Cadernos FGV Projetos nº 8 - Gestão Pública Municipal

7/30/2019 Cadernos FGV Projetos nº 8 - Gestão Pública Municipal

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`|gkm kvoe oh`kgk}xtox kig tlq|l}xlh d{ bk} xlo`% ogh

}vlmk l} xbl voxb} ogh lrvlmxox kig} tleox kgc xi a|x|tl

ciltgit} ogh xi x bl hlleiv`lgx ia x bl m k x{'

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LGXTLQK]XO

ACQ VTIJLXI] - Miì aik }|o xtoj lxýt ko oxë o}}|`kt o

vtlalkx |to hl C|ot|ebi}9

Leýk Vklx ï - Mblc|lk æ vtlalkx |to ho mkhohl hl C|ot|ebi}

hlvik} hl ?2 ogi} hl lrltmàmki hl òghox i voteo` lgxot'

Ox|lk vit ikxi ogi} miì ltlohit go mkhohl% hi} q|ok}hik} miì vtl}khlgxl ho Mäòto @|gkmkvoe l hlz ogi}

miì hlv|x ohi l}x oh|oe' Gl}}l vltàihi% }l`vt l d|}q|lk

migmk e kot `kgbo} oxkkhohl} voteo`lgxotl} mi` i} kgxl-

tl}}l} ho mkhohl' Xo`dë` }l`vt l votx kmkvlk hi} llgxi}

hi VX voto x timo hl lrvltk êgmko} lgx tl i} ltlohitl} hi

votxkhi% l hlvik} lgxtl hlv|xohi}' I} o}}|gxi} cktoo`

l` x itgi hl x lò} kg}xk x |mkigok} l hl vieàx kmo} vúdekmo}%

i q|l aik |ò lthohlkto l}mieo l` q|l}xül} oh`kgk}-

xt oxko} |tdogo}' K}xi `l hl| |` o lrvltkêgmko otkoho% l

q|oghi o}}|`k mi` i vtlalk x i% l` ?º hl j oglkti hl 466?%

j ï b o ko ohq| kt khi | ò k}íi ov tia |g hoh o h o ` kgb o m kho-

hl l ho oh`kgk}xtoãíi vúdekmo'

ACQ VTIJLXI] - _|oe aik o }kx|oãíi lgmigxtoho gi kgà-

mki hl }l| òghoxi l o vtk`lkto `lhkho ohixoho9

Leýk Vklx ï - \ò ho} motomx ltà}x kmo} ho} oh`kgk}xt oãül}

ogxltkitl} aik |` hl}l`vlgbi itão`lgxïtki l gogmlkti

oe xo`lgxl hlmkxïtki' Leo} xtodoeboo` mi` o ogxlmkvo-

ãíi hl tlm|t}i} a|x |ti}% voto xlt di` êrk x i gi vtl}lgxl'

Meoti q|l l` oec|` ì`lgxi% eï ohkogxl% i vtidelò

ovotlmltko' Boko |` mkmei: oexltgot |ò oh`kgk}xtoãíi

hl dio viv|eotkhohl% hlmk xït ko% voto% l` }lc|kho% hlk -

rot miì bltogão oi }l| }|ml}}it o idtkcoãíi hl omltxot

i} vtidelò} cltohi} l kgkodkekzot o gio cl}xíi' Lto

oeci mi`|` gi Dto}ke% l o Elk hl Tl}vig}odkekhohl Ak}-

moe% hl mltxo òglkto% lki voto mittkckt l}xo hk}xitãíi'

\ò `|hogão `|k xi k`vitx ogxl q|l zlì} gl}}l }lg-

xkhi l}xï tleomkigoho æ idtkcoxitklhohl hi tkcit go oh-

`kgk}xt oãíi hi} tlm|t}i} vúdekmi}' Vtim|toì} a ozlt |`

itão`lgx i q|l x kl}}l |ò mittl}vighêgmko òk} vtýrk-

ò vi}}àle ho tloekhohl' Mig}lc|kì} kgkmkot o oh`kgk}-

xtoãíi xlghi vtkitkhohl} l idlhlmlghi oi} votä`lxti}

mig}x k x |mkigok} voto o lh|moãíi l o }oúhl' Oi leoditot -

ì} i veogi hl ciltgi voto ove kmot i gi}}i vticto-

ò hl ciltgi% aiì} ovtlghlghi o xlt o b|`kehohl hl

lgxlghlt i} e k`kxl} ho vtývtko oh`kgk}xtoãíi l ooe kot

i q|l }ltko vi}}àle voto |` veogi eimoe' Tloekzoì}

|` di` migxtiel go ïtlo hl itão`lgxi l hl gogão}%

vitq|l o gi}}o lq|kvl l}xoo `|kxi }kgxigkzoho mi` i

vtictoò hl ciltgi% mi` o} vtkitkhohl} l `ëx ihi} q|l

l}x oo` }lghi k`ve ogxohi}'

ACQ VTIJLXI] - _|ok} aito` o} vt k`lk to} oãül} hlek gl-

oho} l ovekmoho} go d|}mo hl |ò oh`kgk}xtoãíi mi`

aimi gi o}vlmxi cltlgmkoe9

Leýk Vklxï - L` vtk`lkti e|cot% aiì} l` d|}mo ho kg-

aitòãíi' Khlgx kmoì} |` migj|gxi hl kgaitòãül}

hl}lgmigxtoho}% o} ïtko} ïtlo} gíi }l mi`|gkmoo`

l% vitxogxi% gíi lto vi}}àle |` migblmk`lgxi meoti o

xihi} hl }l| a|gmkigo`lgxi' O Oh`kgk}xtoãíi oq|k a|g-

mkigoo q|o}l miì |` otq|kvëeoci% mi` oec|ò} k ebo}

òkitl}% i|xto} k ebo} `lgitl}% ò} }l` `|kxo mi`|gk-

moãíi lgxtl }k' Lgxíi% vtim|toì} idxlt o} kgaitòãül}

l }k}xl` oxk zï-eo}% i q|l gíi clti| tl}|exohi} k`lhkox i}%

gl` octohi| `|kxi æ viv|eoãíi% q|l l}vltoo oãül}

òk} tïvkho}' @o}% miì g|ò òtox igo% imê gíi vihl

x lt% gi kgàmki% o `l}ò leimkhohl ho tlx o goe' Vit k}}i%

i oh`kgk}x t ohit xl` q|l xlt |ò migkmãíi `|k x i m eoto

hi q|l l}xï aozlghi' Xl` q|l }lt ` ok} tomkigoe l ` lgi}lìmkigoe gl}}l} i` lgxi}' Oeë` hl xlt l}xo ovtivtko-

ãíi òk} vtlmk}o hi} migblmk`lgx i}% d|}moì} xlt |`

veogi do}xogxl idjlxki% }odlt mi` q|l aitão} vihàoì}

migxot l ighl ë q|l leo} l}xoo`' Vtlmk}ïoì}% vit



? 6 u

? ?

lrl`vei% tlc|eotkzot i odo}x lmk`lgx i hl ïc|o% vik} i

mkhohíi q|lt odtkt i mb|lkti l vihlt xiòt dogbi' Lel

gíi l}xï q|lt lghi |ò lrve k moãíi% l}x ï q|ltlghi ïc|o'

Lgxíi% ai k `|k xi k`vitxogxl aozlt |` veogljo`lgx i hl-

xo ebohi hi q|l }l vtlx lghko ox k gck t l i x l`vi voto xo e ' Ë

k}}i q|l l| mboòtko hl |ò oh` kgk}xtoãíi }|}xlgx ïle'

ACQ VTIJLXI] - O cl}xíi hl m|}xi} l q|oekmoãíi hi

co}xi oj|hi| o oemogãot l}}o oh`kgk }x toãíi }|}xlgx ïle9

Leýk Vklx ï - Voto }l ìhlt gkzot l `le bitot% ë v tlmk}i xlt

dig} migblmk`lgx i} ho ïtlo oh`kgk}xt oxko l hot do}x og-

xl oxlgãíi oi dl` mi`|`' Gý} gi} ovltalkãioì} vit

`lki hi} gi}}i} vtývtki} l}ait ãi} l x o`dë` vleo lrvl-

tkêgmko ho A|ghoãíi Clx|eki Qotco}' Ocito% }ý o igxohl

hl aozlt gíi do}xo' Migblmlt o oh`kgk}xtoãíi miì |`

x ihi% }odlt x ihi} i} }l|} hohi} l mi`lãot o mi`vt llg-

hlt q|oe ok }lt o x to jlx ýt ko a|x |to% }lj o ho ottlmohoãíi%

}ljo ho hl}vl}o% o votx kt hi migblmk`lgxi hi bk}xýtkmi%

hi q|l omigxlml l` moho ïtlo% k}}i vlt`kxl mtkot lal-

x ko`lgxl% gii} `ëxihi} hl cl}xíi% ìhltgi} l òk}

lmklgx l}% voto veoglj ot l oxlghlt æ} lrvlmx oxko} ho

viv|eoãíi' Lgxíi% go `lhkho l` q|l o clgx l aik }l vtl-

im|voghi l` x lt |` hi`àgki }idtl o} kgait òãül}% vo}-}oì} o }odlt i q|l l}xoo omigxlmlghi% i q|l% q|ogxi

l miì }l co}xoo' L% xo`dë`% go `lhkho l` q|l veo-

glj ïoì} l hlvik} ooe kïoì}% ltkmïoì} l` q|l

cto| o} `lx o} lto` ox kgckho}' O }lmtlx otko hl mi`|-

gkmoãíi% q|l mtkoì} voto ògxlt i migxoxi mig}xogxl

lgxtl o vtlalk x|to l o }imklhohl% xo`dë` xll vovle

l}}lgmkoe gl}xl vtiml}}i' Vitq|l gíi }l vihl hot |ò

kgait òãíi k` vtlmk}o voto o }imklhohl' Gý} }l`vt l gi}

vtlim|voì} l` ockt mi` tkcit go mi`|gkmoãíi mi` o

}imklhohl i| mi` o} kg}xk x|kãül}% l l}xl vtimlhk`lgxi

alz mi` q|l% vltkihkmo`lgxl% moho ïtlo kgaitò}}l æ}

}lmtlxotko} hl ciltgi l hl mi`|gkmoãíi i} }l|} hohi}

lroxi}' @ovloghi l}xl} tl}|exohi}% lto vi}}àle mi`vo-

tï-ei} mi` i q|l boko }khi veogljohi l% o}}k`% ooe kot

}l l}xïoì} gi mo`kgbi mltx i'

ACQ VTIJLXI] - _|ok} o} `lhkho} ohixoho} voto `l-

ebitot o lmkêgmko go cl}xíi ho tlmlk xo l ho hl}vl}o9

Leýk Vklxï - K`veogxoì} |ò mlgxtoe kzoãíi votx km kvox k -

o hi} kgxlctogxl} ho hktlãíi hi ciltgi% l` }|d}xk x|k-

ãíi o |ò hl}mlgxtoe kzoãíi hl}itklgxoho q|l kcitoo

ogxl} ho gi}}o cl}xíi' Oeë` hk}}i% vo}}oì} o xtodoebot

mi` ooe koãül} vltkýhkmo}: gi q|l oogãoì} l ighl ë

q|l l}xíi i} gi}}i} vtid el` o}9 Aiì} oxtï} ho tlh| ãíi

hl m|}xi} l hl `lebitko ho ottlmohoãíi' Kgkmkoe`lgxl%

i vtkgmkvoe oogãi voto o ottlmohoãíi aik o k`veogxo-

ãíi hi KVX\ vtictl}}ki% tloekzohi gi

goe hi vt k`lktiogi hl ciltgi' Xo`dë` tloe kzoì} o tlooe koãíi ho

veogx o clgëtkmo hl oeitl}' Hlvik}% oj |}x oì} o tlk}íi

hl migxtoxi}' Vit lrl`vei% go ïtlo ho mielxo hl e kri%

mblcoì} o mitxot vleo `lxohl i} co}xi}% vik} oek }l

octlcoo` ïtko} i|xto} oxkkhohl}' @lebitoì} o ot-

tlmohoãíi% tlh|zkì} m|}xi}% ò} gi} hlvotoì} mi`

|` ì`lgxi l` q|l lto glml}}ïtki tlh|zkt co}xi} go

ïtlo hl vl}}ioe' Lto vtlmk}i ltkmot igh l boko v l}}ioe

imki}i l oh`kgk}xtot hl ìhi migxkhi o lrvlmxoxko hltloj|}xl} }oeotkok}'

ACQ VTIJLXI] - O ivãíi vit tlh|zkt hl}vl}o} mi` vl}-

}ioe l migxt ieot m|}xi} o votx kt hl kgioãíi xlmgieýck-

mo tlvtl}lgxi| |` vovle k`vitxogxl go tomkigoekhohl

oh`kgk}xtoxko9

Leýk Vklx ï - I òkit m|}xi go oh`kgk}xtoãíi vúdekmo%

vit it hl` hl hl}vl}o% migmlgx to-}l go ïtlo hl vl}}ioe'

Lgxíi% o vieàx kmo ohixoho aik o hl tlh|zkt o hlao}ocl`lgxtl i `lgit l i òkit }oeït ki vit `lki hl tloj|}xl}

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LGXTLQK]XO

hk altlgmkohi}% }l` mi`vti`lx lt i lq|k e àdt ki itão`lgxït ki l gogmlkti' Voto |ò oh-

`kgk}xtoãíi }lt dl`-}|mlhkho% ë vtlmk}i q|l i vii }kgxo i} tl}|exohi} hlmittlgxl}

ho} idto} hl kgatol}xt|x|to% ho} `lebitko} gi odo}xlmk`lgxi hl ïc|o l gi xtoxo`lgxi

hl l}cixi}% ho mig}xt|ãíi hl gio} l}mieo}% mtlmbl} l xo`dë` òk} q|oe khohl go

lh|moãíi% hl gio} |gkhohl} hl }oúhl l òk} tl`ëhki ctox|kxi }lghi hk}xtkd|àhi% hl

òk} kgl}xk`lgxi l` m|ex|to l l}vitxl% hl òk} vtictoò} hl o}}k}xêgmko }imkoe l

vt i}}kigoe kzogxl} voto o j|lgx|hl' ]l l}xl migj|gxi hl `|hogão} gíi omigxlml% i

oh`kgk}xt ohit vihl }l j |ecot di` % ò} i vii gíi x ltï l}}o vltmlvãíi' Gl}}o vlt}vlm-

xk o% i migxt iel hl m|}xi} vi}}kdk e k x i| æ Vtla lkx |to |` o tomkigoe kzoãíi ho} hl}vl}o} l%

mig}lq|lgxl`lgxl% o o`vekoãíi l` xltì} q|ogxk xoxki} l q|oe k xoxki} ho vtl}xoãíi

hl }ltkãi} l ho tloe k zoãíi hl kgl}xk` lgx i} l` vt ie ho viv|e oãíi'

ACQ VTIJLXI] - Miì aik vi}}àle òrk`kzot i} tlm|t}i} voto oxkgckt dig} tl}|exo-

hi} gi oxlghk `lgx i æ} glml}}khohl} ho viv|eoãíi9

Leýk Vklx ï - L| `l el`dt i hl |` mo}i `|kxi me oti tleomkigohi o l}x o q|l}x íi% q|oghi

vtlmk}ïoì} lelot hl ?1, voto 4<, i} co}xi} go lh|moãíi voto oxlghlt oi vtlmlkxi

mig}xk x|mkigoe' Gíi do}xoo hkzlt co}xl` òk}% lto vtlmk}i }odlt q|oe i veogi% miì

k}xi }ltko tloe kzohi: mtkot |ò tlhl hl mtlmbl} i| |ò tlhl `|gkmkvoe hl lg}kgi a|g-

ho`lgxoe9 Mig}xt|kt vtëhki} gii}9 Xlì} xlttlgi} ighl mig}xt|kt l}}l} vtëhki} i| ë

vtlmk}i hl}ovtivtkï-ei}9 Lto vtlmk}i xlt vl}}io} q|l xkl}}l` movomkhohl hl veogljot l

x o`d ë` h l ockt' Vl}}io} hl hklt }o} ïtlo} q|l }ltko` lgie kho} gi vtim l}}i% kgho} hi

}lxit j|tàhkmi% ho ïtlo hl idto}% ho ïtlo oh`kgk}xtoxko% ho vtývtko lh|moãíi% m|ex|to%

l}vitxl' I| }ljo% i ciltgi vo}}i| o ox|ot miì |` xihi l` xitgi hi} idjlxki} hl}l|} vtictoò} l veogi} hl xt odoebi' L ë gk}}i q|l omtlhkx i% go xt og}ait òãíi hl oeci

mblki hl l}vigxoglkhohl l hl igxohl} vl}}iok} l` oeci òk} ìhltgi l veogljohi

voto i dl` mi`|`'

ACQ VTIJLXI] - _|oe a ik o k`vitxägmko ho Elk hl Tl}vig}odke khohl Ak}moe gi vt iml}-

}i hl veoglj o`lgxi l hl ìhltgkzoãíi ho Cl}xíi Vúdek mo9

Leýk Vklx ï - O Elk ho Tl}vig}odke khohl Ak}moe oj |hi|% ò} gíi tl}vighl vlei migj |gx i

ho ìhltgkzoãíi oh`kgk}xtoxko tloe kzoho' O Elk l}xodlelml| oec|g} votä`lxti}% ò}

o oeò ho oh`kgk }x toãíi hkz i }lc|kgxl: hlgx ti hl}}o} mighkãül}% i q|l imê mig}lc|laozlt voto oxlghlt æ} lrvlmxoxko} ho }imklhohl9 K}}i imê gíi lgmigxto l` otx kci

glgb|` ho Elk hl Tl}vig}odkekhohl Ak}moe' L miì imê }l tleomkigo mi` o }imklhohl%

q|l ë i idjlxki hi vihlt vúde kmi9 Vit lrl`vei% gi vltàihi ho hkxoh|to `ke k xot% imê

gíi x kgbo glgb|ò ei}io hl v otx kmkvoãíi viv|eot' Lto vi}}àle a ozlt |ò dio cl}x íi%

ò} gíi }l a itòo mkhohogko% gíi }l ait òo` e khltogão}% gíi }l ait` oo` vtiml}-

}i} mielx ki} mig}mklgx l} hl ooe koãíi' Lgxíi% o vot x kmkvoãíi viv|eot% q |l aik |ò ho}

gi}}o} vtkit khohl} migmtlx kzoho}% vlt` kx k| |` migblmk`lgx i dl` `lebit ho mkhohl' I

itão`lgxi votxkmkvoxki oj|ho o migblmlt dl` hl vltxi i q|l moho tlckíi ho mkhohl

l}xï vtkitkzoghi% o}}k` miì i|xti} kg}xt|`lgxi} vi}}kdk e k xo` l}xl migblmk`lgxi% o}odlt: i} mig}lebi} cl}xitl } hl }oúhl% i} mig}lebi} hl l}mieo% lgx tl i|x ti}' Oeë` hk }}i%



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u

? =

o} ekhltogão} q|l }|tcl` gl}}l vtiml}}i vo}}o` o xlt

|ò k}íi òk} o`ve o ho oh`kgk }x toãíi% o}}k` miì ho}

}ie|ãül} voto i} vtidelò}' Oi `l}ì xl`vi% o votx k-

m kvoãíi viv|eot ë |` lel`lgxi k` vitxogxl hl x tog}vo-

têgmko% vit mo|}o ho vtl}xoãíi hl migxo}' L}}l vtiml}}i

ë k`vit x ogxà}}kì go cl}x íi ìhltgo'

ACQ VTIJLXI] - Hl q|l aitò o} votmltko} l}xodlel-

mkho} vit l}}o oh`kgk}xtoãíi ê` migxtkd|kghi voto i

}|ml}}i ho cl}xíi `|gkmkvoe9

Leýk Vklx ï - Tloekzoì} `|kxo} votmltko} vit oq|k mi`

l`vtl}ïtki} l mi` ìtohi-

tl}' Vtim|toì} mi`votx k ebot

mi` i l`vtl}otkohi i m|}xi

ho kgatol}xt|x|to l` ïtlo} kg-

h|}x tkok} l mi` i} ìtohitl}'

Vlei }k}xlò hl `|xktíi% gi}

tl}vig}odke kzoì} `|x |o`lg-

xl vleo vok`lgxoãíi hl t|o}

hl `lgit vitxl l hl kleo}'

K}}i xll |` tl}|exohi }kcgk-

moxki' Oeë` hk}}i% xtodoebo-

ì} `|kx i mi` votmltko} mi`lgxk hohl} dlglmlgx l} go ïtlo hl lh| moãíi% }oúhl l o}-

}k}xêgmko }imkoe% mi` lgxkhohl} hi} òk} hklt}i} xkvi}'

\ò i|xt o e kãíi hl gi}}o cl}x íi aik vix lgmkoe kzot gíi }ý

oi `ïrk` i i} tlm|t}i}% ò} xo` dë` d|}mot i} tlm|t}i}

hi} i|xti} lgxl} alhlt oxki}' K}}i x o`dë` mig}khlti oeci

`|k xi k`vitxogxl voto o ìhltgkzoãíi oh`kgk} x tox ko'

O}}k` imê aoz x ihi} migltcktl` voto q|l i} tl}|ex ohi}

omigxlão`' I Ciltgi Alhltoe }l xitgi| |` votmlkti

`|k xi k`vitxogxl ho m khohl hl C|ot|ebi}' Vt k`lkti%oxtoë} hi} tlm|t}i} q|l mi`lãoto` o kt voto kgl}-

xk`lgxi} gii}' Ogxl} boko }ý voto o }oúhl l hlvik}%

vo}}i| o kt% oxtoë} ho Mokro Lmigø`kmo Alhltoe% voto

o ïtlo hl bodkxoãíi viv|eot' Vi}xltkit`lgxl% imittlto`

òk} kgl}xk`lgxi} xo`dë` go ïtlo ho kgatol}xt|x|to l

ho o}}k}xêgmko }imkoe% i q|l oj|ho xo`dë` o lmigi`ko

eimoe' L mi` i VOM% mtl}mlto` do}x ogxl i} kgl}x k`lgx i}

alhlt ok}' Mig}lc|kì} xt odoebot mi` i Ciltgi hi L}x o-

hi hl ` oglkto kgx lctoho l` h|o} ïtlo}: o hl }lc|togãovúdekmo% l` q|l gý} aitòì} |` mig}lebi `|gkmkvoe

hl }lc|togão mi` xiho} o} aitão} hl }lc|togão hoq|k

hi `|gkmàvki% l o ïtlo ho bodkxoãíi viv|eot% ò} aoexi|

oviki go ïtlo hl lh|moãíi% m|ex|to l kgatol}xt|x|to'

ACQ VTIJLXI] - I tleoxýtki ho O|}xkg Toxkgc hl}xomi|

q|l i @|gkmàvki okgho ë |kx i hlvlghlgxl hl tlm|t }i}

gogmlkti} hl i|xti} gàlk} hl ciltgi' _|oe ë o }|o

ivkgkíi }idtl k}}i9

Leýk Vklx ï - I tleoxýtki ho O|}xkg Toxkgc mkxo q|l o mk-

hohl hl C|ot|ebi} hlvlghl `|kx i hi} tlm|t}i} alhlt ok}

l l}xoh|ok}' @o} l| aoãi |ò tl}}oeo: i} tlm|t}i} mkxo-

hi} }íi vtilgklgx l} hl hktlk-

xi} mig}xk x|mkigok} ho mkhohl

go ottlmohoãíi hl xtkd|xi}'

Vit lrl`vei% gý} xlì} |ò

votxkmkvoãíi go ottlmohoãíi

hi KM@]% l k}}i gíi ë |` ao-

it q|l i L}xohi gi} aoz%

l gl` |` o e kdltoe khohl hlel:

ë |` hk tl k xi mig}x k x|m kigoe '

Lgxíi% mig}khlti q|l o mkho-

hl hl C|ot|ebi} ë }|}x lgxoho

mi` t lm|t}i} vtývtk i} i| mi`tlm|t}i} o q|l leo xl` hktlkxi mig}xk x|mkigoe' O} xtog}-

altêgmko} ie|gxïtko} lto` àgò} gi vo}}ohi' L| kk

|ò dio votx l hi `l| òghoxi mi` ;;%<, hl tlm|t}i}

vtývtki} i| hl xtog}altêgmko} l}xoh|ok} l alhltok} idtk-

coxýtki}'

ACQ VTIJLXI] - \` hi} o}vlmxi} ho oh`kgk}xtoãíi

vúdekmo `|gkmkvoe q|l migxtkd|k| voto o meo}}kmoãíi

hoho vleo O|}xkg Toxkgc voto C|ot|ebi} aik o tleoãíi

lgxtl i} Vihltl} Lrlm|xki l Elck}eoxki' I q|l aik

hl}xomohi vit l}}o ocêgmko9

Leýk Vklx ï - \` lel`lgxi k`vitxogx l ai k o dio tleo-

ãíi lgx tl i} Vihltl} Lrlm|xk i l Elck}eoxki' Xlgx oì}

hlkrot l}xl tl eom kigo`lgxi oe xo`lgxl vie à x kmi l x tog}-

votlgxl' Ë o x timo `úx|o hl vtl}x àc ki lgxtl vtlalk xi l

ltlohitl} l o votx kmkvoãíi% gi ciltgi% hi} votxkhi}

q|l gi} híi oviki' Gíi ë |ò lq|oãíi aïmk e % ò} q|og-

hi imê xl` |` ciltgi ve|toe % ë ` |k xi k`vitx ogxl q|llel xlgbo |` t|ì `|k x i dl` hlgkhi' Lel gíi vihl }lt

Oeë` hk}}i% vo}}oì} o x t odoe bot mi` ooek oãül} vlt k ýhk mo}: gi q|l oogãoì} l ighl ë q|l l}x íi i} gi}}i} vt ide l` o}9

Leýk Vklxï



LGXTLQK]XO

|` ciltgi ve|toe mi`vi}xi hl votxl} l` q|l moho |ò jico voto |` eohi' Lel xl`

q|l xlt |` vt ictoò dl` hlgkhi hl x todoebi% `ëxihi% ` lxo}' L i vtlalk xi x l` q|l

}lt i òl}xti hl}xo votx k x|to'

ACQ VTIJLXI] - Ový} 2 ogi} mig}lm|x ki} miì Vtlalk xi hl C|ot|e bi}% q|oe ë o }|o

lrvlmxoxk o l` tleoãíi oi a|x|t i ho mkhohl9

Leýk Vklxï - Omtlhkx i q|l o mkhohl hl C|ot|ebi} ok migxkg|ot% okgho vit |` di` vlt à-

ihi% }lghi |ò mkhohl m|jo lmigi`ko }l a|gho`lgx o vtkgmkvoe` lgxl go kghú}xtko' @o}

leo xl` oogãohi xo`dë` gi }lxit hl }ltkãi}% vtkgmkvoe`lgxl hlkhi oi oltivitxi% l

gi }lx it hl eicà}x kmo% q|l x l` ` |kx i o lt mi` i oltivitx i l mi` o} tihiko} q|l mit-

xo` o mkhohl' C|ot|ebi} ë |ò mkhohl q|l okgho xl` xlttk xýtki e ktl voto lrvog}íi hl

ctoghl} l`vtl}o}' Oi} vi|mi}% o mkhohl ok o}}k`keoghi oec|g} àmki} ho movkxoe% miì%

vit lrl`vei% i} oel} hi x täg}kx i' L}x o ë |ò vtlim|voãíi q|l x l` k`v itx ägmko voto

i a|x |ti% vit mo|}o ho kgatol}xt|x |to l ho ìdke khohl |tdogo' O mkhohl xo` dë` vtlmk}o

oogãot gl}}o q|l}xíi ho ìdke khohl mi` |` }k}xlò hl xtog}vitxl }idtl xtk ebi}' Gi

mo}i ho kghú}xtk o% vt lmk}o d|}mot ìhlt gkzoãíi xlmgieýckmo l cltot òk} migblmk`lgx i

xëmgkmi' Vtlmk}o oogãot `|kxi go ïtlo hl lg}kgi }|vltkit voto }lt |ò mkhohl cl-

tohito hl migblmk`lgxi} l gíi ovlgo} xtog}`k}}ito hl migblmk`lgxi% vtictlhkghi%vtkgmkvoe`lgxl% go aitòãíi xëmgkmo ho viv|eoãíi% voto q|l l}xo vi}}o tl}vighlt æ}

hlògho} ho lmigi`ko% q|l xl` lrkckhi moho lz òk} vl}}io} l}vlmkoekzoho}'

\` l el`lgx i k`vit x og x l ai k o dio tle oãíi lgx t l i} Vihltl}

Lrlm|x k i l Elck }e ox k i'Leýk Vklx ï



? 8

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Vihlt eimoe l o q|l}xíi `|gkmkvoe

Atogmk}mi B|`dltxi Qkcgiek

TL]\@I

I otxkci ogoek}o i aitxoelmk`lgxi hi Vihlt Eimoe o vot-

x kt ho} `|hogão} xtozkho} vleo Mig}xk x|kãíi Alhltoe hl

?;22% o q|oe l}xodlelml| i L}xohi dto}k elkti miì |ò

alhltoãíi hlìmtïxkmo l hl}mlgxtoe kzoho% hlìg}xtog-

hi miì i} @|gkmàvki} aito` i} ctoghl} dlglmkïtki}

hl}}l vt iml}}i' Motomxlt kzo x o`dë` i mtl}mk`lgx i% }l`

vtlmlhlgxl}% hi gú`lti hl `|gkmàvki} gi voà}% vtkgmk-

voe`lgxl hi} vlq|lgi} `|gkmàvki}% hlìg}xtoghi i}

vtidel` o} hlmittlgx l} hl x ihi l}}l vt iml}}i'

OD]XTOMX

Xbl otx km el ogoe{zl} xbl }xtlgcxblgkgc ia eimoe vislt

}kgml x bl mbogcl} dti|cbx d{ x bl ?;22 Alhltoe Mig}x kx |-

x kig% sbkmb dl}khl} òtnkgc xbl tlx|tg xi hlìmtom{%

l}xode k}blh o ìtl hlmlgxtoe kzlh ait` ia ciltg`lgx

kg Dtozk e ' Xbl otx k m el }bis} bis x bl `|gkm kvoe k x kl} bol

dllg xbl òjit dlgl mkotkl} ia xbk} vtiml}}% ogh oe}i

hl}mt kdl} xbl |gvtlmlhlgxlh ctisxb ia xbl g|`dlt ia

`|gkm kvoe k x kl} kg xbl mi|gxt{% votx km|eot e{ xbl mtlox kig

ia }òe elt igl} d{ }ve k x x kgc ia a a ti` e otclt igl}% hlìg-

}x tox kgc x bl vtidel`} mtloxlh d{ x bk} vtiml}}'

OTXKCI

Atogmk}mi B|`dltxi Qkcgiek

Oh`kg k}xt ohit Vúdek mi l @l}x tl l` Lmigi`k o vleo LOL]V-

ACQ' Vtial}}it hi Hlvotxo`lgxi hl Veogljo`lgxi l Ogïek}l

Lmigø`kmo ho LOL]V-ACQ' Aik ]lmtlxïtki hl Akgogão}

ho Vtlalk x |to @|gkmkvoe hl ]ogxi Oghtë l ho Vtlalkx |to

@|gkmkvoe hl Hkohlò' L}vlmkoek}xo l` Akgogão} Vúdekmo}'

Ë Mig}|ex it h o ACQ Vtij lx i}'

Dombleit‛} hlctll kg v|de km oh`kgk}xtox kig% ogh @o}xlt‛}

kg lmigi`km} ati` LOL]V-ACQ' M|ttlgxe{ vtial}}it kg xbl

Hlvotx `lgx ia Lmigi`k m Veoggk gc ogh Ogoe{}k} ia LOL]V-

ACQ' ]ltlh o} `|gkmkvoe gogml }lmtlxot { ia Hkohlò'

]vlmkoe k}x k g v|de k m gogml} ogh o mig}|ex ogx a it ACQ

Vtijlxi}'

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OTXKCI

O ogïek}l ho} Mig}x k x |kãül} dto}k elkt o} vlt`kx l vlt mldlt

q|l i alhltoe k}ì l% gl}}l migxlrxi% o q|l}xíi `|gkmk-

voe % a oz votxl ho gi}}o x t ohkãíi vie à x kmo% mi` ì`lgxi}

hl òkit i| `lgit k` vitxägmko% hlvlghlghi hi tlck`l

hl ciltgi'

O}}k` ë q|l o Mig}xkx|kãíi hl ?2;? l}xodlelml|

o aitò tlv|dekmogo hl ciltgi l o aitò alhltoxko hl

L}x ohi% l% hl}}o ait ò% hlx lt` kgi| o cêgl}l hi q|l }l-

tko o q|l}xíi ho o|xigi`k o `|gkmkvoe' O Mig}x k x |kãíi hl?;=8 ògxll i ìhlei alhltoxki l tlmigblml| o mi`-

vlxêgmko xt kd|xïtko hi} @|gkmàvki}% o}}lc|toghi o lelk-

ãíi hl vtlalkxi} l ltlohitl}' O Mig}xk x|kãíi hl ?;=3%

ho hkxoh|to Qotco}% l`dito xlgbo tlotòhi i ìhlei

alhlt oxk i% }|vtk`k| o lelkãíi hi} vtlalkx i}% i} q|ok} }l-

tko` gi`lohi} vlei} ciltgohitl} l` mig}igägmko mi`

i vihlt mlgxt oe' O Mig}x k x |kãíi hl ?;81% oi tl}xodle lmlt

o hlìmtomko% ògxll o o|xigi`ko `|gkmkvoe vtlk}-

xo go} Mig}xk x|kãül} ogxltkitl}% hk}xtkd|kghi i} vihltl}lgxtl o \gkíi% i} L}xohi} l i} @|gkmàvki}% kgme|}kl gi

q|l hkz t l}vlkx i æ tlvotx kãíi ho} tlmlkx o}' O Mig}xk x|k ãíi

o|xitk xïtko hl ?;13% l`dito xlgbo mlgxtoe kzohi i vihlt%

hlxlt`kgi| q|l i} @|gkmàvki} hlltko` ottlmohot xt kd|-

xi} l ovekmï-ei} gi} }ltkãi} hl }|o mi`vlxêgmko% oeë`

hl mt kot i A|ghi hl Votx kmkv oãíi hi} @|gkmàvki} ” AV@'

Lgxtlx ogxi% o q|l}xíi ho o|xigi`ko ` |gkm kvoe l%

vit ko hl mig}lqõêgmko% i aitxoelmk`lgxi hi vihlt ei-

moe% ohq|ktl` k`vitxägmko mi` o vti`|ecoãíi ho Mig}-xk x|kãíi Alhltoe hl ?;22 "MA 22+% o q|oe l}xodlelml| i

L}xohi dto}k elkti miì |ò alhltoãíi hlìmtïxkmo l

hl}mlgxtoe kzoho' Gl}xl }lgxkhi% i gii vomxi alhltoxki

o}}lc|ti| o mig}xk x|mkigoe kzoãíi hi }k}xlò xtkd|xïtki%

hlxlt`kgoghi mi`vlxêgmko} l xtog}altêgmko}% mi` i id-

j lx ki hl hl }migm lg x tot tlm |t }i}'

I vtiml}}i hl hl}migmlgxtoãíi hl tlm|t}i} xll

i} @|gkmàvki} miì òkitl} dlglmkïtki}' I o|`lgx i ho

q|ix o hi} @|gkmàvki} go ott lmohoãíi hi KM@] "l}xoh|oe +%

q|l vo}}i| hl 46, voto 4<,% o kg}xkx|kãíi hi KQQM q|l%`l}ì hl m|txo h|toãíi "oxë ?;;<+% o}}lc|ti| |` kg-

mtl`lgxi ho ottlmohoãíi% o}}k` miì o xtog}aitòãíi

hi KXDK ” Kgxlt Qki}% hl k`vi}xi l}xoh|oe l` `|gkmkvoe

l% okgho% i o|`lgxi ho} xtog}altêgmko} hi AV@ }íi i}

lrl` vei} òk} }kcgkmoxk i} hl xih i l}}l vt iml}}i' Miì

ke|}xtoãíi% oel el`dtot q|l i kgmtl`lgxi ho} tlmlkxo}

`|gkmkvok}% imittkhi gi} vtk`lkti} }lk} ogi}% ový} o MA

22% hl` ig}x to o òcgkx|hl hl}}l vt iml}}i' \` lrl`ve i

hk}}i }íi o} tlmlkxo} xtkd|xïtko} vtývtko} q|l mtl}mlto`?;<,% l o} x tog}a lt êgmk o} "hl KM@] l AV@+ mt l}mlto` 22,'

I vltàihi ?;2;-4666 ovtl}lgxo |` mtl}mk`lgxi

`ëhki og|oe hi} xtkd|xi} `|gkmkvok} }kcgkmox ko`lgxl

òkit hi q|l i ltkmohi gi} xtkd|xi} l}xoh|ok} l al-

hltok}% xogxi go} ctoghl} mkhohl}% vtkgmkvoe`lgxl o}

movkxok}% miì xo`dë` gi} vlq|lgi} @|gkmàvki}% q|l

vo}}oto` o midtot xt kd|xi} q|l% oxë `lohi} ho hëmoho

hl ?;26% gíi lto` midtohi}'

Oeë` hk}}i% o votmleo hi K`vi}xi hl Tlgho "KT+ l hi K`-vi}xi }idtl Vtih|xi} Kgh|}xtkoe kzohi} "KVK+ xtog}altkho



? 1 u

? 3

oi} a|ghi} mig}xkx |mkigok } "AVL l AV@+% gi v ltàihi ?;26 ”

4666% ` ok} hi q|l hidt i|% o|` lgx oghi hl ?2, voto 88,'

O tlvotxkãíi hi AV@ migxkg|i| o `l}ò% xlghi miì

vtkgmàvki a|gho`lgxoe o}}lc|tot o xtog}altêgmko hl tl-

m|t}i} voto o} tlckül} `lgi} aoitlmkho}% mig}khltoho}

o} hk}votk hohl} tlckigok }'

Ox|oe`lgxl% o votx kmkvoãíi hi} @|gkmàvki} go

tlvotx kãíi hi} x t kd|xi} ë o }lc|kgxl: ― ottlmoho` hk tl-

xo`lgxl "oxtoë} hi} xtkd|xi} q|l lel} midto`+ mltmohl <%8, hi xixoe ottlmohohi gi voà}% lq|koelghi o 4,

hi VKD' Ový} o} xt og}alt êgmko} mig}x k x |mkigok}% o votx kmk-

voãíi mtl}ml voto ?1%<, ho ottlmohoãíi% lq|koelghi o

1, hi VKD‐ '

L` t leoãíi æ} tlmlkx o} |gkmkv ok}% bi|l |` ì-

k`lgxi ithlgohi l kg}x k x |m kigoe kzohi% j ï mi` tleoãíi æ

hl}vl}o vúdekmo% gíi aik k}}i i q|l imittl|' Ctohoxko-

`lgx l% a ik }l hl}lgielghi |` vt iml}}i hl x tog}alt êg-

mko% voto i} @|gkmàvki}% hl a|gãül} ogxl} hl}l`vlgbo-ho} vlei} ciltgi} L}xoh|oe l Alhltoe% i| }ljo% aik }lghi

k`vi}xo o lel} |ò òkit motco hl tl}vig}odke khohl go

migh|ãíi hl }ltkãi} vúdekmi} hl}xkgohi} æ viv|eoãíi'

Go o|}êgmko hl |` veogi gomkigoe q|l vlg}o}-

}l o hl}mlgxtoekzoãíi hi} co}xi}% imittl| |` vtiml}}i

hl}ithlgohi l` q|l i} @|gkmàvki} aito` o}}|`kghi

|` vovle moho lz òk} k`vitxogxl go mi`vi}kãíi hi

co}x i vúde k mi'

Lgxtl ?;;< l 466=% mtl}ml|% hl òglkto }kcgk -moxko% o votx kmkvoãíi ho l}alto `|gkmkvoe go vtl}xoãíi

hl }ltkãi} vúdekmi}% l i q|l hlìg}xto k}}i ë i mtl}mk-

`lgxi hi} co}xi} hl mig}|ì hi} @|gkmàvki}' Lgq|ogxi%

l` ?;;<% i} @|gkmàvki} tl}vighko` vit 4=, hi xixoe hi}

co}xi} hl mig}|ì hi voà} - ?;%1, VKD -% l` 466=% vo}-

}oto` o tl}vighlt vit 4;, hl |` x ix oe hl ?;% ;, hi VKD'

L`dito i otxkci 4= ho MA 22 hlgo o} mi`vl-

xêgmk o} mi`|g} lgxtl \gkíi% L}x ohi}% Hk}xtk x i Alhltoe l

@|gkmàvki}% vtllghi% l` }l| votïctoai úgkmi% q|l elk}

mi`vel`lgxotl}

rotíi gitò} voto o miivltoãíi lgxtlo} l}alto} hl ciltgi% k}oghi oi lq|keàdtki hi hl}lg-

ie k`lgxi l hi dl`-l}xot% i aoxi hl oxë bijl gíi xlt

bokhi glgb|ò tlc|eo`lgxoãíi vtiimo eom|go}% vtkg-

m kvoe`lgxl% gi q|l hkz tl}vlk xi oi gogmko`lgxi ho}

gio} a|gãü l} o}}|`kho} vle i} @|gkmàv ki}'

]lghi o}}k`% o vtirk` khohl lgx tl i mk hohíi mig-

xt kd|kgxl l i vihlt mig}x k x |àhi alz mi` q|l% hl ` oglkto

mtl}mlgx l% o `|gkmkvoe kzoãíi ho oãíi vúdekmo ai}}l imit-

tlghi kghlvlghlgxl`lgxl hl }|o kg}xk x|mkigoe kzoãíi% go`lhkho l` q|l o} mtl}mlgxl} hlògho} ho viv|eoãíi

aito` }lghi ox lghkho} vlei} @|gkmàvki}% i q|l }kcgkmi|

i aitx o elm k`lgxi hi vihlt eimoe '

L}}o xlghêgmko moho lz lkhlgxl hl aitxoelmk-

`lgxi hi vihlt eimoe % tlotòho vleo MA 22% omi`vo-

gbi| i q|l% gi} voà}l} hl}lgiekhi}% j ï kgbo imitt lg-

hi' Bï |ò ctoghl e k xltox|to hk}vigàle q|l tleomkigo o

hl}mlgxt oe kzoãíi oi ovtia |gho`lgx i hi vtiml}}i hlì-

mtïx kmi eimoe ox toë} hi `lmogk}ì hl iz l tl}vig}odk-e khohl% vi}xi q|l o hl}mlgxtoe k zoãíi o|`lgx o o q|oe kho-

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OTXKCI

hl l o lmkêgmko ho vtl}xoãíi hi }ltkãi% aomk e k xoghi i

lgiek`lgxi hl |` ctoghl gú`lti hl oxitl}'

Gl}}l }lgxkhi% i vtiml}}i hl hl}mlgxtoekzoãíi% i

aitxoelmk`lgxi ho hlìmtomko eimoe l o tl}vig}odke kho-

hl moho lz òkit go k`vel`lgxoãíi hl vieàx kmo} vú-

de kmo} l}xotko` kg}ltkhi} go xlghêgmko ceidoe l` hktl-

ãíi o gio} idtkcoãül} voto i} ciltgi} eimok} lelkxi}

h k tl xo`lgxl '

@o} |` o}vlmxi hl a|gho`lgxoe k`vitxägmko`ltlml }lt hl}xomohi: o MA 22 hlxlt`kgi| q|l o} O}-

}l`deëko} L}xoh|ok} xltko` i vihlt hl hlmkhkt }idtl o

mtkoãíi hl gii} @|gkmàvki} "l` }|d}xkx|kãíi æ \gkíi+

i q|l% o}}imkohi æ migaitòãíi hl |` L}xohi alhlto-

x ki l hl}mlgxtoe kzohi% hl|% oi} @|gkmàvki}% o vi}kãíi

hl `l`dti} ho alhltoãíi% mi` xiho} o} motomxltà}x kmo}

vieàx kmo} hlmittlgx l}'

O mi`dkgoãíi hl}}l} aoxitl} ë hlx lt`k gogxl v oto

o lrvog}íi% }l` vtlmlhlgxl}% hi gú`lti hl @|gkmàvki}imittkho gi voà}% migait` l ovtl}lgxohi go Xodleo ?'

I} hohi} ho Xodleo ? kghkmo` |` mtl}mk`lgxi hl

8?, hi gú`lt i hl @|gkmàvki}% gi vltàihi mi` vtllghkhi

lgxtl i} ogi} hl ?;36 l 4662' Ový} o MA 22% aito` mtko-

hi} ?'8<2 @|gkmàvki}% o}}k` hk}xtkd|àhi}: 3=< "<4%=?,+

xkgbo` oxë <'666 bodkxogxl}> =16 "4<%14,+ x kgbo` lgxtl

<'66? l ?6'666 bodkxogx l}> 4=8 "?1%1<,+ x kgbo` lgx tl

?6'66? l 46'666 bodkxogxl}> 1? "8%=8,+ x kgbo` lgxtl

46'66? l <6'666 bodkxogxl} l ovlgo} ? x kgbo òk} hl?66'666 bodkxogx l}'

Xodleo ? _|ohti?

