 108 Malpica, 142 n. 36 Mandel, 55 n. 28 Manufacturing in Peru, 64, 130-

1,154,176,193 see also Industry

Mao-Tse-Tung, 32, 213 Marcusson and Torp, 52 n. 3 Marmora, 108, 111-12, 115, 141

n.25 Mariategui, 61, 99 nn. 40 and 41,

212,213,226,228 Marketeconomy, 147

see also 'Laissez-jaire policy' Martinez-Alier, 115, 140n. 18 Marx, 26 n. 1,30,46,61-2,110,

127-8,129-30,140 n. 15 Marxism

in Peru, 99 n. 41, 103 in Third World, 3,4,7-10,14-

19,27-9p., 30-4, 72, 230-1,235

Massey,14 Mathew, 95 n. 6 Mathias, 44, 45 Mathias and Salarna, 236 n. 6 Matos Mar and Mejia, 166, 187

n. 19 Mattos and Carvalho, 45 Mauritius, 54 n. 20 Mehretu and Campbell, 8 MetropoIitanization, 104 Mexico, 39,41,43,49,54 n. 25,55

n. 28,152,192,231,236 n. 1 Middle Classes in Peru, 78, 87,

149, 184 see also Bourgeoisie

'Middle-income countries' ,41-2 Migration in Peru, 64-5, 76, 94,

102-6,108,111-4,115-8, 121-5,126,128,138,165, 187n.19,213

Military activity in Peru, 202, 212-4,224

see also Armed Forces Military regime in Peru, 144-189,

234 Miller, 141 n.19 Minian, 47, 54 n. 19 Mining in Peru, 35, 51, 65 - 7, 67 -

70,77,82,89,130-5 p., 154, 168,170,172,174,177,183, 190,193,198

Modernization in Peru, 69, 81,125,126,144 in Third W orld, 42, 44, 48 see also Industrialization

Modernization Theory, 5 - 7, 21, 27n.4

268 Index

Moncayo, 103 Monetarism, 190, 230 Montoya,109-1O Moore,205,217n.14 Moquegua, 170, 175,212 Morales, 218 n. 28 Morales-Bermudez, 159, 164,

173-85,193,200,207 Moreira, 103 Mörner, 141 n. 18 Mouffe,28 Moulaert and Wilson, 48 Multinational companies, 34-

7p.,41-2,48,133-4,205 Munck,24 Muiioz,35 McClintock, 218 n. 25

National integration model, 5 Nationalization, 146 Neira, 115 Neo-Marxism, 3, 9 'Newly-industrializing countries' ,

6,38,46 see also Third W orld

Nicaragua, 6, 26 n. 2, 233, 235 Nikolinakos, 140 n. 9 'Noncapitalist development', 147 'North-South divide', 18 'Northern question' in Peru, 92,

224

O'Connor, 71-2, 37, 53 n. 13 O'Donnell, 233 Odria, 125, 142 n. 37, 224 Oncenio, 70-83 p., 92, 94 Oliveira, 16, 141 n. 27 Olle and Schoeller, 31 Ominami and Hausmann, 43 'Organic statism', 149-52

Palacios, 160 Palloix, 24, 33-4 Panama Canal, 67 Parisi, 139 n. 2 Partido Civil, 80 Partido Descentralista, 81, 85, 86,

88 Pasco, 63,114,115,122,175 Pearson, 47, 48, 55 n. 26 Peasants, 111-13, 116-9, 156-7,

184 Peasant struggles, 115, 121,

127,161,208-lOp. see also Protest

Pease, 157 Perez-Säinz, 236-8 Peripheral capitalist societies, see

Third World 'Peripheralist' approach, 26 Periphery, see Spatial issues Perl<), 49 Perrons, 34, 48 Petras and Engbarth, 41 Petras and Havens, 187 n. 18 Petras et al., 191 Philip, 145-7 Peru: pre-1919, 61-76; 1919-30,

