Datações de Radiocarbono em Portugal

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ILPHPJD _. IDNÉHA_LS

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\nfvlpsfjhjl jl Ævdph! nd àb`fzd jd blszphjd lb Hpx|ldadifh l Hb`flnzl! s|`dpjfnhjh hd

zlbh Jhzhéüls jl Phjfdchp`dnd {hph h [pæ"mfszópfh Plclnzl l [pdzd"mfszópfh lb [dpz|iha5

chaf`phéãd l hnèafsl jl hai|ns hs{lczds. D {plslnzl hpzfid zlnzh lnx|hjphp hs jhzhéüls jl

pljfdchp`dnd n|bh {lps{lczfvh mfszópfch! lb zlppfzópfd {dpz|i|ås.

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Hs jhzhéüls jl phjfdchp`dnd! n|bh {lps{lczfvh jh mfszópfh jh cfåncfh! pl{plslnzhb |b

dèlczd jl lsz|jd o|njhblnzha {hph cdb{pllnjlp hai|ns jds {pdclssds jh fnvlszfihéãd

hpx|ldaóifch lb [dpz|iha. D bæzdjd jl jhzhéãd {lad phjfdchp`dnd vlfd! lb s|bh!

cdb{alblnzhp d lnx|hjphblnzd jhs cpdndadifhs h`sda|zhs jl sâzfds hpx|ldaóifcds. Hs

jhzhéüls jl phjfdchp`dnd! jlsjl h s|h {pfblfph h{afchéãd {pèzfch! lb ofnhfs jl 86<;! zåb

h{dpzhjd |b lndpbl cdnzpf`|zd {hph h fnvlszfihéãd lb hpx|ldaóifch. Zphzh"sl jl |b plc|psd

`hszhnzl |zfafuhjd nh fnvlszfihéãd hpx|ldaóifch! sd`plz|jd nd x|l jfu pls{lfzd ë hofnhéãd

cpdndaóifch jds cdnzl}zds hpx|ldaóifcds! l! jl bhnlfph ilpha! zlb {lpbfzfjd sfz|hp! n|b

zlb{d h`sda|zd! h hczfvfjhjl m|bhnh nd {hsshjd.

Hs jhzhéüls jl phjfdchp`dnd lb [dpz|iha zåb sfjd! jlsjl ds ofnhfs jds hnds <;! |b

fnszp|blnzd cdb d x|ha! {d|cd h {d|cd! sl odphb h{|phnjd l hofnhnjd hs zãd vhszhs

cpdndadifhs {hph hs æ{dchs jh {pæ"mfszópfh l {pdzd"mfszópfh. Lszhs cpdndadifhs! d`zfjhs!

{pfncf{hablnzl! h {hpzfp jl cdb{hphéüls l slpfhéüls jl zlnjåncfh dpflnzhafuhnzl! c|ed {fahp

{pfncf{ha hsslnzhvh nd Bljfzlppànld l Bæjfd Dpflnzl! odphb sdoplnjd |b {pdclssd jl plvfsãd

l cdnslx|lnzl holpféãd.




JHZHÉÜLS JL PHJFDCHP@DND LB [DPZ\IHA

H h{afchéãd jd bæzdjd jl jhzhéãd {lad phjfdchp`dnd lb [dpz|iha! hd cdnzpèpfd jd x|l sl {dssh

{lnshp! zlvl |b fnâcfd `hszhnzl {plcdcl plahzfvhblnzl ë fb{alblnzhéãd jd bæzdjd h nâvlab|njfha. Hs {pfblfphs h{pd}fbhéüls hd bæzdjd zfvlphb a|ihp nd sâzfd blsdaâzfcd jh Bdfzh jd

Sl`hszfãd! {lah fnfcfhzfvh jl Elhn Pdcml l Dczèvfd jh _lfih Olpplfph. Zphzd|"sl jh jhzhéãd jl

|bh hbdszph jl chpvãd cdb h{pd}fbhjhblnzl =< iphbhs -Olpplfph! 86?<& {pdvlnflnzl jd

cdnzl}zd jlscpfzd {lads fnvlszfihjdpls cdbd ‑`plcmh jl `hsl‒ jd cdncmlfpd jl cpdndadifh

blsdaâzfch. H hbdszph zlpè sfjd plcdamfjh lb 86<:! nd àb`fzd jhs fnzlpvlnéüls hpx|ldaóifchs

jlslnvdavfjhs nd adcha l {|àfchjh jdfs hnds bhfs zhpjl cdb d zâz|ad [plbfípl jhzhzfdn j|

Bæsdafzmfx|l {dpz|i|hfs {hp ah bæzmdjl j| Chp`dnl 8:! nd @dalzfb jh Hchjlbfh jhs Cfåncfhs

jl Afs`dh -Pdcml! 86<9&. [dszlpfdpblnzl h jhzhéãd æ {|àfchjh nh {èifnh 0:: jd hpzfid Shcah Nhz|pha Phjfdchp`dn Blhs|plblnzs 8! nh plvfszh Phjfdchp`dn! jl 86?: -Jlaf`pfhs lz ha! 86?:&

plolpfnjd"sl5

Cmhpcdha opdb `dzzdb do smlaa mlh{! |njlp smlaa ahlps! Slc. B.A. 8:"8?. Shb{al fs opdb zml

dajlsz alvla do zml Blsdafzmfc jl{dsfz do Bdfzh jd Sl`hszfhd! B|il -36» ;?) N Ahz! 6» ;;) Y

Adni&. Cdaa. 86<: hnj s|`b. ` E. Pdcml!   Cdbblnz5 zml ‑cdncmlfpd‒ -smlaa mlh{& jl Bdfzh

fs h`d|z 8< b h`dvl zml alvla do zml Zhi|s pfvlp. Oh|nh -Smlaas& s|iilszs zlb{lphz|pls hnj

shafnfz mfimlp zmhn zdjhºs fn zml yhzlps do Zhi|s hnj B|i|l pfvlps. Zml szdnl fnj|szp fsbfcpdafzmfc! yfzm zph{ludfjha odpbs {pljdbfnhzfni. Pd|im x|hpzufzl zddas! `dnl fb{alblnzs!

zphcls do mh`fzhzfdn hnj zdb`s hpl hasd {plslnz mlpl! jlscpf`lj ` Pdcml -86?;& -Jlaf`pfhs lz

ha! 86?:! 0::&.

H hbdszph plcdamfjh {dp Elhn Pdcml l lnvfhjh {hph d ah`dphzópfd Shcah! lb Ifo s|p Vvlzzl!

Ophnéh! cdppls{dnjl! sli|njd h jlscpféãd! ë ohsl jl dc|{héãd bhfs hnzfih jd sâzfd hpx|ldaóifcd

-Jlaf`pfhs lz ha! 86?:! 0::7 Sdhpls / Ch`pha! 86=:! 889&.