Lqie|ãíi hi gú`lti hl `|gkmàvki} gi Dto}ke

Aigx l: KDCL ” mlg}i} hlìct ï mi} l migxocl` ho viv|eoãíi'

I o|cl hl}}l vtiml}}i imittl| lgxtl i} ogi} hl ?;;? l

?;;3% v timl}}i l}}l vtox kmo`lgx l votoe k}ohi o votx k t ho

lhkãíi ho L`lgho Mig}xk x|mkigoe g'º ?<% hl ?4 hl }l-

xl`dti hl ?;;1% q|l oexlti| i hk}vi}xi gi otx kci ?2 ho

MA 22% l}xodlelmlghi gio} lrkcêgmko} voto o mtkoãíi hl

@|gkmàvki}' Xoe aox i j |}xk mo o mtkoãíi hl ovlgo} <3 @|-

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`lgxi tlckigoe% l o o|}êgmko hl Vieàx kmo} Vúdekmo} q|l

vlg}o}}l` i voà} hl òglkto kgxlctoho% omodoto` vit

cltot l}}o tloe khohl xixoe`lgxl hk}xitmkho'

]l mig}khltotì} q|l i ìk`lgxi vtý-hl}mlg-

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i oml}}i æ mkhohogko% lgxlghkho miì o tleoãíi lgxtl i

mkhohíi l o ovtivt koãíi ho mik}o vúdekmo'

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to`lgxl% i vovle hl vtl}xohitl} hl }ltkãi} vúdekmi}%

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mig}khltot% xo`dë`% q|l i} vlq|lgi} @|gkmàvki}% }l`

oviki kg}xk x|mk igoe% gíi xlt íi mighkãül} hl elot o lalkx i

l}}o} oãül} ìhlt gkzogx l}'

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gohi} æ l}alto `|gkmkvoe xl` l}dottohi go} hk m|eho-

hl} motomxltà}xkmo} hi} vlq|lgi} @|gkmàvki}% q|l mig}-

xk x|l`% hl eigcl% o ctoghl òkitko gi voà}' Vtictoò}

miì i V@OX "DGHL]+% hl}xkgohi} æ ìhltgkzoãíi ho

oh`kgk} xtoãíi x t kd|xït ko l æ `lebit ko ho q|oe khohl hi

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vit mkhohl} ctoghl} l `ëhko}'

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hl}hl o aoexo hl xëmgkmi} movozl} hl ait`|eotl` i Vti-

j lx i vot o id x lg ãíi hi gogmko`lgxi oxë o kglrk}xêgmko

hl oviki xëmgkmi voto o vtývtko lrlm|ãíi% gíi xê` idxk-hi êrkxi go ohiãíi hl}}l vtictoò}'

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j o` lg x i hl}lg ie l t |` vt icto` o gomk ig oe hl ov ik i l}-

vlmàmi oi} @|gkmàvki} mi` ox ë =6'666 bodkx ogxl} "2?%<,

hi xixoe+% q|l idjlxko}}l hl}hl o aitòãíi hl xëmgkmi}

oxë o ohiãíi hl tlm|t}i} xlmgieýckmi} l% `|kxi k`vit-

xogxl% }l` migxtovotx kho gogmlkto' Ë kgoh`k}}àle q|l

o k`lg}o òkitko hl}}l migx kgclgxl hl vlq|lgi} @|gkmà-

vki} gíi xlgbo oml}}i æ} kgioãül} xlmgieýckmo} go ïtlohl Xlmgieicko ho Kgaitòãíi% moghi æ `ltmê hl }ie|-

ãül}% `|kxo} ho} lzl}% xixoe`lgxl hk}xogxl}% kgme|}kl%

ho} lrkcêgmko} elcok}% gi q|l hkz tl}vlkxi oi vtiml}}i hl

vtl}xoãíi hl migx o}'

Mig}khltoghi q|l oec|ò} ho} vieàxkmo} vúdekmo}

hi ciltgi alhltoe xê` i @|gkmàvki miì }l| vtkgmkvoe

lrlm|xit% miì% vit lrl`vei% i Die}o-Ao`àe ko% l okgho%

q|l o} oãül} hi Vtictoò hl Omleltoãíi hi Mtl}mk`lg-

xi - VOM - iexoho} æ} ïtlo} hl }oglo`lgxi l bodkxoãíi

xo`dë` vi}}|l` l}}o motomxltà}x kmo% motko od}ie|xo-

`lgxl meoto o glml}}khohl l o kodk e khohl hl |ò oãíi

miithlgoho l veogljoho kg}x k x|m kigoe`lgxl'

I m|}x i hl |` Vticto` o mi` l}}o} motomx ltà}xk mo}

}ltko velgo`lgxl mi`vlg}ohi% o `ëhki l eigci vtozi}%

vleo ohiãíi hl |` gii ìhlei hl cl}xíi q|l k}o}}l

oi ovtkìto`lgxi hi vtiml}}i hl xiòho hl hlmk}ül}

q|ogxi æ òkit t omkigoe khohl ho hl}vl}o vúdekmo% x lghi%

miì vtkgmàvki dï}kmi% i oxlghk`lgxi ho} hlògho} hi

mkhohíi migxt kd|kgxl'

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i|xt i} ottogj i} kg}x k x |mkigok}% }lxitk ok} i| tlckigok}% q|l

k}l` æ o`vekoãíi ho oãíi vúdekmo' Oec|ò} lrvltkêg-

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xi% vtkgmkvoe`lgxl ový} o lgxtoho l` kcit ho Elk hi}Mig}ýtmki} Vúdekmi}' I|xti di` lrl`vei hl kgkmkoxko}

hl m|gbi t lckigoe }íi i} Mi`k x ê} hl Domko}% iex ohi}% l}-

vlmkmo`lgx l% voto o} q|l}xül} tleox ko} oi }oglo`lgxi

l æ vtl}ltoãíi hi `lki o`dklgxl' @o} oq|k xo`dë`

modltko |ò oãíi miithlgoho vlei @kgk}xëtki hi Veogl-

j o` lg x i% khl gx kmoghi o} `lebitl} vi}}kdkekhohl} l vi-

x lgmkoe khohl} l o|rk e koghi go }|o lrlm|ãíi'

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i hl otòãíi ho hlìmtomko lmigø`kmo l hl oml}}i

æ mkhohogko'



4 6 u 4 ?

Atogmk}mi Týz}o A|gmko

Lmigi`k }xo l @l}x tl l` Lmigi`k o Vieàxk mo vle o V\M-]V'

Ë Mig}|exi t ho ACQ Vtij lx i}% Vtia l}}it-Migkhohi hi

Vtictoò hl Lh|moãíi Migxkg|oho ho A|ghoãíi Clx|eki

Qotco} hl ]íi Vo|ei "CQvlm+% Cl}xit l Vtial}}it hi M|t}i

hl Mkêgmko} Lmigø`k mo} ho \gklt}khohl @|gkmk voe h l ]íi

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lrlm|ãíi itão`lgxïtko-gogmlkto hi @kgk}xëtki ho ]oúhl

vlei} Mig}leblk ti} Gomkigok} hl ]oúhl v oto o Itcogkzoãíi

Vogo`lt kmogo h l ]oúhl "IVO]) I@]+' Aik ]lmtlx ïtki hl

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}l}}it Lmigø`kmi-Akgogmlkti go} Vtlalkx|to} hi} @|gkmàvki}

hl Hkohlò l ]íi Dltgothi hi Mo`vi'

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vtial}}it ia xbl Lmigi`km ]mklgml} Vticto` ia ]íi Molxogi

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ait ogoe{z kgc xbl d|hclxot{ ogh gogmkoe lrlm|xkig ia

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x bl Vog O`ltkmog Bloex b Itcogkzoxk ig "VOBI) SXI+' Bl

so} |gkm kvoe }lmtlx ot{ ia bloe x b ait x bl m k x{ ia Tkdlk tíi

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ciltg`lgx} ia Hkohlò ogh ]íi Dltgothi hi Mo`vi'

Vieàxkmo} vúdekmo} `|gkmkvok}:

l` d|}mo ho tomkigoekhohl Atogmk}mi T' A|gmko

TL]\@I

I otxkci x tox o hi hl}mi`vo}}i lrk}xlgx l lgx tl o mtl}mlg-

xl k`vitxägmko o}}|`kho gi Dto}k e vleo l}alto `|gkmkvoe

hl ciltgi% o votx kt ho Mig}xk x|kãíi Alhltoe hl ?;;2%

l o tleoxko kgmovomkhohl xëmgkmo% itcogkzomkigoe l -

gogmlkto hi} Vihltl} Lrlm|xki l Elck}eoxki go ctoghlòkitk o ho} mkhohl} dto}k elkt o} voto a ozlt at lgx l æ} gio}

lrkcêgmko} tlq|ltk ho} hl}hl lgx íi' Ogoek}o x o`dë` q|l

o oclgho `|gkmkvoe ho tlaitò hi L}xohi hll mi`l-

ãot vit |` hkocgý}xkmi vtlmk}i hi vtiml}}i hl cl}xíi%

hl xo e aitò q|l% o eë` ho movomkhohl migxt kd|x ko% i

aitx o elm k`lgxi ho} tlmlk xo} vtývt ko} xlgbo miì mt k x ët ki

o glml}}khohl hl òg|xlgãíi ho `ïq|kgo vúdekmo mi`

do}l gi veogljo`lgxi'

OD]XTOMX

Xbl otx kmel hk}m|}}l} x bl `k}òx mb dlxs llg xbl ctis kgc

k`vitxogml ia xbl `|gkm kvoe }vbltl ia ciltg`lgx kg

Dtozk e }kgml xbl ?;22 Alhltoe Mig}xkx|xkig ogh xbl tleo-

x kl x lmbgkmoe % itcogkzox k igoe ogh gogmkoe kgmovomkx { ia

x bl lrlm|x kl ogh elck}eox kl dtogmbl} kg xbl e otcl ò- j it k x { ia Dt ozk e k og mk x kl} x i a oml x bl gl s hl` og h} ve oml h

ig xbl` }kgml xblg' K x o e}i otc|l} xbox xbl `|gkm kvoe

oclgho ait ciltg`lgx t lait` }bi|eh }x otx sk x b o motl-

a|e hkocgi}k} ia x bl ògocl`lgx vt iml}}% }i xbox la a itx }

x i }x tlgcxblg x bl eimoe x or do}l% dl}khl} x bl mt k x lt kig ia

odk e k x{ xi vo{% mig}khlt xbl gllh xi òkgxokg xbl v|de km

ovvotox |} kg e k cbx ia veoggkgc'

OTXKCI

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OTXKCI

I} ogi} 26 aito` òtmohi} vit |ò kgxlg}o ìdke kzoãíi ho }imklhohl dto}k elkto vlei tl}xodl-

elmk`lgxi ho hlìmtomko gi voà}' I vigxi m|e`kgogxl hl}xl vtiml}}i aik oxkgckhi mi` o vti-

`|ecoãíi ho Mig}x k x |kãíi Alhltoe hl ?;22% o ― Mig}x k x |kãíi-Mkhohí‐ % q|l k gmitviti| o} xl}l}

hl}mlgxtoe kzogxl}'

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xl o} }imkok}% o votx kt hi} ogi} ;6' O hl}mlgxt oe kzoãíi aik hla lghkho miì |` `lk i a|gho`lgx oe voto

vtiìlt |ò ― tll}xt |x|toãíi x t og}aitòhito‐ hi L}xohi dto}k el k ti' Boko o glml}}khohl hl ― odt k t ‐ i

L}x ohi% q|lt v oto i tl}cox l ho hàkho }imkoe blthoho ho} hëmoho} vo}}oho}% q|lt vot o cotogxkt i lrltmàmkiho mkhohogko oxtoë} ho lalxko votx kmkvoãíi viv|eot go hl gkãíi% cl}xíi l migx tiel ho} oãül} hltkoho}

ho} vieàx kmo} vúdekmo}' Omtl}mlgx oto`-}l i} vtidelò} itk|ghi} xogx i hi motïx lt t lml}}ki ho} vieàx kmo} hl

oj|}xl ho mtk}l lmigø`kmo hi} ogi} 26% k}oghi mi`doxlt o} oex o} x oro} kgfflomkigïtko} l i hl}lq|ke àdtk i ho}

migxo} lrxltgo}% q|ogxi hi vtiml}}i hl odltx|to mi`ltmkoe l hl tll}xt|x|toãíi vtih|xko% mi` hl}xoq|l

voto i hl}l`vtlci% h|togx l i} ogi} ;6'

L}xo }kx|oãíi tlq|ltl|% ho} oh`kgk}xtoãül} `|gkmkvok}% kgxltlgãül} tïvkho} vtkgmkvoe`lgxl go}

ïtlo} hl }oúhl% lh|moãíi% bodkx oãíi% odo}xlmk `lgx i oe k`lgx ot% ` lki o`dklgx l% }oglo`lgx i dï}kmi% vt i-

ctoò} l}vlmkok} hl mi`dox l æ vidtlzo l oi hl}l`vt lci% g|` migx lrxi hl t leox ko kgmovomkhohl xëmgkmo%

itcogkzomkigoe l gogmlkto ho òkitko hleo} voto lgatlgxot xoe hl}oi' Ogoe% i} @|gkmàvki} lrltmlto`vit `|k x i x l`vi |` vovle miohj|ogxl gi mlgït ki vie à x kmi- kg}x k x |m kigoe '

O tlmig}xt|ãíi hi hl}lgbi vieàx kmi-kg}xk x|mkigoe hlmittlgxl hi aitxoelmk`lgxi hi vihlt eimoe l ho

votxkmkvoãíi oxko ho mi`|gkhohl migxkg|o tlvtl}lgxoghi |` hl}oi voto o }imklhohl dto}k elkto:

o+ l` vtk `lkt i e|cot% vit q|l i hldoxl }idtl o tlait ò hi L}x ohi xl` hohi vi|mo oxlgãíi æ l}alt o

`|gkmkvoe% vtkgmkvoe`lgxl gi q|l xogcl æ lrk}xêgmko hl @|gkmàvki} mi` motomxltà}x kmo} mi`velxo`lgxl

hk altlgxl} "hlìctïmo}% }imkilmigø`kmo}% m|ex |tok}% tlckigok} lxm' +'

d+ l` }lc|ghi e|cot% vleo lrk}xêgmko hl |ò l}vëmkl hl ― m|ex |to mlgxt oe kzohito‐ % q|l xl` motom-

xlt kzohi i vomxi a lhltox ki dto}k el k ti% i q|l% l khlgxl` lgxl% kg ffl|k| gi vtiml}}i hl hl}mlgxt oe kzoãíi ho}

vieàxkmo} }imkok} o votxkt hi kgàmki ho hëmoho vo}}oho'



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4 =

O} tlmlkx o}% vt ývtko l hk}vigàle ho l}alt o `|gkmkvoe hl ciltgi% mt l}mlto` o votx kt ho

tla itò x tkd|x ïtko vtiìkho vleo Mig}x k x |kãíi Alhltoe hl ?;22' Vitë`% o mi`vlx êgmko

hl xtkd|xot migxkg|i| lrml}}ko`lgxl mlgxtoe kzoho go \gkíi% i q|l k`vekmi| o òg|-

xlgãíi ho ctoghl k`vitxägmko ho} xtog}altêgmko} kgxltciltgo`lgxok} go mi`vi}kãíi

ho tlmlkx o ho ` okitko hi} @|gkmàvki} dto}k elkt i}% miì vihl }lt id}ltohi go Xodleo ?'

L}xl úex kì o}vlmxi a ik tl}vig}ïle vit hk }x itãül} k`v itx ogxl} gi vtiml}}i hl gogmko-

`lgx i ho} vieàx kmo} `|gkmkvok} gi} úex kì} ogi}% vik}:

o+ x l` tlvtl}lgxohi |` o hlvlghêgmko lrml}}ko ho} hlmk}ül} vieàx kmo} l hk}mtk-

mkigïtko} hi} ciltgi} l}xoh|ok} l alhltoe>

d+ i mt k xët ki hl toxlki voto o hl gkãíi hi} oeitl} o }ltl` xtog}altkhi} xl`

tlffllxkhi |ò `lxihieicko q|l gíi vtkk elcko o mtl}mlgxl vtl}}íi hl hlògho vit

}ltkãi} |tdogi} l }imkok} q|l tlmok vtlhi`kgogxl`lgxl }idtl o} mkhohl} hl òkit

vitx l% l` cltoe% mi` ïtlo} hlg}o`lgx l viioho}> oeë` hk}}i% t lvtl}lgxi| o }lvotoãíi

lgxtl o hlmk}íi hi co}xi l i }l| gogmko`lgxi hk tlx i vlei migxt kd|kgxl go tl}vlmx ko

l}alt o hl ciltgi'

Xodleo ?

Tlmlkx o hl Xtog}altêgmko miì vitmlgxocl` ho Tlmlkx o @|gkmk voe

Aigx l: ]lmtlx otko ho Tlmlkx o Alhltoe "4663% v' 4?+

Gixo: "?+ Oì}xto hl 4' ;<? `|gkmàvki}



OTXKCI

Mig}khltoghi q|l o tlmlkxo k}o gogmkot o} vieàx kmo}

vúdekmo} l` moho l}alto hl ciltgi% i} hohi} ho Xodl-

eo 4 lkhlgmko` q|l% l` xltì} hl a|gãíi hl ciltgi%

o òkit votxl ho tlmlk xo `|gkm kvoe xl` } khi hl}x kgoho

oi gogmko`lgxi hl co}xi} }imkok}% hl}xomoghi-}l gl}}o

oeimoãíi i} @|gkmàvki} mi` viv|eoãíi lgxtl =66 `ke l

|` `kebíi hl bodkxogxl}' Migxtkd|k| voto l}}l o|`lgxi

o kgm|eoãíi itão`lgx ïtko% q |l l}xodle lml| co}x i} àgk-

ì} mi` oãül} l }ltk ãi} hl }oúhl% oeë` ho hlgkãíi hi

q|l vihl ` }lt mig}khltohi} co}x i} mi` lg}kgi voto ov|-

toãíi hi vltmlgx |oe `àgkì hl ove kmoãíi mig}x k x |mkigoe'

Vitë`% k}}i gíi }kcgkmi| glml}}otko`lgxl tomkigoe kho-

hl oh`kgk}xt oxko l vt l}ltoãíi hi Ltïtki'

Xodleo =

Hl}vl}o} mi` vl}}ioe ox kqi miì vitmlgxocl` ho tlmlkx o dt|x o hi} |gkmàvk i}

Aigx l: ]lmtlx otko ho Tlmlkx o Alhltoe "4663% v' 44+

Xodleo 8

I|xt o} hl}vl}o} mittlgx l} mi i vitmlgxocl` ho t lmlkx o dt |xo hi} |gkmàvki}

Aigx l: ]lmtlx otko ho Tlmlkx o Alhltoe "4663% v' 4=+

Miì ke|}xtoãíi% i} oogãi} vieàxkmi} id}ltohi} go k`-

veogxoãíi hi ]k}xlò Úgkmi hl ]oúhl "]\]+% l` xltì}

hl kgxlctoãíi "mi` o|xigi`ko+ lgxtl o} xtê} l}alto} hl

ciltgi gi} úex kì} kgxl ogi}% gíi aito` omi`vogbo-

hi} hl |ò tll}xt|x|toãíi oh`kgk}xtoxko l gogmlk-

to movoz hl o}}lc|tot o mi`velxo lmïmko hi }k}xlò'

_|ogx i æ ïtlo ho lh|moãíi% okgho vt lhi`kgo o }idtlvi-

}kãíi hl vieàx kmo} lgxt l o} xtê} l}alt o} hl ciltgi% i q |l

mighkmkigo glcoxko`lgxl i} tl}|exohi} oemogãohi} l`

tleoãíi æ} lrvlmxox ko} ho }imklhohl' L` }|ò% o kgm|-

eoãíi itão`lgx ïtko vit l}alto hl ciltgi gíi ë mighkãíi

}|mklgxl voto }l cotogxkt o lmïmko ho} vieàx kmo} vúdek-

mo} go ïtlo }imkoe' Migxt otko`lgx l oi q|l vihltk o }|cl-

Xodleo 4

Tlmlkx o hl Xtog}altêgmko mi i vit mlgx ocl` ho Tlmlkx o k mkvoe

Aigx l: ]lmtlx otko ho Tlmlkx o Alhltoe "4663% v' 4?+

Gixo: "?+ Oì}xto hl 4';<? `|gkmàvki}



4 8

u

4 <

tk t o lr vog}íi hi} co}x i} }imkok}% l tkmoho go Xodle o 4%

gíi bi|l mtl}mk`lgxi ho} hl}vl}o} mi` vl}}ioe oxki%

miì vihl }lt id}ltohi go Xodleo =% o} q|ok} l}xíi

}kx|oho} l` gàlk} q|l gíi mi`vti`lxl` i lq|ke àdtki

ho} migxo} vúdekmo} gi vtiml}}i hl lrlm|ãíi itão`lg-

xït ko l gogmlkto' O `l}ò }kx|oãíi gíi imittl| mi`

o} ― I|xto} Hl}vl}o} Mittlgx l}‐ % q|l o|`lgx oto` }kcgk-

moxko`lgxl gi vltàihi ogoek}ohi% migait`l Xodleo 8'

Xtoxo-}l hl }kx|oãíi q|l vihl xogxi tlffllxkt o lrvog}íi

hi} }ltk ãi} ia ltx ohi} go} ïtlo} }imkok}% mi` i kghk mot |`

vtidel` o hl cl}xíi% l` q|l o aoex o hl migxtiel i| i hl}-

migblmk`lgx i lalx ki hi} m|}x i} ho} hka ltlgx l} |gkhohl}

hl }ltkãi mighkmkigotko` o q|oekhohl hi co}xi v úde kmi%

l` vtlj|àzi hi} kgxltl}}l} ho viv|eoãíi "òk} hl}vl}o}

hl m|}xlki l ` lgi} kgl}x k`lgx i}+'

Go lthohl% i} Vihltl} Lrlm|xki l Elck}eoxki

@|gkmkvok} gíi }l movomkxoto` xëmgkmo l oh`kgk}xtoxk-

o`lgxl voto i vovle tlelogxl o}}|`khi o votx kt ho

Mig}xk x|kãíi Alhltoe hl ?;22' Gi Vihlt Lrlm|xki% o}

l}x t|x |to} hl cl}x íi }íi dl` bkltotq|k zoho} l hl}vtik-

ho} hl `lmogk}ì} hl migxtiel hi} m|}xi} ho} oãül} hl-

}lgiekho}% xitgoghi i vtiml}}i hlmk}ýtki hlìtohi l

hk}vlghki}i' Ho `l}ò ait ò% i Vihlt Elck}eox ki x o`-dë` gíi l}xï dl` l}xt|x|tohi voto i lrltmàmki ho oo-

e koãíi xëmgkmo l mig}xk x|mkigoe hi} vtijlxi} hl elk% gl`

voto o} a|gãül} hl }moekzoãíi hi} oxi} l vieàxkmo} hi

Vihlt Lrlm|xki'

Akmo lkhlgxl% gl}xo oex|to% q|l o} l}xt|x|to}

mlgxtoe kzoho} l lrml}}ko`lgxl d|timtoxkzoho} hi ovo-

tlebi hl L}x ohi }íi kgmi`vox àlk} mi` i idj lx ki hl k`-

veogx ot vieàx kmo} }imkok} lmozl}% hkm|ex oghi i v timl}}i

hl }moe kzoãíi% migx tiel l ooe koãíi hi} co}x i} vúdekmi}q|ogxi æ} vtkitkhohl} l}xodlelmkho} go ao}l hi veogljo-

`lgxi `|gkmkvoe' L` i|xti} xltì}% o oclgho `|gkmkvoe

ho tlaitò hi L}xohi hll mi`lãot vit |` hkocgý}xkmi

vtlmk}i hi vtiml}}i hl cl}x íi% hl x oe ait ò q|l% oeë` ho

movomkhohl migxt kd|x ko% i ait xo elm k`lgxi ho} tlmlk xo}

vtývtko} xlgbo miì mtk xëtki o glml}}khohl hl òg|xlg-

ãíi ho `ïq|kgo vúde kmo migait`l i ve ogljo`lgxi'

Oeë` hk}}i% }ltï vtlmk}i oexltot o eýckmo ho atoc`lgxo-

ãíi "hl}otxkm|eoãíi lgxtl i} gàlk} hl ciltgi+% okgho

vtl}lgxl go ait`|eoãíi l k`vel`lgxoãíi ho} vieàx kmo}

}imkok}% vleo eýckmo ho kgxlctoãíi l òxt kmkoe khohl ho}

vieàx kmo} vúdekmo}% l}xodlelmlghi-}l tleoãül} kgxltci-

ltgo`lgxok} `lgi} mlgxtoe kzohito}% iexoho} voto o

cotogxko hi kgx ltl}}l vúdekmi l h i migxt iel }imkoe' Hl}x o

aitò% }ltï lalx kohi i ait xo elm k`lgxi hi vihlt eimoe %

i| }ljo% hi @|gkmàvki miì eim|} vtkk elckohi ho gio

tleoãíi kgx ltox ko lgxt l L}x ohi l ]imklhohl'