76-81; 1930-33,82-8; 1933-39,89-92; 1940-68, Chapter4; 1968-80, Chapter 5; 1980-84, Chapter 6

administration: 68, 90, 120, 122,137,167,169,181, 183,201,203; central a., 73, 99 n. 45; provincial a., 73, 86, 99 n. 45; regional autonomy, 195-9

see also individual departments andregions

and capitalism, see Captialism political power groups:

Index 269

agricultural, 76-9 p., 88, 89,92,93,154-5,161,224 (and see Landowners, Peasants); commercial, 81, 93, Chapter 5 p.; industrial, 78, 80, 81, 93, Chapter 5 p.; oligarchies, 76,84,88,150,154,155, 163, 165,202; urban, 78, 80,146,209,224

reforms, 144, 147, 150, 157, 163-6; reform laws, 123, 164-6p.,I72

regional problems, see Regional Questions

sociopolitical analysis, 76-81, 146,152,161-3 p., 182-5, 208

state, the role of, see State, the unrest, see Protest war wi th Chile, 64

'Peruvian Revolution', 148, 153, 169

Petroleum, 35, 51, 66-70 p., 89, 131, 132, 135, 154, 170-4p., 177,190,193,198

Philippines, the, 27 n. 6, 39,41,54 n.20

Pickvance, 20 Piel, 79,96 n. 7 Pike, 98 n. 38, 100 nn. 53 and 54 Pinto, 35, 53 n. 16 Pirez,16 Piura, 63, 66, 67, 69, 75, 90-1,98

n.29, 120, 134, 172,208,210, 212

political behaviouralism, 145 Ponce, 122, 139 n. 5 Population in Peru, 103-6, 116,

122-3,124,127--8,203 see also Migration, Territorial

dimensions Populism in Peru, 160-4, 190,

224 Portocarrero, 174, 176, 180, 187

nn. 24 and 25, 188 n. 26 Positivism, 5 Potter, 5 Poulantzas, 17,29 n. 27,155,231 Power blocs, 29 n. 27,76-7,89-

93,146,154,162-3,222,225 Pradilla, 103 Privatization in Peru, 160, 190, 198 Pro-Americanism in Peru, 190 Profit, 37-8,210 Proletarianization in Peru, 112,

121,139,141 n. 21 Proletariat in Peru, 80, 146, 156,

184,209 Protest, popular, in Peru, 83-4,

182-5,200-15,222-3,224-7,234

Insurrections, 83-4, 87-8, 92, 161

Landinva~on,117-8

Strikes, 160-1, 182,200 see also Peasants, RSMs,

Sendero Luminoso Public Works in Peru, 73-8 p.,

86,89,172,196 see also Housing, Health,

Education etc. Puno,64, 79,86,90-1, 116-22p.,

172, 175, 204, 208-12p., 214, 224

Quijano, 59, 82, 87, 100 n. 52, 103, 153

RSMs (Regional Social Movements), 205-11, 214-15,225

270 Index

Radical spatialism, 10-13,28 n.17

Radical underdevelopment theory,4

Railways in Peru, 61, 63, 74 see also Transport and

communications Rama, 56 n. 32 Ramsaran, 35, 53 n. 9, 65 Reagan, doctrine for the Third

World,43 Real estate, 75,154 Ree, 27n. 8 Regional questions:

in Peru, 80-88, 92-3, Chapter 3, Chapter 5, especially 165-85, Chapter 6, especially 195-215,222-228

in Third World, Chapter 1, 221-2

Regional Problematic, Chapter I, 221-8

Relocation, 37 - 8 see also Delocalization

Remy, 207, 218 n. 24 Renique, 59, 85, 86, 99 n. 45, 205,

209 Rent in Peru, 119, 120 revendication, 204 Revesz, 206, 208, 210 Revolutionary change, 26, 226,

233,235 see also Protest

Rey, 108 Riddell, 5, 8, 27 n. 10 Rippy, 66, 94 n. 2, 97 n. 25 Roads in Peru, 74, 75, 76,86,89-