Zh`lah 85 Chaf`phéãd jh {pfblfph jhzh jl phjfdchp`dnd d`zfjh {hph |b sâzfd hpx|ldaóifcd lbzlppfzópfd {dpz|i|ås cdb plc|psd ë c|pvh jl chaf`phéãd FnzCha;: -0;;:&

Nh Zh`lah 8 fa|szphbds h chaf`phéãd d`zfjh {hph h hbdszph Sh"8?! c|eh jhzh jl phjfdchp`dnd @.[.

odf lszh`lalcfjh lb 93<; ¸ 3<;. Nh haz|ph lb x|l sl lolcz|d| h jhzhéãd l cdnslx|lnzlblnzl

{|àfchéãd hfnjh nãd sl jfs{|nmh jl c|pvhs jl chaf`phéãd. H chaf`phéãd plhafuhjh cdb d plc|psd




ë c|pvh jl chaf`phéãd FnzCha;: odpnlcl| |b fnzlpvhad h 0 sfibhs cdb 6<!0, jl {pd`h`fafjhjl

x|l vhf jl 9;?= h <?8? @.C.

Lszh {pfblfph fnfcfhzfvh! blsbd x|l fsdahjh! pl{plslnzh |b {dnzd jl {hpzfjh {hph h mfszópfh jh

|zfafuhéãd jd bæzdjd cpdndbæzpfcd lb [dpz|iha. H plcdamh jh hbdszph dcdppl cdb |b fnzlpvhadjl : h < hnds h{ós hs {pfblfphs l}{lpfåncfhs jl Af`` sd`pl bhzlpfhfs hpx|ldaóifcds -Hpndaj /

Af``! 86:6&. D|zpd jds hs{lczds fnzlplsshnzls x|l {djlbds plolpfp zlb h vlp cdb d ohczd jlszh

jhzh lszhp lnzpl hs 0; {pfblfphs jhzhs d`zfjhs nh {pfblfph vhih jd ah`dphzópfd jl Shcah! lb

c|eds zph`hamds sl jlszhchb hs sæpfls jl Hnigdp"_hz! Shn [ljpd jl Hzhchbh! A|}dp! hs ip|zhs

jl Ahsch|}! lnzpl d|zphs.

Jl ohczd! hnzls jd ofnha jh jæchjh jl <; jd sæc|ad ]] eè sl lncdnzphvhb! {hph d zlppfzópfd

{dpz|i|ås! |b cdne|nzd jl : hbdszphs lb {pdclssd jl jhzhéãd -zh`lah 0&.

D|zpd jds hs{lczds `hszhnzl fnzlplsshnzls jlpfvh jd ohczd jl! eè lb 86?<! Dczèvfd jh _lfih

Olpplfph {|àfchp |b hpzfid cmhbhnjd h hzlnéãd {hph h h{afchéãd jd bæzdjd jl jhzhéãd {lad

phjfdchp`dnd -Olpplfph! 86?<&. Nlszl hpzfid! D. _. Olpplfph! {hph haæb jl zlp l}lb{afofchjd hs

{dssf`fafjhjls l {dzlncfhafjhjls x|l |bh fnzlpjfscf{afnhpfjhjl {djl odpnlclp ë {pèzfch

hpx|ldaóifch! zhb`æb nds plahzh |b {d|cd d {pdclssd jl jhzhéãd jd sâzfd jh Bdfzh jd

Sl`hszfãd. Plolpl hfnjh hai|bhs fnzlp{plzhéüls jlscpfzhs {dp E. Pdcml sd`pl h plahéãd jlszh jhzh

-Sh"8?& cdb d|zphs jhzhs d`zfjhs zhnzd {hph sâzfds jd Ndpzl jh L|pd{h -c|az|phs jfnhbhpx|lshs

jd Ndpzl7 @dplha FF nd Sllahnj Hhbdsln& l h Ehufjh l{f{haldaâzfch jd Zhodphaz -Olpplfph! 86?<&.

Zh`lah 05 [pfblfphs jhzhs jl phjfdchp`dnd {hph sâzfds hpx|ldaóifcds {dpz|i|lsls

Bhfs ë oplnzl nd zl}zd sãd plolpfjhs hs plahéüls lnzpl h Bdfzh jd Sl`hszfãd l |b cdne|nzd jl

sâzfds hpx|ldaóifcds nd Ndpzl jl Èopfch! La"Blgz! d h`pfid jl Ehhzcmh! La"Bh"la"H`fdj! Ah

Chvl. Lszhs {pfblfphs vfsüls jl cdne|nzd só sãd {dssâvlfs jlvfjd hd ohczd jl! cdbd sl zfnmh

plolpfjd! d bæzdjd jl jhzhéãd {lad phjfdchp`dnd nãd lszhp jl{lnjlnzl jl x|hax|lp cpdndadifh

plahzfvh d| blsbd jd chalnjèpfd cdnvlncfdnha. D phjfdchp`dnd odpnlcl|! cdbd sl zdpnh

lvfjlnzl! |bh vfsãd cpdndaóifch jl cdne|nzd! |b chalnjèpfd |nfvlpsha {hph hs jlscd`lpzhs




hpx|ldaóifchs. H vfsãd iad`ha x|l h fb{alblnzhéãd jd bæzdjd odpnlcl| jlszhch"sl nhs {hahvphs

jd blsbd D. _. Olpplfph5   hd blsbd zlb{d x|l sl ljfofchvh d {dvdhjd jl Ads Bfaahpls nd

s|jdlszl ls{hnmda! sl cdbléhvh h cdnszp|fp h {lx|lnh càbhph jh iphnjl zmdads jh [phfh jhs

Bhéãs -Olpplfph! 86?<5 8:9&. Lszh vfsãd iad`ha jh cpdndadifh jl dc|{héãd jd mdblb n|b

ls{héd ildipèofcd bhfs hb{ad! {d|cd h {d|cd! fpfh fnclnzfvhp h lah`dphéãd jl {lx|lnhs d`phs jl

sânzlsl l cdb{fahzópfhs sd`pl hs jhzhéüls x|l! hd adnid jd zlb{d! fhb slnjd {|àfchjhs. Hfnjh

sãd odpnlcfjds! nlszl hpzfid! hai|ns cdnslamds sd`pl cdbd {pdcljlp ë plcdamh jh hbdszph {hph

jhzhp! hs cdnjfcfdnhnzls l ds lalblnzds h zdbhp lb cdnzh nh mdph jl lscdamlp h hbdszph

-Olpplfph! 86?<&. Plolpl zhb`æb! nh slx|åncfh jhs ls{lcfofcfjhjls jh plcdamh jl hbdszphs x|l!

{hph |b `db pls|azhjd! slpfhb nlclssèpfhs! nd bânfbd! {lpzd jl :; iphbhs jl chpvãd -Olpplfph!

86?<! 8:=&.

D hjvlnzd jhs jhzhéüls jl phjfdchp`dnd lb zlppfzópfd {dpz|i|ås! b|fzhs vluls lszfb|ahjd {dpfnvlszfihjdpls fnzlpnhcfdnhfs! odpnlcl| h {dssf`fafjhjl jl phszplhp! jl bhnlfph sfszlbèzfch! hs

dcdppåncfhs d| hcdnzlcfblnzds nd fnzlpfdp jds sâzfds hpx|ldaóifcds. D ohslhblnzd l jlafbfzhéãd

jds {pdclssds x|l jlzlpbfnhjd sâzfd hpx|ldaóifcd zlvl {djfhb! hidph! slp havd jl chzhadihéãd

zlb{dpha h`sda|zh cdb bæzdjds phjfdbæzpfcds.