Hkogxl hk}}i% |tcl o mig}xt|ãíi hl |` gii hl-

}lgbi vieàx kmi-kg}xk x|mkigoe q|l vtlljo |ò gio aitò

hl otx km|eoãíi% kgme|}kl ivltomkigoe% lgx tl i} x tê} gàlk}

hl ciltgi "alhltoe% tlckigoe l eimoe+% l gio} ait ò} hl

tleomkigo`lgx i lgxt l L}xohi l }imklhohl% vtkitk zoghi:

o+ i vtiml}}i hl veogljo`lgxi kgxlctohi% l`

q|l i Veogi Ve|tkog|oe "VVO+ `|gk mkvoe }ljo migmldkhi o

votxkt hl |` vtiml}}i q|l lgieltko o} xtê} l}alto} hl

ciltgi q|ogxi oi} vtictoò} mi`|g}>

d+ o leoditoãíi ho Elk hl Hktlxtkzl} Itão`lgxï-

tko} l ho Elk Itão`lgxïtko Og|oe `|gkmkvok} l` idlhk-

êgmko oi mtigictoò l}xodlelmkh i gi VVO% l}vlmkoe`lg-

xl l` tleoãíi oi} vtictoò} mi`|g} ho} xtê} l}alto}hl ciltgi>

m+ |ò oclgho `|gkmkvoe voto o tlaitò hi L}-

xohi% mi` o k`veogxoãíi hl altto`lgxo} hl cl}xíi q|l

vtivkmkl` o ock e khohl gi vtiml}}i hl xiòho hl hlmk-

}íi% oe koho æ tomkigoe khohl hi co}xi% cotogxkghi q|l o

cl}xíi }moe tl}vig}ïle }ljo |` kodk e kzohit ho lmïmko

ho} vieàx kmo} vúdekmo} `|gkmkvok}% l gíi |` id}xïm|ei

o l}xo}> l

h+ |ò tlaitò }moe q|l aitxoelão o mi`vlxêg-mko hl xtkd|xoãíi hi} @|gkmàvki} l hk}mkve kgl o} mi`vl-

xêgmk o} vtkoxko} l mi`|g} hl co}x i} lgxtl o} xtê} l}al-

to} hl ciltgi'

]ý o}}k` o} vieàxkmo} vúdekmo} `|gkmkvok} oemog-

ãotíi o tomkigoe khohl hl}ljïle voto q|l i} tl}|exohi}

}ljo` hl oe xi tlghk`lgxi l dlglaàm ki voto o òkit ko

ho viv|eoãíi'

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OTXKCI

Cl}xíi ho tlmlkxo `|gkmkvoe - |` vo}}i æ atlgxl

T|dlg} Oel}



4 1 u

4 3

OD]XTOMX

Xbl otxkmel lro`kgl} xbl kgmtlo}l kg

`|gkmkvoe tllg|l} oaxlt xbl ?;22 Alh-

lto e Mig}x k x| x kig% h|l òkg e{ xi xbl

gls voto`lxlt} ait h k} x t kd| x kig i a xor

tllg|l% ogh }|d}lq|lgx elck}eoxkig%

sbkmb bo} kgmtlo}lh tllg|l xtog}alt}'

K x o e}i }bis} xbox xbl ìhltgkzox kig ia

x or oh`kgk}x tox kig bo} dllg ogixblt aom-

xit migxt kd|x kgc xi xbl kgmtlo}l kg `|-

gkm kvoe t llg|l'

Glltxblel}}% òg{ `|gkmkvoe k-

x kl} }x k e e bol gix x onlg }x lv} x i k`vt il

x blk t e imoe x or }{}x l`}% ` okge{ kg x bl ot-

lo} ia t lmith nllvkgc% k gait` ox k ig xlmb-

gieic{% }xoaa xtokgkgc ogh eimoe elck}eo-

x kig' Ogixblt vt idel` k} x bl tleox k l eomn

ia osotlgl}} ia eimoe vie k x km kog} ia xbl

tl}|e x} xbox mog dl ox xokglh d{ e kgn kgc

tl}i|tml} x i xbl k`vt il`lgx ia sitnkgc

vtiml}}l} kg x bl x or otlo ogh k`v el` lgx -

kgc }xoghoth} ia lrmleelgml xi }v|t k`-

vtilh q|oe k x { ia x bl }ltkml} vtikhlh'

TL]\@I

I otxkci ogoek}o i o|`lgxi ho} tlmlkxo}

`|gkmkvok} ový} o MA22% do}lohi vtkgmk-

voe`lgx l gi} gii} votä`lx ti} hl hk}xtk-

d|kãíi hi} x tkd|x i} l l` elck}eoãül} vi}-

xlt kitl}% q|l o`ve koto` o x tog}altêgmko

hl t lm|t}i}' Ogoek}o okgho q|l o ` ihltgk-

zoãíi ho oh`kgk}xtoãíi xtkd|xïtko aik i|-

x ti aoxit q|l migxt kd|k| voto o leloãíi

hi} gàlk} hl ottlmohoãíi ` |gkmkvoe'

Xihoko% okgho bij l bï |` ctoghl

gú`lti hl @|gkmàvki} motlgxl} hl vtik-

hêgmko} hl `lebitko gi} }l|} }k}xlò} hl

xt kd|xoãíi% vt kgm kvoe`lgxl go} ïtlo} hl

ox|oe kzoãíi moho}xtoe% xlmgieicko hl kg-

ait òãíi% tlm|t}i} b|ògi} l e lck}eoãíi'

Hl i|xto votxl% gíi lrk} xl% o kgho% |ò

mig}mklgxkzoãíi hi} oclgxl} vieàxkmi} gi

}lgxk hi hl kgm|e ot tlm|t }i} voto i ovlt-

alkãio` lgxi hi} vtiml}}i} hl x todoebi hi

}lxit x t kd|xït ki l k`veogxot vohtül} hl

lrmleêgmko l `lebitko migxàg|o ho q|oek-

hohl hi} }ltkãi} vtl}xohi}'

T|dlg} Oel}

Lmigi`k}xo ctoh|ohi vleo \gklt}khohl @o-

mnlgzkl% @l}x tl l` Oh`kgk }xt oãíi Migxïdk e

l Akgogmlkto vleo LOL]V- ACQ' O|hkxit Ak}moe

hl Xtkd|xi} ho Vtlalkx|to @|gkmkvoe hl ]íi

Vo|ei' Vtia l}}it-Migkhohi hi Vtictoò hl

Lh|moãíi Migxkg|oho ho A|ghoãíi Clx|eki

Qotco} hl ]íi Vo|ei "CQ VLM+% Mig}|exit ho

ACQ Vtij lx i}'

Dombleit‛} hlctll kg lmigi`km} at i`

@omnlgzkl \gklt}kx { ogh o @o}x lt‛} kg

ommi|gx kgc ogh gogmko e oh`kgk}x t ox kig

a ti` LOL]V-ACQ' Bl k} o `|g kmkv oe x or

o|hkx it k g ]íi Vo|ei% k}k x k gc vtia l}}it

kg x bl Migx kg|kgc Lh|moxk ig Vticto` ia

A|ghoãíi Clx|e ki Qotco} kg ]íi Vo|e i "CQ

VLM+ ogh mig}|exogx ox ACQ Vtijlxi}'

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OTXKCI

O vtl}xoãíi hl }ltkãi} l` q|ogxkhohl }|mklgxl l mi`

o q|oekhohl lrkckho vlei} mkhohíi}-migxt kd|kgx l} ë o a|g-

ãíi vtl màv|o ho} oh` kgk}x toãül} `|g kmkv ok}' L}}l idj l-

x ki xl` }l ì}xtohi |` ctoghl hl}oi voto o} Vtlalk-

x|t o} l` t ozíi ho mtl}mlgxl migmlgxt oãíi ho viv|eoãíi

go} tlckül} |tdogo} l% l` votx km|e ot% go} ctoghl} mkhohl}

l% okgho% ho xtog}altêgmko moho lz òkit hl lgmotci}

ho} hlòk} l}alt o} hl ciltgi% mi` i l` imit tlghi go}

úexkò} hëmoho} go} ïtlo} hl }oúhl% lh|moãíi l o}}k}-

xêgmk o }imkoe'

I gogmko`lgxi hl}}l} }ltkãi} do}lko-}l% a|g-

ho`lgxoe`lgxl% go ottlmohoãíi hl x t kd|xi} vtývt ki} l

go} xtog}altêgmko} mig}xk x|mkigok} l ie|gxïtko}' L}xo}

octlco` ctoghl }kcgkmoãíi go }oúhl l lh|moãíi% |ò

lz q|l i} kgl}xk`lgxi} itkckgïtki} hl ivltoãül} hl

mtëhkxi l hl oe klgoãíi hl dlg} xê` vovle òtckgoe go

tlmlkxo hi} @|gkmàvki}'

O} tlmlkxo} `|gkmkvok}% hl}hl o vti`|ecoãíi ho

Mig}xk x|kãíi hl ?;22% ê` ovtl}lgxoghi |` mtl}mk`lg-

xi mig}xogxl l` hlmittêgmko hl ïtki} aoxitl}: `lebitko

go oh`kgk}xtoãíi hi} xtkd|x i} vtývtk i}% vt ictoò} hl -

gogmko`lgxi voto o ìhltgkzoãíi ho ïtlo xtkd|xïtko l%

mi` mltxlzo% i aoxit òk} k`vitxogxl% o tlhl

gkãíi hohk}xt kd|kãíi ho tlmlk xo x t kd|xït ko lgx tl i} lgxl} alhlto-

x k i}% l}xodle lmkho go gio Motxo @ocgo' Gi xývkmi Mtl}-

mk`lgxi ho} Tlmlkxo} @|gkmkvok}% hlxoebotlì} `lebit

l}}o mktm|g}xägmko'

O k`vit xägmko hl |` o cl}x íi lmklgxl ho ottlmo-

hoãíi ho} tlmlkxo} ë tl}}oexoho go vtývtko Mig}xk x|kãíi

q|oghi% gi kgmk}i RRKK hl }l| otxkci =3% lelcl o oh`kgk}-

xtoãíi xtkd|xïtko miì oxkkhohl l}}lgmkoe oi a|gmkigo-

`lgx i hi L}x ohi% hllghi }lt lrltmkho v it }ltkhitl} hlmottlkto} l}vlmàmo}% migx oghi mi` tlm|t}i} vtkit k x ïtki}

voto o tloekzoãíi hl }|o} oxkkhohl}'

Xlghi l` k}xo o oexo motco xtkd|xïtko kclgxl gi

Voà}% gíi ë òk} modàle o d|}mo hl tlm|t}i} vit `lki hl

mtkoãíi hl gii} xtkd|xi} i| hi o|`lgxi ho} oeàq|ixo}'

I mo`kgbi o }lc|kt ë o o`ve koãíi ho do}l x tkd|x ïle% ` l-

ebitoghi i} ïtki} vtiml}}i} lgiekhi} go xtkd|xoãíi:

moho}xto`lgxi% eogão`lgxi% ottlmohoãíi% }moekzoãíi

l midtogão' K}}i }i`lg x l }ltï mig}lc|khi }l o vtl i-m|voãíi hi} oh`kgk }x tohitl} vúdekmi} `|gkmkvok} l}xklt

iexoho voto o ox|oe kzoãíi vltòglgxl hi} lel`lgxi}

q|l híi }|vitxl o l}}l} vtiml}}i} ” elck}eoãíi% kgatol}-

x t|x |to% t lm|t}i} b|ògi} l xlmgieicko hl kga itòãíi ”%

oxë `l}ì voto oxlghlt oi ògho`lgxi mig}xk x|mkigoe

om kò m k xohi'

O lmïmko gi lrltmàmki ho mi`vlx êgmko hl midtot

i} x t kd|xi}% xihoko% xl` miì idjlx ki òkit o`ve kot

i} tlm|t}i} hk}vigàlk} voto o vt l}xoãíi hl }ltk ãi} mi`

o lrmleêgmko q|l i migxt kd|kgxl lr kcl l` migx tovotx kho

oi} oeitl} voci}'

VEOGLJO@LGXI HO TLMLKXO

Gi eigci vltàihi l` q|l migklì} mi` oexo}

x oro} hl kgffloãíi% i veogljo`lgx i l o vtlk}íi ho tlmlkx o

lto` |` lrltmàm ki mi`velri l% oi ` l}ì x l`vi% a t|}-

x togx l' O tlk }íi ho} l}xk` ox ko} lto glml}}ïtko q|o}l

q|l hkotko`lgx l' Hl i|xto votx l% gi mo}i hi} @|gkmà-

vki}% ighl i kgctl}}i hi} tlm|t}i} xl` aitxl migmlgxto-

ãíi gi kgàmki hi lrltmàmki "voco`lgxi æ k}xo hi KVX\%

tlmldk` lgxi hi KVQO l xtog}altêgmko hi KM@]% tla ltlgx l

æ} mi`vto} hi goe hi ogi+% l o} hl}vl}o} l}voebo`-}l

vit x ihi i vltàihi% boko |ò ctoghl tlmlk xo hlmittlgxl

ho} ovekmoãül}

gogmlkto} q|l vlt`k x ko` oi} oh`kgk}xt o-hitl} oxlghlt æ} hlògho} ho viv|eoãíi }l` o glml}-

} khohl hl ovt kìto`lgxi ho oh`kgk} x toãíi x t kd|xït ko'

Oeë` hk}}i% i} vtývtki} ýtcíi} }moekzoh itl} ho} gogão}

`|gkmkvok} ” Mäòto} @|gkmkvok} l Xtkd|gok} hl Migxo}

” vt li m| vo o` -}l q| o}l q| l lr me |}k o`lg x l mi ` o lr l-

m|ãíi h o hl}vl}o'

Mi` o l}xodk e khohl ìglxïtko mig}ie khoho l%

okgho% mi` o Elk hl Tl}vig}odke khohl Ak}moe lhkx oho gi

lrltmàmki hl 4666% |ò gio ao}l aik kgkmkoho go oh`k-gk}xtoãíi xtkd|xïtko% motomxltkzoho vleo kglrk}xêgmko ho}

tlmlk xo} gogmlkto} aotx o} l tlctoho} vit hk}vi}kx ki} hl

`lx ihieicko l mt k x ët ki} hl l}x k` ox ko ho tlmlk xo'

Hl}}o aitò% go} vtlk}ül} hl tlmlkxo% vo}}oto`

o }lt id}ltoho} o} gitò} xëmgkmo} l elcok}% l mig}khl-

tohi} i} lalkxi} ho} oexltoãül} go elck}eoãíi% ho otkoãíi

hi àghkml hl vtlãi}% hi mtl}mk`lgxi lmigø`kmi i| hl

q|oeq|lt i|xti aoxit tl elogxl% o eë` hl }ltl` omi`-

vogboho} hl hl` ig}x tox ki hl }|o lie|ãíi gi} úex kì}xtê} ogi}% ho vtijlãíi voto i} hik} }lc|kgxl} æq|lel o



q|l }l tlaltko`% l ho `lxihieicko hl mïem|ei l vtl`k}-

}o} |xke kzoho} "otx' ?4 ho ETA+'

L` hlmittêgmko hk}}i% o tloe kzoãíi ho tlmlkxo

vo}}i| o mot vtýrkò ho} vtlk}ül} lalx|oho} l% vit

mig}lc|kgxl% lrkck| i migxtiel òk} mtk xltki}i ho} hl}-

vl}o}% hohi q|l o ETA xkgbo miì vtl`k}}o dï}kmo hi

tl}|exohi }moe i lq|k e àdtk i lgxt l tlmlkx o l hl}vl}o'

Gl}}o} mighkãül}% i} oh`kgk}xtohitl} vúdekmi}vo}}oto` o }l vtlim|vot mi` o q|oekhohl hi} co}xi}

go vtl}xoãíi hl }ltkãi} æ viv|eoãíi l go lrlm|ãíi hl

idto}' Gíi vit i|xt o tozíi% o ETA vtlk| l` }l| xlrx i

o k`veogxoãíi hl |` }k}xlò hl m|}xi} voto oaltkãíi l

migx tie l hl }}l} co}x i}'

Votoeleo`lgxl% voto o`vekot o movomkhohl hi}

@|gkmàvki} hl vtl}xot òk} l `le bitl} }ltkãi}% bi|l o

glml}}khohl% vit votx l ho} Vtla lkx |to}% hl lrvoghkt }|o}

tlmlkx o}' Hik} mo`kgbi} aito` xt k ebohi} vlei} @|gkmàvki}:velkxlot oexltoãül} go elck}eoãíi xtkd|xïtko l ovtkìtot

}l|} vtiml}}i} hl xtkd|xoãíi'

Go q|l}xíi elcoe% bi|l }kcgkmoxko} migq|k}-

xo}: i o|`lgxi hi vltmlgx|oe hi A|ghi hl Votxkmkvoãíi

hi} @|gkmàvki}-AV@> o kg}xkx|kãíi ho vtictl}}kkhohl hi

KVX\% l` tozíi hi oeit hi k`ýle% l o vlt`k}}íi hl

oeàq|ixo} hkalt lgxl} hl omithi mi` o eimoe kzoãíi l i |}i

hi k`ýle> o vi}}kdk e khohl% vit `lki hl migêgki mi`

o \gkíi% hl o}}|`kt o oh`kgk}xtoãíi l i tlmldk`lgxihi xixoe hi K`vi}xi Xlttk xitkoe T|toe-KXT> o votx kmkvoãíi

go ottlmohoãíi ho Migxt kd|kãíi hl Kgx ltlgãíi gi Hi`à-

gki Lmigø`kmi-MKHL> o kg}xk x|kãíi ho Migxtkd|kãíi voto

M|}xlki hi ]ltkãi hl K e|`kgoãíi> o lhkãíi hl gio elk

mi`vel`lgxot tlctoghi o xt kd|xoãíi hi K]]% o`vekoghi

o e k}xo hl }ltkãi} }|jlkxi} oi k`vi}xi% vlt`kxkghi oi}

@|gkmàvki} o lelkãíi hi tl}vig}ïle miì }|d}xk x|xi hi

migxt kd|kgxl l jï hlgkghi% l` oec|g} mo}i}% i x iòhit

hi} }ltkãi} miì tl}vig}ïle vlei }l| voco`lgxi'Mi` tl}vlkxi æ ìhltgkzoãíi hi} vtiml}}i} hl

x todoe bi% i} ctoghl } @|gkmàv ki} l i} @|gkmàvki} ho} movk-

xok} oogãoto` l` eotco òtcl` gi }lgxkhi ho k`veog-

xoãíi hi ciltgi lelx tøgkmi' I} migxt kd|kgx l} l |}|ïtki}

vo}}oto` o xlt oml}}i æ hklt}kmoho coò hl kgaitò-

ãül} l }ltkãi} vit kgxlt `ëhki ho t lhl `|ghk oe hl mi`-

v|xohitl} "kgxltglx+% xok} miì: mltx khül} glcoxko}% vi-

}kãíi ho }kx |oãíi }moe ox |oe kzoho% c|ko} voto voco`lgx i

hl x tkd|x i}% mïem|e i hi} omtë}mkì} voto voco`lgxi ový}i lgmk`lgxi% ox|oe kzoãíi moho}xtoe% l}mtk x|toãíi lel-

x t øgkmo hl e kti} }mok}% l`k}}íi hl gixo }moe% }lc|gho

ko hl eogão`lgxi}% elck}eoãíi xtkd|xïtko% lgxtl i|xti}'

Jï i} hlòk} @|gkmàvki}% `l}ì xlghi oml}}i o

ekgbo} hl gogmko`lgxi iexoho} æ k`vel`lgxoãíi hl

`lhkho} hl `lebitko hl }l|} vtimlhk`lgxi}% ovlgo}

hlto` kgàmki oi veoglj o`lgx i ho ox|oe kzoãíi hl }|o} kg-

ait` oãül} l æ k` veogx oãíi hl vt iml}}i} vltlgl} l mig-

xàg|i} hl òg|xlgãíi hl}}o} kgaitòãül}'Bï `|kxi o lie|kt% okgho% go tleoãíi }mi-migxtk-

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OTXKCI

d|kgxl% l` hk tlãíi æ }k`ve kmoãíi gi m|`vtk` lgx i hl idtkcoãül} }mok}% go mi`|gkmo-

ãíi meot o l gi oml}}i æ} kgait òãül}'

Ë mig}khltïle% gi lgx ogxi% i tl}|exohi% l` x lt` i} hl ottlmohoãíi% hlmittlgxl

hi} aoxit l} omkò odithohi}'

MTL]MK@LGXI HO] TLMLKXO] @\GKMKVOK]

Qïtki} l}x|hi} aito` hl}lgiekhi} l v|de kmohi} xtoxoghi }idtl i} lalkxi} ho

v|dekmoãíi ho Mig}xk x|kãíi Alhltoe hl ?;22 go ottlmohoãíi l go hk}xtkd|kãíi ho} tl-

mlkx o} lgxt l i} lgxl} alhltox ki}' Gl}x o ogïe k}l% |x k e kzoì} i} hohi} hl hik} xtodoebi}

tloe kzohi} vlei} xëmgk mi} hi DGHL] % odt ogclghi i vltàih i hl ?;22) ?;;3% l ho ]lmtl-

xot ko hi Xl}i|ti Gomkigoe% voto i vltàihi l` }lqõêgmko ” ?;;2) 4661'

I xt odoebi hi DGHL] |x kek zi| hohi} lrxt oàhi} ho} migx o} gomkigok } l mi`v oti| o

tlmlkx o xt kd|x ïtko hi} xtê} gàlk} hl ciltgi' Gi mo}i hi} @|gkmàvki}% oeë` hi} k`vi}-

xi}% x oro} l migxtk d|kãül} hl }|o mi`vlxêgmk o% aik mig}khltohi% x o`dë`% i k`vi}xi hl

tlgho tlx khi go a igxl hi} }l|} a|gmkigïtki} l ait glmlhitl} hl }ltkãi} q|l vltòglml

gi vihlt eimoe }l` i tlmiebk`lgxi æ \gkíi' O Xodleo ?% odokri% xtog}mtk xo hi oe|hkhi

l}x|hi% ì}xt o q|l o tlmlk xo x t kd|xït ko `|gkm kvoe vtox kmo`lgx l x t kv e kmi| gi vltàihi hl

?;22) ?;;3' I mtl}mk`lgxi ` ëhki og|oe aik h|o} lzl} okit q|l i hi} x tkd|x i} l}x o-

h|ok} l mltmo hl x tê} lzl} òkit q|l i hi} alhltok}'

Xodleo ?

Hl}l`vlgbi ho ottlmohoãíi x tk d|xït ko vit gàqle hl ciqltgi ”?;22) ;3



= 6 u = ?

