CEPEL’s - Royal Institute of Technology · Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel You control what you measure. 3 If you measure more precisely and quickly you will control

Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel 1

Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica

Departamento de Tecnologias de Distribuição - DTD

CEPEL’s

new PMU Laboratory

LabPMU

José Eduardo Alves Jr. (CEPEL)

Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel

Index

1. Introduction

2. Driver

3. Laboratory

4. Previous Works

5. Discussions

2


You control what you measure.

3

If you measure more precisely and

quickly you will control better.

PMUs may provide better

measurements in real time and

help analysis off line.

CONCEPT OF PMUs


=0 =0

CONCEPT OF PMUs


PMU

TP

TC

PDC

PMU

PMU PMU

PDC

PMU

PMU PMU

Software

Application Control

Phasor data concentrator Protection

Data Base

CONCEPT OF PMUs


0,7

0,75

0,8

0,85

0,9

0,95

1

1,05

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

tempo (s)

ten

são

(p

u)

PMU

SCADA

CONCEPT OF PMUs

PMUs and SCADA


Fault Recordings (post event)

SCADA

Phasor measurements

(up to 50/60 frames/s)

stability

power electronics

switching

flow

frequency

frequency

CONCEPT OF PMUs


– Off-line:

• Post event diagnostics.

– Real time:

• Monitoring, protection and Control.

• Examples: enhance state estimation, monitoring

critical angles, monitoring oscillations, FACTS

equipment control.

8

APPLICATIONS


PMU PMU

PMU PMU

PMU PDC

PMU PMU

PMU PMU

PMU PDC

PMU PMU

PMU PMU

PMU PDC

Central PDC

Local application

Local application

Local application

General application

time

MOTIVATION: APPLICATIONS

CNOS


PMU

TP

TC

Metering Chain

MOTIVATION: METERING CHAIN


OBJECTIVES

Synchrophasor Laboratory

• To give technological support to :

1. Study the PMU applications.

• Simulating in real time using real PMUs and virtual PMUs if necessary.

2. Study PMU performance using a metrological test

bed based on NIST’s SynchroMetrology Lab.


WORLD BANK FUNDING


1. Real time simulator;

2. PMUs and PDC;

3. PMU test bed instrumentation;

4. Auxiliary instrumentation.


STUDY PMU APPLICATIONS


• What equipment should have?

1. Flexible equipment

2. Up to date equipment

• What applications should study first?

1. We are beginning discussions about it. Monitoring

oscillations should be a good guess.


PMU PMU

PMU PMU

PDC

PMU PMU

PMU PMU

PMU PDC

PMU PMU

PMU PMU

PMU PDC

Central

PDC

Local application

Local application

Local application

General application

Dig

ita

l S

im

ulator in

re

al tim

e

POSSIBLE CONFIGURATIONS

Simulation


PMU PMU

PMU PMU

PDC

PMU PMU

PMU PMU

PMU PDC

PMU PMU

PMU PMU

PMU PDC

Central

PDC

Local application

Local application

Local application

General application

Dig

ital S

im

ulator in

real tim

e


Simulation

Simulation


PMU PMU

PMU PMU

PDC

PMU PMU

PMU PMU

PMU PDC

PMU PMU

PMU PMU

PMU PDC

Central

PDC

Local application

Local application

Local application

General application

Dig

ita

l S

im

ulator in

re

al tim

e


Simulation

Simulation


PMU PMU

PMU PMU

PDC

PMU PMU

PMU PMU

PMU PDC

PMU PMU

PMU PMU

PMU PDC

Central

PDC

Local application

Local application

Local application

General application

Dig

ita

l S

im

ulato

r in

re

al tim

e

POSSIBLE CONFIGURATIONS: Control in the loop

Simulation

Simulation


METROLOGIC TEST BED


• What equipment should have?

1. Precision equipment

2. Up to date equipment

3. Flexible equipment

• What tests should be applied?