Fa|szphéãd 85 Zmdads jh [phfh jhs Bhéãs! Sfnzph l jhzhéüls d`zfjhs -Hjh{zhjd jl Alsfnlp /Olpplfph! 86?3&

_lph Alfsnlp l D. _. Olpplfph {|àfchb! lb 86?3! |b hpzfid s|`dpjfnhjd hd zâz|ad [pfblfphs

jhzhéüls jl phjfdchp`dnd 8: {hph h c|az|ph blihaâzfch {dpz|i|lsh -Alfsnlp / Olpplfph! 86?3&.

Nlszl hpzfid! pls|azhjd jds zph`hamds nd sâzfd hpx|ldaóifcd jh [phfh jhs Bhéãs! ds h|zdpls




{pdcljlphb ë plcdamh l lnvfd jl bhzlpfha jhzèvla -chpvãd& {pdcljlnzl jh càbhph Dcfjlnzha l jd

zmdads jd sâzfd hpx|ldaóifcd! h{plslnzhnjd j|hs jhzhs slb plolpåncfh h ah`dphzópfd! 008;¸88;

h.C. l 89;;¸8;; h.C. -{èi. 3?; l {èifnh 3?8 pls{lczfvhblnzl& -fa|szphéãd 8&. Lszhs jhzhs odphb!

{hph d {plslnzl zph`hamd! chaf`phjhs sli|njd h c|pvh jl chaf`phéãd jl hazh {plcfsãd FnzCha;: l

odpnlclphb ds sli|fnzls fnzlpvhads h 0 sfibhs 3;8< h 0:?= @.C. -6<!:,& {hph h càbhph

dcfjlnzha l 03;9 h 89:< @.C. -6<,& {hph d zmdads.

Lszl zph`hamd {lpbfzf|! {lah {pfblfph vlu lb [dpz|iha! l |zfafuhnjd |b bæzdjd jl jhzhéãd

phjfdbæzpfch! lszh`lalclp j|hs ohsls jl dc|{héãd$|zfafuhéãd$cdnszp|éãd jfolplnzls {hph d blsbd

bdn|blnzd nh fnzlp{plzhéãd jds fnvlszfihjdpls. D|zphs jhzhéüls jl phjfdchp`dnd odphb!

{dszlpfdpblnzl! d`zfjhs {hph lszl bdn|blnzd cdb `hsl lb ls{óafd plcdamfjd nhs {pfblfphs

chb{hnmhs -Chpjdsd / Sdhpls! 86=:&. D cdne|nzd jhs jhzhéüls jfs{dnâvlfs {hph lszl

bdn|blnzd æ plolpfjd nh fa|szphéãd 8.

Zh`lah 35 Slx|åncfh jd Chszpd jd Uhb`|eha -Chaf`phéãd jhs jhzhs sli|njd h c|pvh Fnzcha;:&




H h{afchéãd jd bæzdjd! lb zlppfzópfd {dpz|i|ås! j|phnzl h sli|njh blzhjl jd sæc. ]] -jds hnds

jl 86<: l h {pfblfph blzhjl jh jæchjh jl 86=;& odf bhfs d| blnds jfscplzh. Hd zdjd lszhpfhb

sdafcfzhjhs l {|àfchjhs x|hsl 8:; jhzhéüls jl phjfdchp`dnd {hph sâzfds hpx|ldaóifcds lb

[dpz|iha! bhfdpfzhpfhblnzl jl cpdndadifh blsdaâzfch! nldaâzfch l chacdaâzfch.

Æ! sd`plz|jd! h {hpzfp jl 869; x|l sl jè fnâcfd! cdb hs lschvhéüls jd Chszpd jd Uhb`|eha! h |b

cdne|nzd jl chb{hnmhs hpx|ldaóifchs vlpjhjlfphblnzl l}h|szfvhs nãd só cdb fncfjåncfh lb

sâzfds hpx|ldaóifcds bhs zhb`æb lb plifüls ls{lcâofchs. D plc|psd ë cpdndadifh h`sda|zh

cdbléh h slp |zfafuhjd {hph jhp vfjh ës vèpfhs ohsls jl dc|{héãd jl |b blsbd sâzfd

hpx|ldaóifcd l zhb`æb cdbd lalblnzd o|njhblnzha {hph lnx|hjphp cpdndadifchblnzl vèpfds

hpx|ldssâzfds n|bh blsbh plifãd. H ohsl jl fb{alblnzhéãd h`sda|zh jd bæzdjd fnfcfh"sl! jl

ohczd! cdb hs lschvhéüls nd Uhb`|eha l cdb h {pfblfph slx|åncfh jl 88 jhzhs {hph |b blsbd

sâzfd hpx|ldaóifcd -zh`lah 3&.

H {hpzfp jh sli|njh blzhjl jh jæchjh jl 86=;! h sfz|héãd hazlph"sl sfinfofchzfvhblnzl. Æ!

lolczfvhblnzl! h {hpzfp jh cpfhéãd l fnszhahéãd jd {pfblfpd ah`dphzópfd jl jhzhéãd {lad bæzdjd

jl phjfdchp`dnd lb [dpz|iha! lb 86=<! x|l! hd adnid jds {pó}fbds 0; hnds! d nõblpd jl sâzfds

hpx|ldaóifcds jhzhjds lb [dpz|iha vhf cplsclp l}{dnlncfhablnzl. Cdbd fplbds vlp nd {dnzd ]!

h fnszhahéãd jd ah`dphzópfd jl jhzhéüls {lad phjfdchp`dnd jd FZN! lb [dpz|iha! vhf {lpbfzfp |b

hvhnéd sfinfofchzfvd nh bhfs d| blnds p|jfblnzhp lszp|z|ph cpdnd"lszphzfipèofch x|l jlafbfzhvh

d {hndphbh hpx|ldaóifcd {dpz|i|ås {hph h {pæ"mfszópfh plclnzl l {pdzd"mfszópfh.

Ipèofcd 85 Jfszpf`|féãd jhs jhzhéüls lb lsz|jd {dp {hâs jl dpfilb jd ah`dphzópfd

Nds jdbânfds jh lszhzâszfch! hs jhzhéüls jl phjfdchp`dnd {hph ds sâzfds hpx|ldaóifcds bhfsplalvhnzls jh {pæ"mfszópfh plclnzl l {pdzd"mfszópfh lb [dpz|iha nãd |azph{hsshb! {hph lszh




fnvlszfihéãd! hs 88;6 jhzhs. Nd ipèofcd 8 fa|szph"sl |bh lszfbhzfvh jd cdne|nzd jl jhzhéüls

jfs{dnâvlfs nd {plslnzl lsz|jd! {dp {hâs jl dpfilb! jd ah`dphzópfd pls{dnsèvla {lah hnèafsl. Jl

ohczd! bhfs jl blzhjl jhs jhzhéüls lb lsz|jd! nh dpjlb jds <8!<9,! odphb plhafuhjhs nd

ah`dphzópfd jl phjfdchp`dnd jd hcz|ha FZN.

Hzæ ë iænlsl jd {pfblfpd ah`dphzópfd jl jhzhéãd {lad bæzdjd jd phjfdchp`dnd lb [dpz|iha -bås

jl E|nmd jl 86=?& odphb d`zfjhs! {hph sâzfds hpx|ldaóifcds lb zlppfzópfd {dpz|i|ås! {lpzd jl 83=

jhzhéüls jl phjfdchp`dnd. Lszl nõblpd odpnlcl |bh bæjfh jl :!38 jhzhéüls! {dp hnd! jlsjl h

{pfblfph h{afchéãd jd bæzdjd lb [dpz|iha.