Qoel tl}}oe xot q|l i ìgx ogxl ho tlmlk x o x t kd|xït ko ` |-

gkmk voe g i} ogi} hl 4661 l 4663 ” }|vlt kit o T( ?= dke bül}

” tl vtl}lgx i| go q| le l} og i} ml tmo hl ?% 1, hi VKD% i q| l

i} o|xit l} hi x todoebi ot` oto` miì }lghi o òk} oex o

votxkmkvoãíi oxkgckho vlei} @|gkmàvki} oxë lgxíi> l`

?;22% l}}o votx kmkv oãíi ai to hl 6%3, hi VKD'

I l}x|hi ho ]lmtlxotko hi Xl}i|ti Gomkigoe%

vltx kglgx l oi vltàihi hl ?;;2) 4661% x todoebi| mi` i}

migmlkxi} hl tlmlkxo dt|xo l hl ottlmohoãíi vtývtko% go

ov|toãíi hi} tl}|ex ohi} }mok}% l |xk e kzi| |ò oì}xto

hl 4';<? @|gkmàvki}' Voto l}}l migj|gxi hl @|gkmàvki}%

o tlmlk xo dt|xo ovtl}lgxi| |` mtl}mk`lgxi gi`kgoe %

gi vltàihi% hl ?3;%;,' O hlmi`vi}kãíi hl}}l vltmlg-

x |oe ` i}x to q|l o ottlmohoãíi vtývt ko mtl}ml| ?11%;,%

lgq|ogxi o} tlmlkxo} hl xtog}altêgmko} o|`lgxoto`

?23%1,' Modl |` hl}xoq|l æ lie|ãíi ho} xtog}altêgmko}

tlaltlgxl} oi ]\]% A\GHLA l AGHL q|l% mig}khltoho}

l` migj|gx i% ovtl}lgxoto` |` mtl}mk`lgxi gi`kgoe hl

844%3,% ox kgckghi% l` 4661% T(41%3 dk e bül}' Voto lgx lg-

hlt o k`vitxägmko hl}}l} gú`lti}% do}xo tlck}xtot q|l

o} xtog}altêgmko} hi AV@% vtkgmkvoe tlmlkxo voto o ctog-

hl òkitko hi} @|gkmàvki}% oemogãi|% gl}}l `l}ì ogi%

T( 46%3 dk ebül }'L` t leoãíi oi VKD% bi|l x o`dë` lrvtl}}ki kg-

mtl`lgx i q|ogxi æ votx kmkvoãíi tleox ko l` ?;;3 "?%1,+'

O} tlmlkxo} hl ottlmohoãíi vtývtko tlvtl}lgxoto`% l`

4661% 4%4, hi VKD ” T( 83%< dkebül}'

I} cogbi} hl tlmlkxo ovtl}lgxohi} vlei} @|gk-

màvki} hl}hl o MA ?;22 xê` h|o} vtiïlk} itkclg}: o}

oexltoãül} go elck}eoãíi% jï mi`lgxoho} ogxltkit`lgxl>

l o `lebitko hi} ovotlebi} ottlmohoxýtki} `|gkmkvok}

q|l% gi} @|gkmàvki} hl òkit vitxl% x klto` }l| kgàmkioxë ` l}ì ogx l} hi vltàihi oq|k odithohi% oi migxt ïtki

hi} @|gkmàvki} `ëhki} l vlq|lgi}% q|l }ý òk} tlmlgxl-

`lgx l ê` ohix oghi vieàx k mo} gl}}l }lgx khi'

\@ VO]]I OHKOGXL

L`dit o }lj o migmtlx o o lie|ãíi hi} @|gkmàvki} gi xtox i

ho oh`kgk}x t oãíi x t kd|xït ko% t lffllx kho a it xl` lgxl gi} o-

eitl} ottlmohohi}% lrk }xl% okgho% |` eigci mo`kgbi o }lt

vltmitt khi gi }lgxk hi hl mig}iekhot o k`ve ogxoãíi hl |`vtictoò hl q|oekhohl go lrlm|ãíi hi} }l|} vtiml}}i}

hl xtodoebi% aimohi} go `lebitko migxàg|o hi} }ltkãi}

vtl}xohi} oi mkhohíi-migxtkd|kgxl'

O} ïtlo} l` q|l i} @|gkmàvki}% `l}ì oq|lel}

hl ctoghl vitxl% xê` lgmigxtohi òkit h km|ehohl l`

k`ve l`lgx ot oãül} mittlx ko} ho} hlmkêgmko} lrk}x lgx l}

}íi: ox |oe kzoãíi hi} hohi} moho}x tok}% k` veogx oãíi l hl-

}lgiek`lgx i hl }k}x lò} ohlq|ohi} æ hkgä`kmo ho xt k-

d|x oãíi% o`ve koãíi l movomkxoãíi hi} tlm|t}i} b|ògi}

l }k`ve kmoãíi l mig}iekhoãíi ho elck}eoãíi'

Go q|l}xíi hi} moho}xti}% }ljo hl k`ýlk} i| hl

l`vtl}o} l o|xøgiì}% lrk}xl |ò vtïxkmo hl migxtoxot

vltkihkmo`lgxl tlmoho}xto`lgxi} cltok} q|l vtiimo`%

`|kxo} ho} lzl}% vtidelò} vieàx kmi} go }|o k`veogxo-

ãíi% hohi i ie|`l l o tlelägmko ho} oexltoãül} ov|-

toho}' I `l}ì imittl mi` o} Veogxo} hl Qoeitl} hi}

K`ýlk}% q|l }íi ox|oe kzoho} l}vitohkmo`lgx l% mo|}oghi

ctoghl k`vomx i gi oeit lgoe ho} vtivtklhohl}' ]íi to-

ti} i} @|gkmàvki} q|l ògxê` vl}}ioe xëmgkmi l}vlmko-

e kzohi l vltòglgxl voto l}}o} oxkkhohl}% i q|l hotko

òkit migodke khohl l mig}k}xêgmko oi} eogão`lgxi} l

hk e| k t ko i a it xl lalk x i hl ox |oe kzoãül} lalx |oho} hl |ò

}ý lz l lgxtl`loho} vit eotci} l}voãi} hl xl`vi'

Gi ximogx l oi} }k}xlò} l lq|kvo`lgx i} hl kga it-`ïx kmo% i} @|gkmàvki} okgho gíi mig}lc|kto` hl}lgie-

lt% i| migx tox ot mi` x ltmlkti}% }k}xl` o} kgx lctohi} l hl

òg|}lki }k`ve l} q|l ox lgho` gíi }ý oi} |}|ïtki} miì

oi vúdekmi migxtkd|k gx l' Mi` i |}i moho lz òk} kgx lg-

}ki hl tlm|t}i} ho Kgxltglx% bï glml}}khohl hl ògxlt

i} }ltkãi} hk}vigàlk} q|o}l vltòglgxl`lgxl% i q|l

hlògho ock e khohl go }ie|ãíi hi} vtidelò} l lq|kvo-

`lgxi} mi` movomkhohl hl oxlghlt æ} hlògho}' Vleo

leimkhohl mi` q|l o xlmgieicko hl kgaitòãíi l` }lhl}lgielghi% }íi lrkckhi} lq|kvo`lgx i} mi` movomk-

hohl l }i}xkmoãíi moho lz òkitl}' L}}l ë |` hl}oi

q|l i} oh`kgk}xtohitl} `|gkmkvok} xê` lgatlgxohi l%

oxë i ì` lgxi% mi` vi|mi }|ml}}i' I veogljo` lgxi l i

kgl}xk`lgxi kgxlg}i hl tlm|t}i} gl}}o ïtlo }íi a|gho-

`lgx ok} voto q|l gíi }l x itgl |` cotcoei voto o ìhlt-

gkzoãíi ho} hlòk} oxkkh ohl} x tkd|x ïtko}'

Vit i|xti eohi% o }moe kzoãíi xtkd|xïtko% go ctog-

hl òkitko hi} @|gkmàvki}% tl}xtkgcl-}l æ biìeicoãíihi} eogão`lgxi} hi K]]' Toto`lgxl% lrk}xl` }mok} l`

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q|ogxk hohl }|mklgxl voto ox|oe kzot i} moho}xti} l o veogxo hl oeitl}' Mltxo`lgxl% modl |ò vtia|gho tlait`|eo-

ãíi hl}}l mi`vitx o`lgx i' Bï q|l }l odo}x lmlt i} @|gkmàvki} mi` òkit gú`lti hl }mok} q|oekmohi}% }lelmkigohi}

l` migm|t}i} vúdekmi}% l v tivitmkigot o lel} movomkx oãíi vltòglgx l voto i hl}l`vlgbi hl }|o} a|gãül}'

Akgoe`lgxl% modl |ò tlffllríi }idtl o elck}eoãíi xtkd|xïtko `|gkmkvoe' Lgmigxtoì}% bijl% @|gkmàvki} mi`

mýhkci} xtkd|xïtki} q|l tlìgxo` æ} hëmoho} hl 16 l 36% tl`lghohi} oi eigci hi xl`vi' Ox|oe`lgxl% gi cltoe%

o elck}eoãíi xtkd|xïtko `|gkmkvoe ë miga|}o% mi`velro% l}vot}o l hl hkaàmk e oml}}i% xogxi voto i migxtkd|kgxl miì

voto i} oclgxl} mi`vlx lgx l} voto ove kmï-eo' Ë vtlmk}i |` l}ait ãi migmlgxtohi voto o ìhkmoãíi hl}}l q|ohti%

lhkx oghi-}l elk} j|}xo}% h|tohi|to} l }ýe kho}% mi` tlh oãíi meoto% idj lxk o l kgx le kcàle% e ktl} hl `kgúmko} l lrml}}i}

d|timtïx kmi} i| }moe k}xo}% l mi` migxlúhi t l}x tk x i æ òxët ko hl elk% gíi kgme|kghi x lò} vo}}àlk} hl tlc|eoãíi vlei

Vihlt Lrlm|xki'

MIG]KHLTOÃÜL] AKGOK]

\` kë} vieàx kmi gi lgatlgxo`lgxi hi} vtidelò} kgl-

tlgxl} æ oh`kgk} x toãíi x t kd|xït ko% q|oe }ljo% o kòcl`

vi|mi }k`vïx kmo q|l o midtogão hi} xtkd |x i} |gkmkv ok}%

l}vlmkoe`lgxl gi mo}i hi KVX\% vtijlxo vltogxl i} `|-

gàmkvl}% xl` k`vlhkhi q|l i} oclgxl} vieàx kmi} `|gkmk-

vok} aoão` |ò ogïek}l òk} tomkigoe l idjlxko hl}}o

q|l}xíi% l% miì hlx lt`k go o Mig}x k x |kãíi% mig}khltl` -

go vtkitk xïtko l vtlaltlgmkoe go hl}xkgoãíi hl tlm|t}i}

voto }|o ìhltgk zoãíi'

Vihlì} e k}xot |ò }ëtkl hl ìxki} voto j|}xk-mot o `|hogão hl}}l mi`vitxo`lgxi% ò} ovlgo} i}

xtê} ek}xohi} o }lc|kt jï }íi }|mklgxl`lgxl ait xl} voto

q|l k}}i imitto'

L` vtk`lkti e|cot% ë vtlmk}i hlkrot hl mig}khl-

tot o oh`kgk}x t oãíi x t kd|xït ko miì |ò ox k khohl-`lki

o|rk e kot hl `lti aitglmk`lgxi hl tlm|t}i} voto o vtl}-

xoãíi hl }ltkãi} oi} `|gàmkvl}' Ë k`vitxogxl }oe klgxot

q|l l}}o ïtlo }l tleomkigo mi` xiho o viv|e oãíi% `|kx i

òk} oxë q |l o} oxkkhohl}-g}% miì }oúhl l lh|moãíi'K}}i ë k}àle go oxkkh ohl hl x tkd|x oãíi% ox toë} ho} gi-

x kmoãül} tleoxko} oi KVX\% K]]% KXDK l migxtkd|kãül}> l

go vtl}xoãíi hl }ltkãi} hl l`k}}íi hl mltx khül}% ox|-

oe kzoãíi moho}xtoe% voco`lgxi hl xtkd|xi}% l}mtk x|toãíi

lelxtøgkmo hl e kti}% l`k}}íi hl gixo} }mok}% votmleo-

`lgxi hl hàkho}% tlmeoòãül} l tlm|t}i} xtkd|xïtki}%

migml}}íi hl k}lgãül}% lgxtl i|xti}' Vitxogxi% o d|}mo

ho lrmleêgmko gl}}o} oãül} j|gxi oi migxtkd|kgxl xitgo-

}l |ò aitx l l kgx l e kclgxl ox |oãíi vie à x kmo'

L` }lc|ghi e|cot% ò} gíi `lgi} k`vitxogxl%

hll-}l mig}khltot i mtl}mk`lgxi ho ottlmohoãíi% aoxit

òk } }lg}àle oi} oh`kgk }x tohit l} vúdekm i}' Xihoko% l}}l

omtë}mkì gíi hll k`vekmot i o|`lgxi ho motco xtkd|-

xït ko% j ï l eloho' Xltï q|l k t j |gxo`lgxl mi` ox k x|hl}iex oho} voto o ìhltgk zoãíi hi} vtiml}}i} hl x todoebi

l hi oxlghk`lgxi ïck e l lmklgxl oi migxt kd|kgxl% mi`

kgl}x k`lgx i} l` kg}xoeoãül}% lq|kvo`lgx i} l }k}xlò}%

l` ` lebitko h i} tlm|t}i} b|ògi} ho ïtlo hl }moekzo-

ãíi l` xltì} hl q|ogxkhohl% movomkxoãíi l }oeïtki% l

}k`vekmoãíi ho elck}eoãíi'

L% vit `% hll-}l mig}khltot o ivitx|gkhohl

q|l i ovt kìto`lgxi ho oh`kgk} x toãíi x t kd|xït ko ial-

tlml oi} vtlalkx i} hl veoglj ot l o`ve kot o} oãül} hl ci-ltgi% gi }lgxkhi hl oxlghlt æ} mtl}mlgxl} hlògho}

ho viv|eoãíi% do}loho go mltxlzo hl q|l o} `lxo} hl

tloe kzoãíi ho tlmlkx o }ltíi m|`vt kho}'



]oglo`lgxi gi} `|gkmàvki} dto}kelkti}:

tlc|eoãíi l veogljo`lgxi Atlhltkmi Oto|ji X|tieeo

Atlhltkmi Oto|ji X|tieeo

Hi|xit l @l}x tl l` Lmigi`k o hl L`vt l}o} vleo ACQ) ]V%

mi` kgx ltmä`dki l` Lmigi`ko Kgxlt gomkigoe l Akgogão} go

\gklt}khohl hl Dtoghl k} "@o}}omb|}lxx }% L\O+' Vtial}}it

hl Lmigi`ko l` m|t}i} hl ctoh|oãíi% l}vlmkoekzoãíi l @DO

ho ACQ-]V l ho L}mieo ]|vltkit hl Vtivocogho l @otnlxkgc

"L]V@+% vl}q|k}ohit hi Gúme li hl L}x |hi} l` Cl}xíi Kgx lt-

gomkigoe l ` l`dti ho Omohl`{ ia Kgxltgox kigoe D|}kgl}}%

movàx|ei O`ëtkmo Eoxkgo' Ë Mig}|exit ho ACQ Vtijlxi}' Aik

Lmigø`kmi hi Dogmi Sl}xED l ë }ýmki ho Vlzmi Vl}q|k}o l

Mig}|exitko'

@o}x lt‛} ogh himx itox l kg d|}kgl}} lmigi`km} at i` ACQ)

]V% sk x b lrmbogcl kg kgx ltgox kigoe lmigi`k m} ogh gogml

ox Dtoghlk} \gklt}kx{ "@o}}omb|}lxx}% \]O+' Vtial}}it

ia lmigi`km} kg xbl |ghltctoh|oxl% }vlmkoe kzox kig ogh

@DO mi|t}l} ox ACQ-]V ogh ox x bl Bk cblt ]mbiie ia

Ohltxk}kgc ogh @otnlxkgc "L]V@+% ogh k} oe}i o tl}lotmblt

sk x b x bl G|mel|} ait Kgxltgox kigoe @ogocl`lgx ]x |hkl}'

@l`dlt ia x bl Eox kg O`lt kmog Mbovxlt ia x bl Omohl`{ ia

Kgxlt goxk igoe D|}kgl}} ogh o mig}|ex ogx ox ACQ Vtij lx i}'

So} ait` lte { og lmigi`k}x skx b Dogmi Sl}x ED ogh k}

m|ttlgx e{ o votx glt sk x b Vlzmi Vl}q|k}o l Mig}|ex itko'

OD]XTOMX

Xbl otx km el ogoe{zl} xbl } k x|ox kig ia v|de km }ogk xox kig

kg Dtozk e % hl}mt kdkgc xsi gls kg}xt|`lgx}% eimoe veog-

gkgc ogh tlc|eox kig% kgx tih|mlh d{ Alhltoe Eos ??%88<

kg 4663' Kg xbl mo}l ia veoggkgc% `|gkmkvoe ciltg-

`lgx} otl ide kclh xi l}xode k}b o `|gkm kvoe }ogk xox kig veog ogh tlkls k x llt{ ai|t {lot}' Xbl eos oe}i kg-

x tih|mlh kgmlgx k l} ait l}x ode k}bkgc dlx x lt t lc|eox kig}%

xiho{ o òkg htosdomn ia xbl }lmxit ‛} elcoe ogh kg}x k -

x|x kigoe a to`lsitn% d|x sbkmb bo} dllg |}lh kg òg{

mi|gxtkl} o} o so{ xi ombkll la mklgm{% |gklt}oe }lt-

kml ogh ixblt a|gho`lgxoe idjlmx kl}' Xbl ohlq|oxl

k`vel`lgxox kig ia xbl}l kg}xt|`lgx} sk e e dl hlmk} kl

xi }vllh |v xbl ho{ sblg |gklt}oe }ogkxoxkig mog dl

mi``lìtoxlh kg Dtozk e % xiho{ aitlmo}x ige{ ait xbl glrx mlgx |t{'

TL]\@I

I otxkci }l vtivül o ogoek}ot o }kx|oãíi hi }oglo`lgxi

gi Dto}k e % motomxlt kzoghi hik} gii} kg}xt|` lgx i}% i veo-

glj o`lgx i l o tlc|eoãíi% kgxt ih|zkhi} vleo elk gº ??'88<

hl 4663' Gi mo}i hi veoglj o`lgx i% bï o idtkcoãíi hi x k-

x |eot hl l}xodlelmlt |` Veogi @|gkmkvoe hl ]oglo`lgx il hl tlê-ei o moho q|oxti ogi}' O elk xo`dë` kgxtih|z

kgmlgxki} voto i l}xodlelmk`lgxi ho tlc|eoãíi% bijl

o|}lgxl gi q|ohti elcoe l kg}xk x|mkigoe hi }lxit% ò}

q|l x l` }khi |}oho% l` ïtki} voà}l}% miì |` lxit hl

kgh|ãíi hl lmkêgmko% |gklt}oe kzoãíi l hl i|xti} idjl-

x ki} a|gho`lgxok}' O ohlq|oho k`vel`lgxoãíi hl}xl}

kg}xt|`lgxi} }ltï hlmk}ko voto |ò ogxlmkvoãíi ho}

mi`lìtoãül} ho |gklt}oekzoãíi hi oml}}i l` xihi i

Dto}k e % bij l vtictoòho voto i vtýrk` i }ëm|ei'

OTXKCI

= 4

u = =

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O kg}|mkêgmko hi }oglo`lgx i dï}kmi mig}x k x |k hl}vlthà-

mki hl ivitx|gkhohl} vtlmki}o} hl tlh|ãíi ho vidtlzo%

hl o|`lgx i ho kgme |}íi }imkoe l hl vti` iãíi hi hl}lg-

iek`lgx i lmigø`k mi' O} mig}lq|êgmko} òk} migblmk-

ho} ho aoex o hl tlhl} hl ïc|o l hl l}cixi ògka l}x o`-}l

go aitò hl |ò vtie k altoãíi hl hilgão} co}xtkgxl}xk-

gok} q|l }idtlmottlco` i }ltkãi hl }oúhl vúdekmo' L}-

}o} hilgão} l o ìtxoe khohl kgaogxk e hk`kg|l` i movkxoe

b|ògi hi} kghkàh|i} òk} vidtl}'

Bï lalkxi} glcoxki} }idtl o q|oe khohl hi `lki

o`dklgxl' L}xl} hlmittl` gíi }i`lgxl ho kg}|mkêgmko

ho} tlhl} hl l}cixi% ò} xo`dë` hi tlxitgi ho} ïc|o}

}ltkho} oi mkmei gox|toe }l` xtoxo`lgxi ohlq|ohi' I

Dto}k e vtih|z l hk}xtkd|k mltmo hl 88 `kebül} hl `lxti}

múdkmi} hl ïc|o vit hko% }lc|ghi hohi} ho Vl}q|k}o Go-

mkigoe hl ]oglo`lgxi Dï}kmi hl 4666% hi} q|ok} ?< `k-

ebül} }íi mielxohi} oxtoë} hl tlhl} cltok}% ò} ovlgo}

< `kebül} }íi tlxitgohi} oi `lki o`dklgxl mi` xtoxo-

`lgxi ohlq|ohi' Vtlim|vogxl`lgxl% =; `kebül} hl `l-

xti} múdkmi} hl ïc|o gíi }íi tlxitgohi} mi` xtoxo`lg-

xi% }lghi l` ctoghl votxl hl}vljohi} k g gox|t o gi }iei

i| l` m|t}i} h‛ ïc|o' I ie|`l hl ïc|o q|l% o moho ` ê}%

ë hk}xtkd|àho voto mig}|ì l q|l gíi tlxitgo oi mkmeigox|toe mi` i x toxo`lgx i ohlq|ohi lq|koel æ `lxohl

hi ie|` l hl ïc|o migxkhi go Doào ho C|ogodoto' O moho

ogi% l}}l ie|`l xl` o ithl` hl ctoghlzo lq|koelgxl

o }lk} Doào} hl C|ogodoto'

O lrvog}íi ho} tlhl} hl }oglo`lgxi vtih|z lrx ltgoe kho-

hl} vi}kx ko}% m|ji} dlglaàmki} kgmkhl`% vtkgmkvoe`lgxl%

}idtl i} }lc`lgx i} ok} vidtl} ho viv|eoãíi% mi` i% vit

lrl`vei% i aoxi hl q|l o hk}vigkdk e khohl hl tlhl} hl

kgatol}xt|x|to o`veko i oeit ho} vtivtklhohl} hi} òk}

vidtl}' Oeë` hk}}i% l gíi lgi} k`v itx ogxl% o ialtx o hl

tlhl} hl }oglo`lgxi kodk e kzo ïtki} x kvi} hl vlq|lgi}

glcýmki} l }lxitl} mi` vixlgmkoe mi`vlxkx ki% miì i

hl}lgiek`lgxi hl gii} hl}xkgi} voto i x|tk}ì tl-

mlvx ki% q|l vi}}|k movomkhohl hl cltoãíi hl l`vt lci}

}|vltkit æ `ëh ko hi} hl` ok} }lxit l} l q|l gíi }ltk o vi}-

}àle }l` }oglo`lgxi ohlq|ohi'

]KX\OÃÍI OX\OE

Hl òglkt o cltoe% i oml}}i oi} }ltk ãi} vúdekmi} hl ïc|o

l l}cixi `lebiti| hl}hl i} ogi} ;6% l}vlmkoe`lgxl gi

ximogxl oi} kghkmohitl} hl midltx|to hi`kmk e kot' Lgxtl-

xogxi% 23 `kebül} hl dto}kelkti} gíi vi}}|l` oml}}i oi

l}cixi xtoxohi'

O }kx |oãíi ë ffloctogxl`lgx l hl}kc|oe lgxt l o} ï-

tko} tloekhohl} dto}kelkto}' ]l mig}khltotì} i} L}xohi}

ho Alhltoãíi% vit lrl`vei% ltkmo-}l q|l% gi vltàihi

lgx tl ?;;4 l 4661% ovlgo} xtê} hlel} eictoto` t lh|zkt igú`lti od}ie|xi hl vl}}io} }l` oml}}i o l}}l }ltkãi:

l}xl} xtê} kgme|àto`% l` xltì} e àq|khi}% 4 `kebül} hl

vl}}io}% lgq|ogxi i} hlòk} vo}}oto` o }|vitxot ?2 `k-

ebül} hl lrme|àhi} gi `l}ì vltàihi'

Qotkoãíi vltmlgx |oe hi gú`lti hl vl}}io} }l` oml}}i o l}cixi x tox ohi lgxt l ?;;4 l 4661

Aigxl: le odit oãíi mi` hohi} hl VGOH)mi`vk eoãíi Xto x o Dto}ke

?34,

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?6, ?6,

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Gi migj|gxi hi voà}% }i`lgxl go }lc|gho `lxohl hi} ogi} ;6 i voà} mig-

}lc|k|% xl`vitotko`lgxl% l}xodk e kzot i migxkgclgxl viv|eomkigoe lrme|àhi

hl}xl }ltkãi' I gú`lti hl dto}k elkti} }l` oml}}i o l}cixi xtoxohi l`

mtl}mlghi hl a itò òk} omlgx|oho gi} úex k ì} ogi}'

