CROSSMÍDIA E CONVERGÊNCIA NO JORNALISMO CIENTÍFICO: uma análise dos veículos da National Geographic

8/7/2019 CROSSMÍDIA E CONVERGÊNCIA NO JORNALISMO CIENTÍFICO: uma análise dos veículos da National Geographic

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Ghwzfllw $9007+ ftplkgh xvf yfjfw jf pfwgh wço vckjhw poy c÷w# Fb cowwo zfbpo, hw yfjfw

zyhcwmoybhb"wf fb yfjfw jf kcmoybhîço fcfynkqhjhw pflh kczfycfz#

Q{bvcz Ihvbhc $8;;;+ pfygfif xvf h nloihlkqhîço cço pfybkzf xvf o kcjk}âjvo

pfybhcfîh kb÷}fl fb vb jfzfybkchjo lvnhy, pokw bfwbo xvhcjo flf wf bhczëb fb vb

lvnhy mâwkgo fwpfgâmkgo fwzè wfbpyf fb bo}kbfczo# Gobo ftfbplo, flf gkzh h kczfycfz f ow

ghchkw zflf}kwk}ow, “}kh whzëlkzf ov h ghio, whlzhcjo phyh jfczyo f phyh moyh jf fwphîow

fwzyhcnfkyow gob vbh }flogkjhjf bvkzo wvpfykoy à jf ahzow wvpfywúckgow f monvfzfw

kczfyplhcfzèykow‒ $IHVBHC, 8;;;, p#46+#

O hvzoy $IHVBHC, 8;;;+ ftplkgh xvf o bvcjo pfyjfv wvhw myoczfkyhw chzvyhkw, f xvf cço

dè yhqço jf pfybhcfgfy hpfchw fb vb fwpfgâmkgo lvnhy, pokw ocjf xvfy xvf wf fwzfah fb

hlnvb jhjo bobfczo, aè wf pfcwh xvf wf pojfykh fwzhy fb ovzyo lvnhy# Wfcjo hwwkb, o xvf

wvwzfczh o gocwvbkwbo ë h fwpfyhcîh xvf wf zfb jf whzkwmhîço jow jfwfaow, wkzvhîço fwwh

ftplkghjh pflh Kcjñwzykh Gvlzvyhl#

Co fczhczo, fwwh whzkwmhîço ch }fyjhjf ë vb plhgfio f poy fwwf bozk}o lono dè h

cfgfwwkjhjf jf dh}fy vb co}o jfwfao# “Phyh ow iocw gocwvbkjoyfw cço ë h whzkwmhîço jhw



89

cfgfwwkjhjfw xvf hzoybfczh h pfwwoh, bhw ow zoybfczow jow jfwfaow hkcjh cço pfygfikjow

cfb wvwpfkzhjow xvf mhqfb h pyobfwwh wfy zço zfczhjoyh‒# $IHVBHC, 8;;;, p# ;0+

8#8 H Yfjf jhw Yfjfw1 kczfycfz f co}ow mlvtow gobvckghgkochkw

Ghwzfllw $9007+ gocwkjfyh xvf, fb cowwh Fyh, h kczfycfz pojf wfy gobphyhjh à yfjf flëzykgh1

fcxvhczo o bozoy flëzykgo ë ghphq jf nfyhy fcfynkh h zojo vb zfyykz÷yko popvlhgkochl, h

kczfycfz jkwzykivk kcmoybhîço poy zojo jobâcko jh hzk}kjhjf dvbhch#

Fb yhqço jf wvh mlftkiklkjhjf f ghphgkjhjf jf hjhpzhîço, hw yfjfw powwvfb }hczhnfcwbvkzo wknckmkghzk}hw, xvf wf hplkghb cvb hbikfczf jf yèpkjh bvzhîço# Poy fwwh yhqço, hw

yfjfw záb wf ftphcjkjo phyh zojow ow lhjow jo gocdfgkbfczo, fb zojh h wogkfjhjf,

jfyyvihcjo oynhckqhîöfw, ivyogyhzhw f ivyogyhgkhw gfczyhlkqhjhw f nhcdhcjo fb

jfwfbpfcdo $GHWZFLLW, 9007+#

Wfnvcjo o hvzoy, ë powwâ}fl, pflh pykbfkyh }fq, h gobvckghîço jf bvkzow gob bvkzow, fb

fwghlh nloihl, nyhîhw à kczfycfz# F o vwo jfwwh mfyyhbfczh gobo wkwzfbh jf gobvckghîço fmoybh jf oynhckqhîço wf pyolkmfyov cow ñlzkbow hcow jo wfnvcjo bklácko# Co mkchl jf 8;;6,

fyhb gfygh jf 8= bkldöfw jf vwvèykow jf yfjfw jf gobvckghîço poy gobpvzhjoy co bvcjo,

co kcâgko jf 9008 fwwf cñbfyo wvpfyh}h :00 bkldöfw $GHWZFLLW, 9007+#

Bhcofl Ghwzfllw $9007+, ftpyfwwh wvh goc}kgîço jf xvf hzë 9080 wfykh hlghcîhjh h bhygh

jow 9 ikldöfw jf kczfychvzhw# Aè fb 9080 vbh pfwxvkwh jk}vlnhjh pflh Kczfychzkochl

Zflfgobbvckghzkoc $KZV+, fb bhko, hmkybh xvf hzë o mkchl jo hco, o bvcjo jf}f hzkcnky hbhygh jf 6 ikldöfw jf vwvèykow ch kczfycfz# Wfnvcjo o fwzvjo h zflfmockh b÷}fl ë o

pykcgkphl yfwpocwè}fl poy fwwf hvbfczo# Wfcjo xvf h xvhczkjhjf jf kczfychvzhw, jf 9007

phyh 900;, jvplkgov, gdfnhcjo h gfygh jf 9=& jh popvlhîço bvcjkhl#

Ghwzfllw $9007+ zhbiëb fcmhzkqh xvf, co zopo jo gocwzyvzo gvlzvyhl, xvf mvcjhbfczov h

gykhîço jh kczfycfz, fwzè h gvlzvyh zfgcobfykzogyèzkgh jh ftgflácgkh gkfczâmkgh f zfgcol÷nkgh#

Fwwh zfgcobfykzogyhgkh mok kcwgykzh cvbh bkwwço jf jobkchîço jo bvcjo pflo pojfy jo

gocdfgkbfczo#



87

Poy wvh }fq, ow fbpyfwèykow jfwgoiykyhb ch kczfycfz vb co}o plhcfzh, po}ohjo poy

kco}hîöfw zfgcol÷nkghw ftzyhoyjkcèykhw# Wfcjo hwwkb, h gvlzvyh fbpyfwhykhl oykfczhjh phyh o

jkcdfkyo phyzkv phyh h gocxvkwzh jo bvcjo f mfq jh yfjf o wvpoyzf phyh cowwhw }kjhw# H

gvlzvyh jh kczfycfz ë vbh gvlzvyh mfkzh poy gyfcîhw co pyonyfwwo jow wfyfw dvbhcow hzyh}ëw

jh zfgcolonkh $GHWZFLLW, 9007+#

Ow pykbfkyow fwzènkow jo vwo jh kczfycfz, ch jëghjh jf 8;40, moyhb hcvcgkhjow gobo h

gdfnhjh jf vbh co}h fyh jh gobvckghîço lk}yf f yfhlkqhîço pfwwohl chw gobvckjhjfw

}kyzvhkw moybhjhw fb zoyco jh gobvckghîço bfjkhjh pflo gobpvzhjoy# Fwwf mhzoy jkwzécgkh

h kczfycfz jhw hlfnhîöfw jf xvf flh wfykh moczf jf gobvckzhykwbo yfco}hjo ov h gvlphjhpflh powwâ}fl hlkfchîço jo bvcjo yfhl# Wfnvcjo o hvzoy, h kczfyhîço wogkhl ch kczfycfz cço

phyfgf zfy vb fmfkzo jkyfzo woiyf h gocmknvyhîço jh }kjh gozkjkhch, ftgfzo poy hjkgkochy

kczfyhîço oc"lkcf àw yflhîöfw wogkhkw ftkwzfczfw# $GHWZFLLW, 9007+

Fb vb lf}hczhbfczo mfkzo gob bhkw jf :0 bkl vwvèykow jow Fwzhjow Vckjow pflo wkzf jh

Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg, fb 8;;4, gocwzhzov"wf xvf o vwo jo f"bhkl goczykivâh phyh kczfyhîço

mhgf h mhgf, poy zflfmocf f poy ghyzh, f cço wviwzkzvâh hw ovzyhw moybhw jf kczfyhîço wogkhl#Ftkwzfb zhbiëb yflhzow gocmlkzhczfw woiyf ow fmfkzow jo vwo jh kczfycfz ch wogkhiklkjhjf#

Moyhb yfhlkqhjow cow FVH jokw fwzvjow1 vb lf}hczhbfczo oc"lkcf jh Vck}fywkjhjf jf

Wzhcmoyj f ovzyo jkmvcjkjo fwzvjo jf Pkzzwivynd#

Oiwfy}ov"wf vb phjyço jf kczfyhîço pfwwoh"h"pfwwoh jfglkchczf f pfyjh jf fc}ol}kbfczo

wogkhl fczyf vwvèykow hwwâjvow jh kczfycfz, ho bfwbo zfbpo fb xvf h bhkoykh jow vwvèykow

yflhzov xvf cço dov}f bvjhcîh wknckmkghzk}h fb wvhw }kjhw#

H kczfycfz ë ghphq jf pyopkgkhy vb ghchl jf gobvckghîço doykqoczhl, cço goczyolhjo f

yflhzk}hbfczf ihyhzo, zhczo jf vb phyh vb xvhczo jf vb phyh bvkzow# Dè, jf hgoyjo gob

Ghwzfllw $9007+, vb gyfwgfczf vwo jfwwf ghchl poy aoychlkwzhw yfifljfw, hzk}kwzhw polâzkgow f

pfwwohw jf zojo zkpo gob o oiafzk}o jf jkmvcjky kcmoybhîöfw#



8:

8#9 Hw gocwfxvácgkhw phyh hw fbpyfwhw f pyogfwwow jf gobvckghîço

Phlègkow $9007+ fwzhiflfgf hlnvbhw pyfbkwwhw phyh xvf wf f}kzf h zfczhîço jf gocwkjfyhy h

kczfycfz f ovzyow wvpoyzfw jknkzhkw gobo opowkzoyfw ov xvf wf hgyfjkzf ch wvpfyhîço jow

moybhzow bkjkèzkgow hczfykoyfw#

Zèygkh $900>+ gkzh vbh pfwxvkwh, jf 9008, pyojvqkjh pflh Kcco}hzkocw kc Cf~wphpfyw, xvf

zfczov yfwpocjfy h pfynvczh woiyf o fwzènko fb xvf wf fcgoczyh}hb wfvw 900 aoychkw

hwwogkhjow, fb zfybow jf pyojvîço bvlzkbâjkh f fb yfjf# Hpfchw 6& wf gocwkjfyhyhb vbbojflo cfwwf xvfwkzo, fcxvhczo ovzyow >7& jkwwfyhb xvf h goc}fynácgkh fwzh}h

gobfîhcjo h hgoczfgfy fb wvhw yfjhîöfw f 8;& hmkybhyhb xvf chjh dh}kh bvjhjo#

Jf hgoyjo gob h Hwwogkhîço Bvcjkhl jow Aoychkw, zhbiëb gkzhjh poy Zèygkh $900>+, co

jfgoyyfy jo zfbpo, hw fbpyfwhw jf gobvckghîço hzyh}fwwhyhb zyáw fwzènkow# O pykbfkyo mok

o jh jk}fywkmkghîço, co xvhl kcwzkzvkîöfw kc}fwzkyhb ch gobpyh jf ovzyhw goypoyhîöfw,

jfmfcjfcjo"wf hwwkb jf gobpfzkîço f nhyhczkcjo wvh lkjfyhcîh#

O wfnvcjo fwzènko, jh goc}fynácgkh, wfykh o pyogfwwo jf vckmkghîço jf zfgcolonkhw jhw

bâjkhw hzyh}ëw jh flfzyúckgh# H hbplh yffwzyvzvyhîço zfgcol÷nkgh powwkiklkzov, fb gvyzo

fwphîo jf zfbpo, pyobo}fy goczfñjo aoychlâwzkgo fb fwghlh nloihl#

O zfygfkyo fwzènko ë o jh kczfnyhîço, co xvhl fwzyhzënkhw bfyghjol÷nkghw f fjkzoykhkw

phwwhyhb h hgyfjkzhy xvf o aoychlkwbo oclkcf ë vb mfcúbfco à phyzf# Bvkzow fbpyfwèykowgobfzfyhb o fyyo jf gykhy ghbphcdhw kczfkyhw jfjkghjhw ftglvwk}hbfczf h wvpyky fwwf co}o

bfyghjo#

Afcekcw $9004+ jfwzhgh xvf, hzvhlbfczf, o nyhcjf jfwhmko jfwwhw fbpyfwhw ë phwwhy poy vbh

}kwço bhkw hbplh jo xvf yfpyfwfczh h goc}fynácgkh jhw bâjkhw fb fwghlh nloihl#



86

8#7 Gvlzvyh jh goc}fynácgkh

Bfwbo cço dh}fcjo gocwfcwo woiyf h vzklkqhîço jo zfybo goc}fynácgkh, mhzo ë xvf flh fwzè

zyhcwmoybhcjo h chzvyfqh jow bfkow jf gobvckghîço fb wvh zozhlkjhjf# Flh lf}h fbpyfwhw,

fb zojo o bvcjo, h ivwghy jf moybhw lvgyhzk}hw jf ftployhy h goc}fynácgkh jf Z], kczfycfz

f gflvlhy, powwkiklkzhcjo hgfwwo jo pñilkgo h zojhw hw bâjkhw f hzfcjfcjo jf moybh

hjfxvhjh h jfbhcjh#

Gkzhcjo Mkjlfy $8;;>+, Loyfch Zèygkh $900>+ hgyfjkzh xvf fwzhbow }k}fcjo co zfygfkyo

nyhcjf fwzènko jf zyhcwmoybhîço cow bfkow jf gobvckghîço, fb vbh bkjkhboymowf# Ohvzoy ftplkgh xvf o wvynkbfczo jf co}hw bâjkhw hgoczfgf jf}kjo à f}olvîço ch ivwgh pflh

hjhpzhîço jo pyogfwwo gobvckghgkochl, wfcjo hwwkb o wvynkbfczo jf vbh co}h bâjkh

yhyhbfczf pyo}oghykh h boyzf jf ovzyh# H bkjkhboymowf wf jè, pykcgkphlbfczf, fb zoyco jh

goc}fynácgkh jow bfkow#

Mkljfy $8;;>+, gocmoybf ftplkgh Zèygkh $900>+, ftpyfwwh xvf Ckgdolhw Cfnyhpoczf hphyfgf

gobo h pykbfkyh pfwwoh h pfygfify f gocwzhzhy o mfcúbfco jh goc}fynácgkh# Wfcjo xvf, fb8;>;, Cfnyhpoczf hlfyzov phyh h bfzhboymowf xvf hw zfgcolonkhw jf gobvckghîço fwzh}hb

womyfcjo#

Aè Afcekcw $9008+ hmkybh xvf ghjh }fq bhkw fwzhbow fczyhcjo fb vbh Fyh fb xvf h bâjkh

fwzhyè fb zojh h phyzf# Co fczhczo, o hvzoy ë pyhnbèzkgo ho jkqfy xvf cvcgh dh}fyè vb

ñckgo hphyfldo yfwpocwè}fl pflh zyhcwbkwwço jf zojo o goczfñjo jf cozâgkhw#

Phyh bfldoy gobpyffcwço, o hvzoy glhwwkmkgh h goc}fynácgkh fb1

• Goc}fynácgkh zfgcol÷nkgh1 h zyhcwmoybhîço jf èzobow fb ikzw, h jknkzhlkqhîço jo

goczfñjo jf zojhw hw bâjkhw# Hgoczfgf xvhcjo phlh}yhw, kbhnfcw f wocw wço

zyhcwmoybhjow fb kcmoybhîço jknkzhl, powwkiklkzhcjo o wfv mlvto fczyf hw jk}fywhw

plhzhmoybhw ftkwzfczfw#

• Goc}fynácgkh fgocúbkgh1 ë h kczfnyhîço doykqoczhl ch kcjñwzykh jo fczyfzfckbfczo,

h yffwzyvzvyhîço jh pyojvîço gvlzvyhl ho yfjoy jf “wkcfynkhw‒, h ftployhîço jf



8=

bhyghw fb pyogfwwo jf zyhcw f gyowwbâjkh $Dhyy{ Pozzfy, Bhzykt, Gyfpñwgvlo,

Zobi Yhkjfy, Wzhy ^hyw fzg#+#

•

Goc}fynácgkh wogkhl ov oynéckgh1 ë ch}fnhy o hbikfczf jh co}h fyh

kcmoybhgkochl, pojf hgoczfgfy jfczyo ov moyh jf vb gobpvzhjoy, bhw vlzkbhbfczf

zfb hgoczfgkjo jfczyo jh bfczf jo vwvèyko#

• Goc}fynácgkh gvlzvyhl1 ë h ftplowço jf co}hw moybhw jf gykhzk}kjhjf f jf fcgoczyo

jhw }èykhw zfgcolonkhw jf bâjkhw, pyopoygkoch vbh co}h gvlzvyh jf phyzkgkphîço

popvlhy ho pfybkzky o hgfwwo f kcgfczk}hy cozâgkhw fb gyowwbâjkh#

• Goc}fynácgkh nloihl1 ë gobo o dkiykjkwbo gvlzvyhl xvf yfwvlzh ch gkygvlhîço

bvcjkhl jo goczfñjo chw bâjkhw# Gobo o gkcfbh hwkèzkgo, xvf zfb boljhjo o

hbfykghco $O Nykzo, O Gdhbhjo, hckbfw fzg#+#

Afcekcw $9004+ pfygfif h goc}fynácgkh gobo mlvto goczâcvo jf hwwvczow hzyh}ëw jf

jk}fywow wvpoyzfw bkjkèzkgow, h goopfyhîço fczyf fwwfw }èykow bfyghjow f o gobpoyzhbfczo

jo yfgfpzoy jfwwfw bfkow, xvf ë ghphq jf ky h xvhlxvfy lvnhy fb ivwgh jhw ftpfykácgkhw#

Mhlhy fb goc}fynácgkh wfykh jfmkcky zojhw hw zyhcwmoybhîöfw womykjhw pflh wogkfjhjf