D AH@DPHZÓPFD JL JHZHÉÃD [LAD BÆZDJD JD PHJFDCHP@DND

LB [DPZ\IHA

Nd cdne|nzd jl zdjds ds jhjds plcdamfjds {hph d {plslnzl zph`hamd fb{dpzh plolpfp x|l! cdb d

plc|psd ë cahssfofchéãd {dp æ{dchs jl lnvfd jl hbdszphs h jhzhp l cdnslx|lnzl {|àfchéãd jhs

jhzhs jl phjfdchp`dnd! lb 86=? lncdnzphvhb"sl eè {|àfchjhs d| lb ohsl jl jhzhéãd 83=

hbdszphs {hph cpdndadifhs h`sda|zhs hzphvæs jd bæzdjd jl jhzhéãd {lad phjfdchp`dnd.

[pdc|php hs fnzlnéüls o|njhjdphs l cdnslx|lnzl cpfhéãd jd ah`dphzópfd jl jhzhéãd alvh"nds! jl

ohczd! hzæ hd jfh 6 jl Bhpéd jl 86<:! jhzh lb x|l odf cpfhjh h E|nzh jl Lnlpifh N|calhp {lad

Jlcplzd"Alf nµ 36"<=;! jl 06 jl Bhpéd jl 86<:. H cpfhéãd jh E|nzh jl Lnlpifh N|calhp

lncdnzph"sl fnslpfjh n|bh æ{dch bhpchjh! h nâvla b|njfha! {lad plschajd jds ndvl hnds jh ofnjh

FF Iphnjl I|lpph {lah bãd jl |b ndvd zf{d jl lnlpifh! h lnlpifh n|calhp! l |b ndvd zf{d jl

hpbh! zãd {djlpdsh cdbd fnfbhifnèvla! l d hjvlnzd zhnzd jhs fnvlszfihéüls h nâvla n|calhp

cdbd jl |bh I|lpph Opfh n|b lx|faâ`pfd `hszhnzl {plcèpfd.

H E|nzh jl Lnlpifh N|calhp! jl{lnjlnzl! nh haz|ph! jh [plsfjåncfh jd Cdnclamd jl Bfnfszpds!

jlvlpfh zlp! sli|njd d Jlcplzd"Alf x|l pl{dpzh h s|h o|njhéãd -Jlcplzd"Alf nµ 36"<=;! jl 06 jl

Bhpéd jl 86<:&! jdfs dèlczfvds {pfncf{hfs5

8. H {pds{lcéãd l l}{adphéãd jl bfnæpfds jl |pànfd.

0. Plhafuhéãd jl hczfvfjhjls jl fnvlszfihéãd nd jdbânfd jhs h{afchéüls {hcâofchs jh

lnlpifh n|calhp.

Lvfjlnzlblnzl x|l h {pds{lcéãd l l}{adphéãd jl |pànfd! b|fzd lb vdih nh haz|ph! slpfh |b jds

{pfncf{hfs fnvlszfblnzds h hzfnifp. Fbljfhzhblnzl h sli|fp! nd bås jl Jlulb`pd jl 86<<! odf

jlcfjfjh h cpfhéãd jd Ah`dphzópfd jl Oâsfch l Lnilnmhpfh N|calhpls -AOLN& x|l! {dp jls{hcmds

jd lnzãd {plsfjlnzl jd cdnclamd jl bfnfszpds! d lcdndbfszh Hnzónfd jl Dafvlfph Shahuhp!




jhzhjds jl 0< jl Olvlplfpd jl 86<? l 86 jl E|amd jd blsbd hnd! æ cpfhjd dofcfhablnzl. Adid

lb 86<? sãd lncdblnjhjds |b Hclalphjdp _hn jl Iphhoo jl 0 Bl_ l |b Hclalphjdp Cdcgpdoz

Yhazdn jl ;!? Bl_ x|l só cmlihb h [dpz|iha nd hnd jl 86<9. Hfnjh lb Slzlb`pd jl 86<? sãd

hjx|fpfjds ds zlpplnds jh X|fnzh jds Plbæjfds! lb Shchvæb! {hph h cdnszp|éãd jds slpvféds jd

AOLN l sãd lszh`lalcfjds zhb`æb ds cdnzhczds cdb h lb{plsh HBO Hzdbfcs Fnc. {hph h

hx|fsféãd jl |b plhczdp jl fnvlszfihéãd. Æ lnzãd! nd bås jl E|amd jl 86<9! x|l sl jè fnâcfd ë

cdnszp|éãd jhs fnszhahéüls jds o|z|pds slpvféds jd AOLN. D plhczdp jl fnvlszfihéãd æ

fnh|i|phjd nd jfh 09 jl H`pfa jl 86?8.

Nd hnd jl 86?8 æ zhb`æb fnh|i|phjh h Slcéãd jl Phjfdx|âbfch jd Jl{hpzhblnzd jl X|âbfch

jd ALON. Lszl ip|{d jl zph`hamd! afjlphjd {lad Lni. Olpnhnjd Bhpx|ls _fjlfph! zlvl h s|h

iænlsl nd Fnszfz|zd S|{lpfdp Zæcnfcd! l! bhnfolszhblnzl! fpè jhp dpfilb jfplczh ës {pfblfphs

fnfcfhzfvhs jl h{afchéãd jd phjfdchp`dnd cdbd lalblnzd jl jhzhéãd {hph h hpx|ldadifh! {lahbãd jd {pdolssdp [lf}dzd Ch`pha! blb`pd jh lx|f{h vfnjh jd FSZ l fnvlszfihjdp jh Slcéãd jl

Phjfdx|âbfch jd Jl{hpzhblnzd jl X|âbfch jd ALON.

Eè cmlihjds ds hnds 9;! bhfs ls{lcfofchblnzl nd hnd jl 869:! d {pdolssdp [lf}dzd Ch`pha! h

cdnvfzl jd Jp. Bdnzhavãd Bhcmhjd! pl{plslnzhnzl jh Hssdcfhéãd [dpz|i|lsh jl Hpx|lóadids!

plhafuh |bh cdnolpåncfh nh s|{phcfzhjh hssdcfhéãd s|`dpjfnhjh hd zlbh jh h{afch`fafjhjl nãd só

jd phjfdchp`dnd cdbd plc|psd {hph hs cdb{dnlnzls cpdndaóifchs jd plifszd hpx|ldaóifcd! cdbd

zhb`æb jh h{afchéãd jl bæzdjds x|âbfcds {hph d lsz|jd jl hpzlohczds hpx|ldaóifcds. Lnzphvhblb clnh! nd {hndphbh jh hpx|ldadifh {dpz|i|lsh! hs jlndbfnhjhs cfåncfhs hpx|ldbæzpfchs.