Dto}ke - gú`lti hl vl}}io} }l` oml}}i o l}cixi x to x ohi

Aigxl: le odit oãíi mi` hohi} hl VGOH)mi`vk eoãíi Xtox o Dto}ke

I l}x |hi ]oglo`lgx i l ]oúhl% h i Mlgxt i hl Vl}q|k}o} ]imkok} ho ACQ l hi

Kg}x k x |x i Xtox o Dto}k e % l}x kì| q|l% oi vo}}i ox |oe ho lrvog}íi ho kga tol}-

x t|x |to% i oml}}i o l}cixi x tox ohi }ý l}x otï |gklt}oe kzohi gi voà} l` ??8

ogi}% i| }lj o% }ltï mi`velx ohi gi eigcàgq|i ogi hl 4?4=' Xtoxo-}l% vitx og-xi% hl |` hl}oi goho xtkkoe' Ale kz`lgxl% bï gii} kg}xt|`lgxi} hk}vigà-

lk} voto i oxoq|l oi vtidel` o% gix oho`lgx l i} q|l ait o` mig}|d}x ogmko-

hi} go gio elk gomkigoe hl hktlx tkzl} voto i }oglo`lgx i' I} vtkgmkvok} }íi

o kgxtih|ãíi ho tlc|eoãíi l hi veogljo`lgxi'

I VOVLE HO ELK HL HKTLXTKZL] HI ]OGLO@LGXI DÏ]KMI

O elk gº ??'88< xti|rl k`vitxogxl gikhohl% kgxtih|zkghi idtkcoãül} gi}

mo`vi} ho tlc|eoãíi l hi veogljo` lgx i' Gi mo}i hi veogljo` lgx i% bï idtk-

coãíi hi x k x |eot hl l}x odlelmlt |` Veogi @|gkmkvoe hl ]oglo`lgx i "V@]+ l

hl tlê-e i o moho q|oxt i ogi}' O}}k`% i bitkzigx l l}xkòhi h l |gklt}oe kzo-

ãíi hi l}x|hi hi Xtoxo Dto}k e % hl ??8 ogi}% }l x toh|z l` òk} hl 42 tlk}ül}

hi} veogi} hl }oglo`lgxi vit q|oxtkêgki% i| }ljo% òk} hl 42 ivitx|gkho-

hl} hl tlh|zkt i vtozi l ogxlmkvot o tloe kzoãíi ho `lx o hl |gklt}oe kzoãíi'

K}}i ì}xto q|l o glml}}khohl hl veogljo`lgxi ë kglq|àimo l` |` }lxit

hl kgatol}xt|x|to% m|jo} motomxltà}x kmo} xëmgkmo} l lmigø`kmo} tlq|ltl`

k}íi hl eigci vtozi'

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TLC\EOÃÍI

O tlc|eoãíi xl` }khi |}oho% l` ïtki} voà}l}% miì |`

lxit hl kgh|ãíi hl lmkêgmko% |gklt}oe kzoãíi l i|xti}

idjlxki} q|l }íi moti} oi }lxit hl }oglo`lgxi l æ }i-

mklhohl' O Elk gº ??'88< hl 4663 xl` miì |` hl }l|}

vtkgmkvok} lel` lgxi} hl }|ml}}i o mtk oãíi hl kgmlgx ki}

iexohi} voto i l}xodlelmk`lgxi ho a|gãíi tlc|eoxýtko%

bijl l` ctoghl votxl o|}lgxl gi q|ohti elcoe l kg}xk x|-

mkigoe hi }lxit hl }oglo`lgx i gi Dto}k e '

Oec|g} voà}l} tlc|eo` }l|} ivltohitl} hl }o-

glo`lgxi vit `lki hl ocêgmko}% i|xti} ovlgo} lrkcl`

migxtoxi} l` |ò ìhoekhohl migblmkho miì tlc|eo-

ãíi vit vt iml}}i}' Gi Dto}k e % aik l}miebkhi i a itòx i hl

tlc|eoãíi do}lohi l` lgx khohl} q|l vihl` }lt khlgx k -

moho} miì ocêgmko}' O mtk oãíi ho} ocêgmko} tlc|eoh ito}

hl }oglo`lgxi gi Dto}k e ovtl}lgxo |` tk}mi k`vitx ogxl:

i ho atoc`lgxoãíi ho a|gãíi tlc|eoxýtko% q|l vihl elot

o lelohi} m|}xi} l% l}vlmkoe`lgxl% æ dokro lalxkkho-

hl hl}}o a|gãíi mi` i octoogxl hl q|l i voà}% l`-

dito migxl mi` lelohi tlm|t}i hl movkxoe b|ògi go}

ïtlo} xëmgkmo} l ivltomkigok}% okgho motlml hl q|ohti} go

ïtlo kg}xk x|mkigoe'

L`dito o tlc|eoãíi hi }oglo`lgxi }ljo glml}-

}otko`lgx l atoc`lgx oho% i q|l tlh|z }kcgk

mox ko`lgxl}l| vixlgmkoe hl lalxkkhohl% o elk gº??'88< kgmlgxki|

o }|o hlelcoãíi' L}}o vi}}kdkekhohl aik lrvekmkxoho l`

hik} vigxi} hi xlrxi% gi} movàx| ei} q|l x tox o` ho x k x|-

eotkhohl l ho tlc|eoãíi' Gl}xl úex kì% l}xodlelml|-}l

q|l o tlc|eoãíi vihltï }lt hlelcoho o q|oeq|lt lgxk-

hohl tlc|eohito mig}xk x|àho hlgxti hi} e k`kxl} hi tl}-

vlmxki L}xohi' O}}k`% mo meoto o kgx lgãíi hi elck}eohit

hl ialtlmlt% oi vihlt migmlhlgxl% o vi}}kdk e khohl hl

tlh|zkt i lelohi m|}xi ho k`veogxoãíi hl |` ovotoxitlc|eoxýtki ohlq|ohi'

O tlc|eoãíi go}ml|% gi} vtkgmàvki} ho elk% mi`

aitxl migxlúhi hl kgh|ãíi æ lmkêgmko go ivltoãíi'

_|oghi ohlq|oho`lgxl mig}xk x|àho% mi` do}l l` dig}

vt kgmàvki} q|l aito` xo`dë` lrve km k xohi} gi xlrxi ho

elk% o tlc|eoãíi vihltï }lt i lel`lgxi hlmk}ki hl mig-

q|k}xo} }lxitkok} bï `|kxi oe`ljoho}' Lgxtlxogxi% bï

k`vitxogxl} hl}oi} tleomkigohi} oi vt ývtki hl}lgiek-

`lgx i ho a |gãíi tlc|eoxýtk o gi voà}' I} vtkgmkvok} hl}o-i} l}x íi ek}x ohi} gi _|ohti ?'

O} xotk ao} }íi i vtkgmkvoe kg}xt|`lgxi æ hk}vi}kãíi hi}

tlc|eohitl} gi jici hl kgmlgxki} q|l elo oi kgxltl}-

}l vúdekmi' Hl òglkto cltoe% o xotk ao vtoxkmoho c|otho

tleoãíi hktlxo mi` i vohtíi hi} }ltkãi}% ò} i} votä-

`lx ti} hl}}o tleoãíi vihl` }lt ` ihk

mohi} vleo ` okiti| `lgit lmkêgmko gi |}i hi} tlm|t}i} vlei tlc|eohi'

L` a|gãíi hk}}i% i hl}lgbi hi} `lmogk}ì} hl tloj|}xl

l hl tl k}íi xot k aït ko x ê` vovle a|gho`lgxoe go vtiì-

ãíi hi |}i lmklgxl hl}}l} tlm|t}i} voto dlglaàmki hi}

|}|ïtki}' I} òtmi} tlc|eoxýtki} }lxitkok} hi} hklt}i}

}ltkãi} vúdekmi} hl kgatol}xt|x|to ê` oxtkd|kghi mtl}-

mlgxl k`vitxägmko o l}xl o}vlmxi mlgxtoe ho tlc|eoãíi%

i| }lj o% o kgh|ãíi æ lmkêgmko'

Oi eigci hi xl`vi l oxë i ogi 4?4=% moho |òho} ocêgmko} tlc|eohito} vihltï xlt lrvltk`lgxohi ï-

tko} tlk}ül} xotk aïtko}% q|l mig}xk x|l` kc|ok} ivitx|gk-

hohl} hl kgh|ãíi æ lmkêgmko% vtivkmkoghi o e kdltoãíi

hl vtlmki}i} tlm|t}i} voto |ò }lg}àle ogxlmkvoãíi

hl}xl bitkzigxl'

I VEOGI @\GKMKVOE HL ]OGLO@LGXI

O lrvltkêgmko dto}k elkto l` veoglj o`lgx i hi }lxit hl }o-

glo`lgx i gíi ë gio% l v i}}|k kgctlhklgx l} úxlk} voto ovtlvotoãíi hi} V@]' \` k` vitx ogxl hl}oi x t oz khi vleo

_|ohti ?

― Mblmnek}x‐ hl hl}o i} ho tlc|eoãíi

Tlaitãot i} `lmogk}ì} kg}xkx|mkigok} go

ïtlo tlc|eoxýtko% voto cltot kgmlgxki} lmi-

gø`kmi} ohlq|ohi}% t lh|zkt vtidodke khohl hl

mitt|vãíi l hl hlmk}ül} kgxltl}}oho}'

Octlcot o a|gãíi tlc|eoxýtko% hl aitò o

lmigi`kzot tlm|t}i}% idxlt òk} q|oe khohl

xëmgkmo l tlh|zkt t k}mi hl movx|to'

Hl}lgbot ìhlei} xotk aïtki} ohlq|ohi}

mi` v timl}}i} hl tlk}íi k}lgxi}'

Vtlvotot q|ohti} xëmgkmi} l tloe kzot oh-

imomko ho t lc|eoãíi'

Tlh|zkt o kgmltxlzo voto gii} kgl}xk-

`lgx i} vúdekmi} l vtk ohi}'



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elk % lgxtlxogxi% mig}k}xl l` hl}lgielt `lxihieicko} voto o leoditoãíi

hi} veogi} gi} ìehl} vtlmigkzohi} vleo e lk hl hktlx tkzl}'

\` o}vlmxi tlelogxl hi gii l}aitãi }ltï o mi`voxkdk e kzoãíi hi}

hklt}i} veogi} l gàlk} hl veoglj o`lgx i} vtlk}xi} go e lck}eoãíi dto}k elkto'

O id}ltoãíi hi _|ohti 4 vlt `kx l |ò ooe koãíi hi cto| hl mi`v elrkhohl

hi vtiml}}i hl veogljo`lgxi mtkohi gi Dto}k e ' Xoe mi`velrkhohl hll }lt

mig}khltoho% vik} vihl xitgot i vtiml}}i `lgi} lalxki' Ë gixýtki q|l%

lgxtl veogi} jï lrk}xlgxl}% bï kgmi`voxkdk e khohl} lkhlgxl}% dl` miì vi-

hl` }lt lgmigx tohi} lrl`vei} hl veogi} q|l gíi mblco` o }lt tloe kzohi}

i| gíi oxkgcl` o lxovo ho k`vel`lgxoãíi'

_|ohti 4

V@] l i|x ti} v eogi}

Hl òglkto cltoe% i migxlúhi `àgkì hi Veogi vtlk}xi go elk gº ??'88<

ovtl}lgx o i} }lc|kgxl} lel`lgx i}% q|l tlv tih|zl` i} kgmk}i} hi otx ' ?;:

K - hkocgý}xkmi ho }kx|oãíi l hl }l|} k`vomxi} go} mighkãül} hl kho% |xk-

e kzoghi }k}xlò hl kghkmohitl} }ogkxïtki}% lvkhl`kieýckmi}% o`dklgxok} l

}imkilmigø` kmi} l ovigx oghi o} mo|}o} ho} hl mkêgmko} hlxlmx oho}> KK - idjlxki} l `lxo} hl m|txi% `ëhki l eigci vtozi} voto o |gklt}oe kzo-

ãíi% oh`k x kho} }ie|ãül} ctoh|ok} l vtictl}}ko}% id}ltoghi o mi`vox kdk e k -

hohl mi` i} hlòk } veogi} }lx itk ok}>

KKK - vtictoò}% vt ij lx i} l oãül} glml}}ïtk o} voto ox kgckt i} idj lx ki} l o}

`lxo}% hl ìhi mi`voxàle mi` i} tl}vlmxki} veogi} ve|tkog|ok} l mi`

i|xt i} veogi} ciltgo`lgx ok} mittleox i}% khlgx k moghi vi}}àlk} aigxl} hl

gogmko`lgxi>

KQ - oãül} voto l`ltcêgmko} l migxkgcêgmko}>

Q - `lmogk}ì} l vtimlhk`lgx i} voto o ooekoãíi }k}xl` ïx kmo ho l mkêgmko l l mïmko ho} oãül} vt icto` oho}'

= 1 u = 3

"Vieàx kmo l}xoh|oe - mig}xkx |kãül}+

Veogi L}x oh|oe h l]oglo`lgx i Dï}kmi

Vtl}xoãíi tlckigoekzoho - otx ?3

Veogi Tlckigoe hl]oglo`lgx i Dï}kmi

"Vi e à x kmo hi x k x| eot+

Veogi @|gkmkvoe hl]oglo`lgx i Dï}kmi

― I|xti} veogi} mittleox i}‐"otx ?;% KKK+

Veogi Hktlx it@|gkmkvoe

Veogi Ve|tkog|oe

Veogi Ve|tkog|oe

Veogi ho} Domko}Bkhtictïakmo}

"Vieàxkmo alhltoe - elk ??'88<+

Veogi Gomkigoe hl]oglo`lgx i Dï}kmi

@lxo} Gomkigok} lTlckigoekzoho}

Veogi L}xtoxëckmi

hi} Ivltohitl}



OTXKCI

L`dito o vtio ho kodk e khohl lmigø`kmi-gogmlkto gíi c|tl lgxtl o} idtkcoãül}

ek}x oho} gi} tlq |k}kx i} àgk ì} hi V@]% ë mighk ãíi hl oekhoh l hi} migx tox i}' O}}k` % bï

|ò hk }m|}}íi }idtl o miglgkêgmko h l kgx tih|zkt l}xl lel`lgx i j |gx i oi V@]'

I vtiml}}i hl veoglj o`lgx i ë kghkkh|oe kzohi voto moho }ltkãi' Lgxt lxogx i% i}

veogi} hl odo}xlmk `lgx i hl ïc|o l hl l}cixo`lgx i }ogkxït ki c|otho` l}xt lkx o tleoãíi%

l% l` v eogi} kgx ltgomkigok} l gomkigok}% x ê` }khi tloe kzohi} hl ait ò migj |gx o'

Oec|g} l}aitãi} hl }k}xlòxkzoãíi vihltíi aomk e k xot o xotlao hl mig}xt|ãíi hi

V@]' I @kgk}xëtki ho} Mkhohl} vi}}|k |` c|ko hl veogljo`lgxi hl }oglo`lgxi mi` ?6

lxovo} hl hl}lgiek`lgxi% ogxltkit æ elk% q|l vihltï }lt ohovxohi voto l}xl `' O

A|ghoãíi Vtla lkx i Aotko Ek` o "Mlvo` ” Mlgxt i hl L}x |hi} l Vl}q|k}o} ho Oh`kgk }x toãíi

@|gkmkvoe+ l}x ï goekzoghi }l| òg|oe }idtl i xlò% mi` ?4 vo}}i}' Okgho o}}k`% bï

|` k`vitxogxl mo`kgbi o }lt xt k ebohi gi ximogxl oi hl}lgiek`lgxi hi vtiml}}i hl

veogljo`lgxi'

Bï q|l}x ül} k`vit x ogxl} gl}x l vtiml}}i% lgx tl leo} o hi migx tiel l o ho votx k-

mkvoãíi ho }imklhohl' Ë k`vt l}mkghàle mtkot `lmogk}ì} hl migx tiel l hl votx kmkvoãíi

}imkoe l% gl}x l }lgx khi% mig}|ex o} vúde kmo} }íi |ò dio oex ltgox ko% vit odtktl` o vi}}k-

dk e kh ohl hl cltoãíi hl migx tkd|kãül} }k}x lòx kzoho}' I vtiml}}i hl o|hkêgmko vúde kmo%

vit i|xti eohi% hll }lt mltmohi hl m|khohi}% o ` hl lk xot i hl}k t x|o`lgxi hi}

idjlxki} kgkmkok}'

\` hl }oi tleom kigohi l a |gho`lgxoe ë i hl kgxt ih|zk t a itò} hl votx km kvoãíi

l migxtiel q|l gíi lgbo` o mi`vti`lxlt o xlmgkmkhohl l mleltkhohl hi vtiml}}i

hlmk}ýtki' L` migxt ovigxi æ} k}ül} òk} ti`ägxk mo} i| òk} kgx ltl}}oho}% i migx tiel

}imkoe vihl elot o tk}mi} hl ògkv|eoãíi vit ct|vi} òk} itcogkzohi} "miì }lc`lg-xi} ho meo}}l `ëhk o% l` hlx tk` lgx i hl bodkx ogxl} hl ïtlo} gíi }ltkho} vlei} }ltkãi}

hl }oglo`lgx i+ i| vit ct|vi} vieàx kmi} l}vlmàmi}'

Ë vtlmk}i xo`dë` bodke k xot kg}xt|`lgxi} lmozl} hl mi`|gkmoãíi æ }imklhohl

}idtl i} lel`lgxi} xëmgkmi} hi vtiml}}i% xtoh|zkhi} l` ekgc|ocl` òk} oml}}àle q|l

o hi blt`ëx kmi j otcíi l}vlmkoe kzohi' O votx kmkvoãíi hl vti}}kigok} hl mi` |gkmoãíi gi

vtiml}}i vihl% vitxogxi% migxtkd|kt voto i vtývtki migxtiel }imkoe hi `l}ì'

I motïxlt kghlelcïle hi veoglj o`lgxi vlei x k x| eot ai k |ò vtl}mt kãíi migxti-

lt}o ho elk gº ??'88<' Lgxtlxogxi% i} ivltohitl} ox|ok} xê` migxtkd|kãíi a|gho`lgxoe

voto i vtiml}}i' Gi q|l hkz tl}vlkxi æ tl}xtkãíi elcoe }idtl i veogljo`lgxi% l}xogíi }l l}xlghl| æ tlc|eoãíi% q|l vihl }lt hlelcoho vlei x k x|eot xlghi miì e k`kxl i

gàle l}x oh|oe'

\ò vtivi}xo hl oclgho voto i hl}lgiek`lgxi hi l}aitãi hl mig}xt|ãíi hl

V@] gi Dto}ke ë ovtl}lgxoho miì |` mblmnek}x hl hl}oi}% gi _|ohti =% migxlghi

oec|g} hi} vigx i} q|l ait o` dtll` lgx l hk}m|xkhi} gl}x l otx kci'



Hl}lgielt ` lx ihieicko} voto o leoditoãíi hl veogi} hl }oglo`lgxi lalx ki}'

Lgielt i vt l}x ohit l o }imklhohl gi vtiml}}i hl veoglj o`lgx i'Mtkot `lmogk}ì} hl migxtiel l hl votxkmkvoãíi }imkoe }l` mi`vti`lxlt o xlmgkmkhohl l

mleltkhohl hi vt iml}}i hlmk}ýtki'

Kgmitvitot l}aitãi} hl veoglj o`lgx i jï tloe kzohi}'

Kgxlctot i} veogi} |gkmkv ok} mi` o la lx koãíi hi} gogmko`lgx i} l kgl}x k`lgx i}'

Xitgot mi`vox àle mi` hlòk} veogi} l gàlk}'

Hot v|de kmk hohl) hk}vigkdk e khohl hi veogi l ialt lmlt }|`ïtki}'

@lebitot o hk }vigkdk e k hohl l o q|oe khohl hi} kghkmohitl} hk}vigàlk}'

Ovtl}lgx ot }ie|ãül} q|l o|`lgx l` o lmkêgmko "k`vitxogxl vtkgmàvki ho elk gº ??'88<+'

Kgmitvitot lel`lgxi} ho lrvltkêgmko kgxltgomkigoe'

VLT]VLMXKQO]

O }k`vel} idtkcoãíi elcoe hi veogljo`lgxi% o}}k` miì ho tlc|eoãíi% gíi mig}xk x|k% vit-

x ogxi% cotogxko hl oogãi} q|ogxi oi} ctol} hl}o

i} hi }lxit hl }oglo`lgx i' O ohlq|ohok`vel`lgxoãíi hl}xl} kg}xt|`lgxi} }ltï hlmk}ko voto |ò ogxlmkvoãíi ho} mi`lìto-

ãül} ho |gklt}oe kzoãíi hi oml}}i l` x ihi i Dto}k e % bij l vtictoòho vot o i vtýrk` i }ëm|-

ei' Ale kz`lgx l% l` oec|ò} tloe khohl} eimok} l tlckigok}% l}xo mleldt oãíi jï l}x ï veoglj o-

ho voto omigxlmlt `|kxi ogxl}'

_|ohti =

― Mblmnek }x‐ hl Hl}o i} hi V@]

= 2 u = ;

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OTXKCI

Gle}ig @otmigk

Hi|xit l` Lmigi`k o hl L`vtl}o} vleo L}mieo hl Oh`k -

gk}xt oãíi hl L`vt l}o} hl ]íi Vo|ei h o A|ghoãíi Clx|e ki

Qotco} "LOL]V) ACQ+% mi ` votx l hi} l}x|h i} tloekzoho gi

@o}}omb|}lxx} Kg}xkx|xl ia Xlmbgieic{ "@KX+% l` Di}xig'Vtia l}}it hl ct oh|oãíi l vý}-ctoh|oãíi go} L}mieo} hl

Oh`kgk }x toãíi l hl Lmigi` ko ho ACQ) ]V l go Vigx ka àmko

\gklt}khohl Moxýe kmo "V\M) ]V+' Aik Hktlx it hl Mottlkt o} l

Tl`|gltoãíi hi Ciltgi Alhltoe hl ?;;< o ?;;2' Miithl-

gohit l Mig}|ex it l` vt ijlx i} hl mig}|ex it ko l` t lm|t}i}

b|ògi} voto i }lxit vúdekmi vleo ACQ Vtijlxi}'

Codtkleo @ktogho @itkmigk

Hi|xit ogho l @l}x tl l` Oh`kgk}xtoãíi Vúde kmo l Ciltgi

go L}mieo h l Oh`kgk }x toãíi hl L`v tl}o} hl ]íi Vo|ei ho

A|ghoãíi Clx |eki Qotco} "LOL]V) ACQ+' Vtia l}}ito o|rke kot

go A|ghoãíi h l Mi`ët mki Ïeotl} Vlgx lohi " ALMOV+' Vl}-

q|k}ohito hi Mlgxti hl Vieàxkmo l Lmigi`ko hi ]lxit Vúdek-

mi "MLVL]V) ACQ+' Xtodoe bo l` vt ij lx i} hl mig}|ex itk o l`

tlm|t}i} b|ògi} voto i }lxit vúdekmi vleo ACQ Vtijlxi}'

Himxitoxl kg d|}kgl}} lmigi`km} ati` ]íi Vo|ei ]mbiie

ia D|}kgl}} Oh`kgk}x tox kig ia A|ghoãíi Clx|e k i Qotco}

"LOL]V) ACQ+% sk x b votx ia bk} }x |hkl} ox x bl @o}}omb|}lx x }

Kg}x k x |x l ia Xlmbgieic{ "@KX+ kg Di}x ig' Vtia l}}it k g xbl |ghltctoh|oxl ogh vi}x ctoh|oxl vt icto`} ox x bl

]mbiie} ia Oh`k gk}x tox kig ogh Lmigi`km} ia ACQ) ]V ogh

ox Vigx k moe Moxbiekm \gklt}kx{ ia ]íi Vo|ei "V\M)

]V+' So} hktlmxit ia motllt} ogh tl`|gltoxkig ait xbl

alhltoe ciltg`lgx a ti` ?;;< xi ?;;2% ogh k} m|tt lgx e{

miithkgoxit ogh mig}|exogx kg b|òg tl}i|tml} vtijlmx} ait

xbl v|de km }lmxit skxb ACQ Vtijlxi}'

@o}x lt ‛} hlctll kg v|de km oh`kgk}x tox kig a t i` x bl

]íi Vo|ei ]mbiie ia D|}kgl}} Oh`kgk}xtoxkig ia A|ghoãíi

Clx| ek i Qotco} "LOL]V) ACQ+ ogh k} m|tt lgx e{ }x|h {kgc a it

blt himxitoxl kg x bl }o`l leh' O}}k}xogx vtia l}}it ox

Ïeotl} Vlgxlohi Mi``ltmkoe Ai|ghoxkig "ALMOV+% ogh

o tl}lotmblt ox x bl Mlgx lt a it V|de km ]lmxit Vie km{ ogh

Lmigi`k m} "MLVL]V) ACQ+' Sit n} ig v|de km }lmxit b|` og

tl}i|tml} mig}|ex kgc vt ijlmx } ait ACQ Vtij lx i}'

Cl}xíi hl vl}}io} gi} `|gkmàvki} dto}kelkti}

Gle}ig @otmigk l Codtkleo @ktogho @itkmigk



8 6 u

8 ?