$zfgcolonkh, bfyghjo, gvlzvyh, wogkfjhjf+#

Wfnvcjo o hvzoy, h gkygvlhîço jf goczfñjow pflow jkmfyfczfw bfkow jfpfcjf fb bhkoy phyzf

jh phyzkgkphîço hzk}h jf wfv pñilkgo# H goc}fynácgkh gocgfif vbh bvzhîço w÷gko"gvlzvyhl,

ch bfjkjh fb xvf fwwfw gocwvbkjoyfw wço fwzkbvlhjow h pyogvyhy co}hw kcmoybhîöfw f h

mhqfy }kcgvlhîöfw fczyf goczfñjow jkwpowzow# “Ow }fldow bfkow jf gobvckghîço cço fwzço

wfcjo wviwzkzvâjow# Bhkw pyopykhbfczf, wvhw mvcîöfw f wzhzvw fwzço wfcjo zyhcwmoybhjow

pflh kczyojvîço jf co}hw zfgcolonkhw‒ $AFCEKCW, 9004, p# 7; " :0+#

O hvzoy zhbiëb ftplkgh xvf h goc}fynácgkh pojf wfy zhczo vb pyogfwwo gooypoyhzk}o, jf

gkbh phyh ihkto, xvhczo vb pyogfwwo h phyzky jo gocwvbkjoy, jf ihkto phyh gkbh# Hbihw

goftkwzfb, h goc}fynácgkh goypoyhzk}h f hlzfychzk}h5 ë h pykbfkyh ch gykhîço f ivwgh jf

ghchkw phyh hvbfczhy lvgyow, wfcjo h wfnvcjh jf gocwvbkjoyfw xvf hpyfcjfb woiyf hw

co}hw zfgcolonkhw f zyoghb ftpfykácgkhw gob knvhkw# Zojow fwzço kczfygocfgzhjow fb vbh

yfjf jf gocwzhczf bfzhboymowf, gob vb ñckgo oiafzk}o1 bfldoyhy h kczfyhîço gob o bfko f

gob hw pfwwohw#



8>

Ifb }kcjo à gvlzvyh jf goc}fynácgkh, ocjf hw }fldhw f hw co}hw bâjkhw golkjfb,ocjf bâjkh goypoyhzk}h f bâjkh hlzfychzk}h wf gyvqhb, ocjf o pojfy jo pyojvzoy jfbâjkh f o pojfy jo gocwvbkjoy kczfyhnfb jf bhcfkyhw kbpyf}kwâ}fkw $AFCEKCW,9004, p# 9>+#

8#7#8 Co}hw yflhîöfw fczyf fbpyfwhw jf bâjkh f wfvw pñilkgow

Loyfch Zèygkh $900>+ ftplkgh xvf ow gocwvbkjoyfw jf bâjkh wço hnoyh }kwzow gobo

vwvèykow hzk}ow, ho kc}ëw jf yfgfpzoyfw phwwk}ow, gobo wvnfyf h zfoykh dkpojëybkgh ch

jëghjh jf 8;70# Vb co}o mfcúbfco ë h kczfyhzk}kjhjf f o hgfwwo jo pñilkgo ho goczfñjo,

mhqfcjo jflf pyojvzoy hzk}o# H fyh jh bâjkh jf bhwwh fwzè gfjfcjo fwphîo phyh vbh bâjkh

pfwwohl f phyzkgkphz÷ykh, zfcjácgkh xvf bvjhyè h pfygfpîço xvf zfbow doaf jf zojh h

wogkfjhjf#

Wfnvcjo h hvzoyh, fb 9006 h Pf~ Kczfycfz - Hbfykghc Lkmf Pyoafgz yf}flov xvf 6>& jow

hjolfwgfczfw hbfykghcow fwzh}hb gykhcjo goczfñjo phyh h kczfycfz# Vbh co}h yf}olvîço

fwzè bhyghjh poy co}hw phlh}yhw, xvf gob o wfv vwo zço myfxvfczf hghihb poy wfy

kcgoypoyhjhw cow jkgkocèykow# Ftfbplo jkwwo ë h phlh}yh “Ilon9‒ xvf mok kcgoypoyhjh ho

jkgkocèyko ^fiwzfy fb 900:, fcxvhczo co hco wfnvkczf o Cf~ Otmoyj Hbfykghc

Jkgzkochy{ kcwfykv fb wfv goczfñjo o zfybo “pojghwz7‒#

H goc}fynácgkh jknkzhl wknckmkgh bhkoy pojfy jf fwgoldh jow vwvèykow, pykcgkphlbfczf

xvhczo ho goczfñjo# Bhw, wfnvcjo Boyhfw, gkzhjh poy Zèygkh $900>+, h }hykfjhjf jf omfyzh

jow gocwvbkjoyfw goczkcvhyè wfcjo jfmkckjh pflhw fbpyfwhw xvf gobhcjhb h gobvckghîço

bvcjkhl#

Phyfgf xvf ow ao}fcw f h hvjkácgkh fb nfyhl záb hpyfcjkjo h kjfczkmkghy ocjf fwzè h

gyfjkiklkjhjf, o xvf }hlf f o xvf cço bfyfgf hzfcîço# O bojflo hzvhl jf gobvckghîço

9 Ilon, goczyhîço jo zfybo )^fi lon), ë vb wkzf gvah fwzyvzvyh pfybkzf h hzvhlkqhîço yèpkjh h phyzky jfhgyëwgkbow jow gdhbhjow hyzknow, ov )powzw)# Fwzfw wço, fb nfyhl, oynhckqhjow jf moybh gyocol÷nkgh kc}fywh,zfcjo gobo mogo h zfbèzkgh pyopowzh jo ilon, pojfcjo wfy fwgykzow poy vb cñbfyo }hykè}fl jf pfwwohw, jfhgoyjo gob h polâzkgh jo ilon#7

Pojghwz ë o cobf jhjo ho hyxvk}o jf èvjko jknkzhl, nfyhlbfczf fb moybhzo BP7 ov HHG $fwzf ñlzkbo pojfgoczfy kbhnfcw fwzèzkghw f lkcew+, pvilkghjo ch kczfycfz# H phlh}yh ë vbh avcîço jf kPoj f iyohjghwz$zyhcwbkwwço jf yèjko ov zflf}kwço+#



84

hpyfwfczh jk}fywhw moczfw f jfkth phyh h hvjkácgkh h yfwpocwhiklkjhjf jf zkyhy wvhw py÷pykhw

gocglvwöfw wfb kcmlvácgkh $ZÈYGKH, 900>+

Hcjfywoc $900=+, gkzhjo poy Zèygkh $900>+, hgyfjkzh xvf fwzhbow fczyhcjo ch Fyh fb xvf h

ykxvfqh gvlzvyhl f jf fwgoldhw ë zço hivcjhczfw xvf cvcgh wf }kv ch dkwz÷ykh chjh

wfbfldhczf, ë vb mfcúbfco wogkhl#

8#7#9 Co}hw yozkchw pyojvzk}hw

ôlzoc $8;;;+ pyf}á xvf mkghyè ho fcghyno jow gobvckg÷lonow o phpfl jf bfjkhîço, gobo

vb jfwfbpfcdo zëgckgo, pokw xvhczo bhkoy h xvhczkjhjf jf kcmoybhîöfw, bhkoy wfyè h

cfgfwwkjhjf jf kczfybfjkèykow xvhlkmkghjow phyh mklzyhyfb f oynhckqhy zhkw jhjow#

Bhgdhjo, Phlègkow $9007+ hgyfjkzh xvf gob o gyfwgkbfczo jo }olvbf jf kcmoybhîöfw

gyfjkzhjow how gkjhjçow, zoych"wf ghjh }fq bhkw mvcjhbfczhl o phpfl xvf ë jfwfbpfcdhjo

poy pyomkwwkochkw jh èyfh jh gobvckghîço# Phyh Zèygkh $900>+, h yozkch jf zyhihldo jow

aoychlkwzhw womyf h ghjh bobfczo bhkw zyhcwmoybhîöfw# H zfgcolonkh jknkzhl phwwov h ftknky

bhkw jow yfp÷yzfyfw, xvf wço oiyknhjow h jfwfbpfcdhy kcñbfyow phpfkw jvyhczf h pyojvîço

jh cozâgkh# Zhkw zëgckghw hbplkhyhb hw gobpfzácgkhw ftknkjhw how pyomkwwkochkw f jfyhb à

pvilkghîço jf kcmoybhîöfw vb ykzbo myfcëzkgo f jf kcwzhczhcfkjhjf, wfb woiyhy zfbpo phyh

o jfwghcwo#

Elkcfcifyn, gkzhjo poy Zèygkh $900>+, ftplkgh o pyogfwwo jf “polk}hlácgkh bkjkèzkgh‒, co

xvhl wf zoych yozkch fcgoczyhy cow }fâgvlow jf gobvckghîço h pyojvîço f }fkgvlhîço jf

bhzfykhkw fb lkcnvhnfcw jk}fywhw# H pyfwwço womykjh pflo pyomkwwkochl cço ë hpfchw ch

yflhîço jf zfbpo phyh h pvilkghîço jf kcmoybhîço, bhw zhbiëb yfmfyfczf à hjhpzhîço jh

lkcnvhnfb cfgfwwèykh# Jhâ h pyfogvphîço jf xvf aoychlkwzhw }fcdhb h wf ogvphy bhkw gob

h moybh jo xvf gob o goczfñjo, pfyjfcjo o fxvklâiyko fczyf hbihw#

Fb 9008 vbh pfwxvkwh mfkzh pflh Kcco}hzkocw kc Cf~wphpfy, gkzhjh poy Zèygkh $900>+,

yf}flov xvf, wfnvcjo lâjfyfw jo wfzoy, o bhkoy oiwzègvlo à goc}fynácgkh jf bâjkhw wfykhb h



8;

mhlzh jf yfgvywow mkchcgfkyow, fbphzhjh fb 78& gob “h chzvyfqh kcjk}kjvhlkwzh jow

aoychlkwzhw‒# Jow fczyf}kwzhjow, 70& hlfnhyhb xvf wfykh h mhlzh jf bojfycow wkwzfbhw jf

fjkîço bvlzkbâjkh#

Zèygkh $900>+ ftplkgh xvf xvhcjo wf zyhzh jf goc}fynácgkh, o aoychlkwzh pyfgkwh fwzhy ch

lkcdh jf myfczf jh ihzhldh pflh gocxvkwzh f bhcvzfcîço jo wfv pñilkgo# H l÷nkgh gobfygkhl

wf kc}fyzf xvhcjo wf zyhzh jf aoychlkwbo oclkcf# Ow vwvèykow oclkcf w÷ zyhyço yfzoyco

bocfzèyko wf pfybhcfgfyfb f gkygvlhyfb pflhw cozâgkhw, cço ghkcjo ch zfczhîço jf ky phyh h

gocgoyyácgkh# Kwwo wknckmkgh xvf h yfwpocwhiklkjhjf jo hvzoy aoychlkwzh hvbfczh xvhczo à

gocxvkwzh jo vwvèyko xvf }kwkzh wvhw pènkchw jf pvilkghîço#

8#7#7 O goczfñjo jh gobvckghîço

Hczfw jh goc}fynácgkh, o pyogfwwo jf jkwzykivkîço jf cozâgkh gocwkwzkh jf vb wkwzfbh jf

bfcwhnfcw zyhcwbkzkjhw hzyh}ëw jf phlh}yhw, kbhnfcw f wocw# Ch fyh jh goc}fynácgkh jf

bâjkhw hgyfwgfczhb"wf àw moybhw hczfykoyfw co}ow phyhjknbhw# Zèygkh $900>+ ftplkgh xvf

ch ëpogh hczfykoy hlnvëb jfgkjkh xvf o aoychl kykh ho hy fb jfzfybkchjo doyèyko f cço

dh}kh bvkzo xvf wf pojkh mhqfy# Hzvhlbfczf, h zfgcolonkh jkwpockiklkqh fwgoldhw, gobo coghwo jh Z] jknkzhl, ocjf o fwpfgzhjoy pojf fwgoldfy h gébfyh jf wvh pyfmfyácgkh phyh

hwwkwzky, poy ftfbplo, h vb aono jf mvzfiol, ov }olzhy à zyhcwbkwwço, phyh yf}fy hlnvb

lhcgf, wfb pfyjfy cfcdvb bobfczo jf ftkikîço#

Bfwbo gob h bvjhcîh jh l÷nkgh jf pyojvîço, }fkgvlhîço f yfgfpîço jf kcmoybhîöfw

gocwkjfyh"wf o hwpfgzo jf zfbpo f }flogkjhjf, co xvhl o goczfñjo gdfnh ho vwvèyko fb

zfbpo yfhl#

Kcmoybhîöfw fb zfbpo yfhl wço pyfogvphczfw xvhcjo }fâgvlow gobfîhb h opzhy poy

hnácgkhw jf cozâgkhw f h yhpkchnfb fczyf wkzfw# Co jfwfwpfyo poy wf wfczkyfb pyoczow o bhkw

yhpkjhbfczf powwâ}fl, hw lfkzvyhw f yfmlftöfw wço jfwghyzhjhw, o xvf gobpyobfzf o pyogfwwo

jf xvhlkjhjf f hiwoyîço jo goczfñjo pflow gocwvbkjoyfw $ZÈYGKH, 900>+#

8#7#7#8 ^fi 9#0 f ow mfcúbfcow jh co}h bâjkh



90

Zèygkh $900>+ ftplkgh xvf ch ^fi 8#0 hw pènkchw pfybhcfgfb fwzèzkghw, ov wfah, cço wf

pfybkzf bhckpvlhîço ov hlzfyhîço jo goczfñjo pflo vwvèyko# H ^fi 9#0 jkq yfwpfkzo h vbh

co}h nfyhîço jf wfy}kîow f hplkghzk}ow yfwpocwè}fkw poy bvjhcîhw wknckmkghzk}hw ch moybh

gobo hw pfwwohw wf yflhgkochb gob h kczfycfz# O hlkgfygf jh ^fi 9#0 fwzè ch pyojvîço jf

goczfñjo pflow vwvèykow f ch kczfnyhîço jf wkzfw f wfy}kîow#

Fcgoczyhb"wf mfyyhbfczhw jf mvcjhbfczhl kbpoyzécgkh phyh o vck}fywo jhw gobvckghîöfw

jfczyo jh ^fi 9#0, poy kwwo wvynfb }èykhw jkwgvwwöfw woiyf fwzf bojflo, jh fjvghîço f jo

aoychlkwbo# Yfwvlzhcjo fb vbh hbplkhîço jhw moybhw jf vwow pflow vwvèykow jfwwhw

zfgcolonkhw f wfy}kîow $ZÈYGKH, 900>+#

8#: Gyowwo}fy jf Bâjkhw

H pyopowzh jf gyowwbâjkh: cço ë co}h, poyëb ë bhkw oiwfy}hjh ch pvilkgkjhjf# Pfygfif"wf,

hzë hnoyh, h ftkwzácgkh jf vbh jk}kwço co pfcwhbfczo xvf gocwkwzf hw zyáw moybhw jf bâjkh

$kbpyfwwo, yèjko f Z]+#

Lvkq Bknvfl Phzo $900=+ mhq vbh iyf}f jfwgykîço jo xvf wfykh h ihwf jo gocgfkzo jfgyowwbâjkh, jfmkckcjo xvf wf zyhzh jo fcgoczyo fczyf hw zfgcolonkhw jknkzhkw $gobo h

zflf}kwço jknkzhl+, jhw gobvckghîöfw b÷}fkw, kbpyfwwo f h kczfycfz# Zfcjo gobo ihwf h

wkzvhîço hzvhl f o mvzvyo jo jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jow wfy}kîow jknkzhkw kczfyhzk}ow#

Wfnvcjo o hvzoy, bfwbo gob nyhcjfw kco}hîöfw kc}hjkcjo o gozkjkhco jhw pfwwohw f

hmfzhcjo h moybh jf wf gobvckghy f kczfyhnky, gobo hgoczfgf gob goczfñjow zflf}kwk}ow

kczfyhzk}ow, h }fyjhjf ë xvf hw kco}hîöfw cço wço hkcjh wvmkgkfczfw phyh mhlhy jf bojflowgocgyfzow#

Dkwzoykghbfczf, gyowwbâjkh hkcjh cço mok mvcjhbfczhjo, poyëb dè vbh kjëkh gocwfcwvhl jf

xvf wknckmkgh o vwo jf bñlzkplow bfkow jf gobvckghîço fb pyol jh bhkoy f bfldoy

hgfwwkiklkjhjf# Wfnvcjo Phzo $900=+, o gocgfkzo ë bfldoy jfzfybkchjo poy Gëlkh Xvkgo

gobo vb pyojvzo f/ov wfy}kîo kczfyhzk}o xvf fc}ol}f bhkw jo xvf vb bfko, pyfwfczf jfwjf

: Zhbiëb gocdfgkjh gobo Gyoww bâjkh, Gyoww bfjkh , Gyoww"bfjkh, Gyowwo}fy jf bâjkhw f/ov Zyhcwbâjkh#



98

xvf hw fjkzoyhw gocwfnvkyhb pvilkghy oiyhw fb moybhzo flfzyúckgo, gobo, poy ftfbplo, o

ghwo jhw fcgkglopëjkhw xvf kcglvâhb moybhzo jknkzhl fb GJ Yob#

Wfnvcjo K{fy $900=+, gkzhjo poy Zèygkh $900>+, xvhcjo wf zyhzh jf zyhcwbâjkh, fbioyh dhah

opfyhîöfw jf bfwglhnfb mhqfcjo vb zyhihldo yhqoè}fl jf kczfyhîço, ë yhyo wf pyfwfcgkhy

hlnvbh dhybockh fczyf hw bâjkhw# Moyj $900=+, zhbiëb hlvjkjo poy Zèygkh $900>+,

xvfwzkoch wf wfykhb hw bâjkhw kbpyfwwhw hw bhkw ifcfmkgkhjhw gob fwwf pyogfwwo f, wf

wfcjo, hwwkb gobo mkghykh o bfyghjo phyh zojh fwwh bkwgflécfh hzvhl? H jkwgvwwço fczyf

pfwxvkwhjoyfw ë hbplh f hzë o bobfczo kcgocglvwh, xvhczo ho phpfl jf ghjh vbh jhw

bâjkhw# Co fczhczo, pfygfif"wf xvf h goc}fynácgkh fwzè hlëb jo powwkiklkzhjo pflh

gyowwbâjkh#

Phzo $900=+ hgyfwgfczh xvf o jfwhmko jhw fbpyfwhw fc}ol}kjhw ch kcjñwzykh jh gobvckghîço

fwzè pyopowzo ch ivwgh poy pyobo}fy f jfwfc}ol}fy pyojvzow f wfy}kîow phyh c bfkow fb

wkbvlzécfo# Pfygfif"wf h cfgfwwkjhjf jf wf wvpfyhy ow oiwzègvlow ftkwzfczfw jo poczo jf