1. IEEE Standard tests

• C37.118.1 (metering)

• C37.118.2 (communication)


STANDARD ASPECTS

IEEE Std 1344-1995 IEEE Standard for

Synchrophasors for Power Systems

1995

C37.118-2005 - IEEE Standard for

Synchrophasors for Power Systems 2005

IEEE Std C37.118.1™-2011 IEEE

Standard for Synchrophasor

Measurements for Power

Systems

IEEE Std C37.118.2™-2011 -

IEEE Standard for

Synchrophasor Data Transfer

for Power Systems

2011


• Categories:

• P (protection)

• M (metering)

• To evaluate the performance of PMUs:

• TVE

• FE (Frequency Measurement Error ):

• RFE (Rate of change of Frequency

measurement Error): ROCOF

Based on: Accuracy X Speed

23

STANDARD ASPECTS


• Tests:

• Static

• Dynamic

• Ramp

• Step

• Amplitude and phase modulation

24

STANDARD ASPECTS


PMU under test

Generates voltage and current

signals synchronized by GPS.

The phasors measured by PMUs

are moved to the test bed and comparated

with virtual standard PMU.

VIRTUAL PMU Standard

METROLOGIC TEST BED: NIST


Amplifiers

PMU under test

Voltage signals

current

voltage

Control System

High accuracy PTs

Current signals

Amplifiers GPS

PMU Standard

METROLOGIC TEST BED PROPOSED

High accuracy CTs


Current and voltage signals

synchronized by GPS are

carried to PMU under test.

The control system

knows the ideal

phasors.

The control system

receives the phasors

measured by PMU.

The control system

calculates TVE.

The results

are presented.

METROLOGIC TEST BED


• TVE<1%

• Dynamic tests must be done with the same small uncertainty

• The standards continue to be in discussion.

28

CHALLENGES

uncertainty of test

bed much be smaller.


Study of Metering Chain (CTs)

Thesis of Luiz Carlos Grillo (CEPEL)

COPPE-UFRJ

Advisors: Prof. Glauco Taranto e José Eduardo

PREVIOUS WORKS


Accuracy Standard of metering current transformers

PREVIOUS WORKS


ACCURACY CRITERIA ACCORDING CT STANDARD

PREVIOUS WORKS


ACCURACY CRITERIA ACCORDING PMU STANDARD

PREVIOUS WORKS


ACCURACY CRITERIA CTs X PMU

PREVIOUS WORKS


Magnitude

error

(%)

Angle error

(MINUTES)

TVE

(%)

ACCURACY

LIMIT

(%)

-2,4 120 4,2 2,22

-1,2 40 1,7 0,34

-8,05 182,6 9,5 1,03

-2,4 20 2,5 1,63

0,6 -31,2 1,1 0,6

PREVIOUS WORKS


CONCLUSION:

THE CT STANDARDS SHOULD CONSIDER THE

PMUS STANDARDS

PREVIOUS WORKS


Study of Internal Algorithms of PMUs

Thesis of Suzana C. Oliveira (CEPEL)

COPPE-UFRJ

Advisors: Prof. Edson Watanabe e José Eduardo

PREVIOUS WORKS


• Learn about the internal algorithm of PMUs.

• Tests at NIST (2009) “PMU Interoperability,

Steady-State and Dynamic Performance

Tests” by Moraes and all.

37

DRIVERS


Fasores de Sinais de 60 e 61 Hz a taxa de 1 frame por ciclo de 60 Hz durante 20 ciclos

(a) (b)

Fasores de Sinais de 60 e 61 Hz a taxa de 1 frame por ciclo de 60 Hz durante 20 ciclos

(a) (b)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

ϴ 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

40

STUDY OF SYNCHROPHASOR

CONCEPT


voltage

current

voltage

sensor Filter

Anti

Aliasing Converter

AD

PLL

GPS

current

sensor

DFT Sincrophasor

frequency

metering

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PMUS


(PMU)

CT (current transformer)

CT error

PMU error PMU

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PMUS

QUANTIZATION


Leakage effect

FREQUENCY DETECTION


• PLL proposed to measure the frequency

50

Transformada de Clarke

va

vb

vc

vα

vβ

X

X

Σ ControlePI

ωIntegrador

ωt

sen

-cos

iα’

iβ’

-

Reset p pref=0

DETECÇÃO DE FREQUÊNCIA


CONCLUSION:

THE ALGORITHMS AND INTERNAL FILTERS

SHOULD BE CONSIDERED CAREFULLY.

PREVIOUS WORKS


We are at the beginning!

CONCLUSIONS


THANKS AND DISCUSSIONS

Contact:

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Documents

CEPEL’s - Royal Institute of Technology · Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Cepel You control what you measure. 3 If you measure more precisely and quickly you will control