H{ós h l}zfnéãd jh E|nzh jl Lnlpifh N|calhp! nd bås jl D|z|`pd jl 8696! d {pdolssdp [lf}dzd

Ch`pha zlnzh ndvhblnzl! nd F_ Cdniplssd Nhcfdnha jl Hpx|ldadifh! plhafuhjd lb Ohpd! lb

86=;! cmhbhp h hzlnéãd jh cdb|nfjhjl hpx|ldaóifch {hph h fb{dpzàncfh jh |zfafuhéãd jds

plc|psds l jhs l}{lpfåncfhs jd lnzãd Ah`dphzópfd Nhcfdnha jl Lnilnmhpfh l Zlcndadifh

Fnj|szpfha -ANLZF&! c|eh alf dpiànfch odf {pdb|aihjh h 8 jl D|z|`pd jl 8696. H fb{dpzàncfh jd

h{dfd jh cdb|nfjhjl hpx|ldaóifch h lszl ndvd zf{d jl èplh h|}fafhp jh hpx|ldadifh slpfh

o|njhblnzha {hph x|l! lb E|nmd jl 86=?! hzphvæs jh h{pdvhéãd jd jfplczdp jd ANLZF! d

{pdolssdp _lfih Sfbãd! l jh cdah`dphéãd jh cdb|nfjhjl hpx|ldaóifch l jd B|sl| Nhcfdnha jl

Hpx|ldadifh! nh {lssdh jd sl| lnzãd jfplczdp! d Jp. Ophncfscd Havls l jd Fnszfz|zd [dpz|i|ås jd

[hzpfbónfd C|az|pha! sl cpfhssl d Fnszfz|zd jl Cfåncfhs l Lnilnmhpfh n|calhp d| FCLN! d

{pfblfpd ah`dphzópfd jl jhzhéãd {lad phjfdchp`dnd lb [dpz|iha.

D hcz|ha Ah`dphzópfd jl Phjfdchp`dnd! fnzliphjd nh \nfjhjl jl Cfåncfhs X|âbfchs l

Phjfdohpbhcå|zfchs jd Fnszfz|zd Zlcndaóifcd l N|calhp! odpnlcl|! hd adnid jl bhfs jl 0; hnds

|b cdnzpf`|zd o|njhblnzha nd {hndphbh jh hpx|ldadifh {dpz|i|lsh. Cdnz|jd! lszh fnszfz|féãd

nãd só cdncplzfud| hnèafsls nh èplh jh jhzhéãd phjfdbæzpfch! {hph h hpx|ldadifh! cdbd zhb`æb




plhafud| hnèafsls nd|zphs èplhs jh fnvlszfihéãd cflnzâofch cdbd h mfjpdadifh! h {haldlcdadifh l h

cafbhzdadifh! lnzpl d|zphs.

Ds jhjds plcdamfjds nh {plslnzl fnvlszfihéãd cdadchb h jlscd`lpzd |bh ohsl jl h|blnzd

l}{dnlncfha jd nõblpd jl jhzhéüls jl phjfdchp`dnd lb [dpz|iha h {hpzfp jl 86=? l x|l sl{pdadnih hzæ 8669. Lszl h|blnzd odf! clpzhblnzl! fnclnzfvhjd l {pdbdvfjd {lad ah`dphzópfd

{dpz|i|ås jl jhzhéãd {lad phjfdchp`dnd! d x|ha odpnlcl|! {hph h hpx|ldadifh nlszl {lpâdjd! |b

nõblpd h{pd}fbhjd jl 9;: jhzhéüls.

Ipèofcd 05 Jhzhéüls jl phjfdchp`dnd lb [dpz|iha h{afchjhs ë hpx|ldadifh -86<:"0;;?&

Jhs 88;6 jhzhs jl phjfdchp`dnd cdnszhnzls nlszl zph`hamd <90 jhzhs odphb lolcz|hjhs {lad

hcz|ha ah`dphzópfd jl jhzhéãd jl phjfdchp`dnd jd FZN. Hssfszl"sl hssfb h |bh sli|njh vhih jl

jhzhéüls! {lad bæzdjd jd phjfdchp`dnd! h x|ha {djlbds sfz|hp h {hpzfp jh sli|njh blzhjl jds

hnds =; -ipèofcd 0&.

JFSZPF@\FÉÃD CPDND"LS[HCFHA JHS JHZHS JL PHJFDCHP@DND LB [DPZ\IHA5 [PÆ"MFSZÓPFH PLCLNZL L [PDZD"MFSZÓPFH

H fnodpbhéãd plcdamfjh nd FZN l nh `fàfdiphofh hpx|ldaóifch {dpz|i|lsh {lpbfzf|! n|bh

{pfblfph h`dpjhilb l |zfafuhnjd cdbd plc|psd {pfncf{ha |b sfszlbh jl `hsl jl jhjds l |b

ILDJHZH@HSL nd sfszlbh jl fnodpbhéãd ildipèofch! pl|nfp l hnhafshp |bh vhszh x|hnzfjhjl

jl fnodpbhéãd nd zlb{d l nd ls{héd. Hs jhzhéüls jl phjfdchp`dnd! h hnèafsl lszhzâszfch jl jhzhs




jl plcdamh jhs hbdszphs l lnvfd jhs blsbhs {hph jhzhéãd l {|àfchéãd odpnlclphb jhjds

lszhzâszfcds fnzlplsshnzls h nâvla nhcfdnha.

Ds jhjds pl|nfjds h{dnzhb {hph |bh jfs{lpsãd jl sâzfds jhzhjds {lad bæzdjd jd phjfdchp`dnd

{d|cd |nfodpbl hd adnid jd ls{héd l jd zlb{d. _lpfofch"sl x|l! lnzpl 86<: l 86?6 -fa|szphéãd0& ds sâzfds hpx|ldaóifcds jhzhjds jfszpf`|lb"sl! jl bhnlfph {d|cd l}{plssfvh! {lad zlppfzópfd

nhcfdnha. H fncfjåncfh jhs {pfblfphs jhzhéüls adchafuh"sl nd Pf`hzled! Afs`dh l hppljdpls l

Ndpzl"Clnzpd jd [hâs. H plifãd Ndpzl jl [dpz|iha fpè sdoplp |b hclnz|hjd fnvlszfblnzd nds

{pdclssds jl jhzhéãd hzphvæs jd bæzdjd jd phjfdchp`dnd h {hpzfp jl 86=;. Zphzh"sl jl |bh

æ{dch jl cdnsdafjhéãd jd bæzdjd jl jhzhéãd {lad phjfdchp`dnd lb [dpz|iha.

Fa|szphéãd 05 Sâzfds jhzhjds lb [dpz|iha lnzpl 86<: l 86<6 / 86?; h 86?6

H {hpzfp jl 86=< vlpfofchbds! cdbd eè zfnmh sfjd plolpfjd -{dnzd ]&! |b h|blnzd l}{dnlncfha

jhs jhzhéüls {lad bæzdjd jd phjfdchp`dnd -fa|szphéãd 3&. Fnfcfhb"sl {pdclssds jl jhzhéãd lb

sâzfds hpx|ldaóifcds jd fnzlpfdp jd Halnzled! nh @lfph Fnzlpfdp! hai|ns sâzfds hpx|ldaóifcds nh

plifãd jd Haihpvl! Afs`dh l nh ohf}h lszplblnmh. Jè"sl fnâcfd zhb`æb ë lschvhéãd l

cdnslx|lnzl jhzhéãd {lad bæzdjd jl phjfdchp`dnd jl fb{dpzhnzls sâzfds hpx|ldaóifcds jh cdszh

halnzlehnh -Cdb{dpzh! _hal [fncla l Shbdx|lfph&! ds x|hfs lszhpãd nd clnzpd jhs fnvlszfihéüls l

jh {daæbfch sd`pl ds olnóblnds jl nldafzfuhéãd jd zlppfzópfd {dpz|i|ås. Fnfcfh"sl! zhb`æb nlszh

haz|ph! d {pdclssd jl jhzhéãd jl sâzfds hpx|ldaóifcds nd Ndpzl Halnzlehnd! ls{lcfofchblnzl nh

udnh jl Bhpvãd l Chszlad jl _fjl.