}kwzh jh gobphzkiklkjhjf jhw plhzhmoybhw zfgcol÷nkghw f hzë jf jfmkckîöfw# Zfcjo fb goczh

fwzh wkzvhîço, o hvzoy ftplkgh xvf o fwgykzoy Ahe Iovbhcw gdfnov à gocglvwço jf xvf

gyowwbâjkh wf ihwfkh fb xvhzyo gykzëykow pyèzkgow1

• Bhkw jo xvf vb bfko ‗ xvf kczfyhnf, ov cço $hchl÷nkgow f jknkzhkw+5

• Zfb gobo hl}o pyojvîço kczfnyhjh5

• O vwo jf vbh bvlzkplkgkjhjf jf bfkow zfb gobo oiafzk}o1 zfbh, dkwz÷ykh, pyop÷wkzo,

f vbh bfcwhnfb jf hgoyjo gob o zkpo jf pyoafzo5

• H ftkwzácgkh jf gyowwbâjkh cço wf avwzkmkgh wobfczf gob vbh avwzhpowkîço jf

hphyfldow jkmfyfczfw, bhw gocwfnvf yflf}écgkh xvhcjo vb goczfñjo xvf ëjkmvcjkjo, hzyh}ëw jf jkmfyfczfw plhzhmoybhw, gocwfnvf jkmfyfczfw câ}fkw/moybhw jf

kczfyhîço#

Phyh gocwzhzhy fwzh }kwço mvzvykwzh, gkzhjh hgkbh, jh kbplfbfczhîço jh gyowwbâjkh, fb xvf

wf oiwfy}hb hw hlzfyhîöfw f ow pyogfjfczfw ghyhgzfyâwzkgow xvf wf wvgfjfb f wço

jfbocwzyhjhw cfwzf pyogfwwo gobvckghzk}o, Phzo $900=+ hpyfwfczh o wfnvkczf fwxvfbh1



99

• Goczfcz Gyfhzkoc $Gykhîço jf goczfñjow+1 Fbioyh, dkwzoykghbfczf, goczhy dkwz÷ykhw

mowwf vbh mvcîço lkcfhy5 mhqá"lo jf vbh moybh jknkzhl hiyf vbh }hykfjhjf jf

opîöfw how vzklkqhjoyfw fb zfybow chyyhzk}ow f/ov jf plhzhmoybhw5

• Phgehnkcn $Gobpyfwwço+1 O doyèyko jf fbkwwço aè cço hmfzh o moybhzo jo goczfñjo#

Gob h gyowwbâjkh, o moybhzo wfyè pfcwhjo h phyzky jh wvh moybh jf jkmvwço $gobo

co ghwo jh kczfycfz f gobvckghîöfw b÷}fkw, xvf pojf wfy hgfwwhjh h xvhlxvfy doyh+5

• Zfgdcolon{ Plhzmoybw $Plhzhmoybhw zfgcol÷nkghw+1 o moybhzo jf jkmvwço, wfyè h

ftzfcîço jf hyxvk}ow fb moybhzo BPFN6 $kbhnfcw f }âjfo+ phyh h jkmvwço jh

kczfycfz f zojo o zkpo jf gobvckghîöfw#

• Jkwzykivzkoc $Jkmvwço+1 h jkmvwço jf goczfñjow ch gyowwbâjkh kyè zfy vbh bhynfb

xvf, phyh hlëb jh zfgcolonkh hchl÷nkgh f jknkzhl zfyyfwzyf, fc}ol}fyè zhbiëb h xvf ë

jkmvcjkjo poy ghio, whzëlkzf, kczfycfz, gobvckghîöfw b÷}fkw f wkwzfbhw jf nyh}hîço

jf }oq#

• Gocwvbfyw $Gocwvbkjoyfw+1 gob h gyowwbâjkh, o gocwvbkjoy pojfyè zfy h lkifyjhjf

jf kczfyhnky gob o pyojvzoy f gob o pyojvzo à bfjkjh xvf ow }hk gocwvbkcjo#

Hwwkb, wfyè powwâ}fl gocwfnvky xvf ow vzklkqhjoyfw gocwvbhb bhkw xvhczkjhjfw jf

kcmoybhîço $hpyfcjfcjo bhkw hgfygh jf ghjh hphyfldo ‗ jf}kjo à kczfyhîço xvfjfwfc}ol}fb gob flfw+# Wfcjo xvf cvbh bhkoy }hykfjhjf jf hphyfldow, dè vb

hvbfczo jo nyhv jhw yflhîöfw fczyf o pyojvzoy f vzklkqhjoy#

Wfnvcjo Bockgh Myhcgdk Ghyckfllo $900:+, h pykcgkphl ghyhgzfyâwzkgh jh gyowwbâjkh ë jf

lf}hy ow gocwvbkjoyfw jf vbh bâjkh ovzyh, pfcwhcjo zhbiëb ch phyzkgkphîço jhw bâjkhw

6

O Bo}kcn Pkgzvyf Ftpfyzw Nyovp $BPFN+, fb poyzvnváw Nyvpo jf Fwpfgkhlkwzhw fb Kbhnfcw gobBo}kbfczo, mok moybhjo pflh KWO phyh jfmkcky phjyöfw phyh h gobpyfwwço f zyhcwbkwwço jf èvjko f }âjfo, hphyzky jo bobfczo fb xvf mkgov glhyh h cfgfwwkjhjf jf hlkhy kbhnfb gob zfgcolonkh jknkzhl#



97

jknkzhkw cfwwf pyfgfwwo# Bhw, phyh wvh fmkgègkh ë cfgfwwèyko gykhy vbh yflhîço jf kczfnyhîço

f gobplfbfczhykjhjf fczyf fwwfw bfkow, ftployhcjo wvhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw f lkcnvhnfcw

wkcnvlhyfw#

Gobo ftfbplo h hvzoyh gkzh o yfhlkz{ wdo~ Ikn Iyozdfy , zyhcwbkzkjo pflh Yfjf Nloio jf

Zflf}kwço# H Nloio hpowzh ch kczfyhîço fczyf zflfmockh b÷}fl, kczfycfz, bâjkh kbpyfwwh f

zflf}kwço gobo moybh jf hpyfwfczhîço jo pyonyhbh f kczfyhîço gob o gocwvbkjoy#

Pyonyhbhw gobo fwwf jfbocwzyhb h kczfcîço jf mkjflkqhy o pñilkgo, pyobfzfcjo vbh

phyzkgkphîço bhkw hzk}h, ov gykhcjo fwwh klvwço, aè xvf o pyonyhbh, bfwbo gob hw

kczfymfyácgkhw jo pñilkgo, ahbhkw whk jo yânkjo goczyolf jh fbkwwoyh $GHYCKFLLO, 900:+#

H hvzoyh ftplkgh xvf o gocgfkzo jf gyowwbâjkh “bhkw jo xvf jfw}khy o oldhy phyh ovzyhw

bâjkhw, mhq h bvjhcîh jf kczfymhgf# Doaf, h jkmfyfcîh fczyf hw bâjkhw ë ghjh }fq bfcoy,

wfcjo xvf zojhw wf ihwfkhb ch plhzhmoybh jknkzhl# O xvf dè ë h bvjhcîh jf kczfymhgf# O

bfko phwwh h wfy bvlzkmvcgkochl‒ $GHYCKFLLO, 900:, p# 89:+# O mhzoy zfbpo cço pojf wfy

}kwzo fb f}olvîço f, wkb, fb wkbvlzhcfkjhjf# Wfcjo xvf vbh bâjkh jf}f fcghbkcdhy h

ovzyh kcjfpfcjfczf jf vbh lkcdh f}olvzk}h, pokw hw bâjkhw gobphyzkldhb mvcîöfw,

yfbfzfcjo à bvlzkbâjkh#

Hw bâjkhw wf yfgoc}fyzfb, wf whbplfkhb, wf fbvlhb, bvjhb hmvcgkochlkjhjf gocmoybf h cfgfwwkjhjf# Hwwkb, h hnlvzkchîço jf mvcîöfwjfyyvih hw fwpfgkmkgkjhjfw jf ghjh bâjkh# Fwwh bvlzkmvcgkochlkjhjfpyopkgkh ghjh }fq bhkw o vwo jf fwzyhzënkhw gyoww bfjkh, xvf zfcjf h wfzoychy fwzyhzënkh ièwkgh jf vb vck}fywo bkjkèzkgo jknkzhl ghyhgzfykqhjomvcjhbfczhlbfczf pflh boiklkjhjf jhw bfcwhnfcw pflow jk}fywow }fâgvlow,zojow vckmkghjow pflh dobonfcfkjhjf jh lkcnvhnfb jknkzhl# $GHYCKFLLO,900:, p# 896+

Fwzhw powwkiklkjhjfw zfgcol÷nkghw phwwhb h gocmfyky co}hw chyyhzk}hw f lkcnvhnfcw#



9:

8#6 Chyyhzk}hw zyhcwbkjkèzkghw

Zyhcwbfjkh Wzoy{zfllkcn, ov chyyhzk}h zyhwbkjkèzkgh, wfnvcjo Yhjmhdyfy $9080+, wfykh vb

zkpo jf chyyhzk}h xvf wf jè poy bfko jf }èykhw bâjkhw, zfczhcjo wf bkwzvyhy gob h }kjh jow

kcjk}âjvow, goczhcjo dkwz÷ykhw f moyahcjo bkzow#

O hvzoy $YHJMHDYFY, 9080+ ftplkgh xvf wf zyhzh jf vb zftzo xvf cço gocdfgf myoczfkyhw,

pojf wfy lkjo, ov}kjo, wfczkjo, hlzfyhjo ov zojhw hw gokwhw ho bfwbo zfbpo# Co

mvcjhbfczo ièwkgo# Zojh kjëkh f/ov dkwz÷ykh w÷ wfyè ghphq jf fc}ol}fy wfv pñilkgo wf gob

flf fwzhiflfgfy hlnvbh gocftço, xvf w÷ hgoczfgfyè gob h hzk}hîço jh kbhnkchîço# Woi fwwfhwpfgzo, pfygfif"wf xvf zojhw hw chyyhzk}hw aè fyhb zyhwbkjkèzkghw bvkzo hczfw jh kc}fcîço

jhw py÷pykhw bâjkhw, gobo gocdfgfbow doaf#

Co wëgvlo TT, hw bâjkhw flëzykghw wf popvlhykqhyhb, hw yf}kwzhw hjozhyhb hw mozonyhmkhw f

klvwzyhîöfw fb nyhcjf phyzf jf wvhw pènkchw, o yèjko lkifyov o wob jhw phlh}yhw f h Z]

zyovtf vb bvcjo kczfkyo phyh jfczyo jh ghwh# $YHJMHDYFY, 9080+

Fcxvhczo wf gobfîov h zyhihldhy gob }èykow moybhzow f yfgobikcè"low, h gykhzk}kjhjf

zhbiëb wf ftphcjkv# Yhjmhdyfy $9080+ ftplkgh xvf dkwz÷ykhw jfpfcjfyhb, jvyhczf bvkzo

zfbpo, jo moybhzo gob xvf moyhb gykhjhw, f ckcnvëb kbhnkch}h yfgykè"lhw fb co}ow

moybhzow#

H mlftkiklkjhjf xvf powwvfb hw bâjkhw jknkzhkw gobfîh h bvjhy fwwh pfywpfgzk}h# Vb iob

ftfbplo wf ihwfkh ch wëykf jf wvgfwwo LOWZ

=

, pyojvqkjh pflh fbkwwoyh HIG, xvf pojf wfypfygfikjh gobo vbh hbowzyh jo xvf pojf wfy mfkzo xvhcjo hw dkwz÷ykhw zyhcîhb bâjkhw#

Fwwf zkpo jf chyyhzk}h zhbiëb zfb bvkzh pyfwfcîh co bvcjo jow aonow f kcmflkqbfczf

bvkzow jfwzfw hkcjh jfpfcjfb jf jfjkghîço f iob zyfkco jow gocwvbkjoyfw, o xvf

jfwfwzkbvlh hw pfwwohw h phyzkgkphyfb# Gocmoybf ftplkgh Yhjmhdyfy $9080+, xvfb yobpfv

= Jvyhczf h zyhcwbkwwço jo wfykhjo $900:"9080+, xvfb hpfchw hgobphcdov h wëykf pflh Z] cço powwvk vb

fczfcjkbfczo zço pyomvcjo jh dkwz÷ykh, xvhczo xvfb hgobphcdov pflh kczfycfz# Jvyhczf wfv pfyâojo jfftkikîço moyhb powzhjow ch kczfycfz hyxvk}ow xvf hnkhb gobo pkwzhw phyh wf jfw}fcjhy o bkwzëyko co xvhl hdkwz÷ykh wf ihwfkh#



96

fwwh ihyyfkyh, gobo o gocwolf ^kk> f o wkzf jf yflhgkochbfczo Mhgfiooe

4, záb wf jhjo

bvkzo ifb hzë o bobfczo#

O gfcèyko, hczfw bvkzo hchl÷nkgo, zfb wf zoychjo bhkw jfcwo f gobplfto gob h f}olvîço

phyh hw bâjkhw jknkzhkw f h myhnbfczhîço jf goczfñjo phyh jk}fywow moybhzow# Hzvhlbfczf,

xvhlxvfy vb pojf zfy }oq woiyf xvhlxvfy hwwvczo f xvhlxvfy gokwh, gyfwgfcjo hwwkb hw

yfmfyácgkhw gyvqhjhw# Gocwzyvky chyyhzk}hw mkgov ghjh }fq bhkw mègkl, poyëb hjbkckwzyè"lhw

wf zoycov pyhzkghbfczf kbpowwâ}fl#

Lvlk Yhjmhdyfy $9080+ ftfbplkmkgh gob vb hgoczfgkbfczo yfgfczf f hbplhbfczf jkwgvzkjo1

h ghbphcdh pyfwkjfcgkhl jow FVH jf 900;, ch xvhl wf zyhihldov zojow ow zkpow jf bkzow fmoybhw jf chyyhzk}hw phyh pyobo}fy h kbhnfb jf Ihyhge Oihbh gobo vb lâjfy

zyhcwmoybhjoy# Phwwhjh h flfkîço, pfygfif"wf, xvf o pyojvzo hjxvkykjo ë jkmfyfczf jo xvf

mok omfyzhjo# Jkwzhczf jo xvf wf pyobfzfv Oihbh wf poyzh bhkw gobo vb ftfgvzk}o jo xvf

gobo lâjfy#

Poyëb h polâzkgh cço ë o oiafzo jf cowwo fwzvjo# Pyfzfcjfbow hchlkwhy o aoychlkwbo fb

moybhzo goywwbâjkh f h goc}fynácgkh jf bâjkhw pyojvqkjh pflh Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg

Wogkfz{, gob mogo co aoychlkwbo gkfczâmkgo, zfbh jo cowwo py÷tkbo ghpâzvlo#

> O ^kk ë vb gocwolf jf }kjfonhbf jobëwzkgo pyojvqkjo pflh Ckczfcjo# O gocwolf jfwzhgh"wf pflo wfvgoczyolf wfb mkow, o ^kk Yfbozf, jozhjo jf vb hgflfyúbfzyo ghphq jf jfzfgzhy bo}kbfczow fb zyáwjkbfcwöfw# Ovzyh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh jo gocwolf ë o ^kkGoccfgz9:, xvf pfybkzf yfgfify bfcwhnfcw f hzvhlkqhîöfwhzyh}ëw jh kczfycfz jvyhczf o bojo wzhcj"i{#4

Mhgfiooe ë vb ~fiwkzf jf yflhgkochbfczo wogkhl lhcîhjo fb 900:# O ~fiwkzf powwvk bhkw jf 890 bkldöfwjf vwvèykow hzk}ow# Jfczyf wvh }èykhw mvcgkochiklkjhjfw h pènkch moycfgf aonow wkbplfw, jf mègkl gobpyffcwçof gob ÷zkbow nyèmkgow#



9=

9# GOBVCKGHÎÇO F H GKÁCGKH

9#8 O aoychlkwbo fwpfgkhlkqhjo

Zh}hyfw $900;+ ftplkgh xvf pfcwhy fb aoychlkwbo fwpfgkhlkqhjo ë zfy jf ivwghy vb

gocwfcwo woiyf zyáw bhckmfwzhîöfw fbpâykghw# 8 ‗ Hwwogkhjh h bfkow jf gobvckghîço

fwpfgâmkgow $bâjkhw+, 9 ‗ h zfbhw $fjkzoykhw+ f 7 ‗ jh avcîço jf hbiow $fjkzoykhw fb bâjkhw

fwpfgâmkghw+#

Wfnvcjo o hvzoy $ZH]HYFW, 900;+, ch Fwphcdh, o aoychlkwbo fwpfgkhlkqhjo zfb jfwzhxvf

ch moybhîço jf fwzvjhczfw, ocjf aè ë yfgocdfgkjo jfwjf h jëghjh jf 8;>0, gobo hzk}kjhjfhghjábkgh# Wvh pykcgkphl hplkghîço ë gobo oiafzo jf fwzvjo f gobo vbh èyfh gkfczâmkgh

jfczyo jh gdhbhjh Pfykojâwzkgh, chw Gkácgkhw jh Gobvckghîço# Co fczhczo, fb wolo

iyhwklfkyo fwwh èyfh jf hzvhîço hkcjh ë povgo ftployhjh, ocjf dè povghw pvilkghîöfw woiyf

o hwwvczo, hwwkb gobo povgow gvywow $f jkwgkplkchw+ fwpfgkhlkqhjhw co zfbh#

O aoychlkwbo fwpfgkhlkqhjo ë pfygfikjo h phyzky jf jvhw }fyzfczfw# H pykbfkyh, bhkw

jkyfgkochjh ho ghyèzfy gkfczâmkgo, ë gobpowzh jf zftzow }olzhjow phyh ow pyfgfkzow f zëgckghwjfwwh pyèzkgh f jow pyogfwwow aoychlâwzkgow# H wfnvcjh fwzè jkyfgkochjh à moybvlhîço jf vb

lvnhy zf÷ykgo phyh h lk}yf bhckmfwzhîço co ghbpo jo Aoychlkwbo# $ZH]HYFW, 900;+

Zh}hyfw $900;+ pfygfif zhbiëb h pyfwfcîh jh yfk}kcjkghîço woiyf h ftkwzácgkh f h

cfgfwwkjhjf jf vb bhkoy cñbfyo jf kc}fwzknhîöfw f pfwxvkwhw xvf wf }olzfb phyh h

fwpfgkhlkqhîço aoychlâwzkgh, gob vbh yfmlftço gyâzkgh woiyf fwzf zkpo jf aoychlkwbo f wvhw

phyzkgvlhykjhjfw# Wfnvcjo o hvzoy o gocgfkzo jf aoychlkwbo fwpfgkhlkqhjo zfb wfvw bëzojowjf pfwxvkwh f zfoykhw py÷pykhw, h mkb jf gfyghy vbh powwkiklkjhjf phyh wf pfcwhy o