91,114, 138-9, 17~ 175 see also Transport and

communications

Roel, 112, 118, 119-20, 140 n. 13, 135,142 n. 32,190

Rofman, 70-1 Romero and Levano, 93 Rondinelli, 5 Rondinelli and Evans, 5 Rouquie, 236 n. 9 Rubber, 64, 66, 99 n. 38,132 Rubio and Bernales, 197, 217

n.15

SCIPA,125-6 SINAMOS, 168 Sada, 27 n. 5 Safa, 103 Said, 26 n. I Salama, 24,43, 54 n. 23 Salama and Tissier, 54 n. 23 Samame Boggio, 70 Samaniego, 108 Samanez Ocampo, 86, 92 San Martin, 172 Sanchez Cerro, 81, 83-4, 87, 88,

92 San tos, 27 n. 11, 103 Sayer, 14,28 n. 16 Schaedel, 117 Schteingart, 103 Schydlovsky and Wicht, 187 n. 19 Scott, 5, 141 n. 121 Sendero Luminoso, 198, 210, 211-

14,225 Selva, the, 64, 111, 115, 117, 166,

194,205,230 Siddle,5 Sierra, the, 25, 64, 69, 76-9 p., 90,

91,97 nn. 21 and 24,105, 111, 112, 114-21 p., 134, 137,154, 164-70p., 198

Silveira, 236 n. 4 Singapore, 39,47,54 n. 19

Index 271

Singer,49 Slater, 5,19,26,28 n. 21, 29 n. 26,

53 n. 14,54 n. 33, 94,139 n. I, 140 n. 8, 205, 207, 217 n. 14, 235, 236 nn. 2 and 3

Slater and Pansters, 27 n. 3, 28 n.2

Smith, 116, 165 Smith, Adam, 15 Socialism in Peru, 83, 88,99 n. 40,

100n.49, 147, 190,226 Sociedad Nacional Agraria, 83,

100 n. 50 Soja, 11-13 Sorj,157 South Korea, 27 n. 6, 39,41,47,

55 n. 26 'Southern Question' in Peru, 80-

1,224 Spatial issues

concepts of space, 12, 13, 20, 234-5

core and periphery, 12, 13, 14 space-economy, the, 183 state-space nexus, the 230-5 see also Territorial dimensions

Spatialism, 10-20, 27 - 9 p. Sri Lanka, 54 n. 20 Stallings, 186 n. 10 State, the:

in Peru: public spending, 159, 192, 193 (see also Public Works); role ofthe state, 70,77,233; state intervention, 123-4, 164-82, 222; state investment, 114,124,134-5,138,166-7,167-80,193; state penetration of rural Peru, Chapter 4 p., 228; state/ people conftict, see

Protest; state power, effects of, 89-92, Chapters 5 and 6 p., 222; state repression, 84, 163, 186, 213 (see also Military activity); state society relations, 145-54,207 (see also Regional Questions)

in Third World, 21, 22, 98 n. 32, 234

Stein, 78, 82, 84, 87, 100 n. 50, 186 n.3

Stepan, 149-52 Stock-rearing in Peru, 64, 98

n. 31,117,154,175 see also Agriculture, Wool

Strikes, see Protest Sugar ca ne in Peru, 63, 66, 77, 79,

88,89,125,134,154 Sulmont, 80, 84, 100 n. 48, 109-

10, 160 Surplus value, 34, 35, 111, 170,

229 Symanski, 36 Syncretism, 7 -I 0, 11

Tacna, 90-1, 212 Taiwan, 41, 47 Tavares Da Conceil;ao, 36 Taxes, 79,89,180,193

export tax, 70,159,193 incentives, 180 tariffs, 78, 190, 193 taxation, 89, 160, 179

Taylor, 20, 108 Taylor and Thrift, 48 Teulings, 54 n. 22 Territorial dimensions in Peru:

centralization, 107-8, 135-6, Chapter 5, especially 166-85,201,229,230

272 Index

concentration, 107-8, 165,229, 230

development and production, 93,100 n. 55,161, Chapter 5 p., 200

effects of state intervention, 164-82 (and see State, the)

labour, 103-39, 116, 122-3, 127 -8,228 (and see Migration)

power, 91-4 see also Centralization,

Decentralization, Deconcentration, Delocalization, Relocation, Urbanization

Textile industry in Peru, 64- 5, 79, 98 n. 30,186 n. 10

see also Cotton, W 001 Thailand, 41, 54 n. 20 Third W orld:

and capitalism, 5, 18, 19,23-4, 36,43-8, Chapter 2 p. (see also Capitalism)

definition of, xii, 232-5 development studies, Chapter

24-5. foreign investment, 31, 35, 37-

9,41 (and see Capital, Investment)

industrialization, Chapter 2 p., 158, 159 (see also Industrialization)

internationalization, impact of, Chapter 2 p., 158

share in value added, 40 social conflict, 226- 7 (and see

Protest) state, role of, 21, 22, 98 n. 32,

234 (and see State, the) urbanization, 5, 10, 16, 27 n. 3,

102, 128 (and see Urbanization)

Western military intervention, 6,43

'Third-Worldist' position, 18 Thorp, 142 n. 37 Thorp and Bertram, 59, 65, 66,

67,69, 70, 78, 79, 89, 97 n. 22, 98 n. 31,165

Thrift,48 Tissier,45 Tokman,43,191 Torres, 132 Torres-Rivas, 96 n. 9 Tourism in Peru, 169, 170, 174-5 Tovar, 202 Townroe and Keen, 5 Tractors in Peru, 119-21, 126,

194 Trade and Commerce:

in Peru: commerce, 113-4, 154, 168,170,174-5; commodities, 74, 76, 98 n.30, 112, 129, 133, 134, 192; foreign trade, 64-6, 77,82, 133-4, Chapter 5 p., 190, 193, 198, 230; internal markets, 74-6, 78, 91, Chapter 4 p., 154, 155,159,164,165

see also Commodities (and individual c's), Exports, Multinational Companies

Transport and Communications, 45,74,77,78,138,154,168, 170, 173-4, 183,202; see also Roads, Railways

'Triage', 27 n. 6 Trujillo, 63, 87 - 8, 92, 95 n. 7, 134,

175,194,202,222 Tumbes, 90-1,174-5

Index 273

Turkey, 33

U garteehe, 180 Underemployment in Peru, 213

(and see Unemployment) Unemployment in Peru, 82, 160,

191 Union Nacional Odriista (UNO),

154 United States:

foreign aid, 47, 123, 124 foreign investment, 35, 61-7,

72-6,125-6,130,131, 229 (and see Capital, Investment)

US banks, 73, 75, 190 US companies in Peru, 66-7,

96 n. 11 US hegemony, 36-43 US-Peru relations, Chapter

3 p., Chapter 4 p., 229, 235 Universalism, 3, 5, 17 -18, 26, 230 Urbanization:

in Peru, 93, 94, 102-8, 112, 114,128,129-39,202, 204,228

in Third World, 5,10,16,27 n. 3, 102, 128

Uriarte, 186 n. 11 Urry, 14, 17, 18, 19,28nn.15and

22,231,232 Uruguay,43,192

Vasquez, 116-7, 141 n. 22 Velasco, Chapter 5 p., 200, 227

Vellinga and Kruijt, 236 n. 1 Venezuela, 43 Vergopoulos, 236 n. 8 Villanueva, 83, 92, 156 Visvanathan, 6, 27 n. 6

Wages, 69, 79,82,160,191 Wallerstein, 20 Warren, 31, 53 n. 14 Watts and Bassett, 27 n. 10 Weaver, 28 n. 14 Webb,113-4 Weber, 147 Weeks, 154 West Germany, 37 Wils, 136, 147, 186 n. 6 Wilson, 132, 143 n. 39, 166, 170 Wilson and Garzon, 196 Wilson and Wise, 200, 217 n. 10 Wise, 216 n. 1 Women, 45,50,55 n. 26 W 001 trade in Peru, 61, 64, 66, 96

n.8 Working Classes in Peru, 80-87,

157,224 see also Proletariat

World Bank, 190-2 'World-wide sourcing', 46

Yepes, 64, 95 n. 6

Zaldivar, 186 n. 12 Zevallos and Tumi, 204, 210 Zimbabwe, 27 n. 6 Zolezzi and Sanchez, 199