OD]XTOMX

Kg o migxlrx xbox hlògh} kgxlg}l mbogcl}% `|gkmkvoe

ògocl`lgx `|}x tl}vigh xi k`vitxogx mboe elgcl}%

oìgc xbl` xbl |gklt}oe omml}} ogh hlmlgxtoe kzo-

x kig ia v|dekm }ltkml} migxl`veoxlh kg xbl ?;22 Alh-

ltoe Mig}x k x|x kig% sk xbkg xbl hkmxoxl} ia xbl A k}moe

Tl}vig}kdk e k x{ Eos% xi `llx xbl kgmtlo}kgc hlògh}

ati` mk x kzlg} ait dlx xlt }lt kml} ogh xtog}votlgx ogh

lxbkmoe ciltgogml'

Xbl otx km el ogoe{zl} xbl gllh ait `|gkm kvoe k x kl}

x i k`ve l`lgx o }x tox lckm vlt}iggle ògocl`lgx }mbl`l

xbo x hl gl} viek mkl} ogh c|khle kgl} kg tle oxk ig xi b|` og

tl}i|tml}% xi kgmtlo}l xbl }nk e e} ia v|dekm }ltogx}% ogh

o} o tl}|e x xbl eimoe ciltg`lgx% xi `llx xbl iltoe e

idjlmx k l ia }lt kgc xbl v|de km dlx x lt'

TL]\@I

Kg}ltkho l` |` migxlrxi hl kgxlg}o} `|hogão}% o cl}-

x íi `|gkmkvoe x l` q|l tl}vighlt o k`vit x ogxl} hl}oi}%

hlgxtl lel} o |gklt}oe kzoãíi l o hl}mlgxtoe kzoãíi hl

}ltkãi} vúdekmi} vtiìkho} vleo Mig}xk x|kãíi Alhltoe

hl ?;22% o Elk hl Tl}vig}odkekhohl Ak}moe l o midtogão

vit òk} l `lebitl} }ltkãi} oi} mkhohíi}% omi`vogbo-

hi} hl |` vt iml}}i hl ciltgogão xt og}votlgx l l ëx kmi'

I otxkci ogoek}o o glml}}khohl hl i} @|gkmàvki}

k`veogxotl` |ò cl}xíi hl vl}}io} l}xtoxëckmo% o q|oe

vihl }lt mi`vtllghkho miì o hlgkãíi hl vieàx kmo} l

hktlx tkzl} l` tle oãíi oi} tlm|t}i} b|ògi}% o ` hl o|-

`lgxot o bodk e khohl hi} }ltkhitl} ” l% vit mig}lqõêg-

mko% ho vtývt ko Vtla lkx |to ” voto tloe kzot }l| xtodoebi hl

ìhi o oemogãot }l|} idjlx ki}'

HL]OAKI] VOTO O CL]XÍI HL VL]]IO] GI

MIGXLRXI @\GKMKVOE

Gíi ë gikhohl q|l o cl}xíi vúdekmo dto}k elkto l}xï kg-

}ltkho l` |` migxlrxi hl kgxlg}o} `|hogão}% o} q|ok}}l xtoh|zl` l` k`vitxogxl} hl}oi} voto vieàxkmi} l

cl}xitl}' O cl}xíi `|gkmkvoe% òk} l}vlmkmo`lgxl% l`

}lghi k`vomx oho vit |ò }ëtkl hl aox itl} vieàx kmi}% lmi-

gø`kmi} l }imkok}% hlgxtl i} q|ok} vihlì} hl}xomot:

O |gklt}oekzoãíi l o hl}mlgxtoekzoãíi ho tl}-

vig}odkekhohl vleo vtik}íi hl mltxi} }ltkãi} o L}xohi}

l @|gkmàvki}% vtiìkho vleo Mig}xk x|kãíi Alhltoe hl

?;22' \` lrl` vei hk}}i aik o hlx lt`k goãíi ho MA) 22

hl q|l o ialtxo hl òxtàm|eo} gi lg}kgi a|gho`lgxoehlo }lt |gklt}oe l ialtlmkho% vtlaltlgmkoe`lgxl% vlei}

ciltgi} `|gkmkvok}% dl` miì hl q|l i co}xi `àgkì

hl}}l} ciltgi} mi` o l h|moãíi }lj o hl 4<, ho} tlmlkx o}hl k` vi}x i} l xtog}altêgmko}'

I m|`vtk`lgxi ho Elk hl Tl}vig}odkekhohl Ak}-

moe' Gi ogi hl 4666% o ETA hlxlt` kgi|% lgx tl i|x ti} o}-

vlmxi}% i ek`kxl hl 16, voto i} co}xi} mi` vl}}ioe l`

tleoãíi æ} tlmlkxo} mittlgxl} e àq|kho}' Vitxogxi% l`di-

to o} vtlalkx|to} xlgbo` q|l lrvoghkt o vtl}xoãíi hl

}ltkãi} æ viv|eoãíi% l}vlmkoe`lgx l l` ïtlo} hl m|gbi

}imkoe q|l lrkcl` ctoghl q|ogxkhohl hl vti}}kigok}%

miì o }oúhl l o lh|moãíi% gíi vihl` aozê-ei hl}m|k-hoghi hi} ek`kxl} elcok} voto i} co}xi}'

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OTXKCI

O glml}}khohl hl |ò cl}xíi vúdekmo òk} ì-

hltgo l lmklgxl'

L` vt oxkmo` lgx l x ihi} i} e|cotl} hi `|ghi% mi`

òkit i| ` lgit kgx lg}khohl l vtivi}xo} hl m|gbi hklt-

}kmohi% i xlò ho tlaitò ho cl}xíi vúdekmo l` im|-

voghi o} oclgho}% vtkgmkvoe `lgx l hl ciltgi} mlgxtok}%

ò} xo` dë` hi} ciltgi } eimok }' Gi mo}i dto}kel kti % l}}l

xl` o aik lkhlgmkohi mi` i Veogi Hktlxit h o Tlait` o hi

Ovotlebi hi L}x ohi% le oditohi l` ?;;< go cl}x íi hi lr-

vtl}khlgxl Altgoghi Blgtkq|l Mothi}i% i q|oe vtivø}%

lgxtl i|xti} o}vlmxi}% |ò tlohlq|oãíi lgxtl o} a|g-

ãül} hi L}xohi l o} aitò} hl vtivtklhohl l hl cl}xíi%

mi` o vtkoxkzoãíi hl oxkkhohl} tlaltlgxl} æ vtih|ãíi

l }ltkãi} iex ohi} voto i `lt mohi% o x tog}alt êgmko voto

i }lxit vúd e kmi gíi-l}xox oe ho lrlm|ãíi hl }ltkãi} gíi-

lrme|}ki} hl L}xohi% l okgho o tlitcogkzoãíi ho} oxkk-

hohl} q|l vltòglml}}l` gi L}xohi% mi` `ëxihi} hl

cl}x íi òk} vtýrkì} hi} vtoxkmohi} gi }lx it vt kohi'

O vtl}lgão moho lz òk} aitxl hl itcogkzoãül}

ho }imklhohl mkk e tloe kzoghi oãül} hl kgx ltl}}l vúde kmi'L}xo tloekhohl }|tcl xogxi ho lrvog}íi hi} }ltk-

ãi} }imkok} æ viv|eoãíi% ohkgho ho Mig}xkx|kãíi Alhltoe

hl ?;22% q|ogxi ho} oãül} q|l d|}moto` tlvo}}ot }ltk-

ãi} gíi-lrme|}ki} hl L}xohi% go ekgbo hi Veogi Hktlxit%

l}vlmkoe`lgx l go ït lo hl o}}k}xêgmko }imkoe' Hl |ò ò-

glkto i| hl i|xto% i aoxi hl q|l itcogkzoãül} gíi-l}xo-

xok} lrlm|xl` vieàx kmo} vúdekmo} lrkcl hi} @|gkmàvki} ”

o}}k` miì h i} ciltg i} alhlt oe l l}x oh|ok} ” |ò g io

mi`vlxêgmko l` cltlgmkot l}}o ox|oãíi% |ò lz q|lmigxkg|o tl}vig}ïle vlei }ltkãi% l` úex kò kg}xägmko'

O lrkcêgmko% vit votx l ho viv|eoãíi% ho ialtx o hl

òk } l `l ebit l} }ltk ãi} oi} mkhoh íi}% omi` vogbohi} hl

|` vt iml}}i hl ciltgogão xt og}votlgx l l ëx kmi'

]íi hklt}i} i} aoxitl} q|l ê` migxt kd|kghi v oto

q|l i} mkhohíi} l}x lj o` ` ok} ox lgx i} l }ljo` ` ok} lrk-

clgxl} l` tle oãíi æ} vieàx kmo} vúdekmo}: }ljo i o|`lgx i

hi oml}}i æ lh|moãíi% }lj o i o|`lgx i ho kgait òx kzoãíi

l hi oml}}i æ Kgxltglx l o kgaitòãül} l` xl`vi tloe%}lj o o ` lebitko h i} `ëxihi} hl kgl}xkcoãíi hl mo}i} hl

mitt|vãíi q|l lkhlgmko` q|l vtïx kmo} me klgx le k}xo} okgho

imittl` l` eotco l}moeo% l` ctoghl} i| vlq|lgi} @|gkmà-

vki}% }ljo o mt koãíi hl gii} kghkmohitl} q|l tl}vig}odke k -

zo` i} ciltgogxl} l vlt`kxl` q|l }ljo` moho lz òk}

midt ohi} vle o viv|eoãíi% miì ë i mo}i hi KHLD "Àghkml hl

Hl}lgiek`lgxi ho Lh|moãíi Dï}kmo+'

O xlghêgmko hi} hktkclgxl}% l}vlmkoe`lgxl hi }l-

xit vúde kmi% oi vltmldlt q|l }|o} kg}xk x|kãül} gíi l}xíi

mig}lc|kghi t l}vighlt }oxk }aox itko`lgx l o l}}l} ctoghl}

hl}oi} q|l }l ovtl}lgxo`% ë vtivit tll}xt|x|toãül}

oh`kgk}xtoxko}: mtkot gio} ïtlo}% hkkhkt hlvotxo`lg-

xi}% o|`lgxot }lxitl}' ]íi }ie|ãül} k`lhkoxk}xo}% q|l

go òkit votxl ho} lzl} oxlghl` o vlhkhi} vigx|ok}

l l}vlmàmi} ho} ïtlo} l` q|l}xíi i| hl oec|ò o|xi-

tkhohl' Vitë`% i }k`vel} tlottogji hl l}xt|x|to} kgxlt-

go} ho} vtlalkx|to} `|gkmkvok} ” tlcto}% tlc|eo`lgxi} l

l}xt|x|to} itcogkzomkigok} ” gíi ë }|mklgxl voto cotog-

xkt `|hogão} vltòglgxl} hl mi`vitxo`lgxi glml}}ï-

tko} voto i oemogml hl}}l gii ` ihlei hl cl}x íi vúdekmo

òk} l

mklgxl'Ctoghl} `|hogão} go cl}xíi ho} vieàxkmo} vúdekmo}

tlq|ltl`% òk} hi q|l tlm|t}i} gogmlkti}% l o tlk}íi

hi a|gmkigo`lgx i ho} kg}xk x |kãül} miì |` x ihi% ò} |`

mitvi hl a |gmkigïtki} vúde kmi} vtlvotohi' Gii} ìhlei}

hl cl}xíi hi} ciltgi} `|gkmkvok}% vtllghi `|hogão}

moho lz òk} tïvkho} go} hlògho} hi} mkhohíi} l go

ait ò hl ox lghlt o l}}o} hlògho}% xê` q|l }lt omi`vo-

gbohi} vit v lt} hl vti}}kigok} mi` `le bit q |oe kmoãíi

l mi` kgmlgxki} ohlq|ohi} voto ohq|ktkt moho lz òk}mi`vlxêgmko} vti}}kigok} q|l ell` o |ò `lebitko hi

}l| hl}l`vlgbi gi }ltkãi vúde kmi% h l ìhi o oe mogãot i

id jl x k i goe% q|l ë o cotogxko hi} hktlkxi} hi} mkhohíi}

hl }ltkãi} vúdekmi} hl q|oekhohl'

Gl}}l }lgxkhi% oel o vlgo tlffllxkt o tl}vlkxi ho}

vieàx kmo} vúdekmo} hl cl}xíi hl vl}}io} q|l }l ovtl }lgx o`

miì vie àxk mo} movozl} hl vti` ilt o mig}xt|ãíi l o mig}-

xogxl tlgioãíi hl}}l q|ohti hl }ltkhitl} vúdekmi} q|oek-

mohi} l ` ixkohi} o leoditot l lrlm|xot }ltkãi} vúdekmi}hl q|oekhohl voto o viv|eoãíi ho} mkhohl} dto}kelkto}'



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VIEÀXKMO] VOTO \@O CL]XÍI HL VL]]IO] L]XTOXËCKMO GI]

@\GKMÀVKI] DTO]KELKTI]

L` tl}vi}xo oi} hl}o

i} lgatlgx ohi} vlei} ciltgi} hl |` ìhi cltoe% i} l}vlmkoe k}-x o} l` cl}xíi hl vl}}io} x ê` hla lghkhi |` o ox|oãíi òk} l}x tox ëckmo l` tleoãíi oi

x lò' L}}o hlal}o ë do}loho go k`v itx ägmko q|l i} }ltkhitl} x ê` v oto o hkgä`k mo hl

|ò itcogkzoãíi vúdekmo% l }l aoz tlelogxl go `lh kho l` q|l vt iìl |` vovle ` ok}

vtiox ki hi} cl}x itl} vúdekmi}% kgmlgx koghi i veogljo` lgxi'

O cl}xíi l}xtoxëckmo hl vl}}io} vihl }lt mi`vtllghkho miì o hlgkãíi hl

vieàx kmo} l hktlx tkzl} l` tleoãíi oi} tlm|t}i} b|ògi}% v oto o|`lgx ot o bodk e k hohl hi}

}ltkhitl} ” l% v it mig}lqõêgmko% ho vt ývtko vt lalkx |to ” o ` hl tloe kzot }l| xtodoebi

hl ` ihi o oemogãot }l|} idj lx ki}'

O do}l voto o cl}xíi l}x tox ëckmo hl vl}}io} }ltko% vitx ogxi% |ò cl}xíi l}xto-xëckmo ho vtývtko vtlalkx|to% o q|oe xl` kgàmki mi` |ò o`veo hk}m|}}íi }idtl i }l|

vovle voto i} vtýrkì} ogi} hkogxl ho} glml}}khohl} ox|ok} ho }imklhohl dto}kelkto l

ho} lrkcêgmko} elcok}% kgme |kghi i elogx o`lgx i ho `k}}íi% idj lxk i}% ` omtioxkkh ohl}

l `lx o} ok} cltok}% k}x i ë% o tloe kzoãíi hl |` veoglj o`lgx i l}x tox ëckmi'

I tlmigblmk`lgxi hi} aoxitl} lmigø`kmi} l vieàx kmi} hi o`dklgxl l` q|l o

itcogkzoãíi ox|o% dl` miì o} hk}vigkdk e khohl} itão`lgxïtko} ox|ok} l vtijlxoho}%

migxt kd|k tíi `|k x i gl}xo lxovo% vik} hlgktíi o} tl}x tkãül} o }ltl` lgat lgx oho}'

L}xo ogïe k}l vlt`kxl hlgkt q|ok} }ltíi o} a|gãül} l o} oxkkhohl} hl}l`-

vlgboho} vlei ciltgi `|gkmkvoe gi a|x|ti vtýrkì% }lghi a|gho`lgxoe voto hl-xlt`kgot i} vtiml}}i} hl xtodoebi voto tloe kzï-eo} l% vit mig}lqõêgmko% o} motomxl-



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tà}xkmo} glml}}ïtko} voto i }l| q|ohti hl vl}}ioe% i q|l kgme|k o hl gkãíi hl }|o} mi`vlxêgmko}% oxtkd|kãül} l

q|ogxk xoxki hl}ljohi}'

Qoel tl}}oexot q|l% l`dito vi}}|o` |ò tleoãíi lrxtlò`lgxl k`vitxogxl% o l}xt|x|to oh`kgk}xtoxko l o

l}x t|x |to hl motci} }íi o}vlmx i} hkaltlgx l} ho itcogkzoãíi' Hl}}o ait ò% vtidel` o} l` t leoãíi oi vlt e hi q|ohti

hl }ltkhitl} gíi }ltíi }ie|mkigohi} mi` t lottogj i} go l}x t|x |to oh`k gk}xtox ko% ` o} }k` mi` ` |hogão} go} vieàx kmo}

hl cl}x íi hl vl}}io}% q |l lrkcl` |` o l}x t|x |to hl motci} mighkzlgx l mi` o t loe khohl ho kg}xk x |kãíi'

L` a|gãíi hk}}i% vihlì} hlgkt |` o }ëtkl hl lx ovo} glml}}ïtko} voto o ait òx oãíi l}x tox ëckmo hl |` ì-

hlei hl cl}xíi h l vl}}io}'

Vtk` lkto` lgxl% ë k`vit xogx l q|l l}xlj o meoti q|oe ë i idjlx ki hl |ò vieàx k mo hl cl}xíi hl vl}}io} gi }lxit

vúdekmi% q|l% ko hl t lcto% mittl}vighl oi oemogml hi vlt e hl}ljohi voto o aitão hl xt odoebi l }|o ox|oãíi hl aitò

ìx koho l lmklgxl% g|` ìhlei q|l k}l i oemogml hl tl}|exohi} l i oxlghk`lgxi }oxk}aoxýtki hi mkhohíi% l` |`

mlgïtki hl tl}xtkãíi itão`lgxïtko miì i ox|oe'

\ò lz q|l o `k}}íi% i} vtkgmkvok} idjlxki} l o} `lxo} ho itcogkzoãíi }ljo` migblmkhi}% ë vi}}àle l}xodl-

elmlt xo e vlt e hl}ljohi' L}xo lxovo ë migblmkho miì veogljo`lgxi ho aitão hl xtodoebi% gi q|oe }ltíi hl gkhi}%

oeë` hl}xl vlt e% i q|ogxkxoxki glml}}ïtki hl }ltkhitl} l o }|o oeimoãíi' O} vieàxkmo} hl cl}xíi hl vl}}io}% hl}l-

gboho} ový} l}x o lxovo% hlltíi }lt hkt lmkigoho} voto i m|`vt k`lgx i ho} lx o} l}x odlelmkho} gl}x l veoglj o`lgx i'

I} vtkgmkvok} o}vlmxi} q|l |ò vieàxkmo hl cl}xíi hl vl}}io} hll migxl`veot }íi:

o+ i tlmt|xo`lgx i% q|l hll }lt lmklgxl l t kci-

ti}i% voto q|l o} vl}}io} migxtoxoho} vi}}|o` i vlt e

hl}ljohi% hllghi omigxlmlt hl aitò mig}xogxl l veo-glj oho% vot o tlvit i} }ltkhitl} q|l íi }l ovi}lgx oghi

l o}}k` tlgiot ctoh|oe`lgxl i} q|ohti} ” }l` q|l bojo

aoex o gl` lrml}}i hl }ltkhitl}>

d+ |ò l}xt|x|to hl mottlkto "elko-}l hl}lgie-

k`lgxi vti}}kigoe+ q|l l}xk`|el i }ltkhit o d|}mot

i ovtkìto`lgxi hl }|o movomkxoãíi l }l| hl}l`vl-

gbi l% oi `l}ì xl`vi% vlt`kxo oi} cl}xitl} midtot

tl}|e xohi}' Voto x o e % ë k`vitx ogxl q|l lrk}xo` mottlk to}

m|jo} tlcto} hl vtictl}}íi l}xljo` tleomkigoho} oi hl-}l`vlgbi% æ} mi`vlx êgmko} ohq|ktk ho}% æ movomkxoãíi l

æ vi}}kdkekhohl hl o}}|`kt gio} tl}vig}odkekhohl}' O}

`|hogão} }oeotkok} lgxtl i} gàlk} ho} mottlkto} xo`dë`

hll` }lt }kcgkmoxko} o vigxi hl l}x k`|e otl` i }ltk-

hit o vlt}lc|kt }|o vtictl}}íi>

m+ |ò l}xtoxëcko hl movomkxoãíi q|l vi}}kdk e k -

xl i mig}xogxl ovt kìto`lgxi ho aitão hl x todoebi% hl

ait ò q|l x ogxi i} gii} }ltkhitl} o }ltl` migxt oxohi}miì i} ox|ok} a|gmkigïtki} vi}}|o` i vlt e hl}ljohi>

h+ |ò l}x t|x |to hl kgmlgx ki} }k`ve l} l xt og}vo-

tlgxl ” tl`|gltoãíi% dlglaàmki}% vtê`ki} "vlm|gkïtki}

i| gíi+ ” q|l l}xk` |el i }ltkhit l t lait ml o vi}}kdk e k ho-

hl hl midtot |` hl}l`vlgbi ohlq|ohi>

l+ |ò l}xt|x |to hl ooe koãíi q|l vi}}kdk e k x l l-

t kmot i hl}l`vlgbi l khlgxkmot glml}}khohl} hl mo-

vomkx oãíi l l}xlj o kgm|eoho æ vtictl}}íi hi }ltkhit> l

a + |ò l}xtoxëcko hl tloeimoãíi l tlhk}xtkd|kãíihl }ltkhitl}% hl a itò o vi}}kdk e k x ot i oemogml hi vlt e

l q|ogxk xox ki hl}lj ohi voto moho ïtlo ho itcogkzoãíi'



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CL]XÍI HL VL]]IO]

Ë k`vit x ogxl t l}}oex ot q|l gíi ë }|mklgxl o }k`vel} hlgkãíi hl tlcto} voto migxto-

xot% tl`|gltot l movomkxot' Voto oemogãot i} idjlxki} l` tleoãíi oi vlt e hi q|ohti

hl }ltkh itl}% ë glml}}ïtki q|l l }}o} vieàx kmo} vi}}|o` o} `l}ò} vtl `k }}o}% i| }ljo%

votxo` hl |` `l}ì vtkgmàvki' Eici% l}}o} vieàx kmo} hll` }lt kgxlctoho}% vi}}|kt

mig}k}xêgmko l miltêgmko lgx tl le o}'