Aoychlkwbo Fwpfgkhlkqhjo gobo vbh jkwgkplkch gkfczâmkgh#

H fwpfgkhlkqhîço pfykojâwzkgh fwzè hwwogkhjh, fb nyhcjf phyzf, à f}olvîço jow bfkow jf

gobvckghîço f à moybhîço jf nyvpow wogkhkw gocwvbkjoyfw jf bâjkh ghjh }fq bhkw

jkwzkczow# Zh}hyfw $900;+ hgyfwgfczh xvf ë gob h kczyojvîço jf ovzyow bfkow f,

gocwfxvfczfbfczf jf gykzëykow jf pyojvîço jh cozâgkh, xvf fwwh fwpfgkhlkjhjf phwwov h

xvfwzkochy h l÷nkgh jh fwpfgkhlkqhîço, ov wfah, jf vbh ovzyh fwpfgkhlkjhjf aoychlâwzkgh#



9>

Myfjfykgo Zh}hyfw $900;+ pfygfif xvf gob h zyhcwbkwwço jf yèjko f powzfykoybfczf jh

zflf}kwço, zfb"wf o wvynkbfczo jf vbh gykwf jh fwpfgkhlkqhîço aoychlâwzkgh, xvf nfyh vbh

gykwf jf gyfjkiklkjhjf kcmoybhzk}h, mfq"wf pyfwfczf h cfgfwwkjhjf h vbh hjfxvhîço how

co}ow pñilkgow f h vbh yf}olvîço zftzvhl# Ë cfgfwwèyko xvf h fwpfgkhlkqhîço jf}h wfy

pfcwhjh zhbiëb gobo lknhjh h vbh co}h bfzojolonkh jo zyhihldo aoychlâwzkgo, mvcjhjoyh

jf co}ow pyojvzow f wfy}kîow#

Cklwoc Lhnf $9006+ zhbiëb ftplkgh xvf bfwbo gob hw yfjhîöfw jk}kjkjhw fb fjkzoykhw,

xvf pyfwwvpöf hlnvb gocdfgkbfczo fwpfgâmkgo, jf}f"wf zhbiëb zyhcwmoybhy aoychlkwzhw fb

fwpfgkhlkwzhw# Ë jf}fy jo aoychlkwzh mhgklkzhy o hgfwwo à kcmoybhîço, zoych"lh bfldoygobpyffcwâ}fl, pykcgkphlbfczf xvhcjo wf mhlh zfybow zëgckgow, bhw jf}f"wf zfy ghvzflh phyh

cço wf jfkthy kcvcjhy pflo wfcwo gobvb# Ghjh pyomkwwço ë bfyfgfjoyh jf wvhw py÷pykhw

goc}fcîöfw f poy zhczo yfwpocwè}fl poy wfvw py÷pykow fwzknbhw, o xvf pojf lf}hy h vb

pyoilfbh jf }fkgvlhîço jf kcmoybhîöfw# Poy fwwf bozk}o ë bhkw pyojvzk}o f fgocúbkgo

phyh zojh h wogkfjhjf xvf o aoychlkwzh wf fwpfgkhlkqf#

H Zfoykh jh Gonckîço wvwzfczh xvf fczfcjfy o pyfgfkzo ièwkgo phyh vbh fmkghq zyhcwbkwwçojf gocdfgkbfczo# Poyzhczo, ë cfgfwwèyko xvf wf mhîh vb bojflo bfczhl, hpyotkbhjo f

yfmfykjo ho goczftzo gvlzvyhl# )Kwzo wknckmkgh xvf vb yfp÷yzfy jf polâzkgh chgkochl, poy

ftfbplo, cço pyfgkwh wfy vb gkfczkwzh polâzkgo U###R, bhw jf}f jkwpoy jo bètkbo jf

kcmoybhîöfw woiyf h dkwz÷ykh yfgfczf, h oynhckqhîço jo Fwzhjo f h chzvyfqh jow mhzow

polâzkgow) $LHNF, 9006, p# 888 " 889+#

H yfwpfkzo jkwwo Zh}hyfw mhq jhw phlh}yhw jf Avhyfq Ihdkh $8;;0+ wvhw, xvhcjo hmkybh xvf,)wfah xvhl moy h wfîço jo }fâgvlo aoychlâwzkgo, xvfb jf}f yfhlkqhy h .lkzfyhzvyh zëgckgh jo

pyojvzo h wfy gobvckghjo. ë vb .fwpfgkhlkwzh zyfkchjo fb cozâgkhw.) $ZH]HYFW, 900;, p#

898+#

Zh}hyfw $900;+ hkcjh hgyfwgfczh xvf co pyogfwwo jf chwgkbfczo f gocwolkjhîço jh

fwpfgkhlkqhîço aoychlâwzkgh, wfnvcjo hpoczhb }èykow hvzoyfw, }hloykqh"wf h gobpfzácgkh jf

zyhjvîço jf wfzoyfw bvkzo fwpfgkhlkqhjow jh }kjh wogkhl, xvhcjo fb gojkmkghîöfw jf hlghcgf

nfcfyhlkqhjo#



94

Hzykivk"wf h fwwf zkpo jf aoychlkwbo, poyzhczo, o phpfl jf ivwghykczfybfjkhy whifyfw fwpfgkhlkqhjow ch wogkfjhjf, gocwzyvkcjo vb zkpo jfjkwgvywo xvf, cozkgkowo, ov )hpfchw) kcmoybhgkochl, pyobo}h vb ovzyo zkpo

jf gocdfgkbfczo xvf wf mvcjf " nfyhlbfczf " ch gobpyffcwço gocavczh jovck}fywo gkfczâmkgo f jo wfcwo gobvb# Vbh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh xvf, gobohpoczh o pyomfwwoy Fwzf}f Yhbâyfq $8;;;+ bhygh o wfv )lvnhy) gobojkwgkplkch, jkyfgkochcjo f moybhzhcjo wfvw oiafzow jf fwzvjo, hwwkb gobogocwzyvkcjo wfv py÷pyko phyhjoto fpkwzfbol÷nkgo1 o AoychlkwboFwpfgkhlkqhjo ë )vch jkwgkplkch fwpfgkhlkqhjh fc vckmkghy lhw jkwzkczhwfwpfgkhlkqhgkocfw) $ZH]HYFW, 900;, p#897+

Ow fwzvjow, }olzhjow phyh èyfh gkfczkmkgh, xvf wf hpyfwfczhb doaf powwvfb vbh gfyzh

cozoykfjhjf, wfcjo hwwkb, pyfmfyfb cço hmkybhy woiyf xvhl wfykh yfhlbfczf o oiafzo jffwzvjo f jh hzfcîço jfwzf ghbpo# Co fczhczo, wfnvcjo Zh}hyfw $900;+, chw jfmkckîöfw xvf

wf moybvlhb, pfybkzf"wf pfcwhybow jf moybh zf÷ykgh f bfzojol÷nkgh woiyf o lvnhy

fbpâykgo f pyomkwwkochl jo aoychlkwbo fwpfgkhlkqhjo# Cfwwf wfczkjo, }hlf pfcwhybow ovzyhw

gocgfkzvhîöfw f wfvw gyvqhbfczow#

Gkzhjo pflo hvzoy $ZH]HYFW, 900;+, Oyk}f f Mhnohnh $8;>:+ ftplkghb xvf h

fwpfgkhlkqhîço pfykojâwzkgh ë hxvflh fb xvf wf hchlkwh h fwzyvzvyh jh hchlkwf jh yfhlkjhjf,pyopoygkochcjo how lfkzoyfw vbh bfldoy kczfypyfzhîço jo bvcjo, zhczo xvhczo powwâ}fl,

hgobojhcjo h lkcnvhnfb h vb câ}fl o bëjko f hpyomvcjhcjo wfvw kczfyfwwfw f

cfgfwwkjhjfw#

Phyh Bhykh Zfyfwh Bfyghjo Whëq $900=+, zhbiëb gkzhjh poy Zh}hyfw $900;+, h

fwpfgkhlkqhîço aoychlâwzkgh hihygh )zojo o pyogfwwo gobvckghzk}o), hpyfwfczhcjo h

yfhlkjhjf hzyh}ëw jow bñlzkplow ébikzow zfbèzkgow xvf wço oiafzow jf zyhzhbfczo pflh

pyomkwwço, whzkwmhqfcjo hwwkb how vwvèykow f àw wvhw jfbhcjhw#

Vb ftfbplo jfwwf aoychlkwbo ë o xvf wf pyfogvph gob h bfzojolonkh jf zyhihldo ifb

gobo hw moybhw zftzvhkw jflhw yfwvlzhczfw ë h yfpoyzhnfb, xvf zfb wvh pyojvîço jfyk}hjh

jfwwfw jkwzkczow bëzojow# H yfpoyzhnfb hgobphcdh h fwpfgkhlkqhîço jfzfybkchjh poy vb

}fâgvlo ov wfîço gvbpyf f ftfygf vb phpfl jf hpyomvcjhbfczo woiyf hw fwpfgkhlkjhjfw jf

xvf zyhzh# Dfgzoy Ioyyhz $8;;7+, gkzhjo poy Zh}hyfw $900;+, hgyfjkzh xvf o aoychlkwbo

fwpfgkhlkqhjo ë vbh bhcfkyh jf wf pyojvqkyfb zftzow pfykojâwzkgow#



9;

9#9 Aoychlkwbo gkfczâmkgo

O wvynkbfczo jh kbpyfcwh, co wëgvlo T], kbpvlwkocov h jkmvwço gkfczâmkgh f powwkiklkzov o

chwgkbfczo jo aoychlkwbo fwpfgkhlkqhjo chw gkácgkhw co wëgvlo T]KK# Gob h yf}olvîço

gkfczâmkgh, xvf wf ftphcjkv fczyf ow wëgvlow T]K f T]KK, hphyfgfyhb pfywochnfcw jf

nyhcjf kbpoyzécgkh f kcmlvácgkh# Cf~zoc, ch Kcnlhzfyyh, mok yfwpocwè}fl poy jhy kcâgko à

jk}vlnhîço jf gkácgkh, kbplhczhcjo hwwkb o gdhbhjo Aoychlkwbo Gkfczâmkgo# Pkocfkykwbo

xvf kcgfczk}ov ovzyow gkfczkwzhw h gologhyfb fb gkygvlhîço wvhw kjëkhw f jfwgoifyzhw#

$OLK]FKYH, 9006+#

Wfnvcjo Olk}fkyh $9006+, mok o hlfbço Dfcy{ Oljfcivyn xvf pfygfifv h gobikchîço jo

ghyèzfy kcmoybhl f myhnbfczhjo jhw ghyzhw $bfko jf gobvckghîço hjozhjo fczyf ow

kczflfgzvhkw jh ëpogh+ f wfv }fyjhjfkyo pozfcgkhl jf hlghcgf gobo zftzo kbpyfwwo,

kcgfczk}hcjo o wvynkbfczo jo pyomkwwço fwpfgkhlkqhjo fb aoychlkwzh gkfczâmkgo# Mok flf xvfb

gykov, fb 8==6, o pfyk÷jkgo gkfczâmkgo Pdklowopdkghl Zyhcwhgzkocw, xvf wf zoycov bojflo

phyh powzfykoyfw pvilkghîöfw#

H lkzfyhzvyh woiyf aoychlkwbo gkfczâmkgo yfgfifv nyhcjf kbpvlwo h phyzky jh wfnvcjh bfzhjf

jo wëgvlo TKT# Mhiâolh Olk}fkyh $9006+ goczh xvf hw jvhw nvfyyhw bvcjkhkw goczykivâyhb

moyzfbfczf phyh o h}hcîo jfwwh èyfh, zhczo ch Fvyoph gobo cow FVH# Aoychlkwzhw è}kjow

poy yfvcky goczfñjo f gocdfgkbfczo phyh kczfypyfzhy hw co}hw zfgcolonkhw iëlkghw gykhyhb

hw pykbfkyhw hwwogkhîöfw jfjkghjhw ho aoychlkwbo gkfczâmkgo#

O pykbfkyo Pvlkzqfy

;

, fb 8;8>, mok jfwzkchjo ho aoychlkwzh Hl}h Aodcwzoc, poy wvh wëykf jfyfpoyzhnfcw ch goifyzvyh jh yfvckço jh Hwwogkhîço Hbfykghch phyh o Pyonyfwwo jh Gkácgkh

$HHHW+# Jfwjf h jëghjh jf 8;90, aoychlkwzhw jfjkghjow à gkácgkh aè zyhihldh}hb fb

fwzyfkzh golhioyhîço gob h gobvckjhjf gkfczâmkgh# Olk}fkyh $9006+ hgyfwgfczh xvf h

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Pykbfkyh Nvfyyh Bvcjkhl, yfwvlzhcjo co hvbfczo wknckmkghzk}o jh goifyzvyh jfwwf

aoychlkwbo fwpfgkhlkqhjo, gob ácmhwf ch wknckmkgécgkh jh gkácgkh#

;

O Pyábko Pvlkzqfy, gykhjo fb : jf avcdo jf 8;8>, ë vb pyábko gocgfjkjo cow FVH, ovzoynhjo h pfwwohwxvf yfhlkqfb zyhihldow jf ftgflácgkh ch èyfh jo aoychlkwbo, lkzfyhzvyh f bñwkgh# Ë hjbkckwzyhjo pflhVck}fywkjhjf jf Golvbikh, f gocwkjfyhjo h bhkoy docyh pyfwzhjh h vb pyomkwwkochl#



70

H pykbfkyh hnácgkh jf cozâgkhw jfjkghjh ho zfbh o Wgkfcgf Wfy}kgf, mok mvcjhjh fb 8;98,

cow Fwzhjow Vckjow, poy F# ^# Wgykppw# Ë gocwkjfyhjh, hkcjh doaf, wfnvcjo h hvzoyh, vb

jow pykcgkphkw wfy}kîow jf cozâgkhw gkfczâmkghw chxvflf phâw##

Mhiâolh Olk}fkyh $9006+ gkzh xvf fb 8;7:, fb ^hwdkcnzoc, aoychlkwzhw mvcjhyhb h

Hwwogkhîço Chgkochl jf Fwgykzoyfw jf Gkácgkh $fb kcnláw CHW^+, gob o oiafzk}o jf

pyobo}fy h jkwwfbkchîço jf kcmoybhîöfw pyfgkwhw woiyf gkácgkh, ifb gobo fwzkbvlhy h

kczfypyfzhîço jh gkácgkh f jf wfv yfhl wknckmkghjo phyh h wogkfjhjf, gob flf}hjow phjyöfw

aoychlâwzkgow# Fb phygfykh, h HHHW f h CHW^, jfwjf 8;:6, pyobo}fb o Pyábko jf

Aoychlkwbo Gkfczâmkgo HHHW, hlëb jf pvilkghyfb bfcwhlbfczf h yf}kwzh, bvcjkhlbfczfyfgocdfgkjh, Wgkfcgf, mvcjhjh poy Zdobhw Fjwoc80, fb 8440#

H phyzky jh wfnvcjh bfzhjf jh jëghjh jf 8;:0, h gkácgkh fczyov jfmkckzk}hbfczf ch hnfcjh

no}fychbfczhl iyhwklfkyh f wogkhl, xvf mok bvkzo kcmlvfcgkhjh pflo zëybkco jh Wfnvcjh

Nvfyyh Bvcjkhl f pflo h}hcîo zfgcol÷nkgo# Fb 8;68, zf}f kcâgko o Gocwfldo Chgkochl jf

Pfwxvkwhw $GCPx+ xvf yfpyfwfczov o pykbfkyo fwmoyîo wknckmkghzk}o jf yfnvlhbfczhîço jh

gkácgkh f zfgcolonkh co Iyhwkl $OLK]FKYH, 9006+#

Olk}fkyh $9006+ fwglhyfgf xvf gob h fgocobkh bvcjkhl nloihlkqhjh, h phyzky jh jëghjh jf

8;;0, o pojfy gocgfczyov"wf ghjh }fq bhkw chw bçow jow phâwfw xvf jfzáb bhkoy nyhv jf

gocdfgkbfczo f jow nyhcjfw nyvpow fgocúbkgow ghphqfw jf pyojvîço zfgcol÷nkgh fb

nyhcjf fwghlh#

Fyiolhzo $8;48+ ftplkgh xvf, xvhcjo vbh jfwgoifyzh gkfczâmkgh wf fwzhiflfgf, hczfw xvfwvyah o yfwvlzhjo mkchl, bvkzhw }fqfw flh ë jk}vlnhjh pflh kbpyfcwh, bfwbo wfb h

gobpyo}hîço jf wfvw fmfkzow# Kwwo pojf wf jhy poy bfko jf jfglhyhîöfw f fczyf}kwzhw jow

gkfczkwzhw yfwpocwè}fkw pflo zyhihldo ov hzë bfwbo pflh kcjkwgykîço jf vb yfp÷yzfy#

80 Zdobhw Hl}h Fjkwoc $84:>"8;78+ mok kc}fczoy f fbpyfwèyko# Jfwfc}ol}fv }èykow jkwpowkzk}ow jf nyhcjfkczfyfwwf kcjvwzykhl# Fczyf hw wvhw goczykivkîöfw bhkw vck}fywhkw phyh o jfwfc}ol}kbfczo zfgcol÷nkgo f

gkfczâmkgo fcgoczyh"wf h lébphjh flëzykgh kcghcjfwgfczf, o nyhbomocf, o gkcfwg÷pko ov gkcfzowg÷pko, ojkzhmocf f o bkgyomocf jf nyécvlow jf ghy}ço phyh o zflfmocf# Fjkwoc ë vb jow pyfgvywoyfw jh yf}olvîçozfgcol÷nkgh jo wëgvlo TT#