Lnzpl 866; l 8666 vlpfofchbds |bh clpzh mdbdilnlfjhjl! nd x|l jfu pls{lfzd hd nõblpd jl

jhzhéüls lb zlpbds ildipèofcds. Cdnz|jd! h plifãd jl Afs`dh sdopl! nlszh ohsl! sd`plz|jd h




{hpzfp jl 866< hzæ 8666 |b fncplblnzd jd nõblpd jl fnvlszfblnzds lb jhzhéüls jl

phjfdchp`dnd -ofi|ph 8:&.

H ildjfszpf`|féãd jds fnvlszfblnzds lb jhzhéüls jl phjfdchp`dnd! d`zfjds nh slx|åncfh jh

fnvlszfihéãd hx|f h{plslnzhjh! fa|szph! jl odpbh bhfs d| blnds cahph! hai|bhs plifüls d| èplhsjl fnvlszfihéãd cdnzfn|hjh dnjl h jhzhéãd {lad bæzdjd jd phjfdchp`dnd sl zlb bhnzfjd

{plslnzl. L}fszlb zhb`æb hai|ns chsds! bhfs d| blnds fsdahjds x|l! lvfjlnzlblnzl! zhb`æb

cdnzpf`|âphb l cdnzpf`|lb {hph cdnl}ãd d| fnzlp"plahéãd lnzpl hs plifüls dnjl hs cpdndadifhs

h`sda|zhs sl lncdnzphb bhfs cdb{alzhs l sóafjhs.

Fa|szphéãd 35 Sâzfds jhzhjds lb [dpz|iha lnzpl 869; l 8696 / 86=; h 86=6

Nh fa|szphéãd <! ls{lcfofchblnzl nh chpzdiphofh cdppls{dnjlnzl hd zdzha jl jhzhéüls jd {plslnzl

lsz|jd fjlnzfofchbds! cahphblnzl! |b hiadblphjd jl jhzhéüls {hph h plifãd Clnzpd l!

ls{lcfofchblnzl! |bh ohf}h x|l sl jlsadch nd slnzfjd Clnzpd$Ndpzl"Ndpdlszl. H plifãd jh

Lszplbhj|ph l Afs`dh pl{plslnzhb d|zph jhs ohf}hs jl fnvlszfblnzd lb jhzhéüls jl

phjfdchp`dnd! cdne|nzhblnzl cdb hs fnvlszfihéüls {hph h cdszh halnzlehnh.

[hph h plifãd jd Halnzled! nh s|h ilnlphafjhjl! vlpfofchbds x|l l}fszl |bh jfs{lpsãd {d|cd

l}{plssfvh jl jhzhéüls {lad bæzdjd jd phjfdchp`dnd. Cdnz|jd! hs plifüls jl Pli|lnids jl

Bdnshphu! nd Halnzled clnzpha! h ohf}h Lavhs"Bhpvãd! nd Hazd Halnzled! l hs `hf}hs ahzfz|jls jd

Haihpvl h{plslnzhb |b nõblpd jl sâzfds jhzhjds {lad bæzdjd jl phjfdchp`dnd bhfs d| blnds

plalvhnzl.




Fa|szphéãd :5 Sâzfds jhzhjds lb [dpz|iha lnzpl 866; l 8666 / 0;;; l 0;;?.

Fa|szphéãd <5 Zdzhafjhjl jds sâzfds jdc|blnzhjds {hph d {plslnzl lsz|jd.

Ds bhfs jl <; hnds jl h{afch`fafjhjl jd bæzdjd jl jhzhéãd {lad phjfdchp`dnd lb [dpz|iha

{lpbfzlb! sd`plz|jd {hph h [pæ"mfszópfh Plclnzl l [pdzd"mfszópfh! æ{dchs lb x|l d bæzdjd odf

hb{ahblnzl |zfafuhjd! lszh`lalclp |b {hndphbh bhfs d| blnds sóafjd jds hs{lczd jl

cpdndadifhs h`sda|zhs {hph h dc|{héãd m|bhnh jd zlppfzópfd {dpz|i|ås j|phnzl ds {pfblfpds

88;;; hnds jd Mdadclnd.




Jl ohczd! h d`slpvhéãd jds jhjds l jh chpzdiphofh pls|azhnzl jh cdb`fnhéãd jh fnodpbhéãd ild"

ls{hcfhfs odpnlcl| |bh alfz|ph! bhfs d| blnds ilpha! jh lvda|éãd jh |zfafuhéãd jd bæzdjd jl

jhzhéãd {lad phjfdchp`dnd lb [dpz|iha.

F. @F@AFDIPHOFH

HABHIPD IDP@LH! B. -86=?& – @pdnul ofnha Ljhj jla Mflppd. Mfszdpfh jl Ls{høh. 8.

[plmfszdpfh. Ipljds5 Bhjpfj5 {. =6"8:8

HABLFJH! C.H.O7 SDLFPD! Z7 HABLFJH! @7 @H[ZFSZH! [. H. -86=0& – J|hs jhzhs jl C8:

{hph d Chszpd jl Shnzd Lszåvãd jh Ohcmh. Hpx|ldadifh. [dpzd5 ILH[. ?. {. 96"=3

HADNSD O7 CH@PLPH _7 CMH[H Z7 OLPNÈNJLU B. -869=& " Ânjfcl jl olcmhs

hpx|ldaóifchs jl C"8: ln Ls{høh [dpz|iha! Fn HABHIPD B.! OLPNÈNJLU B. -ljs.&. C8:

[plmfszdpfh jl ah [lnâns|ah F`æpfch. Bhjpfj5 Slpfl \nfvlpsfzhpfh. O|njhcfón E|hn Bhpcm. 99. {.

8<<"8=3

HNJLPSDN! L.C.7 AF@@V! Y.O. -86:9& – Nhz|pha phjfdchp`dn opdb cdsbfc phjfhzfdn.

[msfcha Plvfly. 09. 8;. {. 638"63?

HNILA\CCF! J7 CDSZH! C7 B\PHAMH! E. -0;;:& – Dc|{héãd nldaâzfch l {ljdiænlsl

bæjfd"mdadcænfch jh Lncdszh jl Shnz‖Hnh -Afs`dh&5 cdnsfjlphéüls ildhpx|ldaóifchs. Afs`dh5

Plvfszh [dpz|i|lsh jl Hpx|ldadifh. 9. 0. {.{. 09":9

HPHÕED! H.C. -8663& " H lszhéãd blsdaâzfch jd Odpnd jh Zlamh -Pfd Bhfdp&. Zph`hamds jl

Hnzpd{dadifh l Lzndadifh. [dpzd5 S[HL. {. 8<"::. W8µ Cdniplssd jl Hpx|ldadifh [lnfns|ahp.

Hczh FR

HPHÕED! H.C. -866:& " D cdncmlfpd l{f{haldaâzfcd jd Ch`léd jd C|ppha _lamd! Chb`lahs!