Voto mi`vtllghlt i} vtidelò} q|l vieàxkmo} hl cl}xíi hl vl}}io} oelo-

xýtko} clto`% vihlì} ovtl}lgxot |` lrl`vei' \ò vtlalkx|to vltmldl o glml}}k-

hohl hl q|oekmoãíi hi }l| q|ohti hl }ltkhitl}% hlmkhkghi vleo leloãíi hl }l|

gàle hl l}mieotkhohl' L`dito }|o vieàxkmo hl migm|t}i} vo}}l o }lt iexoho voto

l}}l x kvi hl vlt e % mi` o odltx|to hl migm|t}i} ovlgo} voto motci} hl gàle }|vl-

tkit l `ëhki% }|o vieàx kmo }oeotkoe migxkg|o }lghi cltkho hl òglkto q|l i} motci}

hl gàle dï}kmi }ljo` `lebit tl`|gltohi} hi q|l i} motci} hl gàle }|vltkit ” o`-

di} l` mi`votoãíi mi` o tl`|gltoãíi ialtlmkho vlei }lxit vtkohi voto a|gãül}

}k`keotl}' L}xl mlgïtki tlh|z aitxl`lgxl o oxtoxkkhohl vlei kgctl}}i gi }ltkãi vú-

de kmi hl vl}}io} mi` o} motomxltà}x kmo} hl}ljoho}% i q|l xitgotko xoe l}xtoxëcko hl

tlmt|xo`lgxi kglmoz'

Ohkmkigoe`lgxl% voto q|l l}xo} vieàx kmo} }ljo` cltkho} hl aitò lmklgxl% ë

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tki l q|l vlt`kxo |ò ox|oãíi `lgi} d|timtïxkmo ho ïtlo tl}vig}ïle vleo cl}xíi hl

vl}}io}> |` ct|vi hl }ltkhitl} q|oekmohi} voto leoditot l lrlm|xot o} vieàx kmo} hl

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x i l vt iìlt o oeimoãíi ohlq|oho hi} }ltkhitl}> |` o elck}eoãíi meoto l mig}iekhoho%|` }k}xlò hl mi`|gkmoãíi l oxlghk`lgxi q|l vi}}kdk e k xl o hk}}l`kgoãíi ho vieàx kmo

l i m|` vtk` lgx i hl }|o} tlcto} l |` }k}xl` o hl ooe koãíi ho} vieàx kmo} q|l vi}}kdk e k xl

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glml}}ïtki' I vtývtki veogljo`lgxi ho aitão hl xtodoebi hll }lt tlk}xi vltkihkmo-

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oi eigci hi xl`vi gi} ciltgi} `|gkmkvok}% i q|l k`vekmo l` ìhk moãül} xo`dë`

go} vieàx kmo} hl cl}xíi hl vl}}io} ohixoho}'

Vit úex kì% ë a|gho`lgxoe tl}}oexot q|l i} cltlgxl} hl lq|kvl} vi}}|l` |`

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dk e khohl gi ìhlei hl cl}xíi vtlhi`kgogxl gi }lxit vúde kmi' Ox|oe`lgxl% gi ìhlei

hl cl}xíi vtlhi`kgogxl gi }lxit vúde kmi% i} cltlgxl} xlghl` o oxtkd|kt xoe a|gãíi

æ ïtlo tl}vig}ïle vleo cl}xíi hl vl}}io}% o q|oe gíi vi}}|k mighkãül} hl ooekot o}

glml}}khohl} hl moho a|gmkigïtki hl |ò itcogkzoãíi% oxë vit k` vi}}kdk e k hohl hl mi-

gblmlt o x ihi}' Go lthohl% o ïtlo hl cl}x íi hl vl}}io} hll ox|ot miì a omk e k x ohito

l mig}|exito ho} hlòk}% vtivkmkoghi o} oxkkhohl} glml}}ïtko} oi hl}lgiek`lgxi

vti}}kigoe hi} }ltk hitl }' L}x o ë |` o `| hogão }kcgkmoxko l% ovl}ot hl hkaàmk e % hoho

o m|ex|t o vtlhi`kgogx l% ë `|kx i tlelogxl voto i ovtkìto` lgxi ho cl}xíi hl vl}}io}gi} ciltgi} `|gkmkvok} dto}kelkti}'

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Mi`vto} lelxtøgkmo} gi }lxit vúdekmi

Soexlt ]idiee% Ji}ë ]ëtcki Eotixigho J|gkit l Jiíi Ohieai hl Tlzlghl Vigmbki

Soexlt ]idie

Lgclgblkti Octøgiì vleo L]OE_ ” \]V l Lmigi`k}xo vleo

@lxihk}x o hl Vktomkmodo' Miithlgohit hl Migxtiel Kgx ltgi

hi L}xohi hl ]íi Vo|ei% tl}vig}ïle vleo k`veogxoãíi hi

]k}xl` o Kgx lctohi hl Oh`k gk}xt oãíi Akgogmlk to ” ]KOAL@-]V

l vle o Die}o Lelxt øgkmo h l Mi`vto} hi L}x ohi hl ]íi Vo|ei'

Ë Mig}|ex it go Ïtl o hl Cl}xíi Vúdek mo ho ACQ Vtij lx i}'

Ji}ë ]ëtcki Eotixigho Jt

Oh`kgk}xtohit l Lmigi`k}xo% Eloh O}}l}}it l` _|oekhohl

vleo A|ghoãíi Motei} Oedltx i Qogziekgk ” L}mieo Viek x ëmgkmo

ho \]V l xà x |ei biìe icohi vlei Kgxlt goxkigoe Tlck}x lt ia

Mltx kmoxlh O|hkxit} - KTMO ho Kgceoxltto> L}vlmkoek}xo l`

Tlm|t}i} B|ògi} vle o L}mieo hl Oh` kgk}x toãíi hl L`vt l-

}o} hl ]íi Vo|ei ho A|ghoãíi Clx|eki Qotco}' Ë Mig}|exit

l Miithlgohit hl Vtijlxi} hl @ihltgkzoãíi go Ïtlo hl

Cl}x íi Vúdek mo ho ACQ Vtij lx i}'

Jiíi Ohieai hl Tlzlghl Vigmbki

Lgclgblkti Octøgiì vleo L}mieo ]|vltkit hl Octkm|ex|to

― E|kz hl _|lktiz‐ % \]V% Vktomkmodo> @l}xt l l Hi|xit vleo

`l}ò |gk lt}khohl' Ë Dombotle l` Hktlkx i vle o \]V' Aik

Cltlgxl hi Vtij lxi hl @ihltgkzoãíi hi Migxtie l Kgxltgi

ho ]lmtlx otko h o Aozlgho hi L}x ohi hl ]íi Vo|ei% vitkgx lt` ëhki hi Vticto` o ho} Goãül} \gkho} voto i Hl-

}lgiek`lgx i "VG\H+% hl ?;;3 o 466?% x lghi votx kmkvohi

ho k` veogx oãíi ho Die}o Lelx tøgk mo hl Mi`vto} "DLM) ]V+

l hl` ok} }k}xlò} hl cl}x íi itão`lgx ïtko l gogmlkto'

Ox|oe`lgx l% ë Mig}|ex it ho ACQ Vtij lxi}% vltx lgmlgxl æ

lq|kvl tl}vig}ïle vlei} vtijlxi} CQAïmke l Die}o Lelxtøgk-

mo hl Mi`vto}> mig}|exit j|gxi æ Itcogkzoãíi ho} Goãül}

\gkho} voto Octkm|ex |to l Oe k` lgxoãíi "AOI+% Vtij lxi hl

Oviki æ Vtiìãíi l Hl}lgiek`lgxi hl Oekogão} Vtih|xk-o}> l Vtial}}it |gklt}kxïtki'

Hlctll} k g oct igi`{ a ti` L]OE_”\]V ogh lmigi`k m} at i`

@lxbihk}x \gklt} k x{ ia Vk tom kmodo' Miithkgoxit ia kg x ltgoe

migxtie ait xbl ]íi Vo|ei }xoxl ciltg`lgx% tl}vig}kdel

ait k `vel`lgx kgc xbl Kgxlctoxlh Akgogmko e Oh`kgk}x tox kig

]{}x l` ogh x bl Lelmx tigkm Vtim|tl`lgx ]{}x l` a it x box

}x oxl' Mig}|e x ogx kg x bl otlo ia v|de km ògocl`lgx s k x b

ACQ Vtij lx i}'

Hlctll} kg d|}kgl}} oh`kgk}xt ox kig ogh lmigi`k m} ogh k}

eloh q|oe k x{ ohk}it ox Motei} Oedltxi Qogzie kgk Ai|ghoxkig

” Vie{x lmbgkm ]mbiie ia \]V% ogh k } mltx k lh d{ xbl

Kgxltgox kigoe Tlck}x lt ia Mlt x k moxlh O|hkxit} "KTMO+ ia

Lgceogh' ]vlmkoe k}x kg b |òg t l}i|tml} ox x bl ]íi Vo|ei

]mbiie ia D|}kgl}} Oh`kgk }x tox kig ia A|ghoãíi Clx|e ki

Qotco} "LOL]V) ACQ+ ogh o mig}|ex ogx ogh miith kgox it ia

ìhltgkzox kig vtijlmx} kg v|de km ògocl`lgx s k x b

ACQ Vtij lx i}'

Dombleit‛} hlctll kg octigi`{ a ti` x bl E|kz hl _|lkt iz

]mbiie ia Octkm|e x |tl ia \]V ogh o ò}xlt‛ } ogh himxit oxl

at i` x bl }o`l kg}x k x |x kig' Bo} o eos hlctll at i` \]V'

Mig}|e x ogx ox ACQ Vtij lxi}% ogh `l`dlt ia x bl x lo`

tl}vig}kd el a it x bl ― CQ Aïmk e ‐ ogh ― Die}o Lelx tøgkmo hl Mi`vto}‐ v|de km vtim|tl`lgx vt i jlmx}% o} sle e o}

mig}|e x ogx x i x bl \gk xlh Gox kig} Aiih ogh Oct km|e x|tl

Itcogkzoxkig "AOI+ ait xbl Vtijlmx xi ]|vvitx Vtiìxkig

ogh Hlleiv`lgx ia Vtih|mxk l Oe e kogml}% ogh o |gklt}kx{

vtial}}it'



OD]XTOMX

Xbl otx km el vtl}lgx} xbl tl}|e x} ia k`vel`lgx kgc xbl

Lelmxtigkm Vtim|tl`lgx ]{}xl` "]LMI@+ d{ xbl ]íi Dlt-

gothi hi Mo`vi `|gkmkvoe ciltg`lgx% skxb xbl o}}k}-

xogml ia ACQ Vtijlxi}% hl}mtkdkgc xbl cokg} kg }okgc}%

xtog}votlgm{ ogh tlh|mlh d|tlo|mtom{ kg v|dekm vti-

m|tl`lgx vtimlh|tl}'

TL]\@I

I otx kci ovtl}lgxo i} tl}|exohi} ho k` veogx oãíi hi ]k}-

x lò Lelx tøgk mi hl Mi`v to} ” ]LMI@ ” go Vtla lkx |to @|-

gkmkvoe hl ]íi Dltgothi hi Mo`vi% mi` o o}}l}}itko ho

ACQ Vtij lx i}% motomx ltkzoghi o lmigi`ko% o x tog}votêg-

mko l o hl}d|timtox kzoãíi hi} vtimlhk` lgxi} hl mi`vto'

Xtog}votêgmko go cl}x íi vúdek mo% hl}d|timtox kzoãíi hi}

vtim l}}i} hl oq|k}kãíi l tlh|ãíi ho} oex ltgox ko} hl mit-

t|vãíi }íi xtê} hi} vtkgmkvok} idjlxki} oe`ljohi} vleo

}imklhohl gi} vtimlhk`lgxi} e kmk xoxýtki} vtoxkmohi} vl-

ei} ciltgi} ho} l}alt o} alhlt oe% l}x oh|oe l ` |gkmkvoe' I

hl}mtëhkx i hl q|l }ljo v i}}àle x tog}aitòt o cl}x íi vú-

de kmo l}xï `|kxi ottokcohi l% kgme|}kl% aoz votxl ho l}-

xtoxëcko hl aitglmlhitl} q|oghi vtim|to` lghlt }l|}

vtih|x i} i| }ltkãi} voto o} lgxk hohl} ciltgo`lgx ok}'I ohlgxi ho Kgxltglx mt ki| altto`lgx o} q|l vlt-

`kx kto` |ò ovtirkòãíi hi} idjlxki} mkxohi}' G|`

vtk`lkti ì`lgxi% vi|mi ogxl} ho k toho hi `k eêgki%

}|tckto` ïtko} oexltgox ko} hl mi`vto l lgho lelx tøgk-

mo gi }lxit vtkohi% q|l x klto` }|ml}}i go `lhkho l`

q|l i} }l|} meklgxl} k}e|`dtoto` o migodk e khohl l`-

d|x kho gi} }k}xlò} q|l o} }|}x lgxoo`' I|xti a oxit q|l

o|`lgxi| o migogão hi} aitglmlhitl} l mi`vtohitl}

aik o hka|}íi hi |}i hi} motx ül} hl mtëhk xi% q|l }k`vek-mi| }|d}xogmkoe`lgxl i} vtiml}}i} hl oq|k}kãíi% hoho o

}lc|togão h i} }l|} }k}xl` o} hl ekq| khoãíi'

Gi }lxit vúde kmi% o Die}o Lelxtøgkmo hl Mi`vto}

hi L}x ohi hl ]íi Vo|ei aik vkiglkto oi a it`|e ot |` }k}xl-

ò hl mi`v to} miì tl}|exohi ho t lelkx |to ho elck}eoãíi

l}vlmàmo hl e kmk xoãül}' L` 4666% kgkmki| ivltoãül} hl

mi`vto lelxtøgkmo hl òxltkok}% l}xodlelmlghi }k}xlò

hl mixoãíi hl vtlãi} hi} aitglmlhitl} do}lohi l` elk-

eíi tllt}i> l` }lc|kho% hk}mkve kgi| i migkxl lelx tøgkmivoto o mi`vto hl òxltkok}% kgme|}kl voto o oq|k}kãíi

8 1 u 8 3

hl `lhkmo`lgxi}' I }k}xlò% oeë` hl xiho o }|o xtog}-

votêgmko% l}xodlelml| |` mo`kgbi migïle oi} aitgl-

mlhitl}% mtkoghi tlmldàlk} }lc|ti} go} }|o} hoxo} hl

lgmk`lgx i' X|hi aik alk xi mi` do}l l` tlc|eo`lgx oãíi

l}vlmàmo% cotogxkghi }kck ei go glcimkoãíi% ock e khohl

go} mi`vto} l lgho}% xtog}votêgmko ho} ivltoãül} l

ìtoe k hohl hi} vtimlhk`lgx i} ivltomkigok}'

I tl}|exohi aik o lrvog}íi hi }k}xlò voto o

vtïxkmo hl gio ìhoekhohl hl e kmk xoãíi% hlgi`kgohovtlcíi lelxtøgkmi% q|l }k`vekmi| okgho òk} i} vtiml-

hk` lgxi} hl oq|k}kãíi hl dlg} l }ltkãi} vlei }lxit vú-

de kmi% mi` eotco òtcl` hl oeit octlcohi% xogxi voto

o} |gkhohl} cl}xito} vúdekmo}% q|l xklto` }kcgk mox ko

lmigi`ko itão`lgxïtko% q|ogxi voto i m|}xi hl lgho

hi} ait glmlhitl}'

]k}x lò }k`keot a ik k`v eogx ohi vleo ACQ Vtij lxi}

go Vtlal kx |to @|gkmkvoe hl ]íi Dltgot hi h i Mo`vi ” ]V%

doxkzohi hl ]LMI@ ” ]k}xlò Lelxtøgkmi hl Mi`vto} ”%m|j o} ivltoãül} }l kgkmk oto` l` 466=' L` mkgmi ogi} hl

ivltoãíi migxk g|oho "oxë `lohi} hl oci}x i hl 4662+% i

]LMI@ ìk`lgxi| T( 38%8 `kebül} l` mi`vto} hl ò-

x ltkok} l migx tox oãíi hl }ltkãi}% l clti| |ò lmigi`ko

hl T( 4? `kebül} "i| }ljo% 44, hl lmigi`ko lgxtl i}

vtlãi} q|l i @|gkmàvki l}xoo hk}vi}xi o vocot l i} lal-

x ko`lgx l voci}+' Gl}x l vltàihi% a ito` t loe kzoho} 3'266

e kmk xoãül}% gi} vtimlhk`lgxi} hl hk}vlg}o hl e kmk xoãíi

i| mixoãíi hl vtlãi}% migkxl l vtlcíi lelxtøgkmi} "ltxodleo K l ctïmi} K o KQ+'

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OTXKCI

Xodleo ?

]LMI@)]DM ”]k}xlò Lelx tøgk mi hl Mi`vto} - gú`lti hl ivlt oãül}% qoe itl} glcimkohi} l lmigi-

`ko itão`lgx ïtk o go} ivltoãül} hl mixoãíi lelx tøgkmo% migqkx l lelx tøgkmi l vtlcíi lelxt øgkmi% hl

466= o 4662

Ctï mi ?

]LMI@)]DM ”]k}xlò Lelx tøgk mi hl Mi`vto} ” gú`lti hl ivlt oãül}% q oeitl} x ix ok} glcimkohi} l

lmigi ko it ão`lgxït ko% hl 466= o 4662

*oxë 63) 4662

G º IVLTOÃÜL]

QT GLCIMKOHI

LM ' ITÃO@LGXÏTKI



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Ctï mi 4

]LMI@)]DM ”]k}xlò Lelx tøgk mi hl Mi vt o} ”gú`lti hl ivlt oãül}% qoe it glcimkohi l lmigi`ko

itão`lgx ïtk o gi vtimlhk`lgxi ek mkx ox ýtk i mixoãíi i| hk}vlg}o hl ek mkx oãíi% hl 466= o 4662

*oxë 63) 4662

*oxë 63) 4662

*oxë 63) 4662

G º IVLTOÃÜL]

G º IVLTOÃÜL]

G º IVLTOÃÜL]

QT GLCIMKOHI

QT GLCIMKOHI

QT GLCIMKOHI

LM ' ITÃO@LGXÏTKI

LM ' ITÃO@LGXÏTKI

LM ' ITÃO@LGXÏTKI

8 2 u 8

;

Ctï mi =

]LMI@)]DM ”]k}xlò Lelx tøgk mi hl Mi vto} ”gú`lti hl ivltoãül}% qoeit glcimkohi l lmigi`ko

itão lgx ïtko gi vtimlhk`lgxi e kmkx oxýtk i migqkx l% hl 466= o 4662

Ctï mi 8

]LMI@)]DM ”]k}xlò Lelx tøgk mi hl Mi vto} ”gú`lti hl ivltoãül}% qoeit glcimkohi l lmigi`ko

itão lgx ïtko gi vtimlhk`lgxi ek mkxox ýtki vtlcíi lelxt øgkmi% hl 466= o 4662



OTXKCI

O k`veogxoãíi hi ]LMI@ aik vtlmlhkho ho khlgxkmoãíi

hi} vtiml}}i} hl mi`vto vtoxkmohi} l` ]íi Dltgothi

hi Mo`vi l hl }|o ohovxoãíi l tllgclgbotko voto o}

glml}}khohl} ivltomkigok} hi }k}xlò lelxtøgkmi' O gio

`lxihieicko hl x todoebi% lgielghi vtimlhk`lgxi}

lelxtøgkmi}% aik tlc|eo`lgxoho vleo Vtim|tohitko @|-

gkmkvoe% hoghi }|vitxl elcoe æ} gio} vtïxkmo}' O votxkt

ho hlgkãíi hl}}l} gii} vtiml}}i}% i} a|gmkigïtki} ho

Miithlgohitko hl Ekmkxoãül} l @oxltkok} ho Vtlalkx|to

aito` movomkxohi} go} a|gãül} l gi migxtiel hlxoebohi

hi }k}xlò hl mi`vto}% o ` hl q|l idx kl}}l` xixoe

o|xigi`ko go }|o cl}xíi'

I ]LMI@ ë |` vitxoe hl mi`vto} vlt}igoekzohi

voto i @|gkmàvki hl ]íi Dltgothi hi Mo`vi% hl}lgiek-

hi o votx k t hl |` t lc|eo`lgxi ivltomkigoe vtývt ki% q|l

idlhlml o elck}eoãíi l}vlmàmo% ovtl}lgxoghi o} }lc|kg-

xl} motomxltà}xkmo} dï}kmo}:

ë |` }k}xlò hl aitòãíi hkgä`kmo hl vtlãi}%

q|l migxo mi` kgaitòãül} o`veo`lgxl hk}}l`kgoho}

gi `ltmohi>

ë ovikohi vit |` }k}xlò hl }lc|togão% q|l a it-

glml }lgbo} mtk vx ictoa oho} voto x ihi} i} |}|ïtki}% hl}hl

a|gmkigïtk i} oxë a itglmlhitl}>oh`kgk}xto o e kq|khoãíi aà}kmo l gogmlkto ho}

mi`vto}>

tlck}xto xiho} o} ivltoãül}% i} oclgxl} lgie-

khi} l o} xtog}oãül} lalx|oho}% cotogxkghi o|hkxitko

k`lhkoxo l migxkg|oho hl xihi} i} vtimlhk`lgxi}% dl`

miì o oh`kgk}xtoãíi hi} migxtoxi} lalx|ohi} lelxtigk-

mo`lgxl'

L` tleoãíi oi} vtimlhk`lgxi} xtohkmkigok} hl mi`vto}%

i }k}xlò ]LMI@% k`vel`lgxohi vleo ACQ Vtijlxi} go

Vtlalkx|to @|gkmkvoe hl ]íi Dltgothi hi Mo`vi% ovtl-

}lgxo o} }lc|kgx l} ogxoclg}:

tlh |ãíi hi} vtlãi} voci} vleo} |gkhoh l} cl}xit o}

hi @|gkmàvki>

tlh|ãíi hi} m|}xi} hl mi`vto% dl` miì hi}

m|}xi} hl lgho hi} aitglmlhitl}>

omleltoãíi hi vtiml}}i hl mi`vt o% mi` tlh|ãíi

hi xl`vi voto `lgi} hl ?) < hi xl`vi |x k e kzohi ogxl-

t ki t`lgxl >

hl}lgiek`lgxi vi}kx ki ho tleoãíi lgxtl mi`-

vtohitl} `|gkmkvok} l aitglmlhitl} hi `ltmohi>

hk`kg|kãíi i| le k`kgoãíi ho kgxlt`lhkoãíi hl

kgxltl}}ohi} q|l vtlxlgho` ogxoclg} kghlkho} go}

mi`vto} ciltgo`lgx ok}>

x tog}votêgmko go cl}xíi hl mi`vto}>

`lebitko ho q|oekhohl hi} dlg} l }ltkãi} hk}vi-

gkdk e k zohi}> l

òg|x lgãíi ho idlhkêgmko æ Elk ho} Ekmkxoãül} l

æ} tlc|eo`lgxoãül} mittleox o}'

O oq|k}kãíi hi }k}xlò lelxtøgkmi hl mi`vto} ë

tlmi`lghoho voto L}xohi} i| @|gkmàvki} hl ctoghl vit-xl% q|l x lgbo` ie|`l hl mi`vto} l migxt oxoãíi hl }lt-

kãi} mi`vox àle mi` i m|}x i) dlglaàmki hi }k}x lò' Voto

@|gkmàvki} hl `ëhki i| vlq|lgi vitx l% o ` lebit }ie|ãíi

mig}k}xl l` ivltot vlei }k}xlò l}xoh|oe% i| migxto-

xot }k}xlò vtývtki% l` mig}ýtmki mi` @|gkmàvki} kzk-

gbi} i| vit `lki ho} o}}imkoãül} `|gkmkvok} hl ä`dkxi

tlckigoe'



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Cadernos FGV Projetos nº 8 - Gestão Pública Municipal