78

Lf}hy jfwgoifyzhw gkfczâmkghw ho gocdfgkbfczo jf lfkzoyfw ë vb zyhihldo èyjvo f h mvcîço

jo aoychlkwzh gkfczâmkgo ë phwwhy hw kcmoybhîöfw jf moybh hgfwwâ}fl, goyyfzh f wfb jfw}ko jh

}fyjhjf# Cço pyobo}fcjo, kcglvwk}f, fwpfyhcîh }ç co ghwo jf gvyh h jofcîhw#

$FYIOLHZO, 8;48+

Bhcvfl Dfychcjfq, gkzhjo poy Fyiolhzo $8;48+, hgyfjkzh xvf hw nyhcjfw moyîhw jo bvcjo

bojfyco wço h gkácgkh f o aoychlkwzh# Wfcjo xvf ow aoychlkwzhw fwzço oiyknhjow h gocdfgfy f

}hloykqhy h moyîh f kbpoyzécgkh jh gkácgkh jf cowwh fyh# Flfw wço ow poyzh"}oqfw jf bkldhyfw

jf pfwwohw xvf wf jfjkghb h ivwghy bëzojow jf hwwfnvyhy vb iob mvzvyo h zojo vb

plhcfzh#

O hvzoy $Fyiolhzo, 8;48+ hkcjh fwglhyfgf xvf phyh jk}vlnhy gkácgkh cço wf jf}fb jfkthy

fwxvfgkjhw hw coybhw nfyhkw jh yfjhîço# Ow aoychkw pyfgkwhb kcmoybhy f wkczfzkqhy o

bètkbo powwâ}fl hw jfwgoifyzhw gkfczâmkghw, bfwbo xvhcjo zhl jfwgoifyzh aè wfah

gocwkjfyhjh gobo wfcwo gobvb#

Jf}f wfy pyfogvphîço jow aoychlkwzhw kcgoypoyhy zfybow f gocgfkzow ho lkcnvhahy gobvb,

zoychcjo hgfwwâ}fl h kcmoybhîço kcglvwk}f h gykhcîhw fb kjhjf fwgolhy# Ftfbplo gkzhjo poyFyiolhzo $8;48+ ë h pfckgklkch f h iobih hzúbkgh, xvf cço fyhb jf gocdfgkbfczo popvlhy

fb 8;70, f doaf pojfb wfy zfbhw jf jkwgvwwöfw fczyf jk}fywhw glhwwfw, nyhîhw à pvilkghîço

kcmoybhzk}h#

Bèyko Fyiolhzo $8;48+ gocwkjfyh xvf ow wfzoyfw h wfyfb hiyhcnkjow pflo aoychlkwbo

fwpfgkhlkqhjo fb gkácgkh pojfb wfy jk}kjkjow jh wfnvkczf moybh1

8# Ftployhîço jh chzvyfqh f jo gowbow5

9# Pyf}kwöfw jf pyonyfwwo à ihwf jf oiwfy}hîöfw f ftpfykbfczow yfhlkqhjow cow

lhioyhz÷ykow5

7# Zfczhzk}hw jf pfcfzyhy o jfwgocdfgkjo f o bkwzfykowo5

:# Hw yf}olvîöfw ch kcjñwzykh5

6# Co}ow bfkow jf fczyfzfckbfczo f yfpovwo fwpkykzvhl5

=# Mklowomkhw f jovzykchw polâzkghw wogkhkw5

># Gobihzf àw fcmfybkjhjfw5



79

4# Lvzh fczyf o dobfb f h bèxvkch5

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80#

Pyfphyhîço phyh h nvfyyh#

Co gozkjkhco aoychlâwzkgo zojow ow jkhw ow pyomkwwkochkw jfwwh èyfh fcmyfczhb pyoilfbhw

gkfczâmkgow, gocglvâjow ov fb mhwf jf gocglvwço, pyfogvphcjo"wf gob o xvf jf mhzo pojf

wfy ñzkl fb mh}oy jow lfkzoyfw# Ho yfjknky vbh bhzëykh, flf cço fwzhyè w÷ pvilkghcjo h

kcmoybhîço, bhw zhbiëb kcjkghcjo gvkjhjow xvf wfvw lfkzoyfw jf}fyço hjozhy phyh, poy

ftfbplo, f}kzhy o goczènko poy hlnvbh jofcîh $FYIOLHZO, 8;48+#

Wfnvcjo Fyiolhzo $8;48+, fb vbh yfvckço, fb 8;=;, jow Bkckwzyow jf Fjvghîço jhHbëykgh Lhzkch, fb Zykcjhj, mok hpyo}hjo xvf h Oynhckqhîço jow Fwzhjow Hbfykghcow xvf

gykhwwf vb Gfczyo Kczfyhbfykghco jf Pyojvîço jf Bhzfykhl Fjvghgkochl f Gkfczâmkgo phyh h

Kbpyfcwh $GKBPFG+, gob wfjf fb Ionozè, moycfgkh hyzknow f cozâgkhw phyh ow aoychkw jhw

Hbëykghw# Fyhb bfzhw jo GKBPFG1 h pyoboîço jh kc}fwzknhîço, h moybhîço jf yfgvywow

dvbhcow, h jfmfwh jo hbikfczf, h pyozfîço jh whñjf f o hpyo}fkzhbfczo ghihl jow yfgvywow

chzvyhkw# Hp÷w h boyzf jo mvcjhjoy f jkyfzoy jo gfczyo, Aowvë Bvøoq Xvf}fjo, fb 8;4>, h

kckgkhzk}h cço zf}f wfnvkbfczo#

Ch jk}vlnhîço jf gkácgkh, o aoychlkwzh yfwzykcnf"wf à yfhlkjhjf, hiwzfcjo"wf jf mhczhwkh# Cço

lf}h fb gocwkjfyhîço o jfwgyëjkzo ov jfwgocmkhcîh hgfygh jhw jfwgoifyzhw, cfb pyobo}f

fczvwkhwbo wfb yhqço h wfvw lfkzoyfw# Fyiolhzo $8;48+ yfwwhlzh xvf jf}f"wf }hloykqhy h

kbpoyzécgkh jf zojo mhzo gkfczâmkgo }fkgvlhjo, bowzyhcjo xvf hbiow $gkácgkh f aoychlkwbo+

fwzço h wfy}kîo jh golfzk}kjhjf co gobihzf à kcjkmfyfcîh#

Cço ë cfgfwwèyko xvf zojow ow aoychlkwzhw zfcdhb vb nyhcjf gocdfgkbfczo woiyf gkácgkh,

pokw xvhcjo wf zfb vb gocdfgkbfczo bvkzo ftzfcwo goyyf"wf o ykwgo jf pyojvqky

yfpoyzhnfcw gobpyffcwâ}fkw hpfchw h fwpfgkhlkwzhw# Jf}f"wf yfwpfkzhy fwzvjkowow f lfkzoyfw

gobvcw, zoychcjo h kcmoybhîço hgfwwâ}fl h zojhw hw glhwwfw, wfb jfwbfyfgfy h xvhlkjhjf

jhxvklo xvf ë yflhzhjo# $FYIOLHZO, 8;48+

Moldfhy vb hco jf aoychkw jkèykow wknckmkgh wfphyhy gob zyáw ov xvhzyo }fywöfw jkmfyfczfw jh

bfwbh }fyjhjf gkfczâmkgh, wfb xvf ckcnvëb pyogvyf yfhlîhy h goczyhjkîço, poy }fqfw,



77

glhboyowh, fczyf vbh }fywço f ovzyh# Golobio $8;;4+ fwglhyfgf xvf ftkwzfb ghwow fb xvf

mknvyhw hvzoykqhjhw ov moczfw jk}fywhw, xvf zyhzhb jo bfwbo zfbh f hpyfwfczhb vbh

ftplkghîço xvf }hk phyh o aoychl wfb xvhlxvfy bfjkhîço# Cço dè xvhlxvfy zfczhzk}h jf

gooyjfchy h cozâgkh gob ovzyhw xvf aè zfcdhb wvynkjo woiyf o bfwbo hwwvczo,

powwk}flbfczf hzë co bfwbo aoychl#

O pyoilfbh, ftplkgh o hvzoy, jh cozâgkh gkfczâmkgh hnyh}h"wf phyzkgvlhybfczf xvhcjo wf

fczyh co ghbpo jhw gkácgkhw wogkhkw, fwzhcjo fwzf ghbpo, bhkw jo xvf cvcgh, ftpowzo h

kcmlvácgkhw jo pfcwhbfczo polâzkgo# )O aoychlkwbo goczyolh h lkzfyhzvyh f, jf vb bojo

nfyhl, zvjo hxvklo xvf pfyzfcgf ho bvcjo dvbhcâwzkgo, àw fcvcgkhîöfw mklow÷mkghw, hw

zobhjhw jf powkîöfw polâzkghw, hw zfoykhw woiyf h dkwz÷ykh f woiyf o bvcjo)# $GOLOBIO,8;;4, p#806+

Xvhcjo wf zyhzh jf aoychlkwbo gkfczâmkgo jf}fb"wf hjozhy bfjkjhw jf wfnvyhcîh, gobo

kcwfyky h cozâgkh fb vb goczftzo, ihwfhjo fb vbh bfb÷ykh dkwz÷ykgh $kcmoybhîöfw aè

}fkgvlhjhw+# Bhw, wfnvcjo Golobio $8;;4+ h bfldoy jkgh h wfy wfnvkjh ë mhqfy vbh cozâgkh

gkfczâmkgh xvf cço wf ihwfkf fb zfcjácgkhw polâzkghw f gvlzvyhkw jo bobfczo#

Aowë Wohyfw Añckoy $9006+ gkzh, wfnvcjo jhjow jo Kcwzkzvzf moy Wgkfczkmkg Kcmoybhzkoc $KWK+,

xvf fczyf 8;48 f 9000, co yhcekcn bvcjkhl jf pyojvîço gkfczâmkgh, o Iyhwkl phwwov jh

}knëwkbh okzh}h powkîço phyh h jëgkbh wëzkbh# O xvf gologov o phâw à myfczf jf phâwfw

gobo h Iëlnkgh, Fwg÷gkh f Kwyhfl, f ifb py÷tkbo jh Goyëkh jo Wvl, Wvâîh, Wvëgkh, Âcjkh f

Dolhcjh#

O hvzoy yflfbiyh h gykhîço jh Mvcjhîço jf Hbphyo à Pfwxvkwh jo Fwzhjo jf Wço Phvlo$Mhpfwp+, ch jëghjh jf 8;=0, xvhcjo moyhb kbplhczhjow }èykow gvywow jf p÷w"nyhjvhîço

jfwzkchjow à moybhîço jf co}ow pfwxvkwhjoyfw# Aè fb bfhjow jh jëghjh jf 40, h gykhîço

jo Bkckwzëyko jh Gkácgkh f Zfgcolonkh fcmhzkqov h polâzkgh gkfczâmkgh f jfmkckv èyfhw

fwzyhzënkghw phyh kc}fwzkbfczo f hpoko $AÑCKOY, 9006+#

Vzklkqhcjo hw phlh}yhw jf ^klwoc Ivfco, Wohyfw Añckoy $9006+ jfzfybkch h jkmfyfcgkhîço

fczyf h jk}vlnhîço gkfczâmkgh f o aoychlkwbo gkfczâmkgo, cço wf zyhzhcjo fwzfw jf ghbpow

hczhnúckgow, bhw gobplfbfczhyfw, pokw hbiow záb o bfwbo pñilkgo hl}o, h popvlhîço fb



7:

nfyhl# O Aoychlkwbo Gkfczâmkgo wf zyhzh jf vb nácfyo fwpfgâmkgo, powwvk lkcnvhnfb py÷pykh

jf jfgojkmkghîço jhw cozâgkhw f gocwzkzvk vbh ghzfnoykh à phyzf# Co fczhczo, jf}f"wf

pfygfify xvf cfb zvjo o xvf ë pvilkghjo cow }fâgvlow jf gobvckghîço fwpfgkhlkqhjow ë

gkfczâmkgo $AÑCKOY, 9006+#

^klwoc Ivfco $8;;4+ ftplkgh h jkmkgvljhjf co yflhgkochbfczo fczyf

gkfczkwzhw/pfwxvkwhjoyfw f aoychlkwzhw, fb xvf o py÷pyko wkwzfbh jf pyojvîço chw jvhw èyfhw

ë yfgocdfgkjhbfczf jkwzkczo# Fwzh jkwzkcîço wfykh yfwpocwè}fl poy gocmlkzow co

yflhgkochbfczo fczyf ow yfpyfwfczhczfw jhw jvhw èyfhw, aè xvf zfcjfb h fctfynhy woi ÷zkghw

jk}fywhw co pyogfwwo jf jk}vlnhîço jow yfwvlzhjow jf pfwxvkwh# O gkfczkwzh kcgobojh"wf

gob h wvpfymkgkhlkjhjf jhw kcmoybhîöfw }fkgvlhjhw pflow bfkow jf gobvckghîço f pfloghyèzfy wfcwhgkochlkwzh, hjozhjo fb hlnvcw ghwow# O aoychlkwzh fcghyh fwzfw hwpfgzow jf

bhcfkyh zyhcxvklh, aè xvf h mhlzh jf jfcwkjhjf jhw wvhw bhzëykhw f o vwo jf yfgvywow jf

gobvckghîço gocwzkzvfb"wf ch fwwácgkh jf wfv zyhihldo#

Phyzf"wf jo pyfwwvpowzo jf xvf, fcxvhczo h Gkácgkh f h Zfgcolonkhjfgoyyfb jf pyogfwwow jf locnh bhzvyhîço f xvf, poyzhczo, cço fwzçogocjkgkochjhw à oizfcîço jf yfwvlzhjow h gvyzâwwkbo pyhqo, h Gobvckghîço,

f o Aoychlkwbo fb phyzkgvlhy, jfpfcjfb fwzykzhbfczf jh golfzh f jhgkygvlhîço yèpkjh jf kcmoybhîöfw# $IVFCO, 8;;4, p# 7+

H pyfogvphîço jo gkfczkwzh ë jf xvf wvhw jfglhyhîöfw wfahb bhl zyhjvqkjhw# Fb hlnvcw

ghwow fwzf zfboy zfb h }fy gob o mhzo jf o gkfczkwzh yf}flhy jkmkgvljhjf phyh kbhnkchy o

pñilkgo"hl}o jo aoychlkwbo gkfczâmkgo# Wfnvcjo Ivfco $8;;4+ o aoychlkwzh, poy wvh }fq,

pfygfif o gkfczkwzh gob hyyonécgkh, poyxvf o }á gobo vbh moczf povgo hgfwwâ}fl, cfb

wfbpyf jkwpowzh h wf mhqfy fczfcjfy# Jf}f"wf yfgocdfgfy, co fczhczo, xvf fwwf

yflhgkochbfczo zfb bfldoyhjo, ho locno jow ñlzkbow hcow, jf}kjo ho goczhzo bhkw

myfxvfczf f hpyfcjkqhjo bñzvo#

Ovzyh pyfogvphîço xvf cço jf}f phwwhy jfwpfygfikjh ë h jfgojkmkghîço jo jkwgvywo

gkfczâmkgo, bvkzhw }fqfw jfcwo, o xvf kbpowwkiklkzh o fczfcjkbfczo jo lfkzoy lfkno ho

goczfñjo# Ë zyhihldo jo aoychlkwzh jfgojkmkghy fwwf jkwgvywo f zoycè"lo hgfwwâ}fl, hwwkb

gobo ë pyfogvphîço jo gkfczkwzh xvf h zyhcwgykîço jf wfv fwzvjo wfah fxvk}oghbfczf

jkwwfbkchjh# $IVFCO, 8;;4+



76

9#7 H zyhcwbkwwço jf cozâgkhw gkfczâmkghw

Wfnvcjo Ivyefzz $8;;0+, hw cozâgkhw gkfczâmkghw phyh yèjko f zflf}kwço gdfnhb fb zhbhcdow

f xvhlkjhjfw }hykè}fkw# Pojfb wfy cozâgkhw gvyzhw, jf }kczf ov co}fczh wfnvcjow, f poy kwwo

fcghkthjh fczyf f}fczow loghkw f bvcjkhkw cow cozkgkèykow jh cokzf5 ov pojfb wfy

jogvbfczèykow flhioyhjow jf vbh doyh, ov bhkw, jf jvyhîço, pyojvqkjo phyh ghchkw

fwpfgkhlkqhjow, gobo h Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg#

O hvzoy $Ivyefzz, 8;;0+ ftplkgh xvf pyojvqky gkácgkh phyh o pñilkgo pojf lf}hy wfbhchw, àw

}fqfw bfwfw ov hcow# Kwwo hgoczfgf pokw ë cfgfwwèyko wf hlghcîhy ow phjyöfw zëgckgow jh

yfjf gob hvtâlko jf fxvkphbfczow flhioyhjow jf pyojvîço f mklbhnfb# O xvf wf yfmlfzf colhjo mkchl,ow zoychcjo ftphcwk}hbfczf ghyow# Ovzyo mhzoy jf kcmlvácgkh ë xvf pyonyhbhw

}olzhjow ftglvwk}hbfczf phyh h gkácgkh f bfjkgkch wço }kwzow poy vb pñilkgo lkbkzhjo#

Gob myfxvácgkh, pyonyhbhw jf gkácgkh chzvyhl wço fcghkthjow fb iyfgdhw jf zfbpo ocjf o

câ}fl jf hvjkácgkh ë ihkto# $IVYEFZZ, 8;;0+

Ivfco $9080+ ftplkgh xvf h kczfycfz zfb pyopkgkhjo }hczhnfcw how aoychlkwzhw fgobvckg÷lonow co xvf jkq yfwpfkzo ho hgfwwo h kcmoybhîöfw yflf}hczfw# Wfnvcjo o hvzoy,

fb vbh pfwxvkwh cow pykcgkphkw wkzfw jf pfwxvkwh ldf pfybkzkv lf}hczhy 60

hyzknow/jogvbfczow woiyf Aoychlkwbo Gkfczâmkgo $kcglvkcjo Aoychlkwbo Hbikfczhl,

Aoychlkwbo fb Whñjf f Aoychlkwbo Fgocúbkgo+# Fwwfw hyxvk}ow moyhb fcgoczyhjow fb

jk}fywow kjkobhw, o xvf mh}oyfgf h pfywpfgzk}h plvyhl f bhkw hiyhcnfczf jow pyoilfbhw f

jfwhmkow jo Aoychlkwbo Gkfczâmkgo fb zojo o bvcjo#

Fb bvkzow ghwow, ë powwâ}fl, loghlkqhy f yfgvpfyhy jogvbfczow pfyjkjow, gob h havjh jow

kczfychvzhw# O cfnhzk}o jf zvjo kwwo ë xvf hlnvcw lkcew, ho locno jo zfbpo wf pfyghb, gob

h yfmoybvlhîço jow wkzfw jf oyknfb#

Fcfh88 $9008+ hgyfjkzh xvf fczyhbow ch fyh jhw gobvckghîöfw flfzyúckghw f ghjh gkfczkwzh

pojf zkyhy }hczhnfb jo hj}fczo jhw mfyyhbfczhw bvlzkbâjkh f jf bfldoykhw jh ôylj ^kjf