Zdppls _ljphs. Fn Hczhs jhs _ Edpnhjhs Hpx|ldaóifchs. Afs`dh5 Hssdcfhéãd jds Hpx|lóadids

[dpz|i|lsls. 0. {.{. :3"<8

HPHÕED! H.C. -0;;3& – D Blsdaâzfcd fnfcfha jh Lszplbhj|ph. Zph`hamds jl Hpx|ldadifh.

Afs`dh5 Fnszfz|zd [dpz|i|ås jl Hpx|ldadifh. 8;. {.83<"8<=. Whczhs jd F Cdaóx|fd Fnzlpnhcfdnha

sd`pl Blihafzfsbd5 B|fzhs Hnzhs! [d|ch Ilnzl4R

HPHÕED! H.C7 ALEL\NL! B. -866:& " Ip|zh jd Lscd|pha5 h nlcpó{dal nldaâzfch l h hpzl

p|{lszpl {haldaâzfch. Afs`dh5 F[[HP. Zph`hamds jl Hpx|ldadifh. =




HPHÕED! H.C7 SHNZDS! H. F7 CH\YL! N. -8663& " Ip|zh jd Lscd|pha " H nlcpó{dal

blihaâzfch. Zph`hamds jl Hnzpd{dadifh l Lzndiphofh. [dpzd5 S[HL. {. <8"6;. W8µ Cdniplssd jl

Hpx|ldadifh [lnfns|ahp. Hczh FR

HPNH\J! E. B. -869:"8699& " Lschvhéüls nd [lnljd jd Al}fb$869<. Afs`dh5 D Hpx|lóadid[dpz|i|ås. Sæpfl 3. ="6. {.{. 36=":;?

HPNH\J! E. B.7 DAF_LFPH! _. S.7 EDPIL! _. D. -8698& " D {dvdhjd odpzfofchjd nld l

lnldaâzfcd jd [lnljd jd Al}fb -Bhoph&5 chb{hnmh {plafbfnhp jl lschvhéüls -869;&. Afs`dh5 D

Hpx|lóadid [dpz|i|ås. 3. <. {.{. 69"830

HPNH\J! E.B. -869=& – D blihafzfsbd lb [dpz|iha5 {pdàlbhs l {lps{lczfvhs. Fn Hczhs jhs

FFF Edpnhjhs Hpx|ldaóifchs 8699 . F. Hssdcfhéãd jds Hpx|lóadids [dpz|i|lsls. Afs`dh. {. 66"

880

CMFAJL! _.I. -86<=& – Zml Jhyn do L|pd{lhn cfvfafuhzfdn. Haoplj H. gnd{o. Nly Vdpg. 36;

{.

JLAF@PFHS! I.7 I\FAAFLP! B.Z.7 AH@LVPFL! E. -86?:& – Shcah nhz|pha phjfdchp`dn

blhs|plblnzs 8. Phjfdchp`dn. ?. {. 03<"0<<

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@pdnul Hil slzzalblnz do Bfslpfcdpjfh -Slp{h! [dpz|iha&. Ed|pnha do Hpcmhldadifcha Scflncls.}}. 8"6

PDCML! H.E. -86<9& – [plbfípl jhzhzfdn j| Bæsdafzmfx|l {dpz|i|hfs {hp ah bæzmdjl j|

Chp`dnl 8:. @dalzfb jh Hchjlbfh jhs Cfåncfhs jl Afs`dh. ]]F]. {. 060"06?

PDCML! H.E. -86??& – @hahncl jl |n sfiad jl l}chvhcfdnls ln ads cdncmlpds jl B|il.

Hb{|pfhs. 0=. {. 83":=

PDCML! H.E.7 OLPPLFPH! D._. -869;& – Szphzfiph{mfl lz oh|nls jås nfvlh|} {haædafzmfx|ls jl

ah Ipdzzl jl Shalbhs -{dnzl jh Ad|sh&. ‑Cdb|nfchéãd jds Slpvféds Ildaóifcds jl [dpz|iha‒.

<:. {. 0?3"0?6

PDCML! H.E.7 OLPPLFPH! D._. -8690"8693& – Slcdnjl jhzhzfdn {hp al C8: jl A‖hbhs

cdx|faalp bæsdafpmfx|l jl Bdfzh jd Sl`hszfãd -B|i|l&. Cdb|nfchéüls jds slpvféds ildaóifcds

jl [dpz|iha. Jfplcéãd Ilpha jl Bfnhs l Slpvféds Ildaóifcds. Afs`dh. A_F. {. :90":9:

SFBÜLS! Z. -0;;3& " H Dc|{héãd jd Nldaâzfcd Hnzfid jl Sãd [ljpd jl Chnholppfb5 ndvds

jhjds lb {lps{lczfvh. Fn IDNÉHA_LS! _.S. -lj.& B|fzhs Hnzhs! [d|ch Ilnzl4 Hczhs jdCdaóx|fd Fnzlpnhcfdnha sd`pl Blihafzfsbd. Afs`dh. Fnszfz|zd [dpz|i|ås jl Hpx|ldadifh.




SDHPLS! H.B -0;;<& " Ds {dvdhjds jd @pdnul Ofnha jd S|jdlszl nh bhpilb lsx|lpjh

{dpz|i|lsh jd I|hjfhnh5 ndvds jhjds sd`pl h clpàbfch jl dpnhzds `p|nfjds. Plvfszh [dpz|i|lsh

jl Hpx|ldadifh. =. 8. {.{. 888"8:<.

SDHPLS! H.B. -8660& " D {dvdhjd chacdaâzfcd jds Zpås Bdfnmds -@halfuãd! cdnclamd jl @leh&.Ndzâcfh {plafbfnhp. Slzõ`ha Hpx|ldaóifch. Slzõ`ha. F]"]. {. 068"38:

SDHPLS! H.B. -8663& – Zml 8:C cdnzlnz do bhpfnl smlaas5 lvfjlncl odp vhpfh`fafz fn cdhszha

|{ylaafni doo [dpz|iha j|pfni zml Mdadclnl. Fn [pdclljfnis do hn fnzlpnhzfdnha sb{dsf|b dn

h{{afchzfdns do fsdzd{l zlcmnfx|ls fn sz|jfni {hsz hnj c|pplnz lnvfpdnblnzha cmhnils fn zml

mjpds{mlpl hnj zml hzbds{mlpl. Fnzlpnhzfdnha Hzdbfc Lnlpi Hilnc. _flnh. {. :98":=:

SDHPLS! H.B. -866:& " Jlscd`lpzh jl |b {dvdhjd jd Nldaâzfcd e|nzd ë fipleh vlamh jl S.