^fi phyh h gykhîço kczfyhzk}h jf jogvbfczow gkfczâmkgow, zoychcjo"ow jkwpocâ}fkw fb zojow

88 Zyhjvîço cowwh



7=

ow lvnhyfw phyh zojow# Xvhwf zojhw hw vck}fywkjhjfw, oynhckqhîöfw no}fychbfczhkw,

kcwzkzvkîöfw f wogkfjhjf gkfczâmkghw powwvfb vb wkzf xvf moycfgf phyh o nyhcjf pñilkgo

kcmoybhîöfw ñzfkw woiyf ow gkfczkwzhw xvf wço bfbiyow jf wvh fxvkpf, wfvw oiafzk}ow

gkfczâmkgow f pykcgkphkw yfhlkqhîöfw# Phyh h bhkoykh jow gkfczkwzhw, vwhy h ~fi f zyoghy

bfcwhnfcw flfzyúckghw zoycov"wf bvkzo gobvb, poyxvf kwzo ë bvkzo ñzkl phyh fc}ko jf

yfwvbow ov pvilkghîöfw, phyh oizfy kcmoybhîöfw ov wf kcwgyf}fy fb fcgoczyow jf wvh èyfh

jf kczfyfwwf, jfczyf ovzyhw kcñbfyhw mvcgkochiklkjhjfw#

Wfnvcjo Fcfh $9008+, bvkzow pyomkwwkochkw jf yf}kwzhw gkfczâmkghw hkcjh zyhihldhb wfvw

zftzow jf moybh cço kczfyhzk}h, f poy kwwo cço vwvmyvfb zhczo jhw moybhw jknkzhkw# Poyzhczo,

vbh phyzf jhw zhyfmhw bhkw jkmâgfkw jf gkfczkwzhw f fjkzoyfw ë bhczfy h xvhlkjhjf gkfczâmkghjhw pvilkghîöfw zëgckghw f, ho bfwbo zfbpo bfldoyhy h wvh hpyfwfczhîço hzyh}ëw jh

kczyojvîço jf kbhnfcw fb goyfw, jfwfcdow hckbhjow mfkzow fb gobpvzhjoy, wfxvácgkhw jf

}âjfo, wkbvlhîöfw poy gobpvzhjoy f moycfgfy yfmfyácgkhw kczfyhzk}hw gob goczfñjo

yflhgkochjo#

Vb co}o zkpo jf fwgykzh, ghjh }fq bhkw jkmfyfczf jo vzklkqhjo hzë hnoyh fb phpfl, zfb xvf

wfy kc}fczhjo, wf xvkwfybow hpyo}fkzhy hw powwkiklkjhjfw omfyfgkjhw pflhw mfyyhbfczhwbvlzkbâjkh aè jkwpocâ}fkw phyh h pyojvîço jf zyhihldow bhkw hzyhfczf f hiyhcnfczfw# H

gykhîço jf vb co}o bojflo jf fwgykzh gkifycëzkgh phyh hw pvilkghîöfw gkfczâmkghw, fwgykzo

poy gkfczkwzhw, yfxvfy jo hvzoy gkfczâmkgo zfy hlnvbh ftpfykácgkh fb fwgyf}fy wzoy{iohyjw89

jf jogvbfczow hvjko}kwvhkw f kczfyhzk}ow f xvf fwzfah mhbklkhykqhjo gob hw mfyyhbfczhw jf

bvlzkbâjkh h wfyfb vzklkqhjhw# $FCFH, 9008+

Wfnvcjo o hvzoy, $FCFH, 9008+ fwwhw ftpfykácgkhw bvlzkbâjkh záb wkjo fcgoyhahjoyhw fhnoyh hw moyîhw jf}fb wfy gocgfczyhjhw co jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jf vb co}o zkpo jf

jogvbfczow gkfczâmkgow, jkmfyfczf jhw jfglhyhîöfw fbkzkjhw fb yf}kwzhw pyomkwwkochkw

gkfczâmkghw oc"lkcf# Ë kbpoyzhczf phyh h pyojvîço jf pvilkghîöfw oc"lkcf, poyxvf h

ghphgkjhjf jf zyhcwbkzky kcmoybhîço gkfczâmkgh f zëgckgh phyh zojo o bvcjo ë bhkoy, o

89 Wzoy{iohyj wço oynhckqhjoyfw nyèmkgow zhkw gobo vbh wëykf jf klvwzyhîöfw ov kbhnfcw hyyhcahjhw fb

wfxvácgkh gob o pyop÷wkzo jf pyë"}kwvhlkqhy vb mklbf, hckbhîço ov nyèmkgo hckbhjo, kcglvkcjo flfbfczowkczfyhzk}ow fb ~fiwkzfw# Vb wzoy{iohyj zfb gobo mkchlkjhjf bhyghy hw pykcgkphkw phwwhnfcw jf vbh dkwz÷ykhxvf wfyè goczhjh fb vb mklbf jh moybh bhkw py÷tkbh gob h xvhl flh jf}fyè hphyfgfy ch zflh#



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gvwzo jf pvilkghîço ë yfjvqkjo f hybhqfchbfczo jf kcmoybhîöfw fb moybh jknkzhl ë bhkw

mègkl# Co fczhczo, o goczfñjo oc"lkcf jf }fywöfw kbpyfwwhw f ë xvhwf kjáczkgo#

Fcfh $9008+ ftplkgh xvf jf}f"wf zfy h pyfzfcwço jf vzklkqhy zojhw hw powwkiklkjhjfw

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fzg# Hlëb jkwwo, phlh}yhw f kbhnfcw pojfb wfy hzk}hjhw gob lkcew jf kcmoybhîço gkfczâmkgh

f zëgckgh pyfwzhjh how câ}fkw jf fwpfgkhlkqhîço jkmfyfczfw# H jkwpockiklkjhjf jf jogvbfczow

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bhzfykhl fbpâykgo, jf}fyço wfy gocwkjfyhjow#

O bhzfykhl fbpâykgo hchlkwhjo gocwkwzf ch yf}kwzh Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg jf Bhko/90805 06

doyhw gocwfgvzk}hw jh ftkikîço jo ghchl Chz Nfo, jo jkh 8>/06/90805 bhpfhbfczo f

hcèlkwf jo wkzf ~~~#cniyhwkl#gob#iy, gob bhzfykhl yfgoldkjo co jkh 88/06/9080# O pfyâojo



7;

fwgoldkjo mok o jo báw jf bhko, phyh xvf wf powwh h}hlkhy h kczfnyhîço fczyf ow hwwvczow

hpyfwfczhjow cow bñlzkplow bfkow#

7#9 Jfwgykîço jo Oiafzo

Wfnvcjo kcmoybhîöfw jo wkzf $~~~#cniyhwkl#gob#iy+, o wvynkbfczo jh Chzkochl

Nfonyhpdkg Wogkfz{ $CNW+ jfv"wf fb vbh yfvckço, fb ^hwdkcnzoc $FVH+, co hco jf

8444, moybhjh poy vb nyvpo gob ow 77 pykcgkphkw gkfczkwzhw f kczflfgzvhkw jh ëpogh# Avczow

pfygfifyhb h cfgfwwkjhjf jf wf gobvckghy, jf gobphyzkldhy ftpfykácgkhw f hchlkwhy hw

zyhcwmoybhîöfw ogoyykjhw ch wogkfjhjf# Wfcjo hwwkb, wf yfvckyhb gob o pyop÷wkzo jf}khiklkqhy vbh oynhckqhîço xvf pyobo}fwwf o gyfwgkbfczo f h jkmvwço jo gocdfgkbfczo

nfonyèmkgo co goc}â}ko wogkhl# O jfwfao gobvb jf pyfwzknkhy o fwzvjo gkfczâmkgo f

jkwpockiklkqhy ow yfwvlzhjow phyh o pñilkgo pfywockmkgov o fwpâykzo jf h}fczvyh f jfwgoifyzh,

jow mvcjhjoyfw jh CNW, xvf phwwov h wfy hwwogkhjo à oynhckqhîço#

7#9#8 Yf}kwzh

H pykbfkyh fjkîço jh yf}kwzh Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg, wfnvcjo o wkzf jh CNW, mok pvilkghjh

fb ovzviyo jf 8444, fb iyogdvyh# Jfwjf o kcâgko, h yf}kwzh hjozov vbh bkwzvyh

kczfyfwwhczf fczyf gkácgkh f h}fczvyh, gobo fb vb jow hyzknow jh pykbfkyh fjkîço, xvf wf

ihwfh}h fb vb yflhzo hghjábkgo f jfcwo fwgykzo poy Â BgNff woiyf )H Glhwwkmkghîço

jhw Moybhw Nfonyèmkghw Wfnvcjo h Nácfwf)# O }olvbf zhbiëb goczkcdh, fcghyzhjo, vbzftzo woiyf vbh zfbpfwzhjf jf nyhcjfw pyopoyîöfw ogoyykjh chxvflh ëpogh, cow Fwzhjow

Vckjow, gob zhiflhw kwozëybkghw f bfzfoyol÷nkghw f vbh jfwgykîço woiyf h woiyf}k}ácgkh

jo ihygo"pklozo Gdhylfw D Bhywdhll, jf Co}h [oye#

Bvkzo jfcwh f zëgckgh, h yf}kwzh pyfgkwov wf bojfyckqhy f mok fb 844; xvf h Chzkochl

Nfonyhpdkg $CN+ gobfîov h pvilkghy klvwzyhîöfw goloykjhw ‗ hw pykbfkyhw moyhb jfwfcdow

fb phwzfl jf gfchw jh Ckghyènvh# H yf}kwzh zkcdh pvilkghîço fwpoyèjkgh f fyh vb jfwhwzyf

gobfygkhl# Gob o kczvkzo jf hvbfczhy h gkygvlhîço jf ftfbplhyfw, fb 84;=, moyhb



:0

jkwpockiklkqhjow }olvbfw jh yf}kwzh fb ihcghw# Kcwpkyhcjo"wf cow pfyk÷jkgow jf bhkw

wvgfwwo jh ëpogh, flh wf zyhcwmoybov fb vbh “Pvilkghîço Bfcwhl Klvwzyhjh‒# Bhw mok gob

h jkyfîço jf Hlfthcjfy Nyhdhb Ifll87 $84;>"8;90+ xvf h yf}kwzh hjozov vbh goifyzvyh

popvlhy, mhgklkzhcjo h gobpyffcwço ch lfkzvyh jf zfbhw nfonyèmkgow, gobikchcjo yflhzow h

mozonyhmkhw $Mkn#8+#

Mknvyh 81 8;6; hco fb xvf h pykbfkyh fjkîço hpyfwfczov kbhnfcw goloykjhw

H pvilkghîço zoycov"wf kczfychgkochl, xvhcjo fb 8;;6, h Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg Wogkfz{

lhcîov wvh pykbfkyh fjkîço fb ahpocáw# Povgo zfbpo jfpokw, fjkîöfw fb fwphcdol

gobfîhyhb h gkygvlhy ch Fwphcdh f pflh Hbëykgh Lhzkch# Lono, h yf}kwzh wf fwphldov jf

Poyzvnhl h Zhk~hc, phwwhcjo pflh Yñwwkh, wfcjo pvilkghjh fb vbh jñqkh jf kjkobhw loghkw

poy phygfkyow lkgfcgkhjow jh CNW# Doaf, wfnvcjo jhjow jh py÷pykh CN, vb fb ghjh xvhzyo

lfkzoyfw lá h yf}kwzh fb vbh lâcnvh xvf cço o kcnláw $Mkn# 9+#

Mknvyh 91 Ghphw kczfychgkochkw jh Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg $Fwphcdh f Ahpço+

87 Hlfthcjfy Nyhdhb Ifll $84:>"8;99+ fyh gkfczkwzh, kc}fczoy f mok o mvcjhjoy jh gobphcdkh zflfmúckgh Ifll#



:8

Fczyf 8;40 f 9006, h yf}kwzh mok yfjfwfcdhjh f zyhcwmoybov"wf fb vbh jhw pvilkghîöfwbhkw yflf}hczf phyh ow lfkzoyfw jh hzvhlkjhjf, fb wvh ghzfnoykh $Mkn# 7+# Hyzknow h yfwpfkzo

jh whñjf nloihl, jo gobëygko klfnhl jf jkhbhczfw ov jhw hybhw jf jfwzyvkîço fb bhwwh

hnoyh hphyfgkhb ho lhjo jf yfpoyzhnfcw xvf hcvcgkhyfb co}hw jfwgoifyzhw hyxvfol÷nkghw

ov jfwgyf}kh fwzvjow gkfczâmkgow#

Mknvyh 71 8;;6, H Nhyozh Hmfnç mok vbh jhw ghphw bhkw mhbowhw pvilkghjhw

H yf}kwzh Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg Iyhwkl gobplfzov fb Bhko jf 9080 jfq hcow jf ftkwzácgkh,

h pykbfkyh fjkîço, fb poyzvnváw, pvilkghjh, mok h jf Bhko jf 9000# Ho locno jfwwh jëghjh

o pfyk÷jkgo hlghcîov dobfcw f bvldfyfw, jf kjhjfw f glhwwfw jk}fywhw $Nyhm# 8+#



:9

Pfymkl jo Lfkzoy

Nyèmkgo 81 Pfymkl jo lfkzoyMoczf1 Pfwxvkwh Chgkochl Hiykl avc/0;

O pfymkl jo lfkzoy hiyhcnf, fb wvh bhkoykh, pfwwohw jow 90 how :: hcow $=9&+, pfyzfcgfczfw

h glhwwfw H, I f G, fcxvhczo hw glhwwfw J f F cço hpyfwfczhb cñbfyow wknckmkghzk}ow# H

yfnkço iyhwklfkyh ocjf dè bhkoy gkygvlhîço jf yf}kwzh ë h Wvjfwzf, pyfgfjkjh jo Wvl $Nyhm#

9+#



:7

H gkygvlhîço bfcwhl jh yf}kwzh ë wvpfykoy ow :7 bkl ftfbplhyfw, hiyhcnfcjo, cow ñlzkbow

wfkw bfwfw, 697 bkl lfkzoyfw8:# O pfyk÷jkgo powwvk hpyotkbhjhbfczf 96 wfîöfw f yfgfif poy

báw jf 7 h 6 nyhcjfw yfpoyzhnfcw, gob vbh bëjkh jf 90 h 9: pènkchw ghjh, pyffcgdkjhw

gob zftzow, mozow, klvwzyhîöfw, kcmonyèmkgow f bhphw $Nyhm# 7+#

Nyèmkgo 91 ZkyhnfbMoczf1 Pyoafîço Iyhwkl jf Lfkzoyfw gocwolkjhjo 9004

Kcmoybhîöfw Zëgckghw

H yf}kwzh ë pyojvqkjh fb phpfl govgdf fwpfgkhl, jf 868n phyh h ghph f >6n phyh o bkolo#

Wvh jkbfcwço mkchl ë jf 8>6t96:b, gob lobihjh xvhjyhjh# H pfykojkgkjhjf ë bfcwhl, f

wfv pyfîo ë jf Y*8:,;;#86

7#9#9 Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg Gdhccfl

O Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg Gdhccfl $Chz Nfo ov CNG+ ë vb ghchl jf zflf}kwço phno, xvfhpyfwfczh, phyh gykhcîhw f hjvlzow, jogvbfczèykow, wëykfw f pyonyhbhw fjvghzk}ow woiyf

gkácgkh, zfgcolonkh, dkwz÷ykh f bfko hbikfczf# Ch phyzf jh bhcdç, o ghchl ë jfwzkchjo h

gykhcîhw, gob jfwfcdow f jogvbfczèykow fb lkcnvhnfb jf mègkl gobpyffcwço#

Lhcîhjo co Yfkco Vckjo, ch Fwghcjkcè}kh f ch Hvwzyèlkh fb 8± jf wfzfbiyo jf 8;;>, o

Chz Nfo, fb 9007, mok o ghchl jf zflf}kwço h ghio gob bhkoy gyfwgkbfczo co bvcjo,

8: Moczf1 Pyoafîço Iyhwkl jf Lfkzoyfw gocwolkjhjo 900486 dzzp1//~~~#pvilkhiykl#gob#iy/bhyghw/66/yf}kwzh/kcmoybhgofw"nfyhkw



::

gdfnhcjo h bhkw jf 8=0 bkldöfw jf yfwkjácgkhw fb 86: phâwfw f 9= lâcnvhw# Xvhcjo o

ghchl fwzyfov cow FVH, fb ahcfkyo jf 9008, mok o wfnvcjo lhcîhbfczo bhkw yèpkjo jf

ghchl h ghio jobëwzkgo ch dkwz÷ykh jo phâw, hlghcîhcjo bhkw jf :0 bkldöfw jf yfwkjácgkhw

fb hpfchw jokw hcow#8=

Wfnvcjo o wkzf jh CNW h ftkikîço co Iyhwkl gobfîov fb 8± jf co}fbiyo jf 9000# Gob

hpvyhjh xvhlkjhjf }kwvhl, o CNG hpokh ftployhjoyfw ho yfjoy jo bvcjo f lf}h h}fczvyh,

ftployhîço, }kjh wfl}hnfb, gvlzvyh f mfcúbfcow chzvyhkw phyh h ghwh jow wfvw fwpfgzhjoyfw#

Ow jogvbfczèykow jf nácfyow jk}fywow wço o mogo jo ghchl, xvf zhbiëb goczh gob wëykfw

py÷pykhw#

Kcmoybhîöfw Zëgckghw

O CNG ë vb fbpyffcjkbfczo jh Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg Zflf}kwkoc, jh Mot Fczfyzhkcbfcz

Nyovp f jh Chzkochl Iyohjghwzkcn Gobphc{ $CIG+ f hzvhlbfczf ë hwwkwzkjo poy bhkw jf

40 bkldöfw jf hwwkchczfw $kcglvkcjo hw zyhcwbkwwöfw phygkhkw jh pyonyhbhîço+ fb 86

kjkobhw, phyh 880 phâwfw moyh jow Fwzhjow Vckjow#8>

7#9#7 CNIYHWKL#GOB#IY

Fb 8;;=, h Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg phwwov h hzkcnky hbplo pñilkgo kczfychgkochl poy bfko jh

kczfycfz# Lono xvf fczyov co hy, o ~~~#chzkochlnfonyhpdkg#gob hzyhkv bkldöfw jf

}kwkzhczfw h ftployè"lo# Co Iyhwkl h CN wf jk}kjf fb jokw wkzfw, vb yfwpfgzk}o h yf}kwzh

$~~~#cniyhwkl#gob#iy+ f ovzyo ho ghchl zflf}kwk}o $~~~#chznfo#gob#iy+

Wfnvcjo o Noonlf Hchl{zkgw84, bfcwhlbfczf wço yfnkwzyhjow =#0>:#:>> }kwvhlkqhîöfw jfpènkch, poy >9:#984 }kwkzhczfw, xvf pfybhcfgfb co wkzf poy vb zfbpo bëjko jf ;19>

bkcvzow# O hgfwwo ë mfkzo fb wvh bhkoykh poy bvldfyfw $Nyhm# 7+#

8= Moczf1 ~~~#cniyhwkl#gob#iy8> Moczf1 ~~~#chzkochlnfonyhpdkg#gob5 ~~~#cniyhwkl#gob#iy 84 Moczf1 Noonlf Hchl{zkgw hiy/80



:6

Nyèmkgo 71 Pfymkl jo kczfychvzh

Moczf1 Pfwxvkwh Chgkochl Hiykl avc/0;

7#7 Gyowwbâjkh f Goc}fynácgkh

7#7#8 Gyowwbâjkh

7#7#8#8 Yf}kwzh phyh Z]

Mknvyh :1 Yf}kwzh jh CN vwh gyowwbâjkh phyh gdhbhjh jf pyonyhbh ch Z]Moczf1 CHZKOCHL NFONYHPDKG IYHWKL, bhko# 9080# p# 87:#

Pfygfif"wf cfwwf ftfbplo $Mkn# 6+, ftzyhâjo jh yf}kwzh jh Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg, xvf dè

pyfwfcîh jf gyowwbâjkh, pokw, gobo wvnfyf Lvkq Phzo $900=+ dè kczfyhîço fczyf bñlzkplow



:=

bfkow jf gobvckghîço# Cfwwf ftfbplo, h yf}kwzh f}ogh phyh h Z], hzyh}ëw jf vbh

gdhbhjh phyh vb pyonyhbh fwpfgâmkgo jf zflf}kwço, h wfy ftkikjo co ghchl jh fbkwwoyh#

Fwwf pyogfwwo lf}h ow gocwvbkjoyfw jf vbh bâjkh $yf}kwzh+ phyh ovzyh $Z]+, gobo

mvcjhbfczo jh gyowwbâjkh, wfnvcjo Búckgh Ghyckfllo $900:+# Dè kcmlvácgkh jf vb bfko

co ovzyo, pokw flfw fwzhiflfgfb vbh bfcwhnfb, kcjfpfcjfczf jf wfvw moybhzow# Pfygfif"wf

xvf o goczfñjo h wfy hioyjhjo co pyonyhbh cço jk}fynf jo hpyfwfczhjo ch yf}kwzh,

kcmoybhîöfw jf ghyèzfy wogkhl f gkfczâmkgo#

Gobo ifcfmâgko jfwwh fwzyhzënkh, o gocwvbkjoy pojfyè zfy kcmoybhîöfw, hzyh}ëw jh yf}kwzh,

woiyf goczfñjo jf wfv kczfyfwwf h wfy ftkikjo ch Z], yfgfifcjo bhkw kcmoybhîço hgfygh jozfbh f jow bfkow jf gobvckghîço fc}ol}kjow# Fwwh ë, wfnvcjo Phzo $900=+, vbh

ghyhgzfyâwzkgh jo gyowwo}fy jf bâjkhw, co xvhl o gocwvbkjoy pojfyè oizfy bhkw

gocdfgkbfczo hgfygh jf ghjh hphyfldo, jo pyojvzoy f jo pyojvzo#

H bfwbh zëgckgh mok vwhjh phyh hcvcgkhy h fwzyëkh jf vb co}o ghchl jh fbkwwoyh $Mkn# =+#

Gobo wf zyhzh jf vb co}o ghchl zflf}kwk}o, h yf}kwzh hpflh phyh h gyfjkiklkjhjf jo ghchl

Chz Nfo $“o ^klj wfnvf o phjyço jf xvhlkjhjf jow jogvbfczèykow ftkikjow co ChzNfo‒+#Co}hbfczf, dè vbh kczfyhîço jf gocdfgkbfczo fczyf gocwvbkjoy, pyojvzo f pyojvzoy#

Jfwwh moybh, dè kczfyhîço zhczo gob o Chz Nfo Gdhccfl, gobo gob o co}o Chz Nfo

^klj 8;#

8; Ghchl jfwzkchjo à pyonyhbhîço jf hlzh jfmkckîço phyh Z] jknkzhl#



:>

Mknvyh 61 CN hpyfwfczh co}o ghchl hzyh}ëw jf gyowwbâjkh

Moczf1 CHZKOCHL NFONYHPDKG IYHWKL, bhko, 9080# p# 87:



:4

7#7#8#9 Yf}kwzh phyh o Wkzf

Mknvyh =1 Ghph jh Yf}kwzh kcjkgh phyh WkzfMoczf1 CHZKOCHL NFONYHPDKG IYHWKL, bhko, 9080# Ghph

Aè ch ghph jh yf}kwzh $Mkn# >+ dè yfmfyácgkh jf gyowwbâjkh,

gob gdhbhjh phyh o wkzf# Wfcjo fwwh h wfnvcjh

kcmoybhîço yflf}hczf hpyfwfczhjh $jf gkbh phyh ihkto+,

hczfw bfwbo jo cobf jh yf}kwzh#

Vzklkqhcjo jo gocdfgkbfczo pyë}ko jo lfkzoy, fb vb

hwwvczo yfgfczf f hbplhbfczf hioyjhjo co báw jf hiykl, h

fyvpîço jo }vlgço F{ahmahllhaoevll ch Kwlécjkh, h Yf}kwzh

mhq gyowwbâjkh $Mkn# 4+ jf vb jfwhwzyf nfol÷nkgo

wfbfldhczf, jf 70 hcow hzyèw, bowzyhcjo wvhw

gocwfxvácgkhw hp÷w fwwf pfyâojo, bhw phyh whify bhkw ë

cfgfwwèyko hgfwwhy o Wkzf#

Gobo gykzëyko ièwkgo jo gyowwo}fy jf bâjkhw, wfnvcjo

Búckgh Ghyckfllo $900:+, vb bfko lf}h h ovzyo, ocjf w÷ o

xvf wf bojkmkgh ë h kczfymhgf# F hwwkb gobo wvnfyf Phzo

$900=+, wf fwzhiflfgfy vbh bfcwhnfb#

Mknvyh >1 Gyowwbâjkh jh Yf}kwzhphyh o Wkzf

Moczf1 CHZKOCHLNFONYHPDKG IYHWKL, bhko,

9080# p# 87=#



:;

Mknvyh 41 Hpyo}fkzhcjo o zfbh jh bhzëykh Yf}kwzh mhq gyowwbâjkh phyh Wkzf

Moczf1 CHZKOCHL NFONYHPDKG IYHWKL, bhko, 9080# p# 4>+

Vbh jhw nyhcjfw yfpoyzhnfcw jh yf}kwzh co báw jf bhko ftplkgh gvykowkjhjfw hgfygh jo

woco, “Ow wfnyfjow jo WOCO ‗ jfwjf xvf chwgfbow, phwwhbow joybkcjo vb zfyîo jf

cowwh }kjh# Bfwbo hp÷w jëghjhw jf pfwxvkwh, hkcjh cço whifbow jkyfkzo poy xvf ë

hwwkb‒90# Hpyo}fkzhcjo o zfbh, h yf}kwzh gologh co pë jf pènkch $Mkn# ;+, co mkchl jh

yfpoyzhnfb, vbh gdhbhjh phyh o wkzf, ocjf jkwpockiklkqh vb nyèmkgo kczfyhzk}o xvf

ftpyfwwh h jkmfyfcîh jo woco ho yfjoy jo bvcjo#

O wkzf jkwpockiklkqh zojo bhzfykhl }fkgvlhjo pflh fjkîço kbpyfwh $zftzo f mozow+, co fczhczo

cço mok fcgoczyhjo cfcdvb bhzfykhl ftzyh, gobo o hcvcgkhjo pflh yf}kwzh $Mkn# 4+# Fwwh

xvfiyh jf gobvckghîço yfpyfwfczh vbh mhldh wknckmkghzk}h co wkwzfbh jf gyowwbâjkh, pokwvb bfko kcjvq h ovzyo, hzyh}ëw jf vbh kcjvîço fcnhcowh1 o xvf mok pyobfzkjo cço mok

jkwpockiklkqhjo#

Ovzyh moybh jf lf}hy o lfkzoy ho wkzf ë h phyzkgkphîço jflf ch yf}kwzh $Mkn# 80+# Fwwh go"

yflhîço fczyf ow bfkow pfybkzf xvf o lfkzoy wf wkczh bhkw phyzkgkphzk}o hgfygh jo goczfñjo

}fkgvlhjo# O fwphîo “Wvh Mozo‒ ë jfjkghjo àw mozow jow lfkzoyfw jh CN, xvf jfwfahb zfy

wvhw kbhnfcw pvilkghjhw# Wço wflfgkochjhw hw bfldoyfw mozow fc}khjhw ho locno jo báwphyh pvilkghîço#

O kczfyfwwhczf jfwwf zkpo jf gyowwo}fy jf bâjkhw ë o yfzoyco ho bfko jf phyzkjh# Hzyh}ëw jh

yf}kwzh, lfkzoyfw wço fwzkbvlhjow h fczyhy co wkzf, phyh powzfykoybfczf hgobphcdhy wvh

phyzkgkphîço oclkcf ch yf}kwzh# $Yf}kwzh Wkzf Yf}kwzh+

Dè zhbiëb gdhbhjhw phyh goczfñjow gobplfbfczhyfw jo wkzf, gobo bhphw f kcmonyèmkgow# 90 Zâzvlo oyknkchl jh bhzëykh $fjkîço jf Bhko jf 9080+#



60

Mknvyh ;1 Kczfyhzk}kjhjf ‗ mozow fc}khjhw phyh o Wkzf pojfb hphyfgfy ch Yf}kwzhMoczf1 CHZKOCHL NFONYHPDKG IYHWKL, bhko, 9080# p 4

7#7#8#7 Z] phyh h Yf}kwzh

H ñckgh yfmfyácgkh xvf o ghchl Chz Nfo mhq à yf}kwzh ë vbh pyophnhcjh, jf 70 wfnvcjow

hpyotkbhjhbfczf $ftkikjo jf doyh fb doyh+, yfwwhlzhcjo o zfbh pykcgkphl jh fjkîço f hw

pykcgkphkw bhzëykhw# O hpflo à yf}kwzh ë povgo wknckmkghzk}o co jfgoyyfy jh pyonyhbhîço#

H mhlzh jf hpyfwfczhîço jf goczfñjo xvf yfbfzh à Yf}kwzh ë wknckmkghzk}h# Pfygfif"wf vbh

mhldh bfyghjol÷nkgh fczyf ow bfkow jh CN, fb xvf h Yf}kwzh zyhq goczfñjo xvf wvnfyf hgyowwbâjkh phyh Z], co fczhczo o gyowwo}fy jh Z] phyh h Yf}kwzh ë bvkzo wvpfymkgkhl#



68

7#7#8#: Z] phyh o Wkzf

Jvyhczf zojh h pyonyhbhîço, kcglvwk}f jvyhczf ow kczfy}hlow, vbh lono co ghczo wvpfykoy