Edpil -_fah _lpjl jl Ofchamd! Slp{h& – pls|azhjds {plafbfnhpls. _f{hsch. Hae|szpla. 3. {. :8":6

SDHPLS! H.B. -866<c& " Jhzhéãd H`sda|zh jh Nlcpó{dal ‑Nldaâzfch‒ jh Ip|zh jd Lscd|pha. Fn

HPHÕED! H.C.7 ALEL\NL! B. " Ip|zh jd Lscd|pha5 Nlcpó{dal Nldaâzfch l Hpzl P|{lszpl

[haldaâzfch. Afs`dh. F[[HP. =. {. 888"800

SDHPLS! H.B. -866<j& – Ds bæzdjds jl ‑jhzhéãd jfplczh‒ h{afchjds nd Cúh. Sl{hphzh jhs

hczhs jds Zph`hamds jl Hnzpd{dadifh l Lzndadifh. [dpzd. S[HL. ]]]_. :. {. :66"<;9

SDHPLS! H.B. -866?h& – H jhzhéãd {lad phjfdchp`dnd. Ha"bhjhb. Habhjh. FF. <. {. 88?"808

SDHPLS! H.B. -866?`& – Bæzdjds jl jhzhéãd. Ha"bhjhb. Habhjh. FF. <. {. 8;6"88<

SDHPLS! H.B. -8669& – D zldp lb phjfdchp`dnd jhs cdncmhs bhpfnmhs5 |b fnjfchjdp {hald"

dclhndipèofcd. Slzõ`ha Hpx|ldaóifch. 88"80. {. 89"0<

SDHPLS! H.B. -8666& – Blihafzfsbd l cpdndadifh h`sda|zh. Fn hczhs jd FF cdniplssd jl

hpx|ldadifh {lnfns|ahp . Uhbdph. FFF. {. ?=6"9;?

SDHPLS! H.B. -0;;0h& – Hpx|ldblzpfh5 ds {pfblfpds {hssds lb [dpz|iha. @dalzfb jhSdcfljhjl [dpz|i|lsh jl X|âbfch. Afs`dh. =:. {. 33"3=.

SDHPLS! H.B. -0;;0`& – Cpdndadifh. Hpx|ldadifh l Mfszópfh. Afs`dh. <:. {. 093"09=.

SDHPLS! H.B. -0;;3h& – H j|nh jl Bhidfzd plvfsfzhjh. Plvfszh [dpz|i|lsh jl Hpx|ldadifh.

Fnszfz|zd [dpz|i|ås jl Hpx|ldadifh. ?. 8. {. =3"8;;.

SDHPLS! H.B. -0;;:& " H jhzhéãd {lad phjfdchp`dnd. fn E. Bljfnh -cddpj.& Mfszópfh jl

[dpz|iha. F. [dpz|iha nh [pæ"mfszópfh. 0.¥ lj.! Hbhjdph. Ljfca|`l. {{. 0=3"063.




SDHPLS! H.B.7 CH@PHA! E.B.[. -86=:& – Jhzhs cdnvlncfdnhfs jl phjfdchp`dnd {hph lszhéüls

hpx|ldaóifchs {dpz|i|lshs l s|h chaf`phéãd5 plvfsãd cpâzfch. D Hpx|lóadid [dpz|i|ås. F_. 0. {.

8?9"08:

SDHPLS! H.B.7 CH@PHA! E.B.[. -86=9& " D {dvdhjd chacdaâzfcd jd Bdnzl jh Z|b`h. _F.Cpdndadifh h`sda|zh. Slzõ`ha Hpx|ldaóifch. Slzõ`ha. _FFF. {. 8<<"8?<

SDHPLS! H.B.7 CH@PHA! E.B.[. -8663h& " Cpdndadifh h`sda|zh {hph d Chacdaâzfcd jh

Lszplbhj|ph l jd S|a jl [dpz|iha. Zph`hamds jl Hpx|ldadifh l Lzndiphofh. Fn hczhs jd 8µ

Cdniplssd jl Hpx|ldadifh [lnfns|ahp . [dpzd. S[HL. FF. {. 089"03<

SDHPLS! H.B.7 CH@PHA! E.B.[. -8663`& – Fjhjls h{hplnzls jhs cdncmhs bhpfnmhs

{pdvlnflnzls jh cdszh {dpz|i|lsh l h s|h vhpfhéãd hd adnid jd Mdadclnfcd. Fn hczhs jl ah 0¥

pl|nfdn jla c|hzlpnhpfd f`æpfcd. Bhjpfj. \nfvlpsfjhjl Cdb{a|zlnsl. 0. {. =?6"==;

SDHPLS! H.B.7 CHPJDSD! E.A. -866<h& – Cpdndadifh h`sda|zh {hph hs dc|{héüls jd

Nldaâzfcd Ofnha l jd Chacdaâzfcd Fnfcfha jd {dvdhjd {pæ"mfszópfcd jl Alclfh -Dlfphs&. Lsz|jds

Hpx|ldaóifcds jl Dlfphs. Dlfphs. Càbhph B|nfcf{ha jl Dlfphs. <. {. 0?3"09?

SDHPLS! H.B.7 JFHS! E.B.H. -0;;?& – Cdhszha \{ylaafni hnj Phjfdchp`dn5 Lvfjlncl odp

zlb{dpha oa|cz|hzfdns fn dclhn Plslpvdfp loolcz doo [dpz|iha j|pfni zml Mdadclnl. Phjfdchp`dn.

:=. 8. {. :<"?;.

SDHPLS! H.B.7 BHPZFN JL AH CP\U! E.C. -866<`& – Cpdndadifh h`sda|zh {hph h ohsl jd

Nldaâzfcd Ofnha jl [h{h \vhs. Fn hczhs jd F Cdnipæs jla Nldaâzfc h ah [lnâns|ah F`ípfch. Ihvë.

FF. {. ?<<"?<=

SDHPLS! H.B.7 PF@LFPD! B.F.B. -0;;3`& – Fjlnzfofchéãd! hnèafsl l jhzhéãd jl |b zlcfjd

{fnzhjd {pdvlnflnzl jl |b bdn|blnzd blihaâzfcd jh nlcpó{dal jl @laal Ophncl -Bdncmfx|l!

Haihpvl! [dpz|iha&. Fn hczhs jla _ cdniplsd f`æpfcd jl hpx|ldblzpâh. [|lpzd jl Shnzh Bhpfh. {.

8<<"8<?.

SDHPLS! H.B.7 SDHPLS! E.7 SFA_H! C.Z. -0;;9& – H jhzhéãd {lad phjfdchp`dnd jhs ohsls jl

dc|{héãd jd [dpzd jhs Chpplzhs5 hai|bhs plal}üls sd`pl h cpdndadifh chb{hnfodpbl. Plvfszh

[dpz|i|lsh jl Hpx|ldadifh. Fnszfz|zd [dpz|i|ås jl Hpx|ldadifh. 8;. 0. {. 809"83:.




FF. Ânjfcl jl Fa|szphéüls

Fa|szphéãd 85 Zmdads jh [phfh jhs Bhéãs! Sfnzph l jhzhéüls d`zfjhs -Hjh{zhjd jl Alsfnlp /

Olpplfph! 86?3& .......................................................................................................................... :

Fa|szphéãd 05 Sâzfds jhzhjds lb [dpz|iha lnzpl 86<: l 86<6 / 86?; h 86?6 ............................. 8;

Fa|szphéãd 35 Sâzfds jhzhjds lb [dpz|iha lnzpl 869; l 8696 / 86=; h 86=6 ............................. 88

Fa|szphéãd :5 Sâzfds jhzhjds lb [dpz|iha lnzpl 866; l 8666 / 0;;; l 0;;?. ............................ 80

Fa|szphéãd <5 Zdzhafjhjl jds sâzfds jdc|blnzhjds {hph d {plslnzl lsz|jd. .............................. 80

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Datações de Radiocarbono em Portugal