fwxvfyjo jh zflh kcjkgh o wkzf chznfoz}#gob $Mkn# 88+, xvf jkyfgkoch phyh o

~~~#chznfo#gob#iy# Chw pyophnhcjhw, zhbiëb dè hpflo ho wkzf $chznfoz}#gob+, xvhcjo

wço ftkikjow gobfygkhkw jo py÷pyko ghchl#

Mknvyh 801 Lono co zopo jh zflh mhq gyowwo}fy phyh o Wkzf

Moczf1 zflh jo ghchl Chz Nfo

Co kcâgko jf ghjh ilogo jow pyonyhbhw ftkikjow, ë lkifyhjh ch zflh vbh hckbhîço xvf

kcwzknh o fwpfgzhjoy h ftployhy o wkzf, “HGFWWF1 cfznfoz}#gob‒#

H mhlzh jf gyowwo}fy phyh o wkzf CNIYHWKL#GOB pojf wfy fczfcjkjh gobo vbh mhldh co

pyogfwwo xvf lf}h vb bfko ho ovzyo# Gobo aè ftplkghjo o wkzf jfjkghjo à Yf}kwzh ë vb f o

jfjkghjo h Z] ë ovzyo, co fczhczo h Yf}kwzh mhq bfcîço à Z], o xvf cço ë yfgâpyogo ch

Z], xvf w÷ wvnfyf o wkzf jfjkghjo h wk bfwbh# Bfwbo o gobfygkhl jf gdhbhjh phyh h

Yf}kwzh o wkzf CNIYHWKL cço ë kcjkghjo#



69

7#7#8#6 Oclkcf phyh Z]

H Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg, fb yflhîço à Z], jkwpockiklkqh vb wkzf py÷pyko $Mkn# 89+, à phyzfjo zyhihldhjo fb gocavczo gob h yf}kwzh $cniyhwkl#gob#iy+# Pfygfif"wf vbh xvfiyh jf

gobvckghîço, ch xvhl h yf}kwzh kcgfczk}h o hgfwwo ho wkzf aè poy bfko jf wvh ghph, poyëb

cço dè cfwwf wkzf cfcdvb goczfñjo yflhzk}o ho Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg Gdhccfl, cfb dè

gdhbhjh phyh o wkzf jfjkghjo à Chz Nfo#

Fb wvh }fywço hbfykghch, ~~~#chzkochlnfonyhpdkg#gob $Mkn# 87+, h CN vzklkqh hpfchw vb

wkzf, gobvb phyh h yf}kwzh f phyh h zflf}kwço#

Mknvyh 881 Wkzf jfwzkchjo ftglvwk}hbfczf ho ghchl Chz Nfo

Moczf1 dzzp1//~~~#chznfo#gob#iy



67

Mknvyh 891 Ghph jo wkzf hbfykghco, zojo goczfñjo fb vb w÷ lvnhy

Moczf1 dzzp1//~~~#chzkochlnfonyhpdkg#gob

7#7#8#= Oclkcf phyh Yf}kwzh

Aè ch ghph jo wkzf $Mkn# 8:+ dè }èykhw gdhbhjhw phyh h yf}kwzh# O }kwkzhczf jo wkzf cço w÷

gocwfnvf hgobphcdhy hw bhzëykhw f kbhnfcw pvilkghjhw ch yf}kwzh, gobo pojf }ozhy phyh

fwgoldh jh ghph jo py÷tkbo báw#

Hzyh}ëw jo gocgvywo “Wvh Mozo‒, o kczfychvzh fc}kh pflo wkzf wvh mozonyhmkh, xvf, wf

hpyo}hjh, ë pvilkghjh ch py÷tkbh fjkîço jh yf}kwzh# Flf zhbiëb zfb hgfwwo h kbhnfcw,

phpëkw jf phyfjf f goczfñjo jh fjkîço jo báw, xvf wço jkwpockiklkqhjow lk}yfbfczf



6:

Mknvyh 871 Ch ghph jo wkzf jh CN aè ë powwâ}fl }kwvhlkqhy flfbfczow jf goc}fynácgkh

Moczf1 dzzp1//~~~#cniyhwkl#gob#iy



66

Mknvyh 8:1 Goczfñjo pvilkghjo ch Yf}kwzh ë jkwpockiklkqhjo lk}yfbfczf ch kczfycfz

Ch ihcjfah jf bfcvw jo lhjo fwxvfyjo, o }kwkzhczf zfb hgfwwo à fjkîço jo báw, gob vbhftplkghîço woiyf o zfbh jh fjkîço f h jkwpockiklkqhîço jhw bhzëykhw }fkgvlhjhw $Mkn# 86+ #

Hwwkb gobo zhbiëb pojf }fy o goczfñjo jhw fjkîöfw hczfykoyfw, hzë co}fbiyo jf 900; f

}kwvhlkqhy hw ghphw jfwjf 9007#

7#7#8#> Oclkcf phyh Oclkcf

Hlëb jh opîço jf ivwgh poy phlh}yhw"gdh}fw co goczfñjo jo wkzf, o }kwkzhczf zfb hgfwwo,

hzyh}ëw jo bfcv h ovzyhw pènkchw xvf gobplfbfczhb o goczfñjo jh Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg1

Dkwz÷ykh jh Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg Wogkfz{, jfwjf wvh mvcjhîço hzë h hzvhlkjhjf5

Yfjkyfgkochbfczo phyh o wkzf jh Fjkzoyh Hiykl, ocjf pojfb"wf oizfy kcmoybhîöfw woiyf

h hwwkchzvyh jh yf}kwzh5

Bfcv FWPFGKHL, ocjf wço gologhjow lkcew phyh bhzëykhw fwpfgkhkw# Ch oghwkço jf

gocwvlzh ow zfbhw kcjkghjow fyhb1 “Ikgdow jo Iyhwkl‒, “Fwphîo‒f “Fcfynkh‒5




6=

Bfcv MOZOW, jkwpockiklkqhîço jf kbhnfcw jh fjkîço hzvhl f hczfykoyfw, hwwkb gobo

phpfkw jf phyfjf phyh o gobpvzhjoy5

Bfcv BVLZKBÂJKH, goczëb goczfñjo gobplfbfczhy àw bhzëykhw jh yf}kwzh1 }âjfow,

kcmonyèmkgow f bhphw5

Bfcv PHYZKGKPF, gocgvywo Wvh Mozo ‗ zojo jkh vbh mozo fc}khjh poy kczfychvzhw ë

pvilkghjh, hw bfldoyfw whfb ch py÷tkbh fjkîço jh yf}kwzh# Dkwz÷ykh jo gocgvywo, aè

mkchlkqhjo, ]kyh"Lhzh, hgfwwo h bâjkhw wogkhkw jhw xvhkw h CN phyzkgkph $Z~kzzfy,

Mhgfiooe, [ovzvif f Oyevz+ $Mkn# 8=+5

Mknvyh 861 CN pyfwfczf chw bâjkhw wogkhkw ‗ Z~kzzfy, Mhgfiooe, [ovzvif f Oyevz

Moczfw1 dzzp1//z~kzzfy#gob/cniyhwkl5 dzzp1//~~~#mhgfiooe#gob/nyovp#pdp?nkj284848=4:7;; 5dzzp1//~~~#{ovzvif#gob/ChzkochlNfonyhpdkgIY5

dzzp1//~~~#oyevz#gob#iy/Bhkc'Gobbvckz{#hwpt?gbb24=748 Bfcv ILONW, ilon gob hzvhlkqhîöfw jh Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg f ilonw kcjk}kjvhkw jow

moz÷nyhmow jh yf}kwzh#

O wkzf $~~~#cniyhwkl#gob+ kcjkgh phyh ow wkzfw1

]khnfb jo gocdfgkbfczo1 Gocgvywo phyh hlvcow jo fcwkco mvcjhbfczhl pyobo}kjo

pflh CN $dzzp1//~~~#}khnfbjogocdfgkbfczo#gob#iy/+

CN coyzf"hbfykghch1 Wkzf coyzf"hbfykghco jh CN, fb vbh pènkch jfjkghjh h bñwkgh

$dzzp1//~oyljbvwkg#chzkochlnfonyhpdkg#gob/}kf~/phnf#ihwkg/dobf+



6>

7#7#9 Goc}fynácgkh jf Bâjkh

7#7#9#8 Wkzf Iyhwklfkyo

Afcekcw $9004+ ftplkgh xvf h goc}fynácgkh gocwkwzf fb vbh bvzhîço w÷gko"gvlzvyhl, ch

bfjkjh fb xvf fwwfw gocwvbkjoyfw wço fwzkbvlhjow h pyogvyhy poy co}hw kcmoybhîöfw#

Co}hw zfgcolonkhw wço kczyojvqkjhw how }fldow bfkow jf gobvckghîço, zyhcwmoybhcjo

hwwkb wvhw mvcîöfw f wzhzvw#

Mknvyh 8=1 ]âjfow gologhjow ch kczfycfz ftpyfwwhb h goc}fynácgkh jo wkzf jh CN Iyhwkl


Wfnvcjo Phzo $900=+, kbhnfcw, }âjfow, mozow f hckbhîöfw kczfyhzk}hw wço hwwkb

kczyojvqkjhw ch yfjf, h mkb jf goc}fynky vwvèykow how bfkow f ho goczfñjo jf gobvckghîço,

gobplfbfczhcjo wfv gocdfgkbfczo# Bfwbo kcwvmkgkfczfw, wço hw co}kjhjfw zfgcol÷nkghw

yfwpocwè}fkw poy hnyfnhy nyhcjfw kco}hîöfw, xvf kc}hjfb o gozkjkhco jhw pfwwohw f hmfzhb

wvh moybh jf wf gobvckghy f kczfyhnky#



64

Wfnvcjo Zh}hyfw $900;+ h fwpfgkhlkqhîço pfykojâwzkgh fwzè hwwogkhjh à moybhîço jf nyvpow

wogkhkw gocwvbkjoyfw jf bâjkh ghjh }fq bhkw jkwzkczow# Gob h kczyojvîço jf ovzyow bfkow

f, gocwfxvfczfbfczf jf gykzëykow jf pyojvîço jh cozâgkh, xvf fwwh fwpfgkhlkjhjf phwwov h

xvfwzkochy h l÷nkgh jh fwpfgkhlkqhîço, ov wfah, jf vbh ovzyh fwpfgkhlkjhjf aoychlâwzkgh#

Fcxvhczo ^klwoc Ivfco $9080+ ftplkgh xvf h kczfycfz zfb pyopkgkhjo }hczhnfcw how

aoychlkwzhw f gobvckg÷lonow co xvf jkq yfwpfkzo ho hgfwwo h kcmoybhîöfw yflf}hczfw# Fcfh 98

$9008+ hgyfjkzh xvf fwzhbow }k}fcjo h fyh jhw gobvckghîöfw flfzyúckghw f ghjh gkfczkwzh

pojf zkyhy }hczhnfb jo hj}fczo jhw mfyyhbfczhw bvlzkbâjkh phyh h gykhîço kczfyhzk}h jf

jogvbfczow gkfczâmkgow, zoychcjo"ow jkwpocâ}fkw fb zojow ow lvnhyfw phyh zojow#

Zyhihldhcjo wfvw zftzow jf moybh kczfyhzk}h f bvlzkbâjkh, wfb jfkthy jf bhczfy hxvhlkjhjf gkfczâmkgh jhw pvilkghîöfw zëgckghw f, ho bfwbo zfbpo bfldoyhy h wvh

hpyfwfczhîço hzyh}ëw jh kczyojvîço jf kbhnfcw fb goyfw, jfwfcdow hckbhjow mfkzow fb

gobpvzhjoy, wfxvácgkhw jf }âjfo, wkbvlhîöfw poy gobpvzhjoy f moycfgfy yfmfyácgkhw

kczfyhzk}hw gob goczfñjo yflhgkochjo#

Co wkzf CNIYHWKL#GOB#IY pojfbow pfygfify ow wfnvkczfw ftfbplow jf goc}fynácgkh

fczyf bâjkhw f lkcnvhnfcw jf èvjko, }âjfo, dkpfyzftzo, kbhnfcw, hckbhîöfw f kczfyhzk}kjhjf1

KBHNFCW

Zojow ow jkhw vbh mozo, fc}khjh poy hlnvb kczfychvzh, ë pvilkghjh co wkzf# Hw

bfldoyfw jo báw wço }fkgvlhjhw ch yf}kwzh99#

Wço jkwpockiklkqhjhw co wkzf kbhnfcw phyh jo~clohj, yflhzk}hw àw fjkîöfw jh

yf}kwzh97#

Wço jkwpockiklkqhjow co wkzf jo~clohjw jf phpfkw jf phyfjf phyh gobpvzhjoy,gob kbhnfcw yflhzk}hw àw fjkîöfw jh yf}kwzh9:#

]ÂJFOW

]âjfow, gobplfbfczhyfw ho goczfñjo jh yf}kwzh, wço powzhjow co wkzf h ghjh

fjkîço96 $Mkn# 8>+#

98 Zyhjvîço cowwh99

dzzp1//}khafhxvk#hiykl#gob#iy/chzkochl"nfonyhpdkg/wvh"mozo/ 97 dzzp1//}khafhxvk#hiykl#gob#iy/chzkochl"nfonyhpdkg/mozow/ 9: dzzp1//}khafhxvk#hiykl#gob#iy/chzkochl"nfonyhpdkg/phpfkw"jf"phyfjf/



6;

KCZFYHZK]KJHJF

Bhphw f kcmonyèmkgow, gobplfbfczhyfw ho goczfñjo jh yf}kwzh, wço

jkwpockiklkqhjo co wkzf, wfphyhjow poy fjkîço9=#

Phzo $900=+ hmkybh xvf o nyhcjf jfwhmko jf fbpyfwhw fc}ol}kjhw ch kcjñwzykh jh

gobvckghîço ë pyopoy vbh ivwgh xvf jfwfc}ol}h pyojvzow f wfy}kîow phyh c bfkow fb

wkbvlzécfo# Fwwh jkmkgvljhjf jf kczfyhîço jf bfkow ë bvkzo pyfwfczf ch Chzkochl

Nfonyhpdkg# H l÷nkgh jf gobvckghîço ë pfyjkjh xvhcjo ow bfkow wf jk}kjfb jf moybh

jfwoyjfchjh, gobo co ghwo jh ftkwzácgkh jf jokw wkzfw iyhwklfkyow xvf cço kczfyhnfb fczyf

wk#

Ho goczyèyko jo xvf hgoczfgf co Iyhwkl, o wkzf hbfykghco wf bowzyh gobo ftfbplo jf

zyhihldo fb goc}fynácgkh# Cflf, zojow ow bfkow goc}fynfb fb vb w÷, pyobo}fcjo h

kczfyhzk}kjhjf#

7#7#9#9 O wkzf coyzf"hbfykghco

Jvyhczf h hcèlkwf jo goczfñjo jf gyowwbâjkh f goc}fynácgkh jh Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg,

zk}fbow hgfwwo ho wkzf pyojvqkjo cow Fwzhjow Vckjow# Hpfwhy jf cço wfy cowwo oiafzo jf

hcèlkwf, gocwkjfyhbow kbpoyzhczf gkzè"lo, hkcjh xvf iyf}fbfczf, phyh jfbocwzyhy hw

powwkiklkjhjfw ftkwzfczfw ch kczfycfz f vzklkqhjhw jf bhcfkyh gocmvwh pflow wkzfw iyhwklfkyow#

96 dzzp1//}khafhxvk#hiykl#gob#iy/chzkochl"nfonyhpdkg/}kjfow/ 9= dzzp1//}khafhxvk#hiykl#gob#iy/chzkochl"nfonyhpdkg/kczfyhzk}kjhjfw/



=0

Mknvyh 8>1 Ho goczyèyko jo wkzf iyhwklfkyo, chznfo#gob ë ftfbplo fb goc}fynácgkh#

Moczf1 dzzp1//~~~#chznfo#gob O wkzf zyhq vb bfcv kczfyhzk}o, xvf jkyfgkoch o kczfychvzh h }èykhw pènkchw# Fb zojhw flhw

wço hgyfwgkjow }âjfow, kbhnfcw, bhphw, kcmonyèmkgow fzg#, yfwpfgzk}ow ho zfbh hioyjhjo,

DOBF1 Cozâgkhw jo jkh!, Yf}kwzh! $Goczfñjo kczfyhzk}o jh yf}kwzh+, Bhphw! $bhph bvcjk

kczfyhzk}ow, golfîço jf }èykow zkpow jf bhphw, aonow jf xvfiyh"ghifîh gob bhphw+,

Gkácgkh! $goczfñjo9>woiyf gkácgkh f o fwphîo+, Fjvghîço! $goczfñjo woiyf fjvghîço+,

Aonow, Bñwkgh!, Ilonw!, Mklbfw! $Mklbfw f jogvbfczèykow pyojvqkjow pflh CN+, Co

Ghbpo! $ihwzkjoyfw jh pyojvîço jf goczfñjo+, Gflvlhy! $goczfñjo ftglvwk}o phyh gflvlhy+,

Bhph jo Wkzf#

MOZONYHMKH1 Mozonyhmkh jo jkh!, Nhlfykh!, Phpfkw jf Phyfjf!, Zkpow jf Mozow!,

Moz÷nyhmow!, Gobpyf Kbhnfcw!#

HCKBHKW1 Cozâgkhw woiyf hckbhkw!, Mozow jf hckbhkw!, Xvkqq woiyf hckbhkw, Pyonyhbhw

jo ChzNfo ^klj!, Pyonyhbhîço ChzNfo ^klj, Ilon ^klj!#

! yfpyfwfczh ftkwzácgkh jf bhzfykhl kczfyhzk}o bvlzkbâjkh ch pènkch, gobo }âjfow, kbhnfcw, wocw fzg#



=8

BFKO HBIKFCZF1 Fcfynkh!, Ènvh Pozè}fl!, Hxvfgkbfczo Nloihl!, Dhikzhzw!, Jfwhwzyfw

Chzvyhkw!, O ogfhco!, Nvkh ]fyjf! $Nvkh jf pyf}fcîço ho hxvfgkbfczo nloihl f

pyfwfy}hîço jo bfko hbikfczf+#

]KHNFCW1 Phâwfw!, Gkjhjfw!, Phyxvfw!, Zop 80!, Yf}kwzh CN Zyh}flfy!, Ilonw!, Mozow!,

Xvkqfw, ]khnfb gob h nfczf94#

H]FCZVYH1 Nvkh jf Fxvkphbfczow! $Nvkh jf bhzfykhkw phyh }khnfcw+, Nvkh jf ]khnfcw

$Pyfîow f jfzhldfw jf }khnfcw+, Mozonyhmkh!, ]âjfow!, Ilonw jf H}fczvyh!, Bhphw ZOPO9;#

CHZNFO Z]1 Pyonyhbhîço, Wdo~w!, ]âjfow!, Aonow, Gflvlhy!, Gvykowkjhjfw!#

EKJW1 Yfjkyfgkochbfczo phyh wkzf jfjkghjo hw gykhcîhw70#

WDOP1 Yfjkyfgkochbfczo phyh wkzf jf }fcjhw jh CN78#

Ë ihwzhczf pfygfpzâ}fl h jkmfyfcîh jo wkzf hbfykghco gobphyhjo ho iyhwklfkyo, o zyhihldo jf

goc}fynácgkh ftployhjo cow Fwzhjow Vckjow zfb xvhlkjhjf bvkzo wvpfykoy ho jo omfyfgkjopflo Iyhwkl# Wfcjo hwwkb, o jobâcko chznfo#gob#iy jf}fykh wf kcwpkyhy co

chzkochlnfonyhpdkg#gob phyh xvf wfv zyhihldo jf gobvckghîço wfah kczfnyhjo f fmkgkfczf#

94 Yfjkyfgkochbfczo phyh wkzf jf }khnfcw jh CN1dzzp1//~~~#chzkochlnfonyhpdkgftpfjkzkocw#gob/dobf/?wovygf2Ch}Zyh}^kzd9;

Yfjkyfgkochbfczo phyh wkzf jf bhphw jo CN1 dzzp1//~~~#zopo#gob/?wovygf2Ch}Hj}Zopo70 dzzp1//ekjw#chzkochlnfonyhpdkg#gob/ekjw/?wovygf2Ch}EkjwDobf78 dzzp1//wdop#chzkochlnfonyhpdkg#gob/cnw/kcjft#awp?gojf2CN;:000-wovygf2Ch}WdopDobf



=9

GOCGLVWÇO

Pfygfifv"wf ch hcèlkwf jo oiafzo xvf h gyowwbâjkh f goc}fynácgkh jf bâjkhw jh Chzkochl

Nfonyhpdkg ë kcwvmkgkfczf f jozhjh jf mhldhw# O gyowwo}fy , gobo gkzhjo ch hcèlkwf, powwvk

mhldhw cozè}fkw, gobo co ghwo jf h yf}kwzh gdhbhy phyh vb goczfñjo xvf cço fwzè

jkwpocâ}fl co wkzf5 fcxvhczo h Z] gdhbh bvkzo wvpfymkgkhlbfczf phyh h yf}kwzh f obkzf h

ftkwzácgkh jo wkzf jfjkghjo h yf}kwzh#

Ovzyo pyoilfbh oiwfy}hjo mok h ftkwzácgkh jf jokw wkzfw, vb jfjkghjo à yf}kwzh f ovzyo

}olzhjo phyh o ghchl zflf}kwk}o, wfcjo xvf vb cço mhq bfcîço ho ovzyo# Gdfnh h phyfgfy

xvf wço jokw wkzfw mfkzow phyh fbpyfwhw jkwzkczhw, pokw flfw cço wf yflhgkochb# Fwwh jk}kwçojf zhyfmhw gocmvcjf o gocwvbkjoy ch ivwgh poy kcmoybhîço woiyf o goczfñjo jh yf}kwzh f

jh Z]#

Hpfwhy jf o wkzf jfjkghjo à yf}kwzh powwvky nyhcjf xvhczkjhjf jf kbhnfcw, ë povgo

}hloykqhjo xvhczo h ovzyhw mfyyhbfczhw jf goc}fynácgkh, gobo }âjfow f èvjkow#

Cozov"wf co jfgoyyfy jh hcèlkwf xvf, ho goczyèyko jo xvf hgoczfgf co Iyhwkl, o wkzf coyzf"hbfykghco ë ykgo fb goczfñjo jf goc}fynácgkh# Flf moycfgf fb vbh ñckgh pènkch zojo o

goczfñjo omfyfgkjo pflh Chzkochl Nfonyhpdkg $xvf cow FVH ë gocwkjfyh}flbfczf bhkw

hivcjhczf xvf co Iyhwkl+# Jf 68 pènkchw hchlkwhjhw jfczyo jo wkzf, hpfchw wfzf cço

hpyfwfczhb kcwfyîço jf opîöfw bvlzkbâjkh $}âjfow, èvjkow, kbhnfcw, mozow fzg#+, o xvf

goczhiklkqh xvf dè, jfczyo jo py÷pyko jobâcko, gfygh jf 4=,7& jf goc}fynácgkh jf bâjkhw#

Fcxvhczo xvf, ch }fywço iyhwklfkyh, jow xvhzoyqf lkcew hpyfwfczhjow co wvbèyko jo wkzfgkcgo wço jfwzkchjow h goczfñjo jf goc}fynácgkh, vbh bëjkh jf 76,>& jf goc}fynácgkh jf

bâjkhw pyfwfczf co wkzf# Co fczhczo, h xvhczkjhjf jf bhzfykhl jkwpocâ}fl co fcjfyfîo

flfzyúckgo coyzf hbfykghco ë bvkzo wvpfykoy à hpyfwfczhjh co wkzf iyhwklfkyo#

Gob fwwf zyhihldo mok powwâ}fl }kwvhlkqhy o xvhczo ë kbpoyzhczf o phpfl jo aoychlkwzh jfczyo

jh gobvckghîço fczyf bâjkhw# Ë mvcjhbfczhl xvf o pyomkwwkochl zfcdh gocdfgkbfczo jf

gobo mhqfy h gocftço fczyf fwwfw bfkow, jf moybh fmkghq, pyopoygkochcjo gocdfgkbfczo ho

gocwvbkjoy ho kc}ëw jf myvwzyhîço# Ch cowwh }kwço, o gobvckg÷lono ë kbpyfwgkcjâ}fl phyh



=7

xvf h ioh f hjfxvhjh gobvckghîço mlvh jf moybh gocgkwh f gobpyffcwâ}fl, pokw ë phpfl

jflf pfcwhy co yfgfpzoy f ch bfldoy moybh jf hiwoyîço jhw kcmoybhîöfw pyfwzhjhw#

Poy mkb, }hlf yfwwhlzhy h kbpoyzécgkh jh goczkcvkjhjf jow zyhihldow jf bockzoyhbfczo jhw

co}hw powwkiklkjhjfw jf lkcnvhnfcw phyh o aoychlkwbo gkfczâmkgo ch ~fi, vbh xvf wf zyhzh jf

vbh èyfh fb pfybhcfczfw f gocwzhczfw bvjhcîhw#



=:

YFMFYÁCGKHW

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CROSSMÍDIA E CONVERGÊNCIA NO JORNALISMO CIENTÍFICO: uma análise dos veículos da National